THIRD GENERATION

SYSTEM:CDMA

 Mr NZEGANG FRANTZ

 2008-05
 Preface

This course will introduce CDMA development, basic

communication principle, key technique, air interface, CDMA
numbering plan and so on.

 Page 2
 Objective
After this course, you will:
 Know CDMA development situation and characteristics.

 Know CDMA basic principle and interrelated techniques.

 Know CDMA key techniques.

 Know CDMA air interface.

 Know CDMA numbering plan.

 Page 3
 Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 CDMA Principle

Chapter 3 CDMA key Technique

Chapter 4 CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 5 CDMA Numbering Plan

 Page 4
 The Development of Mobile
Communication
1G (1980s) 2G (1992-2000) 2.5G (2000-2004) 3G (2004-now)

 AMPS  CDMA IS95  CDMA2000 1x  EVDO Rev.0

 TACS  GSM  GPRS  EVDO Rev.A
 NMS  PDC  EGPRS  TD-SCDMA
 Others  WCDMA
 HSDPA
 HSUPA
 Wimax

Voice service Voice service Data service Broad band service

Analogue technique Digital technique

 Page 5
 Multiple Access

FDMA TDMA CDMA

Power Power Power

Different timeslots are Different spreading codes

Different frequency
allocated to different are allocated to different
bands are allocated
users in the same users in the same
to different users.
frequency band. frequency band and time.

 Page 6
 The Advantage of CDMA
 Higher system capacity.
 Easy and smooth transition from 2G to 3G, compatible
with IS95 system.
 Higher spectrum efficiency.
 Higher voice quality and security.
 Lower MS transmit power, saving consumption.

 Page 7
 The Structure of CDMA Network

PS
M2000 ANAAA AAA
Internet

Access network
PDSN HA

BTS

BSC

PLMN/PSTN
BTS BTS
VLR HLR

CS
MSC

 Page 8
 The Development of CDMA
 Higher spectrum efficiency and
network capability.
2005
 Higher packet data service rate.
EVDO Rev.A
 More service type. 3.1Mbps
 Smooth transition to 3G.
2002
EVDO Rel.0
2.4Mbps
2000
CDMA20001x
1998 307.2kbps(RC4)
 IS95B
1995
115.2kbps
 IS95A
 9.6kbps

 Page 9
 Summarization
 The basic concept of CDMA?

 The development of CDMA?

 How does the huawei CDMA Introduction?

 Page 10
 Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 CDMA Principle

Chapter 3 CDMA key Technique

Chapter 4 CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 5 CDMA Numbering Plan

 Page 11
 The Communication Mode of CDMA
Transmitting end

Source bit Channel symbol symbol chip

encoding& Scrambling Spreading Modulation RF
encoding transmitting
interleaving

Receiving end

Channel chip
bit symbol symbol
Source decoding& Un- De- De-
decoding de- RF receiving
scrambling spreading modulation
interleaving

 Page 12
 The Basic Concept
• Bit, Symbol, Chip:
 Bit is the input data which contains information.
 Symbol is the output of the channel decoding and interleaving.
 Chip is the output of spreading.
• Processing Gain:
 Processing gain is the ratio of spreading rate to the bit rate.
 The processing gain in IS-95 system is 128 (1.2288Mcps/9.6kbps=128), 10*lg128=21dB.
• Forward direction: from BTS to MS.
• Reverse direction: from MS to BTS.

 Page 13
 Source Encoding/Decoding
The signal transmitted
1   
between users and MSs  1 0 1
is initial voice.
The signal transmitted
between MS and BTS is
the wireless signal which
have been modulated. BTS

 Source encoding is the process that transform initial voice data into electrical signal
which can be processed in CDMA system. Namely the bits including info.
 Source decoding is the process that transform electrical signal into initial voice signal.
 Source decoding is to improve the transmission effectiveness.

 Page 14
 Source Encoding/Decoding
Type Characteristics

8k QCELP 8kbps Qualcomm Code Excited Linear Predictive: encoding full rate is 8.6kbps. also
supports 1/2,1/4,1/8 encoding rate, the rate is 4.0kbps,2.0kbps,0.8kbps.

13k QCELP encoding full rate is 13.35kbps. also supports 1/2,1/4,1/8 encoding rate, the rate is
6.25kbps,2.75kbps,1.05kbps.

EVRC Enhanced Variable Rate Coder: encoding full rate is 8.55kbps. also supports 1/2, 1/8
encoding rate, the rate is 2.0kbps,0.8kbps.

