Half-yearly Paper

(with Solutions) Class 10

Syllabus

History Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Resources and Development, Water Resources

Geography
Agriculture

Political
Power Sharing, Federalism
Science

Economics Development, Sectors of Indian Economy

 Question Paper
Half-yearly Paper

सामािजक िव ान
Time Allowed : 3 hours
SOCIAL SCIENCE Maximum Marks : 80

General Instructions:
(i) The question paper comprises of Six Sections – A, B, C, D, E and F. There are 37 questions in the Question
paper. All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Section A – From questions 1 to 20 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
(iii) Section B – Question no. 21 to 24 are Very Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 2 marks each. Answer
to each question should not exceed 40 words.
(iv) Section C contains Q.25 to Q.29 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3 marks each. Answer to each
question should not exceed 60 words.
(v) Section D – Question no. 30 to 33 are Long Answer Type Questions, carrying 5 marks each. Answer to
each question should not exceed 120 words.
(vi) Section E – Questions no. from 34 to 36 are Case Based Questions with three sub questions and are of 4
marks each. Answer to each question should not exceed 100 words.
(vii) Section F – Question no. 37 is Map based, carrying 5 marks with two parts, 37A from History (2 marks)
and 37B from Geography (3 marks).
(viii) There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in few
questions. Only one of the choices in such questions have to be attempted.
(ix) In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.
(x) Note: CBQ stands for “Competency Based Question”. 50% weightage allocated for competency-based
questions.

SECTION - A 20 Marks
(MCQs)

1. Identify the correct statement with regard to

Country Gross Life Ex- Mean HDI
the ‘Zollverein’ from the following options:
National pectancy Years of Rank
(a) It was a coalition of Prussian states Income at birth Schooling in the
formed to manage political alliances. (GNI) per of People world
(b) Its aim was to bind the Prussia politically capita aged 25 (2018)
into an association. (2011) and above
2017
(c) It was a Custom Union at the initiative of
Prussia. Sri Lanka 11,236 75.5 10.9 76

(d) It helped to awaken and raise national India 6,353 68.8 6.4 130

sentiment in Europe.  1 Myanmar 5,567 66.7 4.9 148

2. Which of the following rulers built the tank of Pakistan 5,531 66.6 5.2 150
Hauz Khas, Delhi? Nepal 2,471 70.6 4.9 149
(a) Akbar (b) Iltutmish
Bangladesh 3,677 72.8 5.8 136
(c) Raja Nahar Singh (d) Balban 1
Identify the country that most probably has
3. Read the given data and answer the a well-developed healthcare system but
following question. lesser average education than India.

