Proposal

Running head: TRENDS IN E-COMMERCE 1
Emerging and future trends in E-commerce
Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
TRENDS IN E-COMMERCE 2
Abstract
Information Technology and the Web has had a profound impact on business activities.
Companies spend extensively in e-commerce technologies, yet are unlikely to be able to
determine the performance of their e-commerce programs. E-commerce is a Web technology
which has grown steadily throughout the last five years and will be projected to continue to grow
significantly over the short term. When e-commerce grows, it may have a tremendous impact on
economic outcomes and government policies in specific industries. The types and unique
features of e-commerce provides it with more customer attraction and its goal of the intended
customer has achieved. This study highlights the important trends of E-commerce in MENA
region. This paper explores the potential trends and economic impacts of e-commerce in
government, business and consumer spheres relative to green management and sustainability of
e-commerce. The revenue growth in E-Commerce is guided by the business-to-business market,
with the bulk of e-commerce commercial property deriving from its urban manufacturing-
oriented field.
Table of Contents
Abstract................................................................................................................................2
Statement of the Problem.....................................................................................................8
Purpose of the Study............................................................................................................8
Research Questions..............................................................................................................9
Literature Review..............................................................................................................10
Emerging Trends in E-commerce..................................................................................10
Global/Regional Perspective.....................................................................................10
E-commerce and Green Management.......................................................................11
E-commerce and Sustainable Development..............................................................12
Future Trends in E-commerce.......................................................................................12
Global/Regional Perspective.....................................................................................12
E-commerce and Green Management.......................................................................13
E-commerce and Sustainable Management...............................................................13
Methodology......................................................................................................................14
Research Design............................................................................................................14
Sampling........................................................................................................................15
Instrumentation..............................................................................................................15
Journal Articles..........................................................................................................15
Credible Internet Resources.......................................................................................16
Data Collection..............................................................................................................16
Discussion..........................................................................................................................17
Chapter 1 - Introduction.....................................................................................................18
Objective........................................................................................................................18
Introduction of E-commerce..........................................................................................18
What is E-commerce?....................................................................................................20
Use of Internet...............................................................................................................20
M-Commerce.................................................................................................................22
Problems in M-Commerce.........................................................................................25
Systems of Recommendations in E-commerce.............................................................26
Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Systems.......................................................27
E-commerce Security Systems......................................................................................27
Importance of Security in E-commerce.....................................................................29
E-commerce Security Strategies................................................................................29
E-commerce in MENA Region.....................................................................................31
Algeria.......................................................................................................................31
Bahrain.......................................................................................................................31
Egypt..........................................................................................................................31
Iran.............................................................................................................................32
Iraq.............................................................................................................................32
Israel..........................................................................................................................33
Kuwait........................................................................................................................33
Lebanon.....................................................................................................................33
Libya..........................................................................................................................33
Oman..........................................................................................................................34
Saudi Arabia..............................................................................................................34
Syria...........................................................................................................................35
Turkey........................................................................................................................36
United Arab Emirates................................................................................................36
Types of E-commerce....................................................................................................36
Business-to-Business (B2B)......................................................................................36
Business-to-Consumer (B2C)....................................................................................38
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)..................................................................................38
Consumer-to-Business (C2B)....................................................................................39
Business-to-Administration (B2A)............................................................................40
Consumer-to-Administration (C2A)..........................................................................41
Traditional Commerce Vs E-Commerce.......................................................................41
Advantages of E-commerce...........................................................................................43
Low Startup Cost.......................................................................................................43
Speeds up the Shopping Process................................................................................43
Tracking Logistics.....................................................................................................44
Proper Information and Product Reviews..................................................................44
Environmental Friendly.............................................................................................45
Disadvantages of E-commerce......................................................................................45
Site Crashing..............................................................................................................45
Unsure Product Quality.............................................................................................45
Security Frauds..........................................................................................................46
Late Delivery.............................................................................................................46
Benefits of E-commerce on the Society........................................................................46
Unique Features of E-commerce Technology...............................................................48
Importance of E-commerce...........................................................................................51
Barriers in E-commerce.................................................................................................53
Chapter 2- Literature Review............................................................................................54
Importance of Green Marketing....................................................................................54
E-commerce and Information Technology....................................................................55
E-commerce Trends.......................................................................................................62
Trends of E-commerce in MENA Region.................................................................64
Green E-commerce........................................................................................................66
How to Make E-Commerce Green?..........................................................................67
E-commerce and Global Warming............................................................................68
E-commerce and People’s Health..............................................................................69

Sustainable E-commerce...............................................................................................71
E-commerce and Environmental Sustainability........................................................72
E-commerce and Economic Sustainability................................................................73
E-commerce and Social Sustainability......................................................................74
Global E-commerce.......................................................................................................75
Chapter 3 - Methodology...................................................................................................78
Research Model.............................................................................................................78
Research Approach........................................................................................................79
Chapter 4 - Data collection and Analysis Procedure.........................................................79
Chapter 5 - Recommendations...........................................................................................81
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................82
References..........................................................................................................................86
Emerging and future trends in E-commerce
Statement of the Problem
E-commerce is the purchase and sale of goods or services or the transfer of money or
information through a digital network, mainly through the Internet. E‐Commerce is progressing
as a new way to assist companies succeed in the marketplace and therefore lead to economic
prosperity. Since this subject is at the phase of development, there is a critical E-Commerce
analysis that introduces the forefront and the future trend of the current research. Such
developments have really raised a question about conventional trade module as many of them
have linked or converted into e-commerce. In 2015, Russia's B2C e-commerce sales rose by 6.6
percent over the previous year and contributed to € 21,621 million (Starostin & Chernova, n.d.).
E-commerce development has risen problems with increasing trends. The global trends of e-
commerce bring a high revenue to only those countries that are developed but for those countries
who are developing or are under developed, suffers because of such a high revenue. E-commerce
only takes place well in the developed countries as the under developed countries face problems
because of lack of awareness in technology. Also, Green e-commerce has impacted these nations
at a very high rate. This study raise these issues that under developed countries faced. This paper
brings new emerging e-commerce developments that are capable of stimulating economic
expansion, growing business opportunities, profitability, increased and productive market access.
This study demonstrates not only a foundation for new experts in the field of e-commerce, but
also leads the research hub for future studies.
Purpose of the Study
This purpose of this paper is to discover e-commerce trends on global, regional and
sustainable prospectus and also highlighting the issues the developing nations faces in
implementing those trends by building on a comprehensive review of the literature. The paper
provides an interpretative structure that examines the e-commerce landscape's theological
dimensions, distinct features, styles, potential value, and trend challenges. In this paper we will
look for green e-commerce trends and their impact on global and regional areas. Rise in E-
Commerce was powered by rapid development of technology driven by growing use of devices
such as smartphones, tablets, internet access via broadband, 3 G, 4 G, and the popularity of e-
commerce firms, etc., which culminated in an increased market pool online (Gigante, 2019). This
review will also initiate wider perspectives on future research problems and theoretical and
practical opportunities.
Research Questions
Since the study is aimed to identify trends in e-commerce, following research questions
are proposed for defining the direction of the research:
RQ1: Are the emerging trends of e-commerce influenced by its developmental phase?
The research hypothesis says that changes in e-commerce are directly related to its phase
of advancement because as the technology prevails, new ideas are invented in the field of e-
commerce which makes it grow faster in unique ways.
RQ2: Is green management a beneficial approach in the emergence of e-commerce these
days?
The research hypothesis says that green management is very beneficial for the e-
commerce because today the world is a big victim of global warming due to emission of
greenhouse gases and this is because of the lack of green environment. E-commerce green
management will not only bring a higher revenue but it will also attract more customers to
maintain a pollution free environment.

RQ3: How is sustainable development helpful for the upcoming changes that are happen
to be occurring in the field of e-commerce?
The research hypothesis says that in the field of e-commerce the sustainable development
will bring a boom because of its unique features that no other type of commerce can incorporate.
The sustainable phase of e-commerce is going to be a great benefit for this area as it will
generate environment friendly e-commerce.
Literature Review
Emerging Trends in E-commerce
Global/Regional Perspective
Recently, e-commerce has grown rapidly throughout the world. According to the Digital
– Commerce Report, IAMAI-IMRB (2013), India's e-commerce industry saw a US$ 3.8 billion
growths in 2009 to US$ 9.5 billion in 2012 (Khan & Sagar, 2015). One of the most significant
developments to notice from a business point of view is that all types of e-commerce are still
showing very robust growth. Over the past few years, retail e-commerce has expanded at double-
digit levels. Retail e-commerce hit $460 billion in 2017, while online e-commerce rose to about
$232 billion by nearly 30 percent (Laudon & Traver, 2018). Social networks like Facebook,
Pinterest, and Instagram allow social e-commerce by offering options for advertisement,
browsing, and purchasing that encourage customers to actually buy items. The surge of
competition in on-demand services such as Uber and Airbnb is driving local e-commerce. B2B
e-commerce still continues to improve and expand, surpassing all other types.
The mobile platform focused on smartphones and tablets finally came with a boom from
a technical context, triggering exponential growth in mobile advertising and making significant
online e-commerce a reality. Some significant technological developments include growing

corporations ' ability to monitor and examine the stream of online information being generated
(Laudon & Traver, 2018). The Internet of Things, consisting of billions of Network-connected
devices, keeps growing significantly, and it will only contribute to this overflow of data in the
coming years.
E-commerce has several impacts in our lives as it makes people's daily lives easy. In
2010, as calculated by the money spent per person, the UK had the world's largest e-commerce
sector (Shahriari, Shahriari & gheiji, 2015). Over 384 million users of the internet, China's online
retail sales increased to $36.6 billion in 2009, and one of the factors behind the enormous growth
was customers ' increased confidence (Shahriari, Shahriari & gheiji, 2015). There is also a
massive increase in China's cross-border e-commerce. In 2012, e-commerce purchases between
China and other countries grew by 32% to 2.3 trillion yuan ($375.8 billion) (Shahriari, Shahriari
& gheiji, 2015). E-Commerce is becoming an essential tool for Small and medium enterprises
globally, not just to deliver to consumers, but to interact them.
E-commerce and Green Management
The e-commerce system is supposed to be more ecologically friendly, although the pace
of that change is hard to predict. A significant part of e-commerce's impact on the environment is
in the form of shipping, so it's a good starting point to address these issues. The idea of
environmental management derives from social marketing (Kasliwal & Khan, 2016). A green
business is based on its strategic vision, which incorporates environmental issues as the
functionality of the organization. It basically means the company is understanding the
requirements of the world it works with. Management strategies, called green management have
resulted in green marketing, advertising, brand characteristics and delivery practices being
implemented by businesses. In the corporate world, there are massive changes to the emergence
of accountability for the environment and community. Strategies aimed not just at making profit
for the day, but at long-term efficiency and eco-friendly development have begun to become
business priorities. Consumers are becoming more and more educated and informed of the
environmental impact of consumer goods and are therefore ensuring that industry enhance their
products ' environmental quality. The priorities and expectations of the labor union community
represent future stress which contributes to a serious interest in the plant's environmental quality
and safety dimensions.
E-commerce and Sustainable Development
The technology aspect of e-commerce is becoming increasingly important. Sustainable
development was on many countries ' goals, aimed at achieving economic development and
social progress without damaging the climate. The General Assembly of the United Nations has
contributed to leveraging the capacity of ICTs to promote the 2030 Sustainable Development
Agenda and accomplish other internationally accepted strategic goals (World Trade
Organization, 2017). E-commerce may promote meaningful things, the development of decent
jobs, entrepreneurship, technological innovation. E-commerce may help companies to resolve
obstacles to their growth, particularly small and medium-sized companies. Digitalization will
encourage small companies to participate in peer-to-peer cooperation and develop through
alternative sources of funding. There are multiple ways for customers to profit from e-commerce,
both financial and non-monetary.
Future Trends in E-commerce
Global/Regional Perspective
The ever-changing e-commerce world is both disturbing and thrilling. There are
improvements every year that can help us improve our companies and new challenges that we
might not be able to cope with. New reports have predicted the global e-commerce sales
revenues to hit a new record by 2021. E-Commerce firms are predicted to grow at a rate of 265
percent, from $1.3 trillion in 2014 to $4.9 trillion in 2021 (Adrian, 2019). Customers are
beginning to look beyond their home country for products online. The approximate amount of
customers who made foreign transactions by continent: 63.4% Europe, 57.9% Asia-Pacific,
55.5% Africa, 54.6% Latin America, and 45.5% North America (Adrian, 2019). By 2030, 70%
of people consider digital payments to surpass cash and cards (Adrian, 2019). Payment option
that heated furiously is cryptocurrency for a while now. People demand digital payments of this
kind. E-Commerce is a world that is constantly growing. With increasing global customer buying
power, expansion of social media users, and constantly improving technology and infrastructure,
e-commerce’s future in 2019 and above is as bright as ever.
E-commerce and Green Management
The potential scale of green advertising is evident. Potential markets are predicted to be
linked to the growth, transition and deployment of environmentally friendly technologies, known
as Environmental Technologies. Several prototypes are being developed at the moment, from
hyperlocal stores to aerial shipments, environmentally friendly community delivery companies
and many more (Wagner, 2019). Affordable prices and environmentally friendly products that
causes minor damage are required to create goods that can attract to the customer. In the same
way as for consumers, investors and staff, businesses should be mindful of their obligations
towards the environment and society. To represent a strong-quality image, it requires
environmental awareness and therefore the production of environmentally friendly goods.
E-commerce and Sustainable Management

