SOIL MECHANICS Soil eposited Alluvial Soil River Marine Soil Sea water Lacustrine Soil Still water like as lakes Aeolian Soil Wind Glacial Soil Ice Note: Loess is an aeolian soil. Soil | 3 Phase 2 Phase (Partially Saturated) yp Woo od Soil Ve Ye=%a) | air || w.=0 — ’,| Esona|¥. = Y. | Exons |. © Void Ratio:Vv Porosity: |" = + 100 Degree of Saturation: |[S=—, *100 Air Content: V, % Air Voids Ty »N=na, W_ Weo+Ww Bulk Unit Weight: |¥ = 7 = V, + Vy +Vs W, Dry Unit Weight: | fa = a West Saturated Unit Weight: | Yu = Vv Specific Gravity: Ga—‘s_ 4s pecific Gravity: Vs¥w Yw Appearent or Mass Specific Gravity: at mW e Tw w,- . fp= ore l+w I+e l-n— Gyw(l+ W) ¢ |Se=WG ° (+e) Gte GY “ Ya =[ S42). + [Tae G-l Y Y= Ty =—_ ° fs ‘ ° [ta l+w Method for Determination of water content © Oven drying Method: w W, —W, ¢ Pycnometer Method: |W = [eae es *)-1}sa00 Determination of Unit Weight: 1. Core Cutter method e Field method suitable for, fine grained and clayey soil. e Not suitable for stoney, gravelly soil and dry soil. 2. Water displacement method © Suitable for ohesive soils only 3. Sand replacement method ¢ Field method & used for gravelly, sandy and dry soil. Water ballon method © Volume of the pit is measured by covering the pit with plastic sheet and then filling it with water. © Wt. of water thus calculated is equal to volume of soil excavated. Plasticity Index [I,]: 1, - Mi Wal |, Ip a ce ‘ N> I = Flow Index: ea N, ] ltr jg, = Gu undisturbed Sensitivity: | (q,,) Remoulded ¢, —6 Relative Density/Density Index: Ip= é eee 100 ‘max — © min. Plasticity Index Activity of Clay: A= | 0, by weight fine than 2p. Doo C\=p,_ »(C,>4 Gravel, C, > 6 Sand) 10 u _ (Dso)? C= © Dio Doo >, 1 $C. <3 for well Graded soilCoarse grained soil classification based on grain size (mm) Boulder Cobble Coarse grained soil Gravel ‘Sand coarse fine coarse medium __ fine silt clay 80-20 20-4.75_4.75-2.0_2-0.425_0.425-0.075__ 0.075-0.002_<0.002 Fine Grained soil 2300 _ 300-80 0.9 (W,-8)) Acline 1,= (0.73 (W,-20)) 81020 35 50 Liquid limit Hydrometer correction: C;=C,,—C,+C, Compaction Consolidation Reduction in volume of air ‘Volume reduction due to expultion of pore voids at a given water content | water from voids Partially saturated soil Completely saturated soil Instantaneous phenomenon Time dependent phenomenon Specific compaction Technique | By static load placed on soil (use dynamic load) Quick sand condition: In case of upward seepage flow, ifthe upward seepage force becomes equal to the buoyant weight of soil, the effective stress in soil becomes zero.Critical hydraulic gradient: Yo _ G=1 ; = @=—=G-)0-n = i= Te~e GF -NE-2), Fos i Quick sand condition occurs in sand but not in clay becuase in clay cohesion exists. Darcy’s Law: |q = kiA Measrement of Permeability: . _ | ¢ Constant Head Permeameter Test: iA Aht Ka 23tb gy {hi Falling Head Permeameter Test: |" ~~ a; 810 i, Confined Flow Pumping Test: Unconfined Flow Pumping Test: | = warn) 2” = 1 ye © Kozeny-Carman Equation: K= K,&2 “uw lte 0: Allen Hazen’s Equation: |K = C.D},© Coefficient of Consolidation Equation: |K =C,.M,.7, Vv V.=7, R= 3000dVK +S,+Sa=" Permeability of Stratified Soils | AK _ KiH, + KH, +....- ¢ Horizontal Flow: |™4 H, +H, + K v © Vertical Flow: Note: K,> K, always. Determination of coefficient of consolidation (C,) Determination of coefficient of consolidation (C.) ___ Casagrande’s method “Taylor's method (Also called Logarithm of time fitting method)|(Also called Square root time fitting method) C,, is inversely proportional to liquid limit (w,) where as C_ is directly proportional to liquid limit. Value of C, decreases with increases in plasticity.15/2 e Seepage Calculation: © Westergaard’s Solution: lq 1 q Tye Te? ee? 1425 Zz @e= eye Ae AV a |, ja, = V logs, — logs, |” Ao]? |M, =-—— AG M, =- Ae _- a, (1+e,)AG I+e, e Terzaghi Equation for one- dimension consolidation: Sac, 28 a a2 Time Factor: |T, = 5 e Time Factor: 1Te 2 \ ri ,u< 60% T, = 1.781—0.933 log (100—1); u> 60% _uj-u, _||AH_ Ae V, Degree Of Consolidation: | *- u, AH I+e, Calculation of Settlement: AH =C. x Hy log Sy + Ao 1+e, Gy AH = m,.H,.AG,| |C, =0.009(w, —10) (45-2) -2cta( ase 4) 2 2 Vane Shear test: T S= 7 —j)| [when both top & bottom ne"( 2*6 end shear the soil] Pore Pressure Parameter (Given by Skempton): AU= B[Ao,+ A(Ac,—As,)] AU B= a (For saturated soil, B = 1, for dry soil, B= 0) 3 Stability of slope: F = tang tan Swedish Circle Method: Gurface of sliding is assumed as "are of circle" ,T=yzcosPsinBOe $< nl Face/slope failure Toe failure most Base failure soil close to the common mode soil below the toe is toe is quite strong of failure soft and slope