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 (a) Sri Lanka (b) Myanmar families is ` 4000, ` 7000 and ` 3000
(c) Pakistan (d) Nepal respectively, what is the income of the fourth
(d) No Information has been given to family?
determine the health of the children. 1 (a) ` 7500 (b) ` 3000
(c) ` 2000 (d) ` 60001
4. Arrange the following statements in
sequential order based on the events that 9. Identify the major aspect that helped in the
shaped the rise of nationalism in Europe. formation of a Nation-State in Britain.
(I) Greek struggle for independence begins (a) In 1688, the monarch of Britain fought
which received support from other Greeks War with English Parliament.
living in exile (b) The Parliament through a bloodless
(II) Revolutions in Europe begin by various revolution seized power from the
groups artisans, industrial workers and monarchy.
middle classes (c) The British nation was formed as a result
(III) Napoleon invades Italy which lead to the of a war with Ireland and Wales.
beginning of Napoleonic wars. (d) The formation of a Nation-State in Britain
(IV) The Vienna Peace Settlement was signed was the result of many revolts. 1
by representatives of the European
powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and 10. Identify the country indicated through the
Austria symbols given in the picture.
Codes:
(a) (IV), (III), (II), (I) (b) (III), (IV), (I), (II)
(c) (I), (IV), (III), (II) (d) (I), (II), (III), (IV) 1
5. Fill in the blank by choosing the most
appropriate option:
………………………… owns the Reliance Industries.
(a) The government
(b) A private business or a group (a) Bulgaria (b) Germany
(c) A Bank
(c) Italy (d) France 1
(d) Jointly by private companies and the
govt. 1 11. Which of the following statements is correct
about the GDP?
6. A country in which principle of majori-
tarianism led to civil war: (a) It shows how big the economy of a
(a) Belgium (b) Sri Lanka country is in terms of purchasing power.
(c) Netherlands (d) Germany 1 (b) It shows the total product of a country
in a given year without calculating the
There are two statements marked as national income.
Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your (c) It shows the number of people involved in
answer as per the codes provided below: production in the tertiary sector in a year.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the (d) It shows the value of total goods and
correct explanation of (A). services produced in a country in a year.1
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A). 12. 
Fill in the blank by choosing the most
appropriate option:
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
The Tamil natives of Sri Lanka are known
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct. as ........................ .
(a) Indian Tamils (b) Muslim Tamils
7. Assertion (A): Although judges in India are
appointed by the executive, they can check (c) Sri Lankan Tamils (d) Christian Tamils 1
the functioning of executive or laws made by
13. Arrange in chronological order.
the legislatures.
(I) India attained Independence.
Reason (R):Judiciary is superior and more
experienced than the executive. 1 (II) Comprehensive land development
programme was initiated in India.
8. Assume there are four families in a country.
(III) White revolution was introduced.
The average per capita income of these
families are ` 5000. If the income of three (IV) The Green revolution begins.

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 Codes:
(a) (I), (IV), (III) and (II)
(b) (II), (III), (I) and (IV)
(c) (III), (II), (I) and (IV)
(d) (II), (I), (IV) and (III)
14. Rohit works in a hotel. He has regulated
work hours and gets to eat lunch at the
hotel everyday. He can also take an off if he
doesn't feel well physically or emotionally.
Of which of the following sectors is he most
likely to be an employee?
(a) Agriculture sector (b) Private-sector
(c) Organised sector (d) Unorganised sector
 1
15. Which of the following statements accurately
distinguishes between renewable resources
and non-renewable resources?
(a) Renewable resources can be renewed or
reproduced by physical, chemical or me-
chanical processes while non-renewable
resources occur over a very long geolog-
ical time.
(b) Renewable resources are owned privately
by individuals while non-renewable re-
sources are accessible to all the members
of the community.
(c) Renewable resources are obtained from
biosphere and have life while non-renew-
able resources are composed of non-liv-
ing things.
(d) Renewable resources are found in a
region, but have not been utilised till
date while non-renewable resources
have the potential to satisfy human
needs but human beings do not have the
appropriate technology to access these.  1
16. Raghu was an Indian farmer during the
1950s. Which of the following institutional
reforms would he have witnessed in the
1950s?
SECTION - B
(Very Short Answer Type Questions)
21. Identify using the given hints:
(1) A body of saturated rock through which
water can easily move.
(2) They must be permeable and porous.
(3) They include rock such as sandstone,
conglomerate, fractured limestone and
gravel.
22. “Land is a natural resource of utmost
importance.” Justify the statement with
appropriate arguments.
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(a) Package technology being used in
agriculture.
(b) Kisan Credit Card (KCC) being launched.
(c) Establishment of the Grameen banks.
(d) Abolition of the zamindari system.1
1
17. 
Fill in the blank by choosing the most
appropriate option:
Muskmelon grows in .........................
(a) Rabi season
(b) Kharif season
(c) Zaid season
(d) They are grown in both Zaid and Rabi
seasons.  1
18. Fill in the blank by choosing the most
appropriate option:
………………………… owns the Reliance Industries.
(a) The government
(b) A private business or a group
(c) A Bank
(d) Jointly by private companies and the
govt.1
19. Which of the following statements about the
third-tier of democracy is false?
(a) One-third of all positions in local bodies
are reserved for women.
(b) The state government retains the power
over revenues for the local bodies.
(c) Seats are reserved in the elected bodies
for the SC, ST and OBC candidates.
(d) An independent institution called the
State Election Commission conducts
Panchayat and municipal elections. 1
20. For a jobless youth, which of the following
goals of development will be the highest on
his priority list?
(a) More employment opportunities
(b) More days of work and better wages
(c) Metal roads for transportation
(d) Establishment of a high school 1
8 Marks
OR
‘Sustainable Development is a crucial step for
the development of a country’. Explain with
suitable examples.  2
23. Wheat and rice farming are India are fairly
different from each other. Support the
2 2
statement.
24. State which government is more powerful in
terms of law making or legislation 2
Half-yearly Paper 3
 SECTION - C 15 Marks
(Short Answer Type Questions)