Recent years have seen a rapid growth in e-commerce as consumers and businesses go
online and find what they need. E-commerce Through empowering women as entrepreneurs and
traders, can become a force of economic growth and sustainable development. E-commerce
could lead to a significant increase in developing countries ' exports, in particular by increasing
the share of world exports by the LDCs by 2020. The results are that environmental dimensions
must be regarded as a basic element in addition to making e-commerce truly competitive, to take
decisions and also to take measures (Oláh et al., 2018). The eTrade for All strategy can be
recreated in other fields where the Sustainable Development Goals should be assisted by
information and communications technologies. The sustainability of E-commerce will help in
generating more revenue in the upcoming years.
Methodology
Research Design
Figure 1: Research Design
Sustainable
Develoment
Trends
GLobal and Green
Regional Management
Trends Trends
Emerging And
Develoing
Trends of E- New
Customer friendly
Technological
commerce business
strategiesgrowth
The research design is a pictorial representation of a study. The proposed research design
in Figure 13 indicates the relationship or causal impact of three independent variables that are
related to e-commerce trends. These variable includes Regional and Global trends, Green
Management Trends and the Sustainable development trends in the emerging and future aspects
of the e-commerce. The dependent variables are resulting in trends that are mentioned in the
research design. All these aspects directly related to e-commerce. This framework lies the basic o
this research proposal.
Sampling
Sampling is not carried out for this analysis since the method is secondary and the
collected data is based on past research works. Sampling is carried out on the basis of key
methods in science. The objective of all qualitative sampling methods is to collect a random
sample from the population so that the outcomes of the sample research can then be stereotyped
back to a populous (Marshall, 1996). The research question would decide the selection between
quantitative and qualitative research methodology, not the scientist's choice. To order to identify
and resolve the differences, the primary analysis identifies the research participants and response
providers. The based work, however, is secondary. A secondary study does not require the use of
data collected by interviews, focus groups or questionnaires from the first hand. Sampling and
involving study participants throughout the case given is an irrelevant process. The researcher
would therefore use documented online materials to analyze the relationship between the
variables described and draw a specific conclusion. Sampling done in past research studies,
however, would be examined to obviously find answers for the research questions suggested.
Instrumentation
Journal Articles
The published journals and articles are the first source of information gathering for this
research. Published journals are credible source for a researcher to investigate a relationship
between series of variables. Publications report the latest research, and specialists publish journal
articles for experts (Simon, 2019). Through studying past research works, a researcher investigates
different studies from various dimensions and perspectives capably However, the screening of
published newspapers is a time-consuming process. It should be notified that the use of
published journals in secondary research approach is carried out to re-investigate the relationship
between variables that has already been done in the past.
Credible Internet Resources
E-Books and Conference Papers
Researchers also use other tools available on the Internet to expand the scope of the
method of data collection and information gathering. Other outlets include important or
influential industry blogs, forums and other publishers that are constantly posting the latest
trends and findings. In a controlled environment, the information available on internet sources
does not include variables. Rather, the relationship or causal impact articulation is based on
individual effects and broader context when concentrating on a particular industrial setting.
Including such information is important for secondary research in order to improve the study's
concluded findings. A researcher would be good in explaining the statement and generally
defining deficiencies in the re-investigated areas.
Data Collection
For this analysis, the written articles and documents are the first stage in collecting
information. It is sometimes hard to obtain primary data; it is simpler and feasible in these
situations to gather information from credible sources. There is often no main information in this
kind of case that the work on backup data has to be limited. There are sometimes main data, but
the participants are unwilling to disclose so in such a case, as well intermediate data may be
sufficient. Published papers are a reliable source for investigating a connection between sets of
variables for a study. Case studies are one-person, organization, occasion or society in-depth
studies. Data are typically collected from a wide range of sources and using various methods.
The case study is not a testing tool, however investigators choose collection of data and
evaluation techniques to produce suitable material. Varieties of published documents were
issued. There are many things that rely on their reputation. For instance, when written, on the
author, publishing company and time and date. Alternative sources are chosen and old sources
must be avoided as new digital technologies statistics are fully investigated by study. Books on
any subject you would like to learn are available. The use of books begins even before the topic
has been chosen. Upon picking the subjects books provides insight into how much research has
been performed on the same subject and that you can plan your study of the research. Books are
reliable sources, but in secondary sources they are most real. In terms of data gathering, journals
and publications are becoming more relevant. The possible explanation seems to be that journals
offer better up-to-date information that is sometimes impossible for books, and moreover,
journals can also provide information of the very particular topic you are studying on, instead of
referring about some of the more general topics. As the internet is getting faster, speedier and
more widely accessible, it was seen that there is plenty of online information which is not
available in paper form. Internet's trustworthiness was dubious in the old days, but it isn't today.
Discussion
The study results are expected to influence future studies, conceptual implications, and
rising development activities in emerging-market e-commerce businesses. The inclusion in the