is flat depth factor < | depth factor = 1 depth factor > 1 Cy Stability Number = S, = YH. a “Ey YH (Max. value= 0.261) Active earth pressure Earth pressure at rest (wall moves away from (wall does not backfill) moves at all) eis Failure plane is inclined at (45 + 6/2) with the horizontal Very little movement is required to mobilise the active pressure AH = 0.2% of H Dense sands AH = 0.5% of H loose sands ea tar (45-2) 1+sing Failure plane is inclined at (45 — 9/2) with the horizontal Much higher movement is required to mobilise the pressure AH = 2% of H Dense sands AH = (5-10)% of H loose sands _l+sing_ > o k, i-sino tan’ (45+8)¢ Active Earth Pressure For Cohesive: P, = K,yz-2CJk, 0 when P, = -2C,/K, 2c _ —.H, =2Z, Ze = VK e Earth Pressure at Rest: N Ml ou he a 5 == i = Ko, Coefficient of earth pressure at rest. os, I= —sin 1 K= o. an*| 45°— % =— a +sin o- 2 K, Types of footings I I | Strip Isolated/spread Raftmat Combined Pile foundation footing footing foundation footing es Al Mitp by 4 ie & & & sa © Net Safe Bearing Capacity: Net ultimate bearing capacity os * Factor of safety. — Iw — Gu =YDe Go = F —-yD * Safe Bearing Capacity: q,,.= dy 7 L+yD,1a? ¢ Elastic Settlement: S = caval) ¢ Bearing Capacity for Strip footing 1 quar = CN. +¥D,N, FZ TON, ¢ Bearing Capacity of Shallow Circular Footing Gur = 1.3CNe+YDN,+0.3 ybNy ¢ Bearing Capacity of Shallow Square Footing Qui = 1.3 CNe+YDNg+0.4ybNy Note: Load carrying capacity in order - Strip < Circular < Square Footing ¢ Plate Load test: (IS 1888-1982) +— Girder ma wg, (B,(B, +03), ; Hydraulic jack 5, |B, (,+03)| For sandy soll Pipe arrangement s,_B, _ Dial gauge gag (Poresya= Ge) Plate Be a 5xB, It is used to calculate (a) Ultimate bearing capacity (b) Allowable bearing capacity (c) Safe settlement of foundation Significant only for cohesionless soilStandard Penetration Test: 350 3470 Over burden Correction:N=N,.»{ Headly CESS os For Granular soils only For Granular soils only & split spoon sampler is allowed to penetrate into the soil by applying impact load of 65 kg. having a free fall of 75 cm. « — N-value is determined at selected number of bore hoes and avg. value of corrected N is calculated for the depth from D+ (1.5-2) B. . STP-N value recorded in clayey deposit dose not require corrections for overburden pressure & dilatancy Classification of Piles based on various factors - (a) Function/Action - Fender, sheet, batter, tension (uplift), load bearing ete. (b) Installation method - Driven, jack, serew & Bored ( cast in-situ) piles. (c) Material - Steel, timber, concrete & composite piles. (d) Displace-ment of soil - Displacement and non-displacement piles. (e) Mode of load transfer - End bearing, friction and combined piles.¢ Ultimate bearing Capacity of pile Load taken by base + load by skin friction. = QP,+Q, Q= aA, FAS ¢ Engineering News Formula: Ultimate load on pile __WH_ C=2.5cm for drop hammer —" @(S+C) C = 0.25 cm for single acting steam hammer ¢ Boring and its its methods: Making and advancing of bore holes is called boring Boring and its methods It is the making & advancing of bore holes is called boring Various methods of boring - (a) Auger boring - It is use in partially saturated sands, silts and medium to stiff clays. But it gives highly disturbed sample. It is suitable for small depth of exploration (hand operated auger upto 6m depth) like as highway & borrow pit etc. (b) Wash boring - It gives disturbed sample. It is not use in hard soils, rock and soil containing boulder. (c) Percussion boring - In it, heavy drilling bit is dropped and raised. It can be used only in boulder & gravel strata. (d) Rotary boring - It gives least disturbed samples. Soil samples ¢ Disturbed sample are those in which natural soil structure gets modified or destroyed during the sampling operation. ¢ Undisturbed samples are those in which original soilstructure is preserved as well as mineral properties have not undergone any change. These samples are use in size distribution, Atterberg’s limits, coefficient of permeability, consolidation parameters, shear strength parameters. D,-D, ¢ Inside Clearance: C= =“ +x100% 1 : Di=Dy © Out Side Clearance: C,= % Note: C, > C, always. ¢ Area ratio: A= Recovery length of the Sample. © Recovery Ratio: L = pa Penetration length of the Sample Field Compaction Control. Soil 1 ‘* Rammers * All Types Uses * Confined construction area © Road Embankment ¢ Earthen dam Construc- tion © Base, Sub base formation © Soil Embankment * Smooth wheeled Roller] © Sand, Gravels * Sheep footed Roller * Clay-Soil * Pncumatic Tyred Roller} © Silty Sand « Vibrators © Sand, all type Soil Most prefer