25. Balanced resource planning is essential at should be examined? Discuss. 3

the national, state, regional and local levels.
27. ‘India is an agriculturally important country.’
Elaborate this statement with suitable
Justify the statement with three arguments.
examples. 3
 3
26. Analyse the table given and answer the
28. Under which type of federation is India
question that follows:
classified? Mention any two features of such
This source shows a database of Workers federation.  3
employed in different sectors (in millions).
29. The table below shows the estimated
Sector Unorga- Orga- Total number of workers in India in the organised
nised nised and unorganised sectors. Read the table
Primary 200 2 202 carefully and answer the question given
below:
Secondary 50 5 55
Tertiary 80 20 100 Sector Orga- Unorga- Total
nised nised
Total 330 27 357
Primary 2 242
Total in % 100%
Secondary 9 54 63
(A) Calculate the percentage of people in the
organised sector. Tertiary 17 76 93
(B) Which sector employs the most amount Total 28
of people according to the given table?
Total in
100%
OR Percentage
For each of the sectors that we came across What percentage of tertiary sector workers
why should one focus on employment and in India are employed in Unorganised Sector
GDP? Could there be other issues which according to the table? 3

SECTION - D 20 Marks
(Long Answer Type Questions)

30. What is land degradation? Suggest any four 32. How is a federal government different from
steps to control land degradation. the unitary form of government?
OR OR

Why is the issue of sustainability important ‘The Centre-State relations in India have
for development? Explain. 5 been changed from time to time since
31. “Culture played an important role in the independence.’ Explain the statement with
development of nationalism in Europe argument. 5
during the eighteenth and nineteenth 33. What is the main criterion used by the World
centuries.” Support the statement with Bank in classifying different countries? What
examples. are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
OR OR

How did female figures become an allegory ‘Sustainability' issue is significant for
of the nation during the nineteenth century development. Substantiate with suitable
in Europe? Analyse. 5 explanation. 5

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 SECTION - E 12 Marks
(Case Based Questions)

34. Read the source given below and answer the
questions that follow:
The first half of the nineteenth century saw
an enormous increase in population all over
Europe. In most countries there were more
seekers of jobs than employment. Population
from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in
overcrowded slums. Small producers in towns
were often faced with stiff competition from
imports of cheap machine-made goods from
England, where industrialisation was more
advanced than on the continent.
(A) Who ruled France in 1830s and was
forced to flee after unemployment
caused workers to revolt on roads?
(B) Were people guaranteed rights after they
came out on roads to revolt in France in
1830s? If yes, name one such right.
(C) Why were the 1830s years of great
economic hardship in Europe? 
35. Read the source given below and answer the
questions that follow:
Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada
Movement is a non-governmental Organisation
(NGO) that mobilised tribal people, farmers,
environmentalists and human rights activists
against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built
across the Narmada river in Gujarat. It originally
focused on the environmental issues related
to trees that would be submerged under the
dam water. Recently it has re-focused the aim
to enable poor citizens, especially the oustees
(displaced people) to get full rehabilitation
facilities from the government. People felt that
their suffering would not be in vain… accepted
the trauma of displacement believing in the
promise of irrigated fields and plentiful harvests.
So, often the survivors of Rihand told us that
they accepted their sufferings as sacrifice for
the sake of their nation. But now, after thirty
bitter years of being a drift, their livelihood
having become even more precarious, they
keep asking: “Are we the only ones chosen to
make sacrifices for the nation?”
(A) According to the case study, what was
2 the initial reason for the resistance during
the Narmada Bachao Andolan?
(B) Explain the side effects of the construction
of the dam on human population?
(C) What steps must be taken by the
government of India in order to
rehabilitate the people who had to
dislocate? 2