 QCELP in CDMA system extract characteristic parameters when people talk, and send
the opposite end these parameters, which can be used to decoded into voice. Variable
rate coder can adjust encoding rate according to the speed and volume of voice.

 Page 15
 Channel Encoding/Decoding
• Channel encoding/decoding is to improve communication link performance by adding
redundancy data in transmitted info bit, to realize error detecting and correcting.
• Channel encoding is to elevate the transmission reliability.
• There are two types of channel encodings methods in CDMA system: Convolutional code and
Turbo code.
• Convolutional code:
the idea of channel encoding is detecting and correcting error that generated in transmission
according to dependencies of code-sequence.
example:

 Page 16
 Channel Encoding/Decoding
• Turbo code:

 Characteristics of the Turbo code :

 The input information is encoded twice and the two output codes can exchange information with each
other during decoding.
 The symbol is protected not only by the neighborhood check bits, but also by the separate Check Bits.
 The performance of a Turbo code is better than that of a convolution code, but have more delay time
than Convolution code.
 Be used for large data packet transmission which has low requirement of time delay.

 Page 17
 Interleaving
 The purpose of interleaving: permute the symbol-sequence of frame before
transmiting, make continuous bit error be discrete in order to correct error in
channel decoding.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 51 52 53 54 5 56 57 58
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
The direction of data stream

 Page 18
 Interleaving

The data after interleaving

The data before transmitting

 Page 19
 De-interleaving

 Page 20
 Scrambling
 The purpose of scrambling: the transmitted data is scrambled by M-sequence,
in order to encrypt users info, and distinguish each users.
 M-sequence:
Including shift register and mask.
N
The period of out put sequence is 2 -1 bits, N is the number of shift register.

Only sequence offset changed when the mask changed

 In picture: N=3, The period of output sequence

is为23-1=7. (1110010,1110010).
0 0 1
 Only sequence offset is change when the

0
mask is changed. such as:
1 1
When mask is 110, the output sequence is:
0111001.
When mask is 010, the output sequence is:
Out 0010111.

 Page 21
 Long Code
Long code: the long code is a M-sequence with period of 242-1chips. The
rate is1.2288Mcps.
There is only one long code in CDMA network.
A user uses the same long code offset in forward and reverse direction,
namely the same long code mask.
The function of the long code:
Scramble the forward CDMA channel.

Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel to identify the MS.

Long code generator

AND Long code mask

1100011000 P E RMU T E D E S N

=
S UM

User long code sequence

 Page 22
 Spreading/Despreading
S(f) S(f)

f f
The signal before spreading The signal after spreading

S(f) S(f)
Burst interference Burst interference
White noise White noise

f f
The signal after despreading The signal before despreading

 Page 23
 Spreading/Despreading
• Function of spreading communication:

• High anti-interference ability, especially anti-narrowband interference.

• LPI – Low Probability of Intercept, is hard to crack.

• Provide the function of multiple addressing to realize the CDMA technique.

• Anti-multi-path interference.

• Anti-frequency selective fading.

• High frequency utilization and great capacity. (full use of error-correcting, orthogonal

waveform encoding, voice-activated technology, etc. )

• Function of ranging.

• Complexity in technology.

 Page 24
 Spreading/Despreading
•The definition of independence: if the exclusive-OR result of two binary sequences have the
same number of 0 and 1,then, this two sequence is independent.
•The dependency of orthogonal function is 0, namely independency.

0 0
+1
The user input info
-1 1 1 1

Orthogonal spreading sequence-1

(orthogonal function) 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
The data after spreading +1
(exclusive-OR）
-1

 Page 25
 Spreading/Despreading
The received data 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
Dependent spreading sequence-1 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
The result of despreading
1111 0000 0000 1111 1111
1 0 0 1 1
+1

-1

The received data 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001

Independent spreading sequence-2 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101
The result of despreading 1100 0011 0011 1100 1100
? ? ? ? ?

 Page 26
 Spreading/Despreading
WALSH CODES
• Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal spreading #
0
---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

codes. 1
2
3
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011
0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110
4 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111
5 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010

• Each Walsh code is orthogonal to other.

6 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100
7 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001
8 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111
9 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
10 0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100

• A Walsh can be presented by Wim where ith (row) is

11 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001
12 0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000
13 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101

the position and m is the order.

