ei Art of Emerging Europe Learning Outcomes By the end of this i 2 eT Elem C0) PAU oat an eee es : i 5 pills Umea met orks produced during the UR Ul ea een eee ‘i discuss the importance of art to t! edu mem cou} 5 , Art has been an integral part in European history. From the time of the ancient civilizations like the Greeks and the Romans all the way to the modern times, art has been used to communicate ideologies and belief systems prevalent within their context. Greek and Roman Civilizations were also known as the Classical World because both cultures aimed to embody the highest possible standard of quality in all aspects of their societies. When it comes to both art and architecture, both civilizations intended to promote the possibility of having an objective and widely accepted standards for beauty. The influence and impact of both classical worlds are far-reaching. Most art movements have taken inspiration from the certain artistic elements from the two civilizations. There are different art movements that emerged within the different time periods in Europe. Each movement has a distinctive characteristic to them highlighting the different trends‘and changes as they transition from one period to the next. Let's Get Started In the two boxes, draw two different images of something that you consider beautiful. i (? In what ways are your drawings similar? In what ways are they different? 15 fee5 vragen ects of soci The Greeks were known to excel in various fields and Aspe example, their political ideals eventually became the framework Pr form of government in modern times. They also valued poetry, drama, Tahoe Which remain interesting fields of study for the contemporary times: "1 want to be involved in the arts—painting, sculpture, and Aree E to have a certain skill sets and body of knowledge. The Greeks were known to place prime importance ag ot io this civilization, man was at the center of society and how they trained thet could be the very foundation of how they lived their lives. The humanist ideals of h Greeks were reflected in their democratic form of government. This certain level freedom was also reflected in their artworks, architecture, literature, and philosop y. The Greeks were notably passionate about natural phenomenon sng belle a nature should be in perfect order. These principles, belief systems, and ideologies are at the core of Greek art and architecture. The development of Greek art can be divided into four periods: Geometric, Archaic Classical, and Hellenistic. The Geometric Period was a time when Greece was start to get back from the onslaught of what seemed to be their Dark Ages. It was a period when geometric shapes and patterns have taken the spotlight in most of the artworks The Archaic Period, on the other hand, placed importance on human figures. was primarily a result of Greece's trading activities with other civilizations. The p of Greek sculpture and architecture was during the Classical Period. It was durit 9 this time when the Greeks found themselves rebuilding their temples and focusing on. . creating artworks. The time of Alexander the Great was called the Hellenistic Period. During this time, art was primarily focused on showcasing emotions and depicti 3 reality. Hellenistic sculptures started to emphasize balance while showcasing dynamic” poses and a number of emotions evoked by the subjects. One of the famous Hellenistic sculptures is the "Lacoon and His Sons." The sculpture depicts Lacoon, a Trojan pri and his sons being strangled by serpents. Their position was a result of Lacoon’ instructions during the Trojan War. He instructed to keep the gates of Troy locked because he felt that the wooden horse offered by the Greeks as a gift to Athena a trick. Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea was enraged by such action which led to send serpents to strangle Lacoon and his sons.Figure 8. “Lacoon and His Sons * 7 his is an ex 's an example of work wherein t body. Most subjects of their work oe Ramen emphasized the deta of the ‘cluded that of the gods from Greek mythology The origins of theater and dram; la. can be t i The followers of Dionysus raced back during the Greek civilization. —the god of fertility—started the Gi reek theater. People who were devoted to Dionysus would dance during ceremonies while giving their offerings to their god. Eventually, the Dionysians devised @ more structured form of drama involving dances and choral songs, which depicted Greek mythologies. Eventually the Greeks organized theatrical contests where the performances were held in front of large citizens Ancient Rome The Roman Republic was established around 500 BCE. This civilization eventually Europe's mightiest empires, Since they had expanded many territories, they interacted with neighboring civilizations, particularly with the Greeks transformed into one of V and covered It can be said nan civilization came of age during the Hellenistic Period As mentioned earlier, it was a period when the Greek culture's influence has reached its peak in the Mediterranean world. The Romans were fond of the Greeks and their achievements in the arts. The fusion of Greek and Roman cultures can be seen in most Roman artworks. Some would argue that the Romans merely copied Greek art. This eventually made the Romans produce artworks that are often looking stern, voked the principles of realism in most of their works, harsh, and strong. They also highlighting the features of human beings. Aside from this, the Romans were also known to be master builders, which earned their reputation for grand monuments and 7os Figure ®. "Poseidon and Medusa * Just tke the Greeks, the Romans valued their gods and this was evident Wiig their sculptures and artworks Ancient Greece had a huge impact in the formation of Roman culture. There are a lot of Greek influences evident in Roman theater and drama. Writers of comedy like 7 Platus and Terence have patterned their works to those of Greek works. Since the Roman audience was not as enthusiastic about theatrical works unlike their Greek counterparts, most