36. Read the given data:

Country Gross National Life Expectancy Mean Years of HDI Rank in the
Income (GNI) per at birth (2017) Schooling of world (2018)
Capital (2011 People aged
PPP $) 25 and above
(2017)
Sri Lanka 11,326 75.5 10.9 76

India 6,353 68.8 6.4 130

Myanmar 5.567 66.7 4.9 148

Pakistan 5.331 66.6 5.2 150

Nepal 2.471 70.6 4.9 149
Bangladesh 3.677 72.8 5.8 136
Source: Human Development Report, 2018 United Nations Development Programme, New York.

(A) Which country has a better rank than (C) Which of the Asian country is lowest in
India in Human Development Report for HDI in the given table? 2
2018?
(B) Which criterion is common in the
assessment of development in the reports
of the World Bank and UNDP?

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 SECTION - F 5 Marks
(Map Skill Based Questions)

37. (a) Two places I and II have been marked on and label any three of the following with
the given outline map of India. Identify suitable symbols.
them and write their correct names on 1. Bhakra Nangal dam
the lines drawn near them. 2. the largest/ major producer states of
1. major areas where rice is grown coffee
2. black soil is found 2 3. Tungabhadra dam
(b) On the same outline map of India locate 4. the largest/ major producer states of
sugarcane 3

II

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 Answers
SECTION - A
1. (c) It was a Custom Union at the initiative of
Prussia.
2. (b) Iltutmish
Explanation: Various rulers in ancient and
medieval India built many hydraulic structures
to facilitate water supply to their subjects. This
tank at hauz khas, built by the first slave ruler,
Iltutmish is one such example, constructed to
supply water to the city of Siri Fort.
Related Theory
 Communities in ancient India also used various grand
and miniature structures to store water. Structures
used for water management have been found in Indus
valley civilization sites like Dholavira, Mohenjodaro
etc. Dholavira had many water storage tanks and
step wells build to channel the water of two perennial
streams which flew along the outskirts of the site.
3. (d) Nepal
Explanation: In the table, the life expectancy
at birth rates are higher for Nepal but its
mean years of schooling range is lower than
India. This is why it can have better healthcare
facilities but weaker educational systems.
4. (d) (I), (II), (III), (IV)
Explanation: 1797: The Napoleonic Wars start
when Napoleon invades Italy.1814-1815:
After the Fall of Napoleon; European countries
meet at Vienna and signed the Vienna Peace
Settlement.1821: The beginning of the Greek
independence movement1848: Revolutions in
Europe
5. (b) A private business or a group
6. (b) Sri Lanka
Explanation: To secure dominance over
government by virtue of their majority, the
Sinhala government passed various acts
favouring Sinhala Speakers. The distrust
between the two communities- Sri Lanka
Tamils and Sinhala Speaking Majority
community turned into widespread conflict
which soon turned into a Civil war. As a result,
thousands of people of both the communities
were killed.
7. (c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
Explanation: This is a system of checks and
balances where each organ of the government
can check and balance each other's powers and
responsibility.
8. (d) ` 6000
Explanation:
Sum of the incomes of four families
Average =
Total number of families
14000 + I4
` 5000 = 4
20,000 = 14000 + I4
` 6,000 = I4
The income of fourth family is ` 6,000.
9. (b) 
The Parliament through a bloodless
revolution seized power from the monarchy.
Explanation: The English parliament had
seized power from the monarchy in 1688 by
a protracted conflict. It was the instrument
through which a nation-state was formed with
England at its centre. No war was fought for the
same.
Related Theory
 The Act of Union (1707) between England and
Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United
Kingdom of Great Britain’.
10. (b) Germany
Explanation: The tricolour flag shown in image
was the flag of the liberal-nationalists in 1848
which was banned by the Dukes of the German
states. The breastplate with an eagle on it is the
German symbol for strength.
Related Theory
 Philip Veit prepared a painting of Germania on a
cotton banner, as it was meant to hang from the
ceiling of the Church of St Paul where the Frankfurt
parliament was convened in March 1848. The said
painting also features the symbols given in the
picture above.
Caution
 Every picture in the chapter must be carefully studied
by the students. They can serve as mediums for easy
understanding of concepts.
11. (d) 
It shows the value of total goods and
services produced in a country in a year.
Related Theory
 The purchasing power of a country depends upon the
value of its currency and the power of its currency to
buy commodities.
12. (c) Sri Lankan Tamils
13. (a) (I), (IV), (III) and (II)