system of moderating and mediating variables would further broaden the articulation of the
causal effect present in the relationship. This study would communicate the emergence of e-
commerce and sustainable development in the near future. The proposed subject and framework
have catered the essentials of e-commerce in the existing epoch, which could influence the
consumer behavior in the latter stages of an operational lifecycle.
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Objective
The objective of this research paper is to describe the emerging and future trends in e-
commerce by identifying the global trends through green e-commerce and sustainable e-
commerce. This study highlights the importance of upcoming trends and the implementation of
environmental friendly e-commerce. This research was a secondary research as the data
collection was done through credible online sources and no elements of primary research were
used to project this paper.
Introduction of E-commerce
Internet is a transformative technological innovation that has been extensively used and
driven by online markets in almost every business in the world. The internet has fundamentally
changed the wholesaling methods, producing a transition in manufacturing and services
behavior. Research by the Computer Security Institute shows that 90% of organizations identify
infringements of cyber security within one year (Kossecki, 2004). Large companies are at risk
and spend so much money on IT security – IT security and data security expenditures are
growing at 35 percent annually (Kossecki, 2004). Consumers have the obligation not to be afraid
of their data protection and their accessibility to other organizations. The accelerated and
consistent development in electronic commerce must have resulted in a large boost with ever
more buyers choosing to negotiate in digital markets. When customers tend to get to nearby
shops, e-commerce makes nationwide shopping that can be done any day at any moment. They
focus on building reliable and cost-effective methods and activities that improve productivity.
They are often not conscious of their detrimental environmental consequences and are therefore
not worried about them. E-sales provides new outlets where businesses can connect with their
consumers and access new markets. Rather than increasing the quality of manufacturing inputs,
e-sales is supposed to theoretically improve sales organizations ' practices and processes in
companies and thus increase their output (Falk & Hagsten, 2015). The E-commerce sector and its
economic assessment are still under review. Organizations need to decide if their activities are
responsible or not in order to maintain the environment as they meet consumers globally or grow
industry overall. The fundamental basis of environmental sustainability is that human needs and
effects are matched with the capacity of the environment to grow and regenerate whilst serving
the growth needs of society. E-commerce may very well plan, cooperate and control business
operations, but it might have certain adverse effects such as air pollution, toxic radiation, etc. E-
commerce is the source for economic development in a range of emerging and developed
countries. In the past few years, Saudi Arabia's economy has undergone enormous growth (Al-
Khatteeb, 2015). The e-commerce industry is exerting pressure on the procurement networks to
reduce their prices at all costs because of intense competition, which then in turn adds value to a
solely price-driven enterprise that denies the development of more renewable distributions. In the
Saudi market, the corporate sector is having an extremely important role – it contributes for 48 %
of the GDP (Saudi Embassy, 2019). Research have been carried out on the environmental side of
e-commerce, the financial side and the social side, but within the research, there is a significant
void in the context of e-commerce as towards the fusion of the three dimensions.
What is E-commerce?
E-commerce, refers to the purchase and sale of products or services using the internet, as
well as the transfer of money and information to carry out these purchases. E commerce can also
be used to refer to the online sale of physical goods, but it may also define some kind of business
transaction enabled by the internet (E-Commerce Platforms, 2019). The E-Commerce history
started with its first online sale: on August 11, 1994, via a website NetMarket, a man sold a CD
by band Sting to his friend. This is the first example of a customer buying a service through the
Internet from a company (Shopify, 2019). It is important to exchange value to recognize the
limitations of e-commerce. There is no trade without an exchange of value.
Use of Internet
The Internet is among the most important lifestyle-influencing technologies. Enterprise,
schooling, medical care, and ecosystem all achieved from Internet advancement as they altered
into online use and transactions. It is essential for people, businesses and governments to
comprehend the menaces and advantages of connecting to the internet to receive the benefits to
use the Internet. Its recognition, implementation and progress will be key for confidence in such
emerging technologies. Internet technology has become such a large and strong method of
communication that it could not be overlooked. The number of Internet users continues to grow
more in developing countries. Seeing that the human population grows and older people account
for an increasing percentage of existing and new Online users, knowing the status of Internet use
by the adults and also how the use should be changed will explain how best to manage
multimedia use over this demographic (Hunsaker & Hargittai, 2018). Although growing lifetime
implies that several people spend a great part of their lives as an adult, previous work contributes
to obsolete social structures surrounding aging which channels oblivious technologies to the
capacity of older adults as capable and important customers. Young adults ' usage Internet has
grown significantly over time. In the United States, throughout 2000, just 12% of older people
aged 65 and beyond used the Internet, rising to 22% in 2004, 38% in 2008, 53% in 2012, and
67% in 2016 (Hunsaker & Hargittai, 2018). A 2015 study of global Internet use throughout 19
countries across six continents found a global trend of reduced use by older people than younger
people. (Hunsaker & Hargittai, 2018). The idea of a cultural gap is reinforced through the use of
era ranges to analyze its use Web, as adults raised during and after the Second World War would
be more likely to get involved in internet activities compared to older ones. When deciding who
connects to the internet, health factors can also play a significant role. Decreased operational
ability or impairment will obstruct online access. In order to optimism, developing countries are
confronted with more engineering problems like telephone and Internet prices, technical
assistance and equipment. The Arab research continues to face obstacles that hinder Web growth
and relevant technologies (Alshehri & Meziane, 2017). The disparity between the industrialized
and the developing countries is most pronounced in the distribution of Web hosts for companies
compared to communities. Cognitive performance is particularly important for older people to
use the Internet, as disabilities are the most likely to happen in adulthood, hampering everyday
activities and interpersonal relationships. It has also been observed that growing Internet
connection indicates the willingness of the country for E-Commerce, and that will however
involve government and business support. Operations which are becoming incredibly popular
digitally, like paying bills, ordering takeout, browsing, and connecting with loved ones, with
cognitive impairment, can become difficult and hard. Ultimately, although Internet use is
obviously rising amongst older adults, social and cultural-economic factors tend to provide
exposure to inequality and demand further focus. The small number of people using the Web in
developing nations struggle with each other for connections to a relatively small number of
devices connected to the Internet and have access to a small amount of local Internet content.
One might contend that perhaps the restriction of global broadband is one of the key issues
related to the disadvantaged use of Internet in developing countries.
M-Commerce
The purchase and sale of data, products via computer systems is regarded to be e-
commerce. Thus, the variations between exchanges and connect directly are a primary difference
between M-commerce and e-commerce. E-commerce is directed towards promoting purchases
and understanding them. M-commerce has two main features that distinguish it from other forms
of e-commerce (Anastasia, 2018). M-commerce is based upon the fact that where ever they go,
consumers pass a mobile phone or any other tablet such that individuals can be attained at a
certain time with M-commerce. M-commerce's great challenge was that mobile phones are
subject to intense external climate shifts. M-commerce's strength is the capacity to wireless
network execute conventional e-commerce purchases (Xu, 2013). M-commerce should be
recognized as a unique product chance with unique features and functionality of its own, not an
updated version of the Internet-based e-commerce network of an organization. The mobile
platform focused on smartphones and tablets finally came with a boom from a technical context,
triggering exponential growth in mobile advertising and making significant online e-commerce a
reality. Some significant technological developments include growing corporations ' ability to
monitor and examine the stream of online information being generated (Laudon & Traver, 2018).
The Internet of Things, consisting of billions of Network-connected devices, keeps growing
significantly, and it will only contribute to this overflow of data in the coming years.
Figure 2: Features of Mobile Commerce
Mobile
Mobile
Commerce
Internet Retail
Figure 1.1: Features of Mobile Commerce from,
http://brazenthoughts.com/2012/08/mobile-commerce-the-future-of-everything/
Mobile financial programs are probable as one of M-Commerce's most important
elements. These apps include internet banking, payment providers, mobile money payments, M-
brokerage facilities, and mobile payment. Companies are finally realizing that m-commerce is
key to enhancing their brand, boosting sales, and keeping up with competing companies. The
Indian retail market is likely to exceed US$ 1.3 trillion from current US$ 500 billion size of the
market by 2020 (Muthukumar & Muthu, 2015). These facilities could switch a mobile phone into
a productivity tool by allowing a user to perform banking transactions with a mobile device to
replace banks, ATMs and credit cards. The government is trying to expand workforce
participation wages in order to enhance e-commerce in the country. Wireless payment systems
turn cell phones into secure, auto-contained buying equipment that can immediately authorize
payouts for absorbed products and services over mobile network. Therefore, micro-payment can
be applied in a number of ways (Frankenfield, 2018), which is online transaction of limited sales
sums. Another approach was that the consumer can dial certain amount whereby per-minute fees
are equivalent to the cost of both the selling product; this system sends money from the phone
bill of the client to the balance of the vending company. M-commerce could be the answer for
developing countries to mitigate ICT and bandwidth issues, as the use of wireless devices allows
the user to obtain information and conduct business anywhere.
The prevalence of Wi-Fi hot spots at airports, railway stations, restaurants, cafes and
other public spaces, particularly in the United States and Western Europe. The software can be
helpful for people who operate on the run and have to link with their workplaces in addition to
their apps to personal users. Although Wi-Fi software obviously provides substantial benefits for
Users and can easily expect robust growth in using it, it is only starting to develop particular
business strategies for its commercial usage. Wi-Fi systems are an incentive for developing
nations (Annan, 2003) and provide fairly simple, low-cost access to broadband, at only in
metropolitan areas. We have to find ways to bring mobile performance technologies to the
developed world, so that unauthorized unlicensed spectrum can be used to provide reliable and
quick access to the internet.
Table 1: Difference Between E-Commerce and M-Commerce
S.No E-Commerce M-Commerce
1. Internet access is required for e-commerce. Can easily be accessed through wireless
mobile network internet connections.
2. Shopping is done only with the use of Shopping can be done on cellular data.
internet.
3. Computers and Laptops are required. Mobile and Tablets are required.
4. Portability is limited and difficult to be Mobile phones are easy to carry and are
carried. more accessible and convenient.
5. The installment and usage cost is low. It is very costly.
6. Accessible to everyone thus personalization Mobile phones are an independent thing so
is difficult. customization can be done more efficiently.
7. A complicated user interface (Bhargava, A simple user interface with more functions.
2017).
Problems in M-Commerce
Although digital retail tends to have a significant effect on the overall corporate
environment, further emphasis is being focused on mobile computing and interactive web
technologies and software. With this development comes a new collection of online e-
commerce-specific issues. In the mid-1990s, e-commerce has already become of practical
significance, though it created a wide range of literature. In the delayed 1990s, M-commerce
began to show up in a limited sense (Tarasewich, Nickerson & Warkentin, 2002). Due to their
complexity, mobile phones are better equipped for bandwidth-limited programs, such as
emailing messages and demanding inventory references, than those for more expensive
components, their consumption patterns are different from that of windows desktop computers.
Total eCommerce revenue hit $1.5 trillion in 2014; mobile phones accounted for large portions
of those transactions (Wilson, 2015). The eCommerce world's stakeholders have noticed that
mobile trade seems to be the way forward. In order to meet the demands of their clients,
companies also encounter the challenge of deciding between the kind of smartphone app and a
web page. It is much more expensive to install a mobile phone app than to create a reactive
website. Faster and improved devices are continuing to come out from hardware vendors. And
allow the most of these operating systems upgrades, shop owners will have to keep up with the
demands of this development (Chudasama, 2016). Also, the newer versions of the various OS
become better day by day. M-commerce is soon going to be a boom in the world of e-commerce
and will take over all the retail shops.
Systems of Recommendations in E-commerce
Recommendation services are moving from those in the art pieces used by every few e-
commerce platforms to pretty important methods that re-form the e-commerce landscape. Most
of the biggest sites in commerce already use recommendation technology to help their users find
specific products. A recommendation structure discovers out of a buyer and proposes products
that it finds most important among the products available (Singh, 2019). Companies must move
from ancient mass manufacturing globe under which structured goods, diverse industries, long
service existence and advancement phases have been the guideline to different world in which
wide selection and personalization fully replace formalized goods (Pine II, 1993). Companies
must at least attempt to create new goods that fulfill multiple customer requirements. The e-
commerce motion has enabled businesses to provide further alternatives for customers.
Furthermore, as retailers move towards this different level of sophistication, they increase the
level of data that consumers need to access so that they can choose the products improve their
lives. This use of recommender systems is another approach to this online learning issue
(Schafer, Konstan & Riedl, 1999). E-commerce platforms utilize recommendation mechanisms
to offer goods to their clients. Goods could be suggested depending on biggest sellers on a web
page, predicated on the buyer's trends, or focused on an interpretation of the client's previous
purchasing conduct as a testable prediction purchasing attitude. People visiting to a site
frequently browse around the page despite buying anything anyway. Recommendation services
may help clients find a product they want to consume (Guleria, 2018). Recommendation systems
enhance cross-selling by proposing products to be purchased by the customer. If the guidelines
are correct, they will raise the average order volume. The traditional form of recommendation
methodology is categorized into cooperative sorting, contend-based sorting, and intermediate
method according to a common classified model, which has been commonly accepted by most
scholars (Wei, Huang & Fu, 2007). A recommendation system generally requires three phases
that obtain choice from the incoming data of consumers, calculate the suggestion using suitable
methods, and eventually publish the results of the suggestion to clients. An assessment design of
the recommendation process is also expected to determine the reliability and quality of the
outcome.
Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Systems
To date, cooperative processing is by far the most effective recommendation system
innovation and has been used in all of the most effective Web-based optimization algorithms. CF
programs make recommendations based on the experiences of other consumers to a target
audience (Huang, 2018). Such programs utilize statistical methods to make a set of consumers
identified as neighbors that align with the intended consumer. Many cooperative recommender
systems focused on sorting create a community of like-minded users. Generally, the community
development scheme utilizes Pearson comparison or cosine resemblance as a connection
indicator (M. Sarwar, Karypis, Konstan & Riedl, n.d.). Recommendation structures are strained
by the immense amount of customer information in current company repositories and will be
further pressured by the increasing quantity of customer information available on the internet.
E-commerce Security Systems

There is no reason at all to think about the significance of e-commerce security. And
online shops and businesses are becoming increasingly convinced of their usefulness. In
addition, cybersecurity spending will pursue its rapid development in 2019, almost
simultaneously with digital challenges, that will not stop (Nation, 2019). Safety of E-Commerce
corresponds to concepts that govern secure electronic transactions, facilitating the purchase and
sale of products and services through Internet, however with precautions in place to guarantee
safety for all those participating. Successful and profitable business relies on the confidence of
the consumers that only an E-Commerce corporation have the essentials of security measures in
place. The most apparent aspects of E-Commerce protection are confidentiality, that involves no
information sharing among external entities in this case (Anonymous A, n.d.). Any revelation by
the trader of a certain data could be a violation of confidential information. It is only the
responsibility of the company to save at least adequate amount of authentication, antiviruses and
a firewall to keep banking information and credit card details confidential. The second aspect
important to safeguard E-Commerce is indeed the concept of integrity, that the company will not
modify any of the data shared online by the customer. This principle states that only a safe sale
process involves unaltered data, which means that perhaps the organization uses only precisely
whatever the customer has entered into the website. Both buyers and sellers must be the one that
they claim they are in order for E-Commerce to occur. Even if it's true, a company can't even sell
the goods, and the transaction would go through as defined online. The purchaser also has to
provide proof of citizenship in order for the retailer to feel safe about sale. Deceptive recognition
and encryption is essential in E-Commerce, and several companies employ an expert to ensure
that such sorts of fundamentals of E-Commerce protection are in order (Anonymous, 2019.). It is
denial of denouncement. The legal concept of non-repudiation adds another dimension of safety
by verifying that the data sent to and from the candidates was actually received and also that the
individual who finished the purchase cannot refuse a transaction or email or signature.
Cybercrime Magazine estimates that for 2019–2022, e-commerce would be one of the top 10
sectors most affected (Phillips, 2019). Safety is the concern and the main issue for full
implementation of e-commerce.
Importance of Security in E-commerce
E-Commerce websites have a lot of employee’s information and that ultimately makes
companies a threat. The most critical information component for intruders is buyer information.
Therefore, it is very important for the e-commerce platforms to ensure security. One of the main
reason is Compliance. Regulation is the cornerstone of your devotion. Your e-commerce
company is required to follow with certain requirements, or penalties may be imposed towards
you or otherwise your organization if you will not cooperate. Another major reason to protect e-
commerce is economic profitability. If infringed, you would have to deal to a whole number of
other issues that will affect your profit margins (IT Solutions, 2019). You might have to
compensate for affected parties for a proper investigation, data retrieval services and identity
theft protection. Customers put a great deal of confidence in the traders they buy with, giving
each transaction with private data and delicate credit card information. 64% of buyers say that
they are doubtful to resume business with companies where their personal information has been
robbed (Phillips, 2019). Gaining trust from consumers is vital to an existing relationship and
winning it again after you've lost it's quite, very difficult. Thus, security is an important aspect of
e-commerce.
E-commerce Security Strategies

