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UNIT-V

Children and Human

5 Rights and Duties
Syllabus

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Human Rights of Disadvantaged People – Women, Children, Displaced persons and Disabled
persons, including Aged and HIV Infected People. Implementation of Human Rights – National
and State Human Rights Commission – Judiciary – Role of NGO‘s, Media, Educational

Contents
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Institutions, Social Movements.

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5.1
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Human Rights of Disadvantaged People

5.2

5.3 ngi
Women, Children, Displaced Persons and Disabled Persons

Implementation of Human Rights

5.4 National and State Human Rights Commission nee

5.5 Judiciary
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5.6
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Role of NGO‘s, Media, Educational Institutions, Social Movements

Two Marks Questions with Answers

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Review Questions
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(5 - 1)
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Human Rights 5-2 Children and Human Rights and Duties

5.1 Human Rights of Disadvantaged People

The aim of human rights instruments is the protection of those vulnerable to violations
of their fundamental human rights. There are particular groups who, for various reasons,
are weak and vulnerable or have traditionally been victims of violations and
consequently require special protection for the equal and effective enjoyment of their
human rights. Often human rights instruments set out additional guarantees for persons
belonging to these groups; the committee on economic, social and cultural rights, for
example, has repeatedly stressed that the ICESCR is a vehicle for the protection of

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vulnerable groups within society, requiring states to extend special protective measures
to them and ensure some degree of priority consideration, even in the face of severe

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resource constraints.

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This part focuses on groups that are especially vulnerable to abuse of human rights;
groups that are structurally discriminated against like women and groups that have

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difficulties defending themselves and are therefore in need of special protection.
 Twelve groups are discussed : 1) Women and girls; 2) Children; 3) Refugees;

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4) Internally displaced persons; 5) Stateless persons; 6) National minorities;

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7) Indigenous peoples 8) Migrant workers; 9) Disabled persons; 10) Elderly persons;
11) HIV positive persons and AIDS victims; 12) Roma/Gypsies/Sinti and 13) Lesbian,

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gay and transgender people. Clearly this is not an exhaustive list of persons in need
of particular protection, as many other groups not discussed in this part suffer from
discrimination and oppression.
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 Social protection systems using a rights-based framework should mainstream .ne
inclusion in their design, implementation and evaluation to ensure that they are
accessible by all those who suffer from structural discrimination (such as women,
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children, older persons, persons with disabilities, ethnic minorities, indigenous
peoples and people living with HIV/AIDS) and do not stigmatize beneficiaries.
 Due to various factors-geographic location, sex, age, ability and citizenship; for
instance-some groups find themselves facing distinct disadvantages. These
conditions may be lifelong, such as one’s ethnicity or they may change throughout
the life cycle, such as age. Policy makers must ensure, therefore, that measures are
put in place to overcome these obstacles.
 When designing social protection systems and programmes, it is imperative that
policy makers make it a priority to address the power imbalance that exists between
vulnerable people and the general population to ensure that they are included.
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Human Rights 5-3 Children and Human Rights and Duties

 The committee on economic, social and cultural rights notes that States parties to the
ICESCR are obliged to progressively ensure the right to social security to all
individuals within their territories, providing specific protection for disadvantaged
and marginalised individuals and groups

5.2 Women, Children, Displaced Persons and Disabled Persons

People with disabilities have been found to ‘form one of the most socially excluded
groups in any displaced or conflict-affected community’ (Pearce et al, 2016 : 119). They
may have difficulty accessing humanitarian assistance programmes, due to a variety of

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societal, attitudinal, environmental and communication barriers, and are at greater risk of
violence than their nondisabled peers (Pearce, 2014 : 4). Women and girls with disabilities

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are ‘particularly vulnerable to discrimination, exploitation and violence, including

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Gender-Based Violence (GBV), but they may have difficulty accessing support and
services that could reduce their risk and vulnerability’ (Pearce, 2014 : 4). This rapid

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review looks at the available evidence on the risks and vulnerabilities faces by women
and girls with disabilities in conflict and crises and interventions to support them. Most of

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the literature uncovered by this rapid review was grey literature published by
organizations working with refugees, rather than peer reviewed articles. The bulk of the