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 Explanation: (I) India attained Independence in
1947.
(II) Comprehensive land development
programme was initiated in India in 1980s.
(III) White revolution was introduced in 1970.
(IV) The Green revolution begins in 1960s.
14. (c) Organised sector
Explanation: Organised Sector includes
industries, shops, factories and businesses
registered with the government. They follow
labour laws and other rules and regulations laid
down by the government. They also provide
job security, health care benefits and other
incentives to its employees.
Related Theory
 Agricultural Sector, Unorganised sector and Private
Sector are all unregistered or not backed by the
government and hence offer no job security or
promise of a dignified life.
15. (a) Renewable resources can be renewed or
reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical
processes while non- renewable resources
occur over a very long geological time.
Explanation: Renewable or replenishable
resources are those that can be replaced or
refilled by physical, chemical, or mechanical
processes. For example, water, forests, animals,
SECTION - B
21. Aquifer
Explanation: An aquifer is a structure/body of
saturated rock through which water can easily
move. They must be permeable and porous.
Related Theory
 They are used for storing water. They are recharged
during monsoons or through dams when water is
released.
22. Land is an important natural resource. This can
be argued through the following statements:
(1) All economic activities are performed on
land. This includes production of goods.
(2) Land supports natural vegetation and
23. The differences between Wheat and Rice Cultivation are explained in the table:
S.
Basis of distinction
No.
(1) Rainfall required 50 – 75 cm
(2) Temperature required 15°C, cool growing season is
required
(3) Growing areas north and north-west parts of the Plains of north and north-
country, the Ganga-Satluj Plains eastern parts of the country,
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solar and wind energy, etc.
Non-renewable resources are those that have
existed for a very long period geologically. For
example, minerals and fossil fuels.
These resources take millions of years to be
formed. Certain resources like metals, may be
recycled but other resources such as fossil fuels
cannot be recycled.
16. (d) Abolition of the zamindari system.
Explanation: Collectivisation, consolidation
of holdings, cooperation and abolition of
zamindari, etc., were given priority to bring
about institutional reforms in the country after
Independence. Land reform was the main focus
of our First Five Year Plan.
17. (c) Zaid season
Explanation: Muskmelon is grown in the Zaid
Season. Zaid season comes between Kharif and
Rabi season.
18. (b) A private business or a group
19. (b) The state government retains the power
over revenues for the local bodies.
Explanation: The state government has no
power over revenues for the local bodies. They
are given independent revenue related powers
to handle the responsibility entrusted to them.
20. (a) More employment opportunities
wildlife. Most of the minerals are formed in
land.
(3) It is used for transport and communication
system
OR
Sustainable development is crucial for
development of a country as it:
(1) Promotes use of renewable resources like
solar energy, tidal energy, etc
(2) Puts a check on over usage of resources
(3) Promotes protection and conservation of
resources for future generation
(All three points to be explained.)
Wheat Rice
Above 100 cm
Above 25°C, thrives in humid
conditions
deltaic regions
 S.
Basis of distinction
No.
(4) Type of crop/ Growing Example of Rabi crop, grown in
season winter season.
24. The Union government is more powerful
because:
(1)  It can make law on subjects included in the
residuary list.
SECTION - C
25. Balanced resource planning is essential
because of the following reasons: There are
some regions which are rich in resources while
others are deficient in certain resources.
(1) Planning is essential because abundance
of resources brings economic prosperity
generally and only through planning, places
deficient in resources can be given equal
opportunities of development.
(2) There are certain places which are
abundant in resources but still not
economically developed.
(3)
Planning helps with maintaining
opportunities in these places and
conserving their resources.
(4) Planning is essential for local and state
levels because exploitation starts at the
lowest level and can be prevented if people