14 0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011
15 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110
16 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111
17 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010
18 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100
19 0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001
20 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000
21 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101
22 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011

Wn Wn
23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
24 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000
25 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101

W2n= 26
27
28
0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011
0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110
0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111

Wn Wn 29
30
31
32
0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010
0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001
0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111
33 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010
34 0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
35 0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001
36 0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
37 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
38 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011

W1=0 0 0 0 0 39
40
41
42
0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110
0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011

0 1 0 1 43
44
45
0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010

0 0 W4= 0 0 1 1
46
47
0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100
0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001

W2= 48
49
50
51
0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000
0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101
0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011
0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110

0 1 0 1 1 0 52
53
54
0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111
0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010
0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100
55 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001
56 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111
57 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010
58 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100
59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
60 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
61 0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101
62 0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011
63 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

 Page 27
 Spreading/Despreading
• The function of Walsh:
 Each symbol is spread with Walsh code.
 Walsh code is used to distinguish the users in forward link.
 Walsh function is used to define the type of channel in forward/reverse direction.
• Variable Walsh codes: The different Walsh codes corresponding to different data rates,
ensure the spreading chip rate is 1.2288MChips.

W08=00000000 W016 W816

Walsh 64 W0 4=0000

W48=00001111 W416 W1216

W0 2=00
W28=00110011
W216 W1416
W04=0011
W68=00111100 W616 W1416
W0 1=0
32
W18=00110011
W116 W916
W04=0000
16 W58=00111100 W516 W1316
W1 2=00
8 W38=00110011
4 W316 W1116
2
1
W04=0011
9600 19200 38400 76800 153600 307200 614400 W78=00111100 W716 W1516
kbps

 Page 28
 Modulation/Demodulation
 Take the lower frequency analog baseband signal to higher frequency which is suitable
for channel transmission. The process of spectrum transfer is modulation. The
modulated signal is the signal which have been modulated. After the modulated signal
transmitted to receiving end through channel, we should transfer the modulated signal
to lower frequency initial baseband spectrum, in order to recover the initial signal, and
this process is demodulation.
 Modulation/demodulation types:
 The simplest modulation/demodulation technique is developed from 2ASK,2FSK,2PSK.
 Based on 2ASK, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) has generated, namely
constellation modulation.
 As the development of 2FSK, the MFSK has generated.
 As the development of 2PSK, the QPSK, OQPSK, MPSK and DPSK have come out
 Application:
 The modulation technique of BPSK,QPSK,OQPSK,MPSK are used in CDMA system.
 In the forward channel, the main modulation technique is QPSK.
 In the reverse channel, the main modulation technique is OQPSK/HPSK and so on.

 Page 29
 Modulation/Demodulation
 Forward link:
all the forward channels are
modulated by means of QPSK,
converted into analog signals and
transmitted after combined together.

 Reverse link:
all the reverse channels are
modulated by means of OQPSK,
converted into analog signals and
transmitted after combined together.

 Page 30
 Short Code
• Short code (Pseudo Noise): is a M-sequence with period of 215 , the rate is 1.2288Mcps.
• The function of short code: sequence with different time offsets is used to distinguish
different sectors.
• All Walsh codes can be multiplexed in each sector.
• Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN offsets are available to
identify the CDMA sectors (215/64=512).
• The short code of all CDMA channel are the same in a sector, the short code time offset of
CDMA channel are different in different sector.

PN 0_120
PN2_360

PN1_240
Cell 1

 Page 31
 Summarization
 Please describe basic data process in CDMA system.

 What’s the type and function of source encoding?

 What’s the main function of interleaving and scrambling?

 What’s the process and way of spreading and despreading?

 What’s the function and way of modulation?

 What’s the function of long code, short code and Walsh code?

 Page 32
 Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 CDMA Principle

Chapter 3 CDMA key Technique

Chapter 4 CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 5 CDMA Numbering Plan

 Page 33
 CDMA Key Technique

Power control (PC) Handoff Diversity

 Forward power control
 Soft handoff  Time diversity
 Based on measure report
 Softer handoff  Space diversity
power control
 EIB power control  Hard handoff  Frequency diversity
 Closed loop power control  Intra-frequency hard
 Reverse power control handoff
 Inter-frequency hard
 Open loop power control
handoff
 Closed loop power control

 Page 34
 Power Control
The purpose of power control:
Solvenear-far interference.
Compensate fading, improve
communication quality.
Improve system capacity.