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evidence was based on work carried out by Women’s Refugee Commission (WRC) and
their partners.
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Findings about the risks and vulnerabilities faced by women and girls in conflict and
crises include :
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 Double discrimination as a result of their gender and disability increases women .ne
and girls with disabilities’ vulnerability, and conflict and crises exacerbate this.
 The breakdown of economic structures, health care, family and community support,
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educational opportunities, housing, transportation and other infrastructures as a
result of conflict increases the vulnerability of women and girls with disabilities.
They may find it harder to flee or be left behind, making them more vulnerable to
attack.
 The loss of assistive devices, caregivers, and protection networks as a result of
displacement make women and girls with disabilities more dependent on others
and at greater risk of exploitation. Women and girls with disabilities in refugee
camps and host communities may experience stigmatization and discrimination,
barriers to participation, unsafe shelters and lack of access to services.

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Human Rights 5-4 Children and Human Rights and Duties

 Conflict and crisis affected women and girls with disabilities face increased levels of
sexual and gender based violence in and out of the home, especially those with
intellectual and mental disabilities. This is a result of factors such as stigma and
discrimination, being seen as ‘easy’ targets, extreme poverty, social exclusion and
isolation, loss of protective mechanisms, and limited mobility. Women and girls
with disabilities are also largely excluded from gender based violence prevention
programmes, including the variety of women’s empowerment initiatives aiming to
break the cycle of vulnerability to violence.
 Women and girls with disabilities do not have adequate access to water, shelter,

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food or health - including menstrual hygiene and reproductive health, in
humanitarian contexts. Many also do not have access to the specific services they

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may need such as rehabilitation. Barriers to access aid include cultural, attitudinal,

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communication, environmental and physical barriers, and lack of training for
humanitarian staff.

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 Conflict and crises can result in the loss of the livelihoods of women with
disabilities, which increases their poverty and makes them vulnerable to
exploitation. ngi
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 Factors contributing to lack of inclusion of women and girls with disabilities in
humanitarian response include :

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 Gaps in policy development and implementation; negative attitudes of family

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members and communities; limited staff knowledge, attitudes, and practices; and
lack of champions and local partners. Interventions to support women and girls in
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conflict and crises have found that it is important to :
 Have organizational commitment to translate policies that integrate both disability
and gender mainstreaming into practice.
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 Support staff to identify skills and capacities when working with women and girls
with disabilities rather than just focusing on their risks and vulnerabilities.
 Carry out activities which strengthen protective peer networks.
 Set targets for inclusion in existing programmes, including economic strengthening
programmes.
 Advocate for representation of women and girls with disabilities in community
committees and support advocacy by groups representing women and girls with
disabilities.
 Recruit women with disabilities as volunteers and staff.
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 Partner with and support, women’s disabled people’s organizations.

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Human Rights 5-5 Children and Human Rights and Duties

5.2.1 Including Aged and HIV Infected People

Who are internally displaced persons ? According to the guiding principles on internal
displacement, internally displaced persons (also known as "IDPs") are "persons or groups
of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of
habitual residence, in particular as or natural or human-made disasters and who have not
crossed an internationally recognize result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed
conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights border. “What
challenges do internally displaced persons face ? People forced to flee or leave their
homes - particularly in situations of armed conflict - are generally subject to heightened

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vulnerability in a number of areas. Displaced persons suffer significantly higher rates of
mortality than the general population. What rights do internally displaced persons have ?

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Like all human beings, internally displaced persons enjoy human rights that are

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articulated by international human rights instruments and customary law. In situations of
armed conflict, moreover, they enjoy the same rights as other civilians to the various

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protections provided by international humanitarian law. The guiding principles on
internal displacement, created in 1998, restate and compile existing international human
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rights and humanitarian law germane to the internally displaced and also attempt to

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clarify grey areas and gaps in the various instruments with regard to situations of
particular interest to the internally displaced. The guiding principles note that arbitrary

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displacement in the first instance is prohibited (Principles 5 - 7). Once persons have been

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displaced, they retain a broad range of economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights,

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including the right to basic humanitarian assistance (such as food, medicine, shelter), the
right to be protected from physical violence, the right to education, freedom of movement
and residence, political rights such as the right to participate in public affairs and the
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right to participate in economic activities (Principles 10 - 23). Displaced persons also have
the right to assistance from competent authorities in voluntary, dignified and safe return,
resettlement or local integration, including help in recovering lost property and
possessions. When restitution is not possible, the guiding principles call for compensation
or just reparation (Principles 28 - 30). Whose responsibility is it to protect and assist
internally displaced persons ? As a crucial element of sovereignty, it is the Governments
of the states where internally displaced persons are found that have the primary
responsibility for their assistance and protection. The international community's role is
complementary. At the international level, no single agency or organization has been
designated as the global lead on protection and assistance of internally displaced persons.
Rather, all are called upon to cooperate with each other to help address these needs
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pursuant to the "collaborative approach".