were taught the significance of the same as
the smallest unit of community.
(5) Planning also helps in establishing equality
in the society. It helps us map potential
resources and use them prudently.
x
26. (A) Percentage of x = × 100
Total
27
= × 100
357
= 7.6% (approx)
(B) Primary Sector
OR
Every sector covered in this chapter should
focus on employment and GDP growth as both
these, employment and growth in GDP are very
important for economic development. This has
also been the primary goal of our five year
plans. All the three sectors have contributed
significantly to the GDP and employment in
the development of the country. Over time,
the contribution of all the three sectors has
also increased. But the maximum contribution
to the GDP has been from the tertiary sector.
Employment has increased in all sectors, but
still about 60% of India's population is employed
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Wheat Rice
Example of Kharif crop, grown
in summer season.
(2)
State governments and the central
government can both make law on the
subjects included in the concurrent list but
the law of the centre prevails in case of any
dead lock hence, giving it more power.
in the primary sector. Apart from this, many
goals can be achieved by linking each sector
to GDP and employment. Such as poverty
alleviation, development of modern technology
and reducing disparities of development in the
economic sector etc.
27. The arguments are as follows:
(1) Two-thirds of its population is engaged in
agricultural activities.
(2) Agriculture is a primary activity which
produces most of the food that Indians
consume.
(3) Besides food grains, it also produces raw
material for various industries.
(4) Some agricultural products like tea, coffee,
spices etc. are also exported which brings
much needed foreign exchange in the
country. (Mention any three points)
28. India comes under ‘holding together
federations’.
Features of the ‘holding together federations’
are:
(1) It decides to divide its power between
the constituent states and the national
government.
(2) In this federation, the central government
tends to be more powerful than the state
government.
(3) In this system, different constituent units of
the federation have unequal powers.
(Any two of the three points can be written to
get full marks)
29. To calculate percentage of tertiary sector
workers employed in unorganised sector:
Number of employees in unorganised sector
=
Total number of employe
ees in tertiary sector
× 100
Total number of workers in tertiary sector:
17 + 76 = 93
Percentage employed in unorganised sector:
76
× 100 = 81.7%
93
Half-yearly Paper 3
 SECTION - D
30. Continuous use of land over a long period of
time without taking appropriate measures to
conserve and manage it, has resulted in land
degradation. This has serious repercussions on
society and the environment. Following steps
can be taken to control the land degradation:
(1) Afforestation and proper management of
grazing can help to some extent
(2) Planting of shelter belts of plants
(3)Control on over grazing, stabilization of sand
dunes by growing thorny bushes
(4) Proper management of waste lands, control
of mining activities, proper discharge and
disposal of industrial effluents and wastes
after treatment can reduce land and water
degradation in industrial and suburban
areas.
OR
Sustainable economic development means
development that is viable keeping the
requirements of both the present and future
generations is mind.
(1) It is a development that doesn’t compromise
with the environment, provides equal
opportunities to grow, utilises resources
for both the present and upcoming
generations.
(2) The issue of sustainability is important for
development because without the same,
man will use resources without care,
destroying the environment, preventing
all chances of survival and development in
future.
(3) If not for sustainability, people would start
exploiting finitely available resources and
end up finishing them soon, thus destroying
Earth’s balance.
(4) Global warming, ozone layer depletion and
environmental pollution have been caused
due to this ignorance.
(5) Sustainability is vital for maintaining global
peace and quality of life.
So, the need of the hour is to use resources
wisely to sustain our planet Earth.
31. Nationalism developed through culture in
Europe:
(1) Culture played an important role in
creating the idea of the nation, art and
poetry, stories and music helped to express
and shape nationalist feelings.
