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INTRODUCTION:-
Medically assisted human reproductive technologies are a group of high tech
treatment methods used to combat infertility.
One of the greatest advances in reproductive medicine
Techniques include
CAUSES OF INFERTILITY:-
In males
In females
INTRA-UTERINE INSEMINATION:-
Women (with adequate ovulation & below 40yrs) without damage to fallopian tube
can be treated with IUI.
Women superovulated by gonadotrophins – multiple egg dev.
IUI is timed to coincide with ovulation
Using a thin soft catheter, sperms are placed either in the cervix or in the utrine
cavity.
ADVANTAGES:-
This procedure can be an effective solution for men with a low sperm count or poor
sperm motility, where the sperm can't make the long journey to the egg.
Low cost compared to other ART .
DISADVANTAGES
INVITRO FERTILIZATION:-
IVF broadly deals with the removal of eggs from a women, fertilizing them in the
laboratory and then transferring the fertilized eggs into uterus a few days later.
Infertility due to the following causes may be considered for IVF
Tubal diseases
Endometriosis
Idiopathic infertility
GENERAL PROTOCOLS:-
Patient selection
Oocyte retrieval
IVF treatment
Embryo transfer
Cryopresevation
1) PATIENT SELECTION:-
Criteria
Then a single injection of HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) is given – triggers final
stage of egg maturation. Ovulation will occur between 24–36 hours after the HCG injection.
3) OOCYTE RETRIVAL
Eggs are retreived after 36 hrs of HCG injection.
Most common - through vaginal route under ultrasound guidance.
Needle enters the ovarian follicle and aspirate the fluid from them
It is examined under microscope to identify eggs.
5) IVF TREATMENT:-
Capacited sperms placed in culture with a single oocyte in a petridish.
Signs of fertilization – presence of 2 pronuclei
6) EMBRYO TRNSFER
4 – 8 cell stage embryos are transferred
Transferred with the help of a catheter.
Catheter is passed through the cervical canal and embryos are released to the top
part of the uterus.
Not more than 3 embryos are transferred.
7) CRYOPRESERVATION:-
Preservation in frozen state is regarded as cryopreservation.
Semen, fertilized eggs and embryos can be cryopreserved.
Human embryos have been successfully preserved in the presence of cryoprotectant
like 1, 2 propanediol or dimethyl sulphoxide or glycerol.
It was stored at -196OC under liquid nitrogen.
At appropriate time, the embryos are thawed and is transferred to uterus.
IN-VITRO-FERTILIZATION:-
ADVANTAGES:-
Gives women with damaged oviducts, the opportunity to carry their own fetus.
DISADVANTAGES
It involves the transfer of both sperm and unfertilized oocyte into the fallopian tube.
Two oocyte along with 2 – 5 lakhs motile sperms are placed in a plastic tube container.
Then oocyte sperm combination is injected 4cm into the distal end of fallopian tube.
ADVANTAGES:-
There is no much human intervention in the actual fertilization of the eggs.
Because fertilisation takes place within the fallopian tube, GIFT offers an option for
people whose religious beliefs prohibit conception outside the body.
DISADVANTAGES
Can be performed only if woman have atleast one normal fallopian tube.
GIFT does not allow for visual confirmation of fertilisation.
GIFT involves a laproscopic surgery.
ADVANTAGES:-
Fertilization can be confirmed before they are implanted into the fallopian tube.
Allows a developing embryo to travel into the uterus on its own, which may be
important to those who wish their baby to develop as naturally as possible
DISADVANTAGES
Can be performed only if woman have atleast one normal fallopian tube.
It is more expensive than GIFT.
ZIFT involves a laproscopic surgery.
The embryos are transferred back into the woman 2 days after fertilisation. This is at the
‘2 cell or 4 cell’ stage.
TET allows embryos to make their way to the uterus for implantation.
Its advantage over ZIFT is that it allows for the assessment of fertilization and embryo
quality.
Single spermatozoan is directly injected into the cytoplasm of the oocyte through the
micropuncture of zona pellucida.
ADVANTAGES:-
Can be useful when very low numbers of motile sperm are present and when there are
problems with sperm binding and penetration.
DISADVANTAGES
Altering the nature’s selection process for sperm can lead to an increase risk of
developmental and health issues for ICSI children, as well as a higher risk of miscarriage
because of the poorer genetic material involved.
INTRA-CYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION (ICSI):-
NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF ART-
Multiple pregnancy
Increased risk of ovarian cancer, atleast by 3 times when compared to normal women.
CONCLUSION:-
ART has been the answer for many childless couples, resulting in successful pregnancies
and childbirth.
Today there is a range of infertile treatment that aims to ensure a healthy sustainable
pregnancy.
But there are still risks, stress and high cost associated with ART.
With the advent of new technologies, it is hoped that these shortcomings would be
overcome in the near future and every infertile couple would have the previlage of
parethood.
RECENT TRENDS:-
Innovative design of IVF equipment (PLoS ONE, june 2012)
A novel system for processing embryos during IVF treatment has been shown to
significantly improve the chances of pregnancy by 27%.
Pioneered by a Newcastle team of fertility experts within the University and NHS, the
innovative design of interlinked incubators provides a totally enclosed and controlled
environment within which every step of the IVF process can be performed.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
Satyanarayana U, Biotechnology (2010), 1st edition, Books and allied (P) Ltd, Kolkata.
Joseph. C. Daniel, Methods in mammalian embryology, Ist edition, W.H Freeman and
company, San Fransisco
From: URL -
http://www.ncl.ac.uk/press.office/press.release/item/increased-
Swain Dharitri. Obstetrics nursing procedure manual. Jaypee the health sciences
publisher:New Delhi;2017. Pg.No. 147-149.
Jacob Annamma, R Rekha. Clinical nursing procedures: The art of nursing practice. 2 nd edition.
Jaypee publisher: New Delhi; 2010.Pg. No. 90-93.