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Human Rights 5-6 Children and Human Rights and Duties

5.3 Implementation of Human Rights

Human rights treaties are legally binding treaties. The parties to the treaties (“state
parties”) are responsible for their implementation and under an obligation to do so. Thus,
the state and its agencies are called “duty bearers”.
To implement human rights treaties domestically, duty bearers have to :
 Adapt existing laws or pass new laws;
 Change or adapt administrative or financial measures;
 Issue national action plans and similar programmes;
 Guarantee and facilitate access to legal protection if someone feels violated in his or
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her human rights;

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 Regularly review and evaluate the results of these measures.

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Next to domestic courts, civil society organisations play an important role in the
implementation of human rights, and so do National Human Rights Institutions (NHRI)

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and the media. They can inform about human rights, demand the ratification of human
rights treaties, document violations of human rights as well as monitor, call for and

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support the implementation of human rights obligations.

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Two recent human rights treaties even oblige states to establish national monitoring
mechanisms : The optional protocol to the UN-convention against torture and the

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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). In Germany, the National
agency for the prevention of torture was founded in 2008 and the CRPD national
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monitoring body was established in May 2009 at the German institute for human rights.
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5.4 National and State Human Rights Commission
 NHRC of India is an independent statutory body established on 12 October, 1993 as
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per provisions of protection of human rights act, 1993, later amended in 2006.
 NHRC has celebrated its Silver Jubilee (25 years) on October 12, 2018. Its
headquarter is located in New Delhi.
 It is the watchdog of human rights in the country, i.e. the rights related to life,
liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by Indian Constitution or
embodied in the international covenants and enforceable by courts in India.
 It was established in conformity with the Paris principles, adopted for the
promotion and protection of human rights in Paris (October, 1991) and endorsed by
the general assembly of the united nations on 20 December, 1993.

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Human Rights 5-7 Children and Human Rights and Duties

Structure of the commission

 NHRC is a multi-member body which consists of a chairman and seven other
members. Out of the seven members, three are ex-officio member.
 President appoints the chairman and members of NHRC on recommendation of
high-powered committee headed by Prime Minister.
 The chairperson and the members of the NHRC are appointed for 5 years or till the
age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.
 They can be removed only on the charges of proved misbehavior or incapacity, if
proved by an inquiry conducted by a supreme court judge.

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 Commission also has five specialized divisions i.e. law division, investigation
division, policy research and programmes division, training division and

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administration division.
 The chairman and the members of state commission are appointed by the governor

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in consultation with the chief minister, home minister, speaker of legislative
assembly and leader of the opposition in the state legislative assembly.

Functions and powers of NHRC ngi

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 NHRC investigates grievances regarding the violation of human rights either suo
moto or after receiving a petition.

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 It has the power to interfere in any judicial proceedings involving any allegation of
violation of human rights.
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 It can visit any jail or any other institution under the control of the state government
to see the living conditions of the inmates and to make recommendations thereon.
 It can review the safeguards provided under the constitution or any law for the
protection of the human rights and can recommend appropriate remedial measures.
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 NHRC undertakes and promotes research in the field of human rights.
 NHRC works to spread human rights literacy among various sections of society and
promotes awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights
through publications, media, seminars and other means.
 The commission takes an independent stand while providing opinions for the
protection of human rights within the parlance of the Constitution or in law for the
time being enforced.
 It has the powers of a civil court and can grant interim relief.
 It also has the authority to recommend payment of compensation or damages.
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Human Rights 5-8 Children and Human Rights and Duties

 NHRC credibility is duly reflected in large number of complaints received every

year and the trust reposed in it by the citizens.
 It can recommend to both the central and state governments to take suitable steps to
prevent the violation of human rights. It submits its annual report to the president
of India who causes it to be laid before each house of parliament.