(2) Romanticism, a cultural movement
which sought to develop a particular
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form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic
artists and poets generally criticized the
glorification of reason and science and
focussed instead on emotions, intuition
and mystical feelings.
(3) German philosopher Johann Gottfried
Herder claimed that true German culture
was to be discovered among the common
people- das volk. It was through folk
songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the
true spirit of a nation was popularized.
(4) The emphasis on vernacular language and
the collection of local folklore was used
to carry the modern nationalist message
to large audiences who were mostly
illiterates.
(5) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained)
Related Theory
Culture played an important role in the
development of nationalism in Europe because
it developed a sense of collective identity among
the citizens which further helped them to unite
the citizens, of different classes, religions, etc.
OR
Female figures became an allegory of the
nation during the nineteenth century in Europe
in the following ways:
(1) Artists, in the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, often made efforts to represent
a country as if it were a person. Female
figures were chosen to express an abstract
idea of a nation. These female figures, thus,
became an allegory of the nation.
(2) In France, a female figure was christened
Marianne, and was characterised by values
of liberty and the republic through the red
cap, the tricolour and the cockade. Statues
of Marianne stood in public squares to
remind people of the national symbol of
unity.
(3) In Germany, the female figure - Germania -
became the allegory of the German nation.
In visual representations, Germania wore
the crown of oak leaves, as the German oak
stood for heroism.
Related Theory
 The female form that was chosen to personify the
nation didn’t represent any particular woman in real
life, rather it sought to give a concrete form to the
abstract idea of the nation.
32. The difference between federal governments
and unitary governments is as follows:
 S. No. Federal system of Unitary system of in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties
government government had to enter into an alliance with many
parties including several regional parties to
(1) There are two or There is one level form a government at the centre.
more levels of of government.
(3) This led to new culture of power sharing
government. If there are other and respect for the autonomy of State
governments, they Governments.
are subordinate
(4) Federal power sharing is more effective
to the central today which has made it difficult for central
government. government to dismiss State governments in
(2) State National level an arbitrary manner.
government has government has all 33. The World Bank considers the country's income
its own powers the power. as a major criterion for classifying the different
for which it is classes of any country. The countries of the
not answerable world which have high income are considered
to the central
developed, while countries with low income are
government.
considered less developed. It is believed that
(3) The central The central more income means that all the things required
government government can by the human being can be made available in
cannot order the pass on orders to abundance. Whatever things people like and
state government the provincial or the want to have, they will be able to get all those
to do something. local government. things through more income. That's why higher
(4) Governments Governments at income is accepted as the main criterion for
at any level are any level are not classification of different classes.
answerable to answerable to the
the people. people. This criterion has been used to classify countries
in the 'World Development Report, 2012' of the
(5) Belgium and Sri Lanka and China world bank. Countries with per capita income
India are are examples of of $13,205 per year or more in 2022 are rich
examples of unitary system of countries and countries with per capita income
federal system of government. of $1,085 per year or less are called low income
government. countries. India comes in the category of middle
income country, as its per capita income was
OR
only $2,277 per year in 2021.
The Centre-State Relations in India before Limitations of the Criteria: The national income
1990: of a country cannot be considered a good