 Page 35
 The Purpose of Handoff
When the MS moves from BTS1 to BTS2, the signal of BTS1 becomes
weaker and weaker, the signal of BTS2 becomes stronger and stronger.
The MS need better signal to communicate.

BTS1 BTS2

I want to use the signal

of BTS2.

 Page 36
 The Type of Handoff
Soft handoff: It is a process of establishing a link with a
1
target sector before breaking the link with the serving
sector.

Softer handoff: Like the soft handoff, but the handoff

Handoff 2
occurrs between multi-sectors in the same BTS

3 Hard handoff: It is a process of establishing a link with

a target sector after breaking the link with the serving
sector. Interruption in voice or data communication
occurs but this interruption does not effect the user
communication
Type: Intra-frequency hard handoff and inter-frequency
hard handoff.

 Page 37
 Soft Handoff
Soft handoff
The soft handoff
branches are
BTS1 BTS2
combined in BSC

 Page 38
 Softer Handoff
Softer handoff
The softer handoff
branches are
combined in BTS

 Page 39
 Pilot Set
• Pilot set: the set of the pilots having same frequency but different PN sequence
offset .
• Active set: The pilot set, corresponding to the base station being connected.
• Candidate set: The pilot set, not in the active set but potential to be demodulated.
• Neighbor set: The pilot set, not included in the active set or the candidate set but
being possible to be added in the candidate set.
• Remaining set: other pilot set.

 Page 40
 Diversity
Transmit signal

Multipath signal

S(t)

 Page 41
 Diversity
• Diversity technology means that after receiving two or more input signals with mutually
uncorrelated fading at the same time, the system demodulates these signals and adds
them up. Thus, the system can receive more useful signals and overcome fading.
• Diversity technology is an effective way to overcome fading. It can greatly improve
transmission reliability in multipath fading environment.
• The type of diversity:
 By application: receive diversity and transmit diversity;
 By way of diversity: space diversity, time diversity and frequency diversity;
 in addition, diversity can be divided into explicit diversity and hidden diversity. The space diversity,
time diversity and frequency diversity use several equipment to receive and combine signal at
different space, different direction, different frequency, we call this technology explicit diversity. In
addition, we can hide the diversity in transmitted signal by signal design technology. We call this
technology hidden diversity. The common hidden diversity technology is Rake receiver.

 Page 42
 Diversity
1 Time diversity: Utilizing RAKE receiver of BTS and MS to complete it, for
the CDMA system of 1.23MHz channel bandwidth, when the delay time
from two signals in different path is 1us, namely the distance of this two
route is about 300m, the RAKE receiver can pick them out separately.

Frequency diversity: According to selectivity of fading frequency, when

2
the space of two frequencies is greater than dependencies bandwidth of
channel bandwidth, these fading signal of two frequencies are independent,
the dependencies bandwidth of urban areas is always 50kHz, the
dependencies bandwidth of suburb is always 250kHz, a channel bandwidth
of CDMA which is 1.23MHz, is far greater than dependencies bandwidth of
urban areas or suburb, so CDMA system is a frequency diversity.

Space diversity: Sending and receiving signal separately by using

3
several independent antennas or in different area, to insure fading
independency of each signal

 Page 43
 Rake Receiver

 RAKE antennas help to overcome the multi-path fading and enhance the
receive performance of the system.
 The MS can communicate with several BTSs by Rake receiver technology, in
order to complete soft handoff.

 Page 44
 Transmission Diversity
 Many transmission diversity techniques can improve receiving performance of MS in
CDMA2000 system.
 OTD（Orthogonal Transmit Diversity）.
 By separating data flow, using orthogonal sequence to expand two data flows.
 STS（ Space Time Spreading）.
 Transmitting all forward channel in multiple antennas.
 Using complementary Walsh code or pseudo-random binary code to spreading.

Data stream 1
Path 1
Data stream Restoring data stream
Transmission Antenna 1
diversity
processing

Antenna 1
OTD Data stream 2

 Page 45
 Summarization
 What’s the kind of power control?

 What’s the way of handoff?

 What’s the kind of diversity, and how to carry out?

 Page 46
 Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 CDMA Principle

Chapter 3 CDMA key Technique

Chapter 4 CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 5 CDMA Numbering Plan

 Page 47
 Forward Physical Channels of
• CDMA2000
Forward channel includes common and dedicated channel in CDMA2000.