Limitations of NHRC
 NHRC does not have any mechanism of investigation. In majority cases, it asks the
concerned central and state governments to investigate the cases of the violation of

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human rights.
 It has been termed as ‘India’s teasing illusion’ by Soli Sorabjee (former Attorney-

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General of India) due to its incapacity to render any practical relief to the aggrieved
party.
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 NHRC can only make recommendations, without the power to enforce decisions.

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 Many times NHRC is viewed as post-retirement destinations for judges and
bureaucrats with political affiliation moreover, inadequacy of funds also hamper its
working.
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 A large number of grievances go unaddressed because NHRC cannot investigate the
complaint registered after one year of incident.

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 Government often out rightly rejects recommendation of NHRC or there is partial
compliance to these recommendations.

State human rights commission

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The protection of human rights act of 1993 provides for the creation of state human
rights commission at the state level. A state human rights commission can inquire into t
violation of human rights related to subjects covered under state list and concurrent list in
the seventh schedule of the Indian constitution.
Composition :
Human rights (Amendment) act, 2006 consists of three members including a
chairperson. The chairperson should be a retired chief justice of a high court.
The other members should be :
(i) A serving or retired judge of a high court or a district judge in the state with a
minimum of seven years experience as district judge.
(ii) A person having practical experience or knowledge related to human rights.
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Human Rights 5-9 Children and Human Rights and Duties

(iii) The governor of the state appoints the chairperson and other members on the
recommendations of a committee consisting of the chief minister as its head, the
speaker of the legislative assembly, the state home minister and the leader of the
opposition in the legislative assembly. The chairman and the leader of the
opposition of legislative council would also be the members of the committee, in
case the state has legislative council.
(iv) The tenure of the chairperson and members is five years or until they attain the
age of 70 years, whichever is earlier. After the completion of their tenure, they are
not eligible for any further employment under the state government or the central

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commission subject to the age limit.

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Functions of the commission :
According to the protection of human rights act, 1993; below are the functions of state

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human rights commission :
(a) Inquire suo motu or on a petition presented to it, by a victim or any person on his

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be into complaint of violation of human rights or negligence in the prevention of
such violation by a public servant.

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(b) Intervene in any proceeding involving any allegation of violation of human rights
before a court with the approval of such court.
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(c) Visit any jail or any other institution under the control of the state government

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where persons are detained to study the living conditions of the inmates and
make recommendations thereon. .ne
(d) Review the safeguards provided by or under the constitution of any law for the
time being in force for the protection of human rights and recommend measures
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for their effective implementation.
(e) Review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of
human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures.
(f) Undertake and promote research in the field of human rights.
(g) Spread human rights literacy among various sections of society and promote
awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights.
(h) Encourage the efforts of non-governmental organizations and institutions
working in the field of human rights.
(j) Undertake such other functions as it may consider necessary for the promotion of
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Human Rights 5 - 10 Children and Human Rights and Duties

Working of the commission

 The commission is vested with the power to regulate its own procedure.
 It has all the powers of a civil court and its proceedings have a judicial character.
 It may call for information or report from the state government or any other
authority subordinate thereto.
It has the power to require any person subject to any privilege which may be claimed
under any law for the time being in force, to furnish information on points or matters
useful for or relevant to the subject matter of inquiry. The commission can look into a
matter within one year of its occurrence.

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Criticism :

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State human rights commission has limited powers and its functions are just advisory

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in nature. The commission does not have power to punish the violators of human rights.
It cannot even award any relief including monetary relief to the victim.

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The recommendations of state human rights commission are not binding on the state
government or authority, but it should be informed about the action taken on its
recommendation within one month. ngi
5.5 Judiciary nee
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The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch,
judiciative branch, court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that interprets and

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applies law in legal cases. The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets and applies
the law in the name of the state. The judiciary can also be thought of as the mechanism for
the resolution of disputes. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the judiciary
generally does not make statutory law (which is the responsibility of the legislature) or
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enforce law (which is the responsibility of the executive), but rather interprets law and
applies it to the facts of each case. However, in some countries the judiciary does make
common law.
In many jurisdictions the judicial branch has the power to change laws through the
process of judicial review. Courts with judicial review power may annul the laws and
rules of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher norm, such as primary
legislation, the provisions of the constitution, treaties or international law. Judges
constitute a critical force for interpretation and implementation of a constitution, thus in
common law countries creating the body of constitutional law.