The major component is the security of the payment service. There are several types of
programming methods being used on the Internet, each level of the related seven layers of
communication types has its own cipher. Following are the policies that can be followed to
overcome e-commerce security issues: SSL is the code of conduct that encrypts the entire
network workout and offers a secure Communication provider. It is commonly used between
critical resource balance data (Kaur, Pathak, Kaur & Kaur, 2015). SSL provides two computers
with a secure connection. The system is often designed by sending credit card details via SSL
association; the system branch and other payment method for finance is also based on SSL. The
purpose of the SET protocol is to provide a commercial response through credit card between
consumer, distributor and banks. Some parts of the SET are also included to satisfy such a need
to solve issues at various stages of the business. SET protocol is more complicated than SSL
protocol (Bella, Massacci & Paulson, 2019), because it is not only possible to encrypt a single
run among two sides by SET, it is also possible to encode and understand multi-end client. Over
past years, compared to the traditional HTTP, such standards have expanded their use, which is
more fragile than HTTPS. The HTTPS protocol was generally used only for transaction purposes
on parts of the site due because of the need to shields consumer and company information.
Incorporates CVV AND AVS Authentication Technologies to boost online payment safety.
Requesting CVV codes allows the handling of a fraudulent transaction far more complicated
(Nation, 2019). Another one of the most successful e-commerce safety techniques is Conducting
Simultaneous Backup systems. And it definitely doesn't need to hire experts from the sector. It is
also useful to use multilayer protection. Intricate security includes the use of various policies,
such as building a firewall, which offers an immediate shield towards cyber-attacks. The top
online shops use widespread means to protect their clients far above e-commerce protection and
cryptography methods and materials. The easiest way to avoid leakage of payment card details is
never to stockpile it (Langone, 2019). We understand that to disrupt quick fee, credit card
numbers and customer names are crucial. However, online data centers do not need to store
them. Additionally, currently these storages would infringe the rules laid down in the PCI norms.
Not only does the failure of this data jeopardize e-commerce users ' public image: it also brings
financial firms and businesses at risk.
E-commerce in MENA Region
Algeria
Algeria's e-commerce industry is growing, but this is far from meeting its goal and still
stutters behind most North African businesses. There have been no latest statistics on e-
commerce revenues in Algeria, but the size of the industry is valued at US$ 5 billion, as per the
Algerian National Trader and Artisan Association (Import-Export, 2019). In contrast, Algerian
government doesn't allow citizens to buy products from outside the world and the government
initially announced that they would not wish to expand their e-market to foreign businesses to
protect the country's economy.
Bahrain
When markets seek to broaden apart from petroleum products to more competitive
sectors, e-commerce is gradually coming into being. The section has grown rapidly in Bahrain
across the past couple of years. Online sales were calculated at $651 million in 2017 (Nordea
trade, 2019). Flight reservations are the growing digital bought product line, and buyers are
progressively starting to buy physical goods online, especially phones, laptops, and jewelry.
Online dress shopping has also gained significant prominence.
Egypt
Due to a huge population, the Egyptian e-commerce market is very competitive and is
expected to be the biggest in Africa. An e-government initiative was put in place to increase
government productivity, decrease service delivery time, set up new service provision systems,
cut government spending, and promote e-procurement. The e-commerce revenue of the Egyptian
B2C rose by 22 percent in 2017, hitting US$ 5 billion (Import-Export, 2019). On the Egyptian
sector, e-commerce faces various challenges but they are overcome with time and effective
strategies.
Iran
Many foreign companies draw the main features and advantages of e-commerce in the
Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran has tremendous capacity for the growth of e-commerce. Today, e-
commerce is in its development, responsible for just 0.7% of GDP, still behind other states with
similar conditions, but the opportunity is inspiring (Chinagoabroad, 2019). With increased
visibility and unrealized potential for growth, Rouhani-led economic reforms is able to benefit
Iran's current e-commerce firms in the long term.
Iraq
Iraq lays the fundamentals for e-commerce by rebuilding its resources following years of
war. While e-commerce may produce many advantages for Iraqi consumers – such as the
probability to compare products and prices, otherwise unavailable overseas goods and raw
materials, etc. the industry is not yet well established. Regulation is also a problem for Iraqis.
Over 70% of participants publicly expressed support for confidentiality, customer security and
cybercrime legislation to improve e-commerce confidence (Untcad, 2019). Low broadband
penetration level and unavailability of technological innovation facilities is among the main
obstacles to e-commerce.
Israel
Israel is among the world's most technologically advanced nations, described as with a
modern manufacturing utilization rate and a software-dominated economy. Israel is an incredible
opportunity for international consumer products vendors due to Israel's high wholesale prices
and the absence of domestic E-Commerce rivals. Israel is one of the top five largest growing
export industries for cross-border E-Commerce in 2014 because of its e-commerce sales
(Paypers, 2019). Maintaining a strong foreign e-commerce existence in Israel has developed a far
more challenging environment and forced Israeli young talents to provide comparable goods and
services to maintain their local supermarket role.
Kuwait
Kuwait has more than four million users of the Internet. E-commerce, though, remains
largely restricted to digital banks and financial trading products. In Kuwait, e-commerce sales
were estimated at US$ 670 million in 2017 and e-commerce absorption was 53% (Nordea,
2019). Many Kuwaiti businesses, as it currently stands, may not transact-to-business or business-
to-consumer purchases online. The region's high level of mobile phone stimulation has become
one of Kuwait's major reasons of development in e-commerce.
Lebanon
The e-commerce industry in Lebanon is slightly rising. Regardless of the fact that
Lebanon is rated 5th on e-commerce ready in the Middle East (Kantarjian, 2019), this still
outperforms behind some of its neighbors. The Ministry of Economy is currently pursuing a draft
e-commerce policy that might set guidelines for modern digital platforms and instead drive the
technology sector in Lebanon to greater heights.
Libya
Developments in transactions have transformed business arrangement techniques by
means of useful and low-cost means. In 2016, the nation had 1.3 million online users, reflecting a
20.3 percent participation rate (LLOYDS, 2019). E-commerce is a business-oriented payment
approach that promotes quicker and broader transactions via the internet from wider economic
importance and future growth situations. E-commerce is quickly changing the basis of the policy
of the Libyan government and developing their methods for communication to broaden their
development.
Oman
Oman's e-commerce industry is young and has sufficient growth opportunities in the
future. In Oman, at least one online purchase was made in 2014 by over 20 percent of the total
population (Mordor Intelligence, 2019). Although Oman has one of the largest use of
smartphones in the Middle East region, mobile shopping was done by only 8 percent of the total
population. Most of Oman's online transactions were grocery stores and movies.
Saudi Arabia
The architecture for Saudi e-commerce has grown according to the international
template. In addition to various facilitators, including administration and regulatory authorities,
innovations and communication services, payment gateways and content providers, and service
companies, it comprises of supply-side pure-play e-commerce providers, conventional
distributors, small and medium-sized businesses and consumer-to-consumer vendors. Saudi e-
commerce is currently experiencing a drastic shift (England and Al Omran, 2019) since all
investors are becoming more and more effective in attempting to make the productivity of the e-
commerce economy centered and development-friendly.
Figure 3: Comparison of E-commerce in Saudi Arabia with other Countries

Rates
Mexico
India
South Africa
China
Brazil
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
Russia
Italy
United States
France
Australia
Canada
Germany
Japan
United Kingdom
South Korea
Switzerland
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Rates
Figure 2: Anonymous. (2019). E-Commerce in Saudi Arabia. Retrieved 16 November
2019, https://www.citc.gov.sa/en/reportsandstudies/Reports/Documents/CITC_E-
COMMERCE_2017_ENGLISH.PDF
Comparing the 2017 rating and averages of Saudi Arabia with that of 2016 shows good
changes, particularly in areas of internet penetration and postal dependability. Internet
penetration rating from 64 to 74 enhanced, and postal reliability score from 69 to 75 changed
(Citc, 2019). By enhancing banking and credit card stimulation and maximizing the amount of
secure Web computers per 1 million people, Saudi Arabia could work up in the ranking.
Syria
Electronic trade may reduce the wealth inequality among third world countries and
advanced countries. Demands have been made for work on e-commerce policy for emerging
country-based businesses. The Syrian government has initiated numerous projects to enable and
encourage e-commerce platforms and their implementations in Syria (Ahmed & Hasan, 2016).
Infrastructure, social and political sectors are main obstacles to the growth of e-commerce in
Syria.
Turkey
In Turkey, e-commerce is growing rapidly as this is nationwide. Lack of information,
moreover, is a major issue for the e-commerce industry. This causes problems in assessing the
sector's scale as it is a new industry. Studies show that e-commerce has a demand of 14 billion
TL. Inside 7.3 billion TL of the volume of the retail industry, e-commerce has a portion of only
1.3 million (Delloite, 2019). Online orders are very concentrated on both the domestic market in
Turkey. Only one in five had ever contemplated shopping across boundaries. There has been,
indeed, massive interest in cross-border retail in the future.
United Arab Emirates
2019 is an online retail year in the UAE. As the e-commerce industry is gaining ground
on a regional and international level, consumers can now get their fingertips on a broad spectrum
of goods and services, all accessible through a click. As the rapidly growing e-commerce sector
in the Near East and North Africa, the UAE is experiencing quick progress. E-commerce
purchases in the UAE were expected to reach $16 billion (Dh59 billion) in 2019, rising 23
percent yearly from 2018 to 2022 (George, 2019). Through widening the UAE e-commerce
market, they help propel economic development and spread the advantages of mobile payments
to businesses and residents in the nation.
Types of E-commerce
There are six types of E-Commerce models capable of representing virtually all
transaction between businesses and consumers.
Business-to-Business (B2B)
This type of e-commerce comprises of all the goods and services related online
transactions and exchanges. These are essentially organized between companies, including
traditional wholesalers and retail distributors. There are more complicated B2B transactions. The
costs for B2B transactions vary greatly, depending on a number of market factors (Marketing
Schools, 2019). Industries find their customers buying more online today than any other network.
Failure to engage in a B2B e-commerce system may result in a terrible mistake, and the company
could lose millions of dollars. B2B customers say buying from a website is much more
comfortable than buying from a sales representative and recommend shopping online when they
have chosen what to purchase. Through handling orders in your ERP, an automated B2B e-
commerce framework allows you to effectively handle your orders in one program. The car
industry is a good instance of a dynamic B2B partnerships environment (Scolari, 2018). With an
increased number of competitors, the e-commerce industry continues to grow in the MENA
region. This encompasses nearly all Middle East countries, from Turkey to the United Arab
Emirates.
Figure 4: Business to Business E-Commerce
Manufacturer
Website
Wholesaler
Retailer
Figure 3: B2B E-commerce

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
The Business-to-Consumer is related to purchases and relationships between companies
and end-customers. This is primarily linked to the online retail e-commerce market. B2C e-
commerce’s number one advantage is its global reach (Markus, 2019). Also small companies
working from residences at the other side of the globe may market to consumers. The willingness
to market to anyone else everywhere means the inevitable consequence of performance. Until
2022, B2C e-commerce revenues are forecast to double in the Middle East and North Africa
(MENA) relative to 2019 (Markets, 2019). B2C has been driven mainly through in-store
purchases which allow customers to enter a retail shop to purchase from a company. Companies
can reduce overhead costs by incorporating an element of e-commerce to business.
Figure 5: Business to Consumer E-Commerce
Company
Website
Customer
Figure 4: B2C E-commerce
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
It consists of online transactions between two consumers of goods and services. This is
carried out primarily via a third party offering an online marketplace for these transactions.
Buyers are mostly gaining from using C2C platforms due to the lower price (Huang, Chen, Ou,
Davison & Hua, 2015). Sellers utilize them most often by increasing overhead costs. It ensures
that there is no need for businessmen to spend a lot of money on services such as leases, office
equipment and wages. A perfect example of C2C sales is a publication's classifieds page or a
sale. A consumer – not a company – offers products or services to another user in both situations
(Rivera, 2018). In fact, this form of e-commerce extends the range of potential customers as it
reaches not just domestic but also the global market. C2C e-commerce is a development in
exchange that is evolving and rapidly growing. This facilitates our method of selling and buying,
but it can be risky or generate fraud.
Figure 6: Customer to Customer E-Commerce
Customer - 2
Website
Customer - 1
Figure 5: C2C E-commerce
Consumer-to-Business (C2B)
In this, there is a complete change of the process of selling and purchasing. This is very
important to projects that involve crowd sourcing. People make their goods and products and sell
them to businesses. C2B is a type of economic partnership classified as an offset type of business
(Vivian, 2017). Industries may sell goods and services for customers under conventional
consumer-to-business systems, but a change has taken place to enable buyers to be the leading
force behind a purchase. A consumer may also contribute to a business by providing a customer
blog or social media platform to advertise a business product. Through C2B, companies benefit
from both the ability of customers to set prices, add information and sell to the enterprise.
Consumers benefit from direct payment for lowered-price products and services and purchase
efficiency enabled by the C2B sector.
Figure 7: Customer to Business E-Commerce
Businesses
Website
Customer
Figure 6: C2B E-commerce
Business-to-Administration (B2A)
There are deals between businesses and public administration in this type of e-commerce
purchase. This includes various facilities like social protection, tax controls, legal
documentation, education, etc. The concept of e-commerce often applies to advertising in the
government sector, which involves selling products and services at various areas of government
(Rapportrix, 2018). It also provides a platform for bidding on management incentives for your
company goods and services such as tenders, request delivery and sales. B2A e-commerce
system operates to sell the products or services in the public sector or to promote them at
government level.
Figure 8: Business to Administration E-Commerce