Category Channel type

Common Forward Pilot Channel (F-PICH)
channel Forward Synchronous Channel (F-SYNC）
(F-CSCH) Forward Paging Channel (F-PCH)
（the blue is
compatible with Forward Broadcast Control Channel (F-BCCH)
IS-95） Forward Quick Paging Channel (F-QPCH)
Forward Common Power Control Channel (F-CPCCH)
Forward Common Assignment Channel (F-CACH)
Forward Common Control Channel (F-CCCH)

Dedicated Forward Fundamental Channel (F-FCH)

channel Forward Supplemental Channel (F-SCH)
(F-DSCH) Forward Dedicated Control Channel (F-DCCH)
（the blue is
compatible with Forward Power Control Sub Channel (F-PCSCH)
IS-95）

 Page 48
 Forward Pilot Channel (F-PICH)
•The pilot channel transmits info with all 0,to expand with Walsh 0, and to modulate with
PN short code.
• The BTS transmits pilot channel continuously.
• a pilot channel:
 Assist mobile station to be connected with CDMA network.
 Handles multi-path searching.
 Provide the phase reference for coherent demodulation and help the mobile station estimate the
transmission power.
The mobile station measures and compares the pilot channel powers from the base stations
during the handoff.
The modulation process of pilot channel

Spreading with Modulate with PN

W064

 Page 49
 Forward Synchronous Channel (F-SYNC)
• W32 is used to spread Sync Channel, and PN is used to modulate.
• Sync channel rate is 1200bps, the frame length of it is 26×2/3 ms.
• The sync channel is used by the mobile station to synchronize with the network.
• The synchronization message includes :

• Pilot PN sequence offset: PILOT_PN

• System time: SYS_TIME
• Long code state: LC_STATE
• Paging channel rate: P_RAT
• System ID: SID
•Network ID: NID
The modulation process of Sync Ch
W3264

Repetitive
Sync Ch bits Convolution symbol symbol code symbol Block
encoder To QPSK coder
r=1/2,K=9 repetition interleaving
1.2kbps 2.4kbps 4.8kbps 4.8kbps

 Page 50
 Forward Paging Channel (F-PCH)
• The paging channel accomplishes: paging to MS and assign traffic channel to MS.
• W1 ~ W7 are spared for the Paging Channels spreading, the rate is 9600bps or
4800bps, the frame length of Paging Channel is 20ms.
• The paging channel transmits:
•System parameters message
•Access parameters
•Neighbors list
•CDMA channels list message
The modulation process of paging channel
Paging Repetitive
symbol 19.2kbps 19.2kbps
channel bits Convolution Symbol code symbol Block To QPSK
encoder 19.2kbps repetition 19.2kbps interleaving 19.2kbps coder
9.6kbps or
r=1/2,K=9
4.8kbps or 9.6kbps

Paging channel Long code decimator W164

address mask PN generator 1.2288Mcps

 Page 51
 Forward Traffic Channel (F-FCH)
 The frame of F-FCH are 5ms and 20ms. The frame of 20ms is used for transmitting
voice traffic of BTS at forward direction. The frame of 5ms is used for controlling
signaling to transmit fast.

Forward traffic channel Add frame quality Add 8 encoded Convolution

indicator tail bits encoder 19.2kbps
Bits:172 rates: 8.6kbps 9.2kbps 9.6kbps
bits(12,10,8,6 r=1/2,K=9 9.6kbps
80 4.0kbps 4.4kbps 4.8kbps
40 2.0kbps 2.0kbps 2.4kbps 4.8kbps
16 0.8kbps 0.8kbps 1.2kbps 2.4kbps

I channel PN sequence QPSK modulation

Power control bits 1.2288 Mcps
800bit/s Baseband I(t)
+ filter
X
19.2kbps Block 19.2kbps
Symbol
Cos(2pfct) ∑
repetition interleaving
24×16＝384
+ MUX
×1,2,3,4 Baseband
Repetitive
+ Q filter X Q(t)
symbol Walsh code
Q channel PN sequence Sin(2pf t)
800Hz c
1.2288 Mcps
Long code 1.2288 Mcps
Decimator 19.2kbps Decimator
generator
The modulation process of F-FCH

 Page 52
 Other Forward Channels
Type function and characteristic
Sending system common spending message and short message, frame length is 40ms, rate
F-BCCH is 38400bps,19200bps,9600bps.