plays had to be included in the Roman games. Middle Ages As the term denotes, it is the period between the decline of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. It was a period that is characterized by ignorance and darkness. Another dominant characteristic of the period was that the Church was the central figure and authority of the period. Since the Church was the most important figure, the most important products of the early Middle Ages would have to be copied of the Christian scriptures. The printing press came later after the Middle Ages, so copies of the scriptures were done by hand. These copies were also done with illustrations and decorations which highlight the religious focus of the period. During this time, great —cathedrals were also built, These cath Romanesque (1050-12, Cathedral 1500), which had amore 2 8Pifed by the ‘ore northern flavor ee Renaissance Art During the Renaissan, f Ice Period, The influence of humanism shifted the a eee Period to empower the “in CUS Of Some artworks during the Renaissance ° ndividual.” Mj also an influence of humanism since taser atl at Naturalism, which was fC : “individual” as a subject of arts, Figure 10. Michelangelo, "David." This sculpture is an example of how humanism was a dominant belief system during the Renaissance. There is emphasis on the details of the body of the human being, | . i During the Renaissance Period, there was also a revival of Roman theatrical plays. These plays were performed during special occasions at the courts of Italian princes. The plays were done in such a way that showcased grand and lavish entertainment for the audience. Aside from the song and dance numbers, they invested in elaborate stages and costumes for the actors. Eventually, this would lead to Italy's opera, which have greatly influenced their tradition of popular theater. 9during this | yrtworks: directly copying subjects from existing works of art. y dant hues and ‘cold displayed distorted figures, two-dimensional spaces: ise el lack of defined focal poi Baroque and the Rococo which | The term “baroque” is derived from the Portuguese cu oe R translated as “irregularly shaped pearl.” This isa suitable octane was the birthplace of the Baroque Period, which according to $0 10 to 1750. Altho response to Protestantism. This period roughly spanned from a lot of artists it was a period following the Renaissance, it can be said that a oe score developed styles and techniques different from their Renaissance predece time Wil artists used colorful palettes and ornamentation in their works. This was a ia I Italy in particular, strengthened not only their religion but also other aspects like politics and art. Expansion was the central theme of this period, which became very much - evident in the artworks produced during this time. Motion and space were takeg into. consideration by artists like the use of dramatic lighting and the concept of time. Aside from art, music also flourished during the Baroque Period. Thi people believed that music could serve as powerful tool to communicate messages that can evoke certain feelings among its listeners. Baroque music was able to clearly distinguish loud from soft and solo from ensemble. Since the birthplace of this period was in Rome, it did not come as a surprise that most composers come from Italy. This. include Vivaldi, Corelli, and Monteverdi. Eventually, the influence of Baroque musi¢ spread outside Italy and reached other parts of Europe. Other well-known Baroque composers include Germany's Bach and Handel. Since Baroque composers, through = their works, tried to evoke certain emotions from their audience, they began to make ~ more complex musical compositions and performances. However, it can be noted that ~ initially, this kind of music was limited only to powerful institutions like the Church and individuals like the patrons. Eventually, such performances would be made accessible to the middle class and the masses. is is becata RT ne Me ose lean il eee De eae Figure 11.."The Assumption of the Virgin.” A painting by Titian located at Venice, Italy. The Biblio painting shows how the Baroque Porlod reverted to having religious subjects in thelr works. Neoclassicism There seems to be a debate among historians as to the beginnings of modern art. There are accounts that would attribute for the emergence of this kind of art during the French Revolution in.1789, However, other historians claim that it was the year 1863 when there was an emergence of modern painting exhibitions. Neoclassicism was a movement in Europe that transpired during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries It was the dominant art movement that time which basically aimed to revive and rekindle the influences of Greek and Roman The ancient Greeks and Europeans had placed emphasis on human reason and keeping society in order. These very principles were also the dominant principles during the Enlightenment Period, Some historians would also say that this movement was a reaction to the artworks produced during the Baroque Period, There was a call to veer away from such extravagance in terms of style and form of the Baroque Period into art and architecture snl ane cee ino Se ae hE “ra 121ai i AL 30 as Venus Victtix” Figure 12. Antonio Canova, "Paotina Borghe: Romanticism the central themes of Neoclassicist Romanticism, as an art movement, used ‘ements into iil artworks as a springboard, Romanticists have highlighted heroic @ . work, During the Age of Revolutions, there has been a tremendous focus on ae ‘and nationalistic movements. One of the major revolutions in history would be the French Revolution, Such revolutionary movements became the focal point of most Romantic works. The major and central themes of Romanticism movement include the emphasis ‘ankind, Most works also promoted justice, equality, and social ‘on the goodness of m: gs of man, which was a deviation — order. Artists also emphasized emotions and feelin from the humanist principles of rationalism: Figure 13. Théodore Géricault, "The Raft of Medusa”Ln ni (i en a a AS Nail a ais bi i Realism Realism as a style of work fox somehow mirrors reality. There Is lithe eee, SeCUFaCY of dota that deplete end an lore is littl emphasis is placed in o} '@ 00m for imagi was heavily Influenced pet vat that can aa el “tial Nisti orks, period placed emphasis on the ate culture since most artworks: bibs Gu ody, Realism as a moder 3 rN Movement in art. In a way, it revolutionized themes an ne away from traditional forms of movement also expanded and widened existi Ing ni by real manifestations of Society. TI works since the modern world were sui veniate reexamined existing belief system, 7 Figure 14, Gustave Courbet, " al at Ornans" Impressionism The Impressionism movement started in France, which led to a break from the tradition in European painting. Impressionism is a style of painting that emerged in the mid- to late 1800s. Impressionist artists incorporated scientific principles to achieve a more distinct representation of color, The distinctive characteristic of this style is that tist to emphasize the immediate impression he has of a particular event said impression is communicated by the artist through his: work and can inction of colors, and the lights and shadows it allows the ar or scene. The be seen through the brushstrokes, dist Used by the artist. 123{Berne Mons. ; yrted moving art Jonist artists sta Figure 15. Berthe Morisot, “The Harbor at Lorient” (1869) Nes an heir works. This WOK utdoors Ww i ing light they want jutdoors which aimed fo include the shiing ight they wanted 10 ES stnigm movement. by Morisot is one of the first few “open ait” paintings Post-Impressionism It is an art movement that emerged in France, w! influence and rejection of Impressionism. Most artists that belong to this move inherent limitations and flaws ¢ started off as impressionists but later on saw the i impressionism. This eventually led to the development of individual style that emphasis to defining from with the use of broken colors and short brush stroke. of the famous post-impressionism artists include Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat Paul Gauguin, and Vincent van Gogh, among others. Most of the works of the painters became the framework of the contemporary techniques and trends during t twentieth century. hich is a result of both th Neo-Impressionism As an art movement, neo-impressionism is considered as a response to emp! irical realism of impressionism. Most painters who subscribe to such movement rely on @ systematic and scientific techniques that have a predetermined visual effects not only: on the art work itself but also how the audience perceive the art. The leading figure in neo-impressionism was Georges Seurat who recorded optical sensations on a more scientific manner. His color theories paved the way for the technique called pointillism. This art technique basically utilizes discrete dots and dashes of pure color. Thesé elements are believed to blend with the viewer's perspective. Aside from Seurat, ol! neo-impressionist artists include Henri-Edmond Cross, Maximilien Luce, and cai Pissarro, among others. ‘of most Western artworks. This o1 i the pet tel » This ornamental st ling and dominant them cre anf hci oa anu gone ee rrtha form of \ibet Wiige aHn She oan is the sere te . y elegant manner that somehow evokes a etl t ee in such a graceful and FEN Ie Fauvism This Is a Style of painting that emer entury. What mal rged in France arou a Pag care es Fevolutionary is that they Sate ie rae sense of explosio 'e paint tubes directly to the canvas. This is d eit a ta ee if n of colors in the canvas. The fauves, just the th die bs eae REAR PN difference lies with how the aver Rae CE the conservative and aaa venues their subjects. Most fauvist works pie did was they introduced and promoted a a Wn eT ee eee of color. ined by the movement Cubism Between 1907 and 1914, French artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Bra‘ introduced a new visual arts style called cubism. This style would later on fans huge influence on artists during the twentieth century. Cubists highlighted the two- dimensional surface of the picture plane. Focusing on a flat surface was a rejection of the dominant techniques like the use of perspective, foreshortening, and modeling. In addition, one of the things that cubism rejected was the existing and prevailing notion that art should imitate nature. Cubists emphasized that they are not in any way obliged depiction of reality that ‘exture, form, color, and space. They presented a new to copy t for viewers. may appear fragmented objects Futurism hat started in Italy, which highlighted Jhines. In addition, common themes the fast-pace of modern life. Later ly in Europe but also in Russia. The ntieth century art movement tl ism, and power of mac t are restlessness and branched out not on! ident in poetry and visual arts. Itis an early twe the speed, energy, dynamis for works in this movemen| on, the movement's influence greatest impact of futurism is evi: it Tommaso Mi _and editor Flippon TT aaitional He ¢ originality. changes in its p ifferent art moveme of different cultur Let’s Wrap It Up fe Seat te) Tecra ae. sears OMIT landscape and social makeup, and witnessed transitions nication different timeframes, The use of art as a medium of COMMU "56 two civilizatio elements originated from the Greek and Roman civilizatiot ‘There were movement have greatly influenced the succeeding periods in a being the focal point ¢ like Realism that highlights the primacy of individuality. Mat the Renaissance Pe most work is not new since the Greeks and even during sf art in Europe help highlighted the centrality of man in any society. The evolution them shaped their culture, which was reflected in their societies. Let's Work On This To check your understanding of the lesson, answer the following essay questions; | 4. Compare and contrast Greek and Roman artworks. 2. Discuss how Mannerism art became an offshoot of works from the Renaissance. 3. Explain why Neoclassicism served as a response or reaction to the Baroque Period. "