Administration
Website
Businesses
Figure 7: B2A E-commerce
Consumer-to-Administration (C2A)
Digital transactions are conducted between entities and public administration in this e-
commerce system. Types include online courses, data sharing, digital tax forms, etc. For
example, collecting tax returns and arranging an appointment through an online platform (Wilks,
2018). The e-commerce system can help a customer submit their input and demand for public
service data, which is related to government or authorities. C2A e-commerce platform creates a
strong relationship with an immediate and convenient connectivity option between customers
and state.
Figure 9: Consumer to Administration E-Commerce
Administration
Website
Customer
Figure 8: C2A E-commerce

Traditional Commerce Vs E-Commerce
Table 2: Difference Between Traditional Commerce and E-Commerce
S.No Traditional Commerce E-Commerce
1. Traditional commerce is a market E-Commerce means trading and transmitting
branch that concentrates on the information online.
trade of goods and services and
involves those operations
that, encourage transaction.
2. Strong emphasis on the exchange of The exchanging of data is encouraged by digital
information between people. channels of communication, allowing minimal
reliance on the sharing of information between
individuals.
3. It is available for a limited time It is available 24 hours and 7 days.
depending on the type of business
as recommended by the law.
4. In traditional trading, it is hard to For e-commerce, a standardized approach could
establish and retain standard be quickly developed and maintained.
procedures.
5. Before buying, the products can be Until received, products cannot be actually
physically examined. checked.
6. It is cost-effective as it needs It is easier to maintain
consumer show and advertising to
attract customers.
7. The delivery of the goods is done The delivery of goods takes time.
on the spot.
8. It is one way marketing. It is one-one marketing
9. It is only for a limited area. This is a worldwide commerce.
Advantages of E-commerce
E-commerce offers a global influence for sellers. They eliminate the location's hurdle
(Toppr, 2019). Today, in the digital world, producers and consumers can reach without the
impediment of location. By customer service communication, this e-commerce system
drastically cuts the goods distribution network. A clear and consistent connection is formed
between both the supplier and the final client. The administrative costs will be significantly
reduced by electronic commerce. The operation of retail shops reduces most operating expenses.
This enables businesses to appreciate an even higher profit margin.
Low Startup Cost
One of the advantages of E-Commerce is that it has smaller start-up costs. Physical retail
outlets can charge up to hundreds of dollars to lease one of their shops. These do have multiple
initial costs such as store signs, retail construction, stock acquisition, selling facilities, etc.
However, start-up costs were predicted at $418 in 2019 for a web shops company, and E-
Commerce retailers only spend $3192 per year for online lease at most on Shopify (Ferreira,
2019). Starting up an e-commerce store, you won't be buying bulk stock which saves you a lot of
money. It is one of the key important benefits of keeping the costs low for modern businessmen.
Speeds up the Shopping Process
This actually quickens the buying process so when one thinks about getting from the
retail store a particular product that is very far off and also not easily accessible. The e-
commerce lets the consumer allow quick and easy use of the particular product. Companies
should expand the target audience to enhance their shipping processes (Overton, 2019). E-
Commerce joins a situation with a fast response to the demand, often helping to buy the product
without wasting time. Such a purchase process also helps reduce travel time and lets you choose
with a lot of flexibility.
Tracking Logistics
E-commerce allows the company to monitor the logistics that are key to successful e-
commerce operations. Digitizing everything makes it even easier to gather information and
process numbers instantly. Providing same day delivery another game changer for e-commerce
platforms in terms of logistics (Gupta, 2017). The modern sales approach relies on the processing
of fast-moving items, but the e-commerce system requires the addition of slow-moving and even
redundant commodities in the catalogue.
Proper Information and Product Reviews
E-commerce website provides more choices for consumers to contrast and choose the
cheaper and more efficient products. A purchaser can check a product reviews and see what
other consumers are purchasing, and can also consider other customer reviews while making the
final decision. Positive comments affect new consumers ' purchasing decisions and eventually
improve the profits (Matheson, 2019). This provides information that is easily available. Within
seconds, a consumer can see the necessary complete information, instead of searching for days or
weeks. E-Commerce increases competition among companies, resulting within significant
discounts being provided by organizations to customers.
Environmental Friendly
Compared to the supermarket, e-commerce is absolutely environmentally friendly. It's
because when we visit a shop at a buying period, we receive a bill, vouchers, discounts, etc.
These excess papers as well as more energy usage (Writer, 2012). These are a lot of damage to
the planet and that's why e-commerce purchased some products that are very green friendly and
easy to manage.
Disadvantages of E-commerce
E-commerce still has its portion of drawbacks like it is highly dependent on internet
connectivity and IT. The e-commerce link's initial costs are really high. Hardware and software
installation, employee training expenses, frequent maintenance and repair are all really costly
(TutorialsPoint, 2019). There is sometimes a loss of consumer's personal data, heritage or
financial ethnicity. Fraud of credit cards, identity theft, etc. are major customer issues.
Site Crashing
The worst of the E-Commerce drawbacks is that if the page fails, nobody can order from
your website. That is why it is important to ensure that the correct server hosts the website. This
can occur if you don't have a decent connectivity link as you launch websites and place orders
(Bhasin, 2019). The payment of the minimum hosting charge and the increase in traffic from a
large conversion commercial or a TV shout-out will cause the page to crash.
Unsure Product Quality
One of the biggest challenges with purchasing things online is that you won't have any
assurance of the quality of an item. Reviews are not always beneficial and the value of a service
will never be guaranteed by all the testing. E-commerce would not require you to explore until
you buy the product (Khurana, 2019). It may have duped customers to improve sales, but they
would need to ensure that defective products are often sold online as well.
Security Frauds
Security and credit card fraud also pose enormous concerns when it comes to shopping
online. Customers are at risk of theft in identity and closely related dangers whenever they enter
their information on a web page. The media has been rife with stories of attackers hacking into e-
business websites and collecting account information over the past couple of years (Cengage,
2013). If any of your workers opens even one malicious link, it may damage the security of your
website, financial details and, even worst, the details of your clients.
Late Delivery
There is a chance of late deliveries maybe due to some third party or the logistics
company. When a customer is trying to buy an item online, they will never be expected to be
delivered on time and there are several reasons that make this matter very precarious for
consumers (Roze, 2019). This situation makes customers wait a lot for shipment, and at the end
of the service they often loose brand trust at that time.
Benefits of E-commerce on the Society
Today, the Internet is becoming an independent and sovereign part of our society in all
facets of our everyday lives, because it has a flexible effect on our activities. The growth of the
Internet is flourishing. Revenues of e-commerce are growing by lurches. If you really want to
stay competitive with each other, it is necessary to upgrade your existence in the World of the
internet with regard to the business transaction. Even as the 20th century was characterized by a
consistent growth of workers, the same employees are gradually becoming redundant this period.
E-commerce is a supplier of jobs. At the present time of publishing, Amazon hires more than
300,000 employees (ŠARIĆ, 2018). Not only that, yet in short order they have attained that
amount. Digital businesses are broadening throughout the world. Not only the shore of the USA,
but also the whole region. The rise of China in 2016 has been even more remarkable, twice so
much exceeding sales development (ŠARIĆ, 2018). Another perfect example of the advantages
of e-commerce to society is having data in the palms of your hands. Including on the move,
people access data that even more eliminates and accelerates the buying experience. The society
has no bigger e-commerce present than that of the ability to stream and perform apparently
innumerable figures of songs, books, video games, TV shows, etc. E-commerce allows
individuals everywhere in the universe to send gifts, good wishes and gift cards to relatives and
friends. It fosters a friendly relationship in community between us and between persons. People
can purchase any good or service through both the internet from every area without having to
travel from their home or place of work. From their places, business partners can call or email
one another. This decreases congestion and industrial pollution which helps fight global
warming. E-commerce allows the society of students to understand and obtain online experience.
Students will be able to finish homework at a certain point and access data. With that of the help
of google, debates can occur with the professors and other undergraduates. Students can
participate in either online academic institution even at a cheaper cost achieve international
exposure. Online education provides each individual with an opportunity to engage in a
multimedia curriculum through acknowledging the disparities in their gender, sex and role in
society. Medical care and therapy are also given to the citizens in need via the internet. Doctors
and nurses may receive technical knowledge and refresh themselves via the internet with the new
healthcare technology. This unlocks the physicians should provide their patients with good
health care at a lower cost. Developing countries make many tax reductions available to establish
corporate offices in distant and rural communities. Call centers offer much in the way of job
opportunities. The nation's proceeds are assigned to the growth of rural infrastructure. It brings in
developing nations adjusted infrastructure development. Business organisations, in terms of
developing and retain their web host, involve skilled human capital. Although agile
methodologies are streamlined, organization demands that individuals respond to consumer
inquiries. Establishing call centers in developing nations is reducing certain countries '
unemployment crisis. Business organisations, from all over the world, can attract buyers. The
effect of expanded client base is increased efficiency. It creates higher incomes for companies
and promotes national income growth. The widening of economic output and the rise in supply
and service volumes is driving growth. Citizens can purchase goods from all over the world
through the internet. Goods that are not commonly available can be bought from every part of
the world. By connecting to the internet, the customers ' expenses are covered. Business
organizations were therefore unable to rely on consumers while claiming the local retail deficit
as the explanation. The main way the economy will be impacted by e-commerce in particular is
its effect on growth and deflation. Rapid expansion of e-commerce can also result to price
pressure on economic growth through increasing competition, cost reductions, and changes in
price conduct of vendors. If we purchase from an online store, we devote low operational costs;
we have improved service quality and can thus save us unnecessary spending (Jamsheer, 2019).
For example, if our products and services can be downloaded, the cost of shipping will be
decided to cancel completely. With every online company, it is impossible to avoid even more
discounts and offers, which for consumers is quite cool.
Unique Features of E-commerce Technology
There are eight aspects relevant to this form of e-commerce technology.
Figure 10: Unique Features of E-Commerce

Figure 9: (Laudon & Traver, 2017)
• Ubiquity means to be available anywhere, throughout all times, enabling shopping
with your phone, at home, at office, and also from your car. Thanks to the ubiquity of e-
commerce, the industry will broaden its conventional geographical boundaries and hours of
operation (Uniten, 2015). An instance is the ability to share the Internet even when there is a Wi-
Fi hotspot, like a cafe or an airport. For fact, without a Wi-Fi service, persons who have mobile
phones with internet capability can connect to the internet. The marketplace that is the internet
business package's virtual market place is expanded over and above conventional limits and
eliminated from a spatial and geological location. Ubiquity decreases trading costs from the
consumer's point of view, which is the price of participating in a market.
• International reach allows business transactions to transcend cultural and racial
borders much more easily and cost-effectively than conventional trade does. Technologies within
e-commerce extend effortlessly through conventional ethnic and cultural borders to allow access
throughout the world. Local penetration helps previously unseen of distributors to market to the
other side of the globe, while also providing new markets for the smaller sellers (Shainamay,
2016). The Web and multilingual websites, and the ability to interpret a web page, enable foreign
visitors around the world to decrypt messages, purchase goods, and connect with companies.
• Universal standards mean to be represented by all countries around the globe,
unlike many other conventional trading systems that vary across nations. Just one collection of
technical, entertainment, and Web norms is used by people, companies, and policymakers to use
e-commerce apps. The model will make the current software industry smoother, which can lower
costs, and the strategy of hidden costs can also be used to create the platform of digital
commerce (Electronicscomers, 2015). Universal principles are therefore able to improve
communications. When shopping online, a person can see these requirements, as the idea of
buying goods on websites utilizing e-commerce technology is identical.
• Richness allows a digital retailer to produce targeted advertising with current
trading innovations in a way that is not practicable. In order to transfer and obtain information,
users will be able and then use messages and sound and visual elements. Provide a range of
communications and ways to improve the shopper's experience and guarantee prosperity on your
page (Giorgio, 2018). A person may see data wealth on a company's blog if a comment contains
a product-related video and web links that enable him to access and buy the product or submit
the post data via text message or email.
• Interactivity requires two-way communication between retailer and customer and
encourages the seller to interact a user in aspects that are close to a face-to-face encounter, but at
a much broader level. Such interaction promotes such great self-expression and actualization that
it produces a powerful emotional environment, together with the sense that the brand is of great
value (Freidin, 2015). Innovations used in e-commerce include user experiences that make a
person feel like an equal partner in the system of purchasing. As a consequence, e-commerce
innovations can be customized to the context of each person.
• Information density is the maximum volume and quality of the service accessible
to all retail investors. Using e-commerce lowers the cost of collecting, sorting, and sharing
information. Internet technology lowers the cost of data and improves knowledge reliability,
allowing competition in the market (Pearson, 2019). At the same period, reliability and
promptness are increasing; therefore, data is reliable, affordable and abundant.
• Personalization is the rise in information density which enables retailers to aim
their targeted advertising to particular people, resulting in an unprecedented degree of
customization and flexibility with preexisting business innovations. It is accomplished by
tailoring a process interaction based on the previous experiences of a customer (Davis, 2018).
Technologies within e-commerce require the receiving of advertising communications groups or
people to be tailored or optimized. Businesses may focus these advertisements on a consumer's
individual traits.
• Social technology offers a framework of media and communications. Users
around the world can produce information that is accessed by thousands of other users. It has
become quite easy for businesses to meet their users through such platforms as a huge population
utilizes one or another social media site (Manohar Singh & Singh, 2018). Social media sites are
using e-commerce technology to allow users, the public at large, to exchange information with
the web around the world. When an organization has a professional networking media profile, it
is important for a representative of the same social network to connect with the business or a
brand by stating that he enjoys it or supports it. In order to support a good or service, customers
with profiles can exchange personal and business data.