(1) For a long time, the same party ruled at the criterion for the classification of different
centre and in most of the States in India after countries, because the population of different
independence. countries is different. By comparing total

(2) The State governments could not exercise income, we cannot find out what the average
their rights as autonomous federal units. person can earn. Due to this, we do not even get

(3) As and when the ruling party at the state to know the conditions of the people of different
level was different, the parties that ruled countries. Therefore, national income is not a
at the Centre tried to undermine the good measure of classification.
power of the States. In those days, the
OR
Central government would often misuse
the Constitution to dismiss the State Sustainability is indeed a crucial consideration
governments that were controlled by for development. Sustainability refers to
rival parties. This undermined the spirit of the ability to meet the needs of the present
federalism.
generation without compromising the ability of
The Centre-State Relations in India after future generations to meet their own needs.
1990:
(1) From an economic perspective, sustainability

(1) Post 1990s, the rise of regional political
is essential because it involves responsible
parties in many states of the country was
seen. This was also the beginning of the era and effcient use of resources to ensure long-
of coalition governments at the centre. term economic growth and prosperity.

(2) Since no single party got a clear majority (2) 
Sustainability issues encompass various

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 aspects, including environmental, social, and
economic dimensions. Failure to address
sustainability issues can have severe
consequences. Environmental
degradation can result in the loss of
ecosystem services, such as clean air, water,
and fertile soil, which are essential for human
well-being.
(3) 
Climate change, driven by unsustainable
practices, poses significant risks to
ecosystems, communities, and economies
worldwide.
SECTION - E
34. (A) King Louis Philippe had to flee when the
revolutions started getting more frequent
and violent. He ruled France up till 1848.
(B) Yes, they were guaranteed some rights
after they revolted due to unemployment
and economic hardships. One such right
was the right to work.
(C) (1) These years were the years of economic
hardship because: Population had risen
exponentially and job opportunities
were less. This created a lot of issues
among the population economically.
(2) People had no jobs and no means to
feed themselves. This caused a lot of
economic hardships in Europe. People
were miserable and poor.
35. (A) The initial reason for resistance at Narmada
Bachao Andolan was because of the
associated environmental hazards, the huge
deforestation and flooding of habitats.
(B) The side effects of dam construction
SECTION - F
37. (A) 1. Rice
2. Black soili
(B) 1. Bhakra Nangal Dam.
6 Social Science Class X
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(4) 
There is a growing recognition of the
importance of sustainability in development.
Governments, businesses, and individuals are
increasingly adopting sustainable practices
and policies.
(5) 
Sustainable development goals (SDGs) set
by the United Nations provide a framework
for addressing sustainability issues globally.
Efforts are being made to transition to
renewable energy sources, promote
circular economy models, enhance resource
efficiency, and foster social inclusivity.)
is its impact on human resources- the
displacement of people and loss of habitat.
(C) The government of India must launch
a rehabilitation programme under an
appropriate authority which should focus
on the following:
(1) The relocation of destitutes
(2) Provision of viable source of income
at the relocated place in order for the
people to sustain themselves
(3) Compensation for the loss of education,
health and residence
36. (A) Sri Lanka
Explanation: Sri Lanka is at rank 76 while
India is at rank 130.
(B) Per Capita Income
(C) Pakistan
Explanation: Pakistan is at rank 150
according to the list of 2018.
2. Coffee (karnataka)
3. Tungabhadra
4. Sugarcane
 (b) 1. Bhakra nangal Dam.
(a)1. Rice

(a) 2. Black oil

(b) 3. Tungabhadra.

(b) 4. Sugarcane
(Maharashtra)

(b) 2. Co ee
(Karnataka)

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