F-QPCH It transmits OOK-modulated signal which can be demodulated by MS simply and rapidly.
Many PC sub-channel, each PC sub-channel have a bit, it can control power for many R-
F-CPCCH CCCH and R-EACH.
Sending assign info of reverse link channel, support reverse link random access packet
F-CACH transmission, rate is 9600bps, frame length is 5ms.
Sending message to the certain, like paging channel, but have high speed rate, rate is
F-CCCH MS9600pbs,19200bps,38400bps.
F-SCH is typically used for high speed data applications, When a data call is established,
F-SCH firstly, F-FCH will be allocated to the user. If the speed of data for user exceeds 9.6kbps, F-
SCH will be allocated.
It is used for the transmission of specific user signaling information during a call.
F-DCCH Each forward traffic channel may contain one F-DCCH. Support 5ms and 20ms frame, rate is
14400bps and 9600bps.
Sending continuously in forward traffic channel, sub-channel sends it at speed of
F-PCSCH 0.8bits/ms(800bps), each PC bit can make MS decrease or increase 0.25dB.

 Page 53
 Reserve Physical Channels of CDMA2000
•Reserve channel includes common and dedicated channel in CDMA2000.

Category Channel type

Reverse Pilot Channel (R-PICH)
Reverse Access Channel (R-ACH)
Common Reverse Enhanced Access Channel (R-EACH)
channel
Reverse Common Control Channel (R-CCCH)
(R-CSCH)
（the blue is Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH)
compatible with
IS-95） Reverse Supplemental Channel (R-SCH)
Reverse Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH)
Reverse Dedicated Control Channel (R-DCCH)
Dedicated
channel
(R-DSCH) Reverse Power Control Sub Channel (F-PCSCH)
（the blue is
compatible with
IS-95）

 Page 54
 Reverse Access Channel (R-ACH)
It is used by MS to initiate communication or respond to Paging Channel.

4.0 kbps
Add 8 4.8 kbps Convolution 14.4 kbps 28.8 kbps
Access channel Symbol Block
encoder tail encoder repetition interleaving
(80 bits/frame) bits Code r=1/3,K=9
symbol

I channel PN QPSK modulation

sequence
1.2288 Mcps
Orthogonal spreading Baseband I(t)
repetitive + X
4.8 ksps (307.2kbps) Data burst filter
symbol
randomizer 1/2 PN chips Cos(2pfct) ∑
delay=406.9ns
28.8 kbps
Baseband
+ Q filter X Q(t)
Walsh code Long code Q channel PN Sin(2pfct)
generator sequence
1.2288 Mcps

Long code mask

The modulation process of reverse access channel

 Page 55
 Reverse Fundamental Channel (R-FCH)
 R-FCH is used for transmitting data and signaling at reverse direction.

Code symbol
Add frame quality Add 8 encoded Convolution Symbol
indicator tail bits 9.6 kbps
8.6kbps 9.2 kbps encoder 28.8kbps repetition
bits(12,10,8,6) 4.8kbps
4.0kbps 4.4kbps r=1/3,K=9 14.4kbps
2.0kbps 2.0kbps 2.4kbps
1.2kbps 7.2kbps
0.8kbps 0.8kbps 3.6kbps

I channel PN
QPSK modulation
sequenceI
Orthogonal spreading 1.2288 Mcps
Baseband I(t)
4.8 ksps (307.2kbps) Data burst + X
Interleaver filter
randomizer 1/2 PN chips Cos(2pfct) ∑
Delayed time=406.9ns
Baseband
Walsh code 1.2288 Mcps + filter
Q
X Q(t)
Q channel PN
Sin(2pfct)
Long code sequence
1.2288 Mcps
The modulation process of reverse generator
fundamental channel Long code mask

 Page 56
 Other Reverse Channels
Type Function and characteristic
The BTS enhances the received performance and increases the capacity by
R-PICH
means of coherent demodulation of the Reverse Pilot Channel.
MS use it to communicate with BTS, or sending certain message to MS. frame
R-EACH
length can be 5ms,10ms and 20ms,rate is 9600bps,19200bps and 38400bps.
Sending user and signaling message without reverse traffic channel. Frame
R-CCCH
length can be 5ms,10ms and 20ms, rate is 9600bps,19200bps and 38400bps.
For data service transmission, frame length can be 20ms,40ms and 80ms.
R-SCH Support rate is 9600bps,19200bps,38400bps,78600bps,153600bps and
307200bps.
Sending user message to BTS in a calling, frame length is 20ms,support rate is
R-SCCH
9600bps or 14400bps.
Sending user and signaling message to BTS in a calling, frame length is 5ms or
R-DCCH
20ms, support rate is 9600bps and 14400bps.
R-PCSCH Sending continuously on reverse pilot channel.