Importance of E-commerce
Electronic retail or e-commerce been around the world since the mid-1990s, which
roughly means company selling through the Internet. Until the last few years, though, e-
commerce is attracting growing interest from both local and international businessmen and
customers. One of the major reasons for this is the extremely successful Internet operations of a
very well-known names like eBay, Yahoo and Dell (Ma’aruf & Abdulkadir, 2012). Without a
hesitation, the revenue shown by these businesses in their annual reports is among the main
factors why e-commerce is important in the current's market. Due to the fact that time is nature,
e-commerce has proven its significance. Time plays a key role for industry and customers in the
financial markets. With less hours spent at each payment, more payment can be accomplished
the same day from the business point of view. As for the customer, during their payment they
would save more time. Because of this, e-commerce moves in and substituted the conventional
trade method in which a financial transaction can cost of precious time for both parties. Only
with a couple page views in minutes, it is easy to place or finish a purchase or an order through
the internet. From the business perspective, e-commerce is far more price-effective than
traditional methods of trading. This is because the cost of selling their goods can be reduced and
redirected to another part of their market via e-commerce. Understanding how the intended
audience is acting and perceiving your goods and services is important. E-Commerce offers real-
time analysis of your goods and clients, everything they have throughout their basket, which
brand they want the most (Magenticians, 2017). E-commerce advertising can achieve better cost-
to-customer ratio, as putting online advertising is comparatively much costlier than placing up a
sign on the roadside or filming a TV commercial. With e-commerce, compared to traditional
trading system, the overall fixed costs needed to run the company are lower. Connectivity plays a
key role in evaluating the company overall. Further customers can get in contact with the
industry of the firm and thus through the location constraints. The performance of e-commerce
as an innovator in the world market context has reopened different doors of possibilities for a
multitude of other investors. A number of foreign markets have arisen through e-commerce as a
kind of consequence of this trend, offering the retail economy a lift.
Barriers in E-commerce
To order to better understand the dynamics and factors of e-commerce growth from both
B2B and B2C perspectives, several studies have been conducted internationally. In both
information technology and market trends, e-commerce use has been examined. In early
ecommerce acceptance studies in developed countries, it found that purchase problems such as
lack of savings card protection, sellers not completely defined, and a shortage of payment
options are by far the most issues for buyers (Almousa, 2013). Furthermore, fear of online
transactions has been recognized as the most important obstacles preventing online apps from
being online buyers. Sacha Consulting Group identified several obstacles that could impact
Saudi Arabia's expansion of e-commerce (Almousa, 2013). The obstacles involve preference for
face-to-face business dealings, using the Web just to access information not as a home shopping
network, limited payment process choices, vocabulary and shift resistance, dread of risk-taking,
weak performance of customer support and then after-sale assistance, personal privacy, and
postal service. Tech market research firm Juniper Research projects that could hit $48 billion by
2023 due to online transaction fraud expenses. The actual figure of $22 billion in 2018 is more
nearly double what it (Chua, 2019). Several business practices in developing nations have arisen
which address obstacles to e-commerce. Yet the developing world has earned relatively less
coverage to e-commerce newspapers. In contrast, in the developing world, objective evidence

stutters behind conceptual growth. Work has been asked for on the e-commerce policy in
developing countries. Studies have suggested that a poor internet expansion in developing
nations has resulted in a poor IT value calculated by efficiency and profitability (Kshetri, 2007).
Obstacles in tiny developing nations correlated with the absence of cost savings are widely
acknowledged. Explosive growth in US e-commerce can be due to infrastructure and convenient
physical gold network accessibility. Those networks are less popular in developing countries.
Apparently, in the developing countries, there is much to know about e-commerce. There are
therefore a number of possibilities for future research.
Chapter 2- Literature Review
Importance of Green Marketing
Customers of today have become increasingly aware of the world and are becoming
environmentally responsible as well. Population growth and depletion of resources and food also
culminated in a significant trend, namely the massive-scale use of agricultural materials or
naturally occurring substances which shorten plant and animal maturation times (University of
Iasi, 2019). Therefore, many companies are notorious for the desires of customers of goods that
are less harmful to the environment or negative (Publishing, 2019.). Many businesses would like
an early-mover advantage as we ultimately need to relocate to green. Most of the benefits of
green advertising are that it guarantees long-term growth and productivity. In the future, it saves
a lot of money, initially thinking that the price is much more. Environmental marketing
campaigns should be straightforward; in order to make a brand recognizable to the consumers,
the business should concentrate on its marketing activities like ads and partially on
environmental sustainability in order to capture loyal buyers (Jeevandas, Nair & Vivek, 2019). This
helps businesses sell their products and services with regards to environmental implications. And
it also allows to obtain new opportunities so took advantage of the strategic advantage. Many
workers are also happy and committed to work for an environmentally sustainable business.
Environmental advertising is the new phenomenon that is being embraced worldwide. To try and
preserve the natural landscape and scarce resources of the earth, both retailers and customers
increasingly rely on environmental goods and services. When environmental advertising is
becoming a key tool of profitable business strategies, corporations are implementing green
business practices to achieve a better operational efficiency (Papadas, Avlonitis & Carrigan, 2017).
Green initiatives include partnering with environmentally friendly retail partners to recognize
incentives for elimination and recycle and to enable end-customers to purchase recycled
materials.
E-commerce and Information Technology
IT is a mixture of two words: information and technology. Information is regarded as an
institution's nervous system. IT has the strength to establish the sector and change the way
business operates. The main barrier to the need for IT is the enormous expense of creating an
online infrastructure and delivering tools. In order to accomplish general welfare, its use plays a
major role in exchange and domestic economic growth (Yadiati, 2019). It is a valuable
commodity that as many important assets should be arranged, safeguarded, maintained and
regulated. The word technology also refers to the way or experience of doing stuff, knowing
things and software creation. Information technology has advanced in the hands of machines to
handle the useful information. The modern technology combined with an opportunity to
experiment has developed a constant influx of imagination on the world that cuts time and
distance. The term IT has several different meanings in the same manner because it has a broad-
spread reach and importance. It deals with facets of information systems and storage, especially
in a large organization. Information technology is a hardware and software system that uses
electric, mechanical and electromagnetic power to collect, manage, transfer, preserve and
interpret information. In today's market, in which the key factors are the digital computer and the
Internet, information technology has made a big impression.
Figure 11: Features of Information Technology
Figure 10: Features of IT
The main features and strengths of the IT are as follows
 The advancement of information technology has streamlined, encouraged and
pervasive the system of education.
 It has boosted economic growth and remote area advancement.
 It has increased the economic growth with terms of e-commerce.