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Human Rights 5 - 11 Children and Human Rights and Duties

5.6 Role of NGO‘s, Media, Educational Institutions, Social Movements

Human rights are the basic inherent rights which we enjoy as human beings. They
become operative right from birth. All human beings irrespective of their caste, creed,
religion, sex and nationality enjoy these rights. As discussed earlier, human rights are
referred to as fundamental rights, basic rights, inherent rights, natural rights and birth
rights. There are a number of non-governmental organizations, which works to protect
human rights and end human rights violations. The topic of - human rights encompasses
a wide range of issues, including freedom of expression, right to due process, gender
equality and freedom from poverty and violence. Many organizations around the world

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dedicate their efforts to protecting human rights and ending human rights abuses. Major
human rights organizations maintain extensive websites documenting violations and

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calling for remedial action, both at a governmental and grass-roots level. Public support

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and condemnation of abuses is important to their success, as human rights organizations
are most effective when their calls for reform are backed by strong public advocacy.

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Media and educational systems are also important in making the people more vigilant
and sensitive towards human right protection by spreading awareness.

5.6.1 Promotion and Protection of Human Rights

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Role of NGOs non-governmental organisations are playing a very important role in

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creating such awareness and a culture of human rights in society. NGOs can also play an
important role in exposing the public view, violation of Human Rights in the states to the

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public. Almost all the states fear adverse publicity and consequently try to avoid their
human rights violations being brought to the limelight by the NGOs. Many international
institutions permit NGOs to make appeals to them on behalf of the victims of human
rights abuses where the victims are incapable of doing that. The economic and social
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council of the UN is competent to confer consultative status to NGOs under art 71 of the
UN Charter. Many NGOs engaged in human rights-related activities enjoy such
consultative status. The history of human rights NGOs is rather long dating back to 1863
when the International council of red cross was established. Since then, there has been a
proliferation of NGOs concerned with human rights. The most prominent among them
are the International Jurists, Amnesty International (Art 19), antislavery society and the
world council of churches. There are also regional branches of International NGOs and
NGOs established at the regional or State level are also actively engaged in the promotion
and protection of human rights. A Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) is a non-
profit group or association that acts outside of institutionalized political structures and
pursues, matters of interest to its members Downloaded From:
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persuasion or direct action. The

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Human Rights 5 - 12 Children and Human Rights and Duties

term is generally restricted to social, cultural, legal and environmental advocacy groups
having goals that are primarily noncommercial. NGO‘s may gain some portion of their
funding from private sources. Because the label - NGO is considered too broad by some
as it might cover anything that is non-governmental, many NGO‘s now prefer the term
Private Voluntary Organization (PVO) or Private Development Organization (PDO).
NGO‘s work to stop violation of covenant rights in many ways and places. The term Non-
Governmental Organization (NGO‘s) includes community based organization, citizen‘s
groups, non-political entities, trade unions, religious and social justice organisations and
other voluntary organisations that may help to foster and enforce economic social and

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cultural rights. A 1995 UN report on global government estimated that there are more
than 29,000 international NGO‘s. National numbers are even higher. India has more than

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2 million NGO‘s which are working in different fields and areas for the various causes

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including socio-economic justice. International red cross and red crescent movement is
the world‘s largest group of humanitarian NGO‘s. Though voluntary associations of

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citizens have existed throughout history, NGO‘s along the lines seen today specially on
the International level, have developed in the past two centuries. One of the first such

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organisations, the international committee of the red cross, was founded in 1863. The

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phrase - non-governmental organization came into use with the establishment of the
united nations organization in 1945 with provision in Article 31 of chapter 10 of the

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united nations charter. The definition of - international NGO‘s (INGO) is first given in
resolution 27, 1950; it is defined as -any international organization that is not founded by
an international treaty.
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Highlighting public health issues : The role of NGO‘s cannot be underrated for it is .ne
only through them many problems have been highlighted and brought to the notice of
national and international organisations. It is only because of NGO‘s that the
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governments had to look into the matter and bow to public opinion. The human rights to
healthy and safe environment was first recognized in the un universal declaration of
human rights in 1948. While human rights law and active judiciary can assist in the
achievement of such protection there is far greater need for the active participation of
NGO‘s to achieve meaningful standards. The help of NGO‘s in this regard becomes
necessary since NGO‘s include non profit associations, foundations, groups and
volunteers NGO‘s play an important role in the education of the citizen, a role which the
authors of the Universal declaration considered of prime importance. Right to safe
environment, right to health, the right to physical well-being and right to a normal life are
related to the public health. NGO‘s are playing vital role in abolishing the drawbacks.
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Human Rights 5 - 13 Children and Human Rights and Duties

Related to public health by giving timely guidance to the individuals through various
modes. NGO‘s are the tools by which human rights can be made known and respected.

Two Marks Questions with Answers

PART A

Q.1 List any 4 functions of NHRC.

Ans. :
 NHRC investigates grievances regarding the violation of human rights either suo
moto or after receiving a petition.

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 It has the power to interfere in any judicial proceedings involving any allegation of

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violation of human rights.

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Q.2 Explain Article 19.
Ans. : ARTICLE 19 works for a world where all people everywhere can freely express

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themselves and actively engage in public life without fear of discrimination.
Q.3 List the limitations of national human rights commission.

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Ans. : NHRC does not have any mechanism of investigation. In majority cases, it asks the
concerned central and state governments to investigate the cases of the violation of human
rights
Q.4 Write about child welfare.
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Ans. : In India, there are various development programs being run for the people. Amongst
them, the child welfare programs have been at the center most
Q.5 List the twelve groups of human rights of disadvantaged people. g .ne
Ans. : 1) Women and girls; 2) Children; 3) Refugees; 4) Internally displaced persons;
5) Stateless persons; 6) National minorities; 7) Indigenous peoples 8) Migrant workers;
9) Disabled persons; 10) Elderly persons; 11) HIV positive persons and AIDS victims;
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12) Roma/Gypsies/Sinti;
Q.6 What are the risks and vulnerabilities faced by women and girls in conflict ?
Ans. : Women and girls with disabilities are ‘particularly vulnerable to discrimination,
exploitation and violence, including Gender-Based Violence (GBV), but they may have
difficulty accessing support and services that could reduce their risk and vulnerability’.
Q.7 List the human rights treaties.
Ans. :
 Adapt existing laws or pass new laws;
 Change or adapt administrative or financial measures;
 Issue national action plans and similar programmes.
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Human Rights 5 - 14 Children and Human Rights and Duties

Q.8 Explain NHRC.

Ans. : NHRC of India is an independent statutory body established on 12 October, 1993 as
per provisions of protection of human rights act, 1993, later amended in 2006.
Q.9 Explain state human rights commission
Ans. : The protection of human rights act of 1993 provides for the creation of state human
rights commission at the state level. A state human rights commission can inquire into
violation of human rights related to subjects covered under state list and concurrent list in
the seventh schedule of the Indian constitution.
Q.10 Powers of NHRC.

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Ans. :
 It also has the authority to recommend payment of compensation or damages.

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 NHRC credibility is duly reflected in large number of complaints received every year

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and the trust reposed in it by the citizens.
Q.11 Define Judiciary.

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Ans. : The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch,
judicative branch, court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that interprets and
applies law in legal cases.
Q.12 Role of NGO‘s
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Ans. : A Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) is a non-profit group or association that

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acts outside of institutionalized political structures and pursues, matters of interest to its
members by lobbying, persuasion or direct action.
Q.13 Role of Media.
Ans. : g
Media and educational systems are also important in making the people more
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vigilant and sensitive towards human right protection by spreading awareness.
Q.14 Functions of the commission SHRC.
Ans. :
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 Review the safeguards provided by or under the constitution of any law for the time
being in force for the protection of human rights and recommend measures for their
effective implementation.
 Review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of human
rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures.
 Undertake and promote research in the field of human rights.
 Spread human rights literacy among various sections of society and promote
awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights.

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Human Rights 5 - 15 Children and Human Rights and Duties

Q.15 What are promotion and protection of human rights ?

Ans. : NGOs can also play an important role in exposing the public view, violation of
human rights in the states to the public. Almost all the states fear adverse publicity and
consequently try to avoid their human rights violations being brought to the limelight by
the NGOs.

Review Questions
PART B

1. Explain about human rights of disadvantaged people. (Refer section 5.1)

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2. Explain women, children, displaced persons and disabled persons, including aged and HIV
infected people. (Refer section 5.2)
3. Classify the implementation of human rights. (Refer section 5.3)
4.
5.
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Summarize national and state human rights commission. (Refer section 5.4)
Discuss about role of NGO‘s, media, educational institutions, social movements.
(Refer section 5.6)
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Human Rights 5 - 16 Children and Human Rights and Duties

Notes

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