 Page 57
 Initialization of the MS
 Search for the PN of CDMA carrier, acquire the Pilot Channel and synchronize
the short code.
 Receive the Synchronous Channel message containing the LC_STATE,
SYS_TIME, P_RAT, acquire timing and synchronize with the system.
 Monitor the Paging Channel and receive the system message.
 The MS can register on the Access Channel.

MS
BTS

 Page 58
 CDMA Frequency Assignment
Carrier_0 Carrier_1 Carrier_2 Carrier_3
CHNO_160 CHNO_201 CHNO_242 CHNO_120 frequency
450M 800M 1900M

power The frequency of CDMA is a

the spacing of every
frequency band which make a
Guard band=260k AMPS frequency is
AMPS frequency as a centre
30k in 800M band.
frequency, namely it is a CDMA
carrier.
Guard band is considered when
CDMA carrier and non-CDMA
20 AMPS frequency frequency carrier are neighboring, example:
20 AMPS frequency
the common frequency in 800M
The NO. of AMPS frequency which occupied by are 201,242,283. there are 41
one carrier=1.25M/30k≈41 AMPS frequencies.

Except guard band, the bandwidth of each CDMA carrier occupy

actually is 1.77MHz

 Page 59
 CDMA Frequency Assignment
 band:0, spreading rate:1

Band CDMA MS transmit/ BTS transmit/

frequency BTS receive band MS receive band

A(10MHz) 1-311 825.030-834.330 870.030-879.330

B(10MHz) 356-644 835.680-844.320 880.680-889.320

A’(1.5MHz) 689-694 845.670-845.820 890.670-890.820

B’(2.5MHz) 739-777 847.170-848.310 892.170-893.310

 Calculation formula ：
forward：F=870+N*0.03; reverse： F=825+N*0.03
N: CDMA channel NO (frequency)

 Page 60
 CDMA Frequency Assignment
 band:1, spreading rate: 1

Band CDMA MS transmit/ BTS transmit/

frequency BTS receive band MS receive band
A(15MHz) 25-275 1851.250-1863.750 1931.250-1943.750
D(5MHz) 325-375 1866.250-1868.750 1946.250-1948.750
B(15MHz) 425-675 1871.250-1883.750 1951.250-1963.750
E(5MHz) 725-775 1886.250-1888.750 1966.250-1968.750
F(5MHz) 825-875 1891.250-1893.750 1971.250-1973.750
C(15MHz) 925-1175 1896.250-1908.750 1976.250-1988.750

 Calculation formula ：
forward：F=1930+N*0.05; reverse： F=1850+N*0.05;
N: CDMA channel NO (frequency)

 Page 61
 CDMA Frequency Assignment
 band:5, spreading rate:1

Band CDMA MS transmit/ BTS transmit/

frequency BTS receive band MS receive band
A 146-275 453.625-456.850 463.625-466.850
B 106-235 452.625-455.850 462.625-465.850
C 26-168 450.625-454.175 460.625-464.175
D 564-681 412.300-415.225 422.300-425.225
E 717-846 416.125-419.350 426.125-429.350
H 1070-1229 451.930-455.110 461.930-465.110
 Calculation formula：
forward：F=460+(N-1)*0.025; reverse： F=450+(N-1)*0.025;
N: CDMA channel NO (frequency)
 Page 62
 Summarization
 What’s the kind of forward/ reverse channels in CDMA system?

 How does the process of CDMA2000 initialization?

 What’s the kind of CDMA frequency band?

 Page 63
 Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 CDMA Principle

Chapter 3 CDMA key Technique

Chapter 4 CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 5 CDMA Numbering Plan

 Page 64
 Definition of Coverage Areas
Service area
PLMN area
MSC area
Location area
Cell area
扇区
Sector
area

 Page 65
 CDMA Numbers

User and terminal NO. Wireless network NO. Core network NO.

 MDN  SID  Signaling point code

 IMSI  NID  SSN
 ESN  PZID
 MEID  REGZONE ID
 TMSI  BSID
 TLDN  BSC ID
 MARKET ID
 ENTITY ID
 CGI

 Page 66
 User and Terminal NO.
1. MDN
MDN: Mobile Directory Number.
MDN is the number the caller needs to dial when a mobile user in local network
is called.
CC (Country Code) MAC (Mobile Access code) SN (Subscriber Number)
eg: 86 133 10002000

2.IMSI
IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity.
IMSI is the only number to identify a mobile user in a CDMA digital public land
cellular mobile communication network.
MCC (Mobile Country Code) MNC (Mobile Network Code) MSIN (Subscriber
Number)
eg: 460 09 0123456789

 Page 67
 User and Terminal NO.
3.ESN
ESN: Electronic Serial Number.
A unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify single MS. An ESN
includes 32 bits and has the following structure ESN.

Manufacture’s NO.(8 bits) Remained(6 bits) Equipment SN(18 bits)

32bits in total, identify by 8 hex numbers

4.MEID

MEID: Mobile Equipment Identifier.

Has the same function with ESN, 56bits in front, in order to avoid ESN resource
not enough. The check code don’t transmit in air interface.

Manufacture’s NO(32 bits) SN (24 bits) Check code (4 bits)

60bits in total, the 56bits in front is used to instead of ESN

 Page 68
 User and Terminal NO.
5.TMSI

TMSI :Temporary Mobile Station Identity.

Have no immediate relationship with IMSI, we can change it at any moment.

Identify user in air interface instead of IMSI.

Prevent from monitoring in wireless interface.
Prevent from IMSI stolen.
TMSI_ZONE(1-8 byte) TMSI_CODE (2-4 byte)

6.TLDN
TLDN: Temporary Local Directory Number.
TLDN is a number temporarily allocated by the VLR of the visiting office to a visiting
mobile user for the sake of network routing when a call is made to a mobile user.
CC (Country Code) MAC (Mobile Access code) SN (Subscriber Number)
eg: 86 133 90008765

 Page 69
 Wireless Network Numbers

SID
NID
REGZONE
PZID

BSID
BSID=CELL ID+ Sector ID

 Page 70
 Convolution Encoder
1. SID
SID: System Identification.
Includes 15bits, it is used for identifying a wireless coverage area.

2. NID
NID: Network Identification.
Includes 16bits, it is used for identifying a wireless coverage area with SID.

3. PZID
PZID: Packet Zone Identification.
Include 2bytes, it is used for identifying a PCF with SID/ NID, in order to
identify a call for.

4. REGZONE
REGZONE: Registration Zone.
Includes 12bits, it is used for identifying location update area of MS.

 Page 71
 Wireless Network Numbers
5. BSID
BSID: Base Station Identification.
Includes 16bits, used for identifying sector, when a BTS has many
sectors, it should have many BSID.

CELL_ID (12bits) SECTOR_ID (4bits)

Cell identity Sector identity

BSID

6. NO. about handoff

MSC ID: when a handoff occur between two MSCs, it can identify
source MSC and destination MSC.
BSC ID/ Entity ID/ Market ID: When a soft handoff occur between two
BSCs, it can identify source BSC and destination BSC.

 Page 72
 Wireless Network Numbers
7. LAI and CGI
LAI: Location Area Identification.
PAGING message is broadcast within a local area.

MCC (3bits) MNC(2bits) LAC (Local Area Code) (4bits)

CGI: Cell Global Identification.

LAI CI (Cell Identity)=Cell_ID(12 bits)+Sector_ID(4 bits)

 Page 73
 Core Network Numbers

 Page 74
 Core Network Numbers
1. Signaling point code

A binary code uniquely identifying a signaling point in a signaling network.

2. SSN
SSN: Subsystem Number.
It is local address info of SCCP protocol, used for identifying different SCCP
user in the same node.

 Page 75
 Example: Number Analysis Between MSCs
According to
Transmit MDN, get IMSI,
TLDN to and search for
MSC1 VLR.
Analyze
1331688XXXX According to IMSI,
And search for HLR send paging
HLR message to BSC.

BSC MSC1/VLR MSC2/VLR BSC

According to
TLDN, According to IMSI, assign
BTS connect BTS
TLDN, and take TLDN
MSC2 back to HLR

There is a call for

Dial 13316882581 you.

 Page 76
 Summarization
 What’s the plan of numbering?

 What’s the function and type of MS numbering in CDMA network?

 What’s the numbering and function of wireless network at access side

in CDMA network?

 Page 77
 THANK YOU

 2016/4/7