E-commerce is evolving as a modern approach to support businesses succeed in the
marketplace and thereby lead to economic success. It is Web advertising and commercialization
that has brought e-commerce at the forefront of the cultural, financial, legal and economic
landscape. The significant technical developments in technological innovation and information
and communications technology (ICT) in the MENA area are very complex based on different
rates of growth among countries. The field of IT is very massive in modern technologically
advanced atmosphere; those working in this field are computer hardware and software
developers, computer scientists, and experts maintaining huge computer systems and database
structures. E-commerce is the use of existing and evolving information technology systems for
business purposes (Gharegozi, Faraji & Heydari, 2011). It's not just about utilizing latest
technologies in e-commerce. It can also promote successful business partnerships and help you
handle and run your own business more efficiently. Retail and direct marketing are also
reinvented by the Internet. Web is a revolutionary technological progress that has already been
commonly used in nearly any industry in the world and powered by online markets. The web has
substantially changed the methodologies of wholesale, resulting in a transfer in the conduct of
manufacturing and construction. Buyers have a duty not to fear their security and privacy and
connect directly to other institutions. The rapid and coherent advancement of computerized
commerce should have given rise to a massive boost to more and more purchasers deciding to
compromise on electronic marketplaces. When companies tend to reach nearby towns, e-
commerce makes worldwide weekly shop at any time that could be achieved any day. We
concentrate on developing strategies and practices that increase employment, efficient and
expense-effective. They are very often unaware of their harmful impacts on the environment and
are not concerned about them. E-sales offers new outlets for businesses to communicate with
their customers and access new markets. Instead of maintaining the quality of supply chain
inputs, e-sales should conceivably improve the habits and methods of sales associations in
companies, thereby increasing their output. Organizations need to determine whether or not their
actions are essential for preserving the environment when they serve international customers or
expand the business as a whole. The entire basis for environmental protection is to balance
human needs and consequences with the built environment ability to develop and rebuild whilst
meeting society's rising needs. Customers can shop from retailers around the globe for a wide
range of products in their homes. In the MENA region, ICT and globalization will include:
different trends and their significance to the economy. Saudi Arabia is by far the biggest
information and communications technology (ICT) sector in the Middle East, with more than 27
million customers and a large number of multinational companies. Saudi Arabia is currently
working on a vital program of ICT projects that will render the State a leader in global
innovation. Several Saudi Arabia IT companies are displaying signs of rapid development,
powered by the dedicated participation of large multinational companies and the increasing
expertise and expectations of local small businesses. Customers can display these items on their
laptops and televisions, obtain brand data, and see how the goods will work together. In order to
facilitate and boost sales rapidly, we can use an online system in the form of E-Commerce by
looking at the rapid expansion of information technology. Developing the need for technology in
everyday life via electronic networks has addressed different aspects, including business
activities. There are three factors why companies have built IT, retail operations support,
organizational policy making support, and market advantage solutions support. IT affects the
process of producing marketing campaigns because IT offers executives with more knowledge
by using a decision-making tool. IT has the capacity to develop different aspects of the enterprise
and provide management with a lot more information. Executive information systems, for
example, influence the data flow within the business horizontally. Only companies acquainted
with ICT's feature and culture can therefore stay competitive in the advertising world.
Achievement in e-commerce in the digital world requires some marketing features. Increasing
public Internet connection has rendered E-Commerce very relevant and has earned it a new
reputation. Some of these shifts include the introduction and proliferation of new competitors
even out of the trading world, business growth and international competition, strong
normalization demand. Online networks are now connecting data islands using improved
communication software. Information technology develops from the partnership of two flexible
systems, namely machine and communications. With the advent of IT, many countries have
moved from paper-based trading to e-commerce as well as from paper-based democracy to e-
governance. The ‘dot com’ and ‘e’ - version companies have deputized the old brick-and-mortar
business industries. The creation of the Internet as a large public network with millions around
the world linked online has significantly boosted to buy and sell a new visual e-market. Three
main advantages that will lead to the economic stability of the organization and allow it to
compete effectively in the corporate world where computing technology is applied are great
customer service, improved relations with distributors and the financial sector and investment
returns in investors and owners will grow (Yadiati & Meiryani, 2019). In these few years, the
growth of smart phones & tablets encourages M-commerce to continue to expand. M-commerce
allows commercial events to be carried out far more conveniently, quickly, whenever and
wherever we can connect to the internet. M-commerce offers a lot of goods and services such as
mobile shopping, mobile banking and online browsing. To different businesses, that innovation
has its new business opportunities and hostile situation. New technological developments cause
changes in company trading systems. Competitiveness is really very strong and enduring
partnerships are focused in E-marketing through information technology.
Technology implementation isn't something that occurs in societies, this is a mechanism
which governments have to encourage and cultivate deliberately and aggressively, but for which
all cultural-economic prerequisites must be fulfilled if the potential advantages of technical
knowledge are to be successfully accomplished. Effort is needed to produce new systems. In the
scenario of infrastructure development, somebody must use funds which might have been
dedicated to anything to generate, optimize and placed a fruitful concept into exercise. The faster
the software can be embraced and implemented in an economy, the faster the intensity of
productivity growth will be. Typically, innovation affects the way manufacturing variables are
blended to generate production, impacting the growth system. The greater the difference between
a country's infrastructure, production and per capita emissions on the one side and the rate of
prosperity in the developed nations at the other, the stronger the capacity of a developing country
to adopt current technology and keep up with wealthy countries, as well as missing the internal
research and development stages. Hence, the real technology used is limited, mostly by the
existence of world technology, by the accessibility of current technology to a country, or
eventually by the decision made between available technologies (Hamed, 2009). The effective
addition of innovation into a domestic manufacturing system in any country means a national
scientific community able to understand, processing and embracing overseas technical expertise
under environmental conditions and, secondly, recognizing the ability and hazards for its own
findings when adhered to both the national economy. The significance of the various factors that
contribute to change, and the rate of advancement itself, can differ from country to country based
on its development stage as well as a system of economic and social powers. Advanced
economies just don't have a highly skilled and active labor force, entrepreneurial producers, a
huge number of sensitive businessmen, a favorable business climate. Thus, businesses in third
world countries need to consider introducing one or both of the options to acquire technology
that can produce a higher degree of Total Factor Productivity. Countries at different scales of
technological learning are using the same equipment at widely differing productivity levels. At a
cost, technological wisdom is obtained and is often unfinished. Technology training and
development does not benefit directly from ordering, processing, distributing and using, but
involves effective review to assess existing practices for potential changes.
Politicians, businesses and community as a whole now commonly acknowledge that ICT
is at the center of an economic transition that affects all countries. In build a modern financial
and cultural landscape, ICT and globalization have combined. The blend of fast global
development and weak unemployment was associated with the emergence of modern ICT.
According in the G-8 2000 study, ICT is rapidly increasing a crucial development engine for the
global economy (Hamed, 2009). Developments in ICT have done more than anyone else to pass
the economic expansion during the last century and business convergence across the world. The
money that is spent on electronic system to support these rapidly growing new online server’s
facilities to fiber-optic channels is becoming a major platform of economic development. The
meaningful contribution of ICT to productivity is now increasingly agreed. Through introducing
ICT companies, it becomes more profitable, obtain new industries and build new job
opportunities. Many developing nations face restrictions on their economies ' growth, primarily
due to low levels of income, low education rates, shortage of payment services capable of
supporting transactions, and cultural opposition to online commerce. Developing countries have
to consider the cost of infrastructure building for information technology. Besides maintaining a
well-regulated communications industry, initiatives must also be designed to ensure a suitable
business climate for foreign service suppliers. For ICT development to be completely effective,
system external costs must be used. It needs a sufficient number of individuals and entities to
invest that money and link to the network. Many scientists were worried with the prospect of
developing nations capturing up and getting innovative solutions for fast development with the
establishment of ICT. Some of the main issues about the introduction of IT in these nations are
the failure to spend in IT caused by poor financial systems and insufficient human capacity with
IT expertise.
E-commerce Trends
For the world's economy, e-commerce has always been a game changer. E-Commerce is
becoming a key factor in unattainable geographies to develop new industries. Today, mobile
phones and internet penetration accelerate market revolution. Due to the fast and cost effective
way of sharing products and services both locally and internationally, e-commerce has steadily
shifted its prominence from the last few decades. E-Commerce today is the foundation of our
society and is becoming part of our national life. Throughout the year 2013-14, the overall value
of e-commerce purchases in India has reached Rs.5.9 billion, as reported by India's Online
Association (Mukherjee & Michael, 2016). More than 40 percent of the world currently use the
internet and make use of the e-commerce services in daily life (Mukherjee & Michael, 2016). A
growing number of people are switching to online shopping with the growing popularity of E-
Commerce shops. There are a variety of factors that can explain the spike in online shopping.
Perhaps one of its major ones seems to be the level of trust offered to online shoppers. Further
customer-friendly sites are created. There is no wonder with all the convenience that is offered
that the development in online sales is exponential. Environmental consumer culture is on the
increase and measures must be taken by retailers. Half of online customers claim their buying
decisions were influenced by environmental issues. Firms in E-Commerce should aim for even
more sustainability. Citizens are becoming more environmentally responsible than it has ever
been, as well as for the correct reasons. Growth in E-Commerce was largely driven by increased
mobile consumption. People are not just shopping online; they are also using their mobile phones
to navigate or study before they make up their minds about buying. E-Commerce companies take
advantage of customization incentives during the entire shopping ride. AI assistants may perform
a variety of usually human-assigned tasks, such as resource management or investigations
handling. Such automated assistants perform different roles, making room for you to concentrate
on other business management aspects. Voice shopping between Internet users is rising. Voice
shopping is a non-visual experience, meaning consumers are required to pick their products by
giving a conversational characterization about what they are looking for. It diminishes the value
of a product's search before it is finally picked. Increasing interest in voice shopping means that
companies will need to take note as well as provide consumers with the convenience they are
searching for when purchasing products. When companies engage in developing fields such as
customer support where AI could be important to study consumer responses to the good or
service bought, AI's position would become greater in the near future. It will play a significant
role in determining how stores can enhance customer satisfaction. To order to maximize profits,
companies need to participate in this development in E-Commerce. E-commerce is based on the
information that has many of the same properties that are essential to all retail sectors; it is
abstract, highly processed and needs usage at for around the same time as its output. In order to
boost their likelihood of success, firms today need to think about complicated integrated
structures that communicate progressively based on systemically established rules and regional
competitive signals. The social media now allows users to pick the items as per their interest.
Social media could be used as a tool to provide consumers with product details. Social media's
role in speeding up an E-Commerce company's revenue is very important. The purchasing of
products using mobile phones and the payments carried out via mobile phones has now expanded
significantly over the past few days (Menaka & Seethal, 2018). Online shopping trends are
becoming more creative and imaginative, and incorporating trend-setting features to your e-
commerce website has now become a key component for development in e-commerce.
Trends of E-commerce in MENA Region
The MENA field will become the next big e-commerce growing industry. In fact, the
Gulf sector is now being promoted as the field that has been projected to increase rapidly over
the next few years. The e-commerce business in the Middle East will increase to US$ 69 billion
through 2020, nearly increasing in size for just a few years (Kaushal, 2019). According to
Statista, revenue growth in the Middle east and north Africa over the next four years would
indeed be 11% CAGR (Kaushal, 2019). There is certainly the opportunity for e-commerce
throughout the Middle East. While the area enjoys a higher per capita income, the Middle East,
and particularly the Gulf region, advantage of high purchasing capacity. The reality that internet
penetration and the development of social networks are still some of the world's best indicates
that perhaps the Middle East is primed for internet business. This is one side of the story. The
hand is in favor of online trade controls. It is quite easy for the state and its people to go online to
get different things accomplished. One of the biggest problems in the Middle East whenever it
relates to e-commerce is the scarcity of postal codes that can inhibit the fulfillment of the last
mile. It is practically impossible in certain cities in the state to use GPS software for artificial
intelligence or robotics because there is no domestic shipment mailing service (Kadam, 2018). For
several e-commerce and transportation companies, the major hurdle to overcome is to reduce the
amount of time and price of online purchases. Digital payment is yet another field under which,
particularly in comparison to developed countries, the area stutters behind. Apart from the UAE,
internet and mobile transactions have yet to be widely accepted by other middle east countries.
Shipping money is already a keytransaction form in the area, rising in operating costs for e-
commerce games. It is therefore essential in the region to have a reliable, safe and mobile-
friendly online booking forum. MENA should also pursue cross-channel communication
approaches with robust social networking tactics. The Middle East business will also represent
similar systems developments as other economies around the world, including growing need for
machine learning, robotics, quicker delivery method and mobile banking. With the growth of the
area's technology companies, the internet of things, and consequently the internet financial
system would see a substantial increase throughout the Middle East.
United Arab Emirates
Citizens in the United Arab Emirates are mostly on the spending the cash category,
however when they make online transactions they search for amazing deals as much as they can.
Gadgets and wearables, variety of personal grooming and beauty, perfumes and make-ups,
fashionable clothes, delicious food, luxury vehicles, and so forth are among the products mostly
used by UAE people. The best part for entrepreneurs in e-commerce seems to be that UAE offers
a free environment to promote ever more spending by companies. It was found that perhaps the
famous multivendor e-commerce websites follow this simple guideline to thrive in the UAE
market although it is not complete. Almost all of the multivendor e-commerce businessmen,
researching trends for a long period, have built their company arrangements across a specific
market and offered their maximum in this so they can be irreplaceable or difficult to demolish.
North America
North America is very well established. Throughout the continent, digital technology is
well ingrained. Online shopping is becoming a person's daily practice. The average online
shopper in North America currently pays 1,680 USD / year online, and this number will rise by
2021, according to an eshopworld.com survey (Barua, 2019). E-Commerce Trends and
Opportunities in the Middle East and North America have significant potential for e-commerce.
Green E-commerce
By its definition, e-commerce requires a lot of packaging and delivery, and e-commerce
businesses are not always able to manage how their items are sent. Nevertheless, there are ways
of making these systems more effective, and the benefits may be worth the time and effort.
Ultimately, the e-commerce system is supposed to become even more eco-friendly, although the
nature of that change is impossible to predict. Expansion in e-commerce has resulted in a
massive rise in packaging and its possible environmental effects. Among the many subtle ways
we all can make a big difference involves environmentally-friendly packaging. E-commerce
organizations must first evaluate their existing regulations and then begin to decide from which
they can continue to implement more green shipping materials. It wouldn't mean that being a
green e-commerce company would save you money over the long term. It also offers good for
your advertising, allowing you as a successful retailer to achieve a positive perception on the
market. This contributes to a progressively aware consumer group, 64% of whom consider the
reliability of the supply chain of a product and 55% of whom weigh the total environmental
footprint of an online store when determining either to make purchases (Ironmonger, 2018).
Biodegradable packaging is environmentally friendly and can be created by owners of companies

as an easy change. E-Commerce greening is much more than just merchandising, it is a
collection of measurable administrative benefits that will restore the business and our world.
How to Make E-Commerce Green?
Online companies may recognize their impact on climate change to be negligible,
however there are actually lots of contexts they could be extremely destructive to the
environment. Consciousness of the environment has soon become a recent trend in e-commerce.
For a certain time today, online stores have really been functioning on subjects such as ecology
and preservation, that will have a solid effect on the future and to which customers are extremely
demanding. The recent study in National Academy of Sciences ' Proceedings reveals that
Internet-based firms have all the potential to cut the carbon emissions for their goods by making
ecologically friendly options to consumers (Harvey, 2016). ' Reduce, reuse and recycle ' is
indeed the slogan at the core of the greenest technologies and seems to be, in general, very easy
to comprehend for small firms. You can decrease the amount of pollution the company creates
with a little initiative, recycle it wherever necessary, and boost conservation activities to decrease
the pollution you submit to wasteland. Organize environmentally friendly transporting of your
goods and start taking on the processing and recycling of goods and containers. Allocate an
appropriate delivery company promising a climate-neutral delivery of your products. Lower
power use is the main key element to become a greener company. A good place to start is some
practical steps like turning off lights, machines and not leaving things constantly plugged in. If
the environmental impacts are not sufficient to inspire you to improve your business methods, it
could also save cash and cater towards an increasing number of customers. Online retailers who
are still actively incorporating specific elements of conservation through their approach will
separate themselves from the market and hang on to all the next movers, tells Boris Hedde, IFH
Köln's Managing Director (Giersemehl, 2017). A successful online shop needs a well-thought-
out, proof-based strategy; a committed management group of experienced members in your
framework; and a sufficient expenditure to meet your development objectives. To order to
increase their competitive edge, businesses must implement sustainable business strategies to
maximize monetary value of their goods and increasing potential risk of their commodities to
terms of environmental impact. Organizations have five incentives to implement green e-
commerce: (1) using renewable options; (2) improve brand images; (3) increase consumer value;
(4) increase growth opportunities; and (5) align with ecological patterns (Chen & Chang, 2012).
The quantitative measurements suggest that the expected environmental interest is negatively
related for both green interest and green purchasing desires. Future studies may follow a similar
study to identify variations in green value, green potential risk, green confidence, and green e-
commerce preferences at various phases.
E-commerce and Global Warming
Global Warming is a term referring to the climate impact of human activity. Burning
fossil fuels and large-scale deforestation causes massive quantities of greenhouse gas emissions,
its most direct impact is carbon dioxide emissions on global warming. CO would lead to human-
caused global warming with theoretical serious temperature rises on Earth, with devastating
consequences for the climate. The larger Middle East and North Africa area (MENA) is
vulnerable to some more extreme effects of global warming, including devastating heat waves,
severe drought and sea level rise. The MENA area is a region in which we have a high level of
trust in several of the consequences of climate change, fairly extreme heat and drought. Such
facets of climate change can therefore reflect the region's most critical challenges. Climate
change has indeed begun to affect trends of energy consumption in most MENA countries. E-
commerce greatly enhances the economy's energy consumption. Digital markets result in
increased transactions between distributors and consumers not close to each other. This may
result in an increase or decrease in green-house gas emissions, based on transportation types and
length. E-commerce puts stronger overheads and prompt times under pressure. Pressure on the
existing manufacturing capacity renders it important for MENA countries to explore all options
such as improving energy consumption, moving away from the traditional hierarchical energy
generation systems, and encouraging more corporate sector players to compete in energy
generation to reduce supply shortages. This may move the regulated production options, and
development may more concisely follow the variation of requirements, thus reducing excess
supply. Retail also has played an important role and consumed its influence in the continued
existence of climate change (Howland, Salpini, Vembar & Jansen, 2019). Effective and more
transparent collaboration will allow companies to set better transport fill rates, making delivery
more effective and reducing shipping Green House Gases emissions.
E-commerce and People’s Health
The development of network technology and requirements has also been driven by e-
commerce. Wireless software is also commonly used in intranet and internet today. It subjected
the consumer to harmful radiation from electromagnetics. These radiations could even trigger
cancer-like diseases. Non-ionizing radiation causes detrimental effects on human health and, in
general, can cause cancer. The network facilities were primarily designed with regulatory
requirements in consideration, but television, data communications and radar have continued to
create an unwanted visual effect on the environment, impacting the city's landscape, and have
caused significant concern for public bodies and society at large (Rojas, 2019). The first thing
that comes up when thinking about waste is the factories that spill sewage into the rivers, and
cars that discharge smoking into the atmosphere or pesticides that affect the quality of food
products. One should not neglect the potential of the value of Network facilities quality control
and surveillance of established base stations ensures threat reduction for the community and the
public.
Healthcare Industry
E-commerce has change the way people search for medical goods and how they wind up
in the consumer's pockets. Instead of going to visit physical retail locations personally, many
customers rely on the internet to perform routine prescription operations. Companies such as
Capsule are using a marketing strategy that overlays fast delivery to the doors of clients and a
service that allows physicians to order privately through Capsule (Rojas, 2019). When
technology progresses, suppliers of health care who exploit e-commerce have an ability to
significantly improve the quality of consumers through access to healthcare. Due to the higher
use of the Internet by patients to obtain services and medical services, healthcare providers are
deeply concerned about the quality of their web presence. Making websites available to
prospective patients is indeed essential for health care providers. One of the most fundamental
aspects of the website approach is mobile-friendly web design. E-commerce offers clinics,
hospitals and physician departments the opportunity to modernize their transactions of medical
supplies. E-commerce is changing the healthcare environment, and recognizing the consequences
of this transition is critical to healthcare providers. E-commerce in healthcare is an undoubtedly
powerful force, as in any modern technology, but one that needs to be nurtured through thorough
and creative thinking. B2B e-commerce healthcare entails payments and information exchange
between manufacturers, pharmacies, insurance providers, federal and provincial authorities, and
doctor's offices. E-commerce will require the healthcare provider to push the customer's health
insurance plan registration card onto the dialup device, input the appropriate data and collect
instant compensation for both the donation of the company to the service. B2C healthcare e-
commerce is a digital retail market intended to provide medical products to healthcare
consumers. B2C e-commerce's main objective was to either reduce potential cost of care by
properly informing customers or to generate income from product purchases.
Sustainable E-commerce
In meeting international markets and expanding industry as a whole, businesses need to
weigh whether or not their decisions are responsible in order to safeguard the environment. A
fundamental basis for sustainability is that needs of people and effects are matched with the
capacity of the environment to grow and regenerate while fulfilling the development needs of the
community. In view of the rapid and persistent advancement of e-commerce and the exposure it
provides to customers and community overall, businesses are working and making improvements
in the field of sustainable development and the monitoring of sustainable legislation are
becoming increasingly valuable as more attention is being paid. Previously perceived as a costly
practice, an increasing number of companies are adopting sustainability as a tactic that generates
price reductions and satisfies consumer needs. This aspect can have a detrimental impact on the
progress of integrating e-commerce and parameters of development (Berglund & Svanteson,
2018). This is because of the issue of different countries international conventions on
sustainability, that businesses should adjust to all of them in order to sell their goods globally.
There are significant benefits that can be achieved by functioning properly to enhance the
profitability of a business. It is considered an important factor in optimizing the efficiency of an
organization, stimulating competitive growth, growing comparative advantage and helping to
bring sustainable practices to society. Companies developing to meet e-commerce requirement

need to re-evaluate existing supply chains designed to promote in-store delivery. E-commerce
brings new problems, including a rise in retail shipments and the issues involved with customer
returns. The cultural shift to e-commerce has introduced new standards of instant customer
satisfaction and, when companies try to meet such requirements, has intensified environmental
consequences. The technology aspect of e-commerce is becoming increasingly important.
Sustainable development was on many countries ' goals, aimed at achieving economic
development and social progress without damaging the climate. The General Assembly of the
United Nations has contributed to leveraging the capacity of ICTs to promote the 2030
Sustainable Development Agenda and accomplish other internationally accepted strategic goals
(World Trade Organization, 2017). E-commerce may promote meaningful things, the
development of decent jobs, entrepreneurship, technological innovation. E-commerce may help
companies to resolve obstacles to their growth, particularly small and medium-sized companies.
Digitalization will encourage small companies to participate in peer-to-peer cooperation and
develop through alternative sources of funding. There are multiple ways for customers to profit
from e-commerce, both financial and non-monetary.
E-commerce and Environmental Sustainability
Research were performed in the area of e-commerce-related transportation; pollution,
combustion and pollutants, where both positive and negative results are observed. Firstly, it can
be said that the amount of deliveries and transportations has been raised in line with both the
development of online purchases, especially in the van traffic (Berglund & Svanteson, 2018).
This need not always be pessimistic, however. Research have also shown that online shopping
system has lowered the quantity of individual company trips and therefore their pollution as a
consequence of online orders, which is an optimistic and important aspect to consider. The
negative effects are related to wasteful shipments that may happen when a person, for instance,
orders various items from multiple channels, which are then sent off to the same place with
specific deliveries. This provides an unwanted increase in the number of transports that can
worsen further if the customer wants to return the products to the business as well. This is also
aligned with the global scope of e-commerce, as customers are now able to order whatever they
want from almost everywhere, routes and the amount of transshipments has risen and therefore
greenhouse gas emissions have grown. When traffic rises, pollution and transit inside
communities often affect the overall ecological aspect, resulting in less populous cities. The last
miles of supply are therefore a cost-driven industry which hinders the creation of more effective
solutions for delivery. Several e-commerce businesses have adopted these environmental policies
to boost their company in this field. Due to the individual orders, the items cannot be packed
together and thus needs one individual package, which increases the amount and types of
packages used. It creates an unnecessary increase in the number of transports that may also
deteriorate if the consumer then wants to return the goods to the company. This is also associated
with the international e-commerce context, as consumers are now able to order from virtually
anywhere whatever they want, routes and transshipment levels have grown and greenhouse gas
emissions have therefore decreased.
E-commerce and Economic Sustainability
The financial element as a means of saving money and building sustainability and
maintaining long-term economic structures. Many firms focus on short-term profit to implore
investors while also focusing on a long-term economic point of view from a sustainable
perspective. Economic stability can be said to be generated by customer service and a
competitive world market without barriers to trade and the optimal use of resources and systems.
The economic gains and incentives of e-commerce are compelling and persuasive to possibly all
enterprises as it seeks to reduce costs and increase profitability contributing to increases in
operating efficiency and development, promoting the creation of new forms of conducting
business. There is a very dynamic environment owing to the accessibility of digital marketplaces,
so most e-commerce firms experience temporary setbacks or reduced performance of the
company as they compete in the online world (Berglund & Svanteson, 2018). The competition is
better due to many players that are available online. The difficulty level for startups joining the
digital sector becomes even greater after given the fact that most customers buy products from
labels they are acquainted with, while it could be said that creating and retaining customer
loyalty is essential to e-commerce firms. E-commerce as a whole has seen promising results in
terms of economic factors at three levels; for businesses, industries and countries Due to the
current increase in value added to production which e-commerce has allowed, this will
eventually lead to economic development, productivity growth rise, increased competitiveness
and a positive impact on consumer welfare.
E-commerce and Social Sustainability
Today's information and communication technologies (ICTs) has allowed better global
connectivity and technology transfer for enterprises, allowing increased e-commerce market
reach as it offers greater exposure to fragmented customers around the world. An illustration of
these technological advancements that were available by e-commerce are the services created in
rural villages in China, which makes it possible for peasants to sell their products to customers
from both within and outside the regional borders (Berglund & Svanteson, 2018). It was not true
until the e-commerce period and has positively impacted these rural villages and their residents '
wages, thereby leading to local economic growth, resulting in poverty reduction. The global
reach of sophisticated technology not only encourages customers through the globalization of
services and products, but also provides a bridge and convergence among advanced economies
across the world, making significant changes in the social aspect of biodiversity. At the same
period, this has exacerbated the wealth disparity between the wealthiest and the wealthiest of
countries or economies as a whole, since some use more money than many others, although it
impacts all. One part to this is that although e-commerce is widening the demand for citizens in
both countries, there are many concerns about whether e-commerce practices contribute to job
losses or work displacement.
Global E-commerce
Global E-commerce is an incontrovertible growth opportunity. Throughout developing
markets, expanded population density and use of mobile devices build the fastest growing era
ever seen by e-commerce. In these nations, e-commerce markets are perfect to grow, along with
continuously improving shipping lanes and freshly emerging financing options.
Figure 12: Global E-Commerce Increase
Total Percentage
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Total Percentage
Figure 11: Bielefeldt, B. (2019). Global Commerce | What Is International E-Commerce |
Global Expansion. Retrieved 10 November 2019, from https://www.flow.io/international-e-
commerce/
Retailers now face their biggest chance of spreading internationally in business history,
particularly as the rise of these insurance markets closely coincides with lucrative prospects in
cross-border e-commerce itself. Global e-commerce is the practice of providing a service to
consumers in foreign nations through an e-commerce website. As the abundance of modern
technologies expands global internet access, every business may sell online, making political e-
commerce simpler than ever for both smart investment and retail businesses. E-commerce may
also act as a proving ground for established stores to decide whether modern, markets will be
competitive until a physical store is built there. Although e-commerce practitioners are inclined
to plan to grow into a community with a different culture, less effort will be needed. Revenue
growth doesn't really need a new hit points, but participation from those you have already
including people and finances. In terms of human capital, a diverse range of expertise are
required to carry out sales and activities at a global level. In 2018, the United States is the world's
leading one e-commerce region. This is mainly due to a global ranking in America – alone this
year, there is tremendous logistical technology and limited supply in cross-border merchants for
e-commerce industry sales of $504.58 billion (eshop, 2018). China is a popular option for
premium brands as the world's second largest e-commerce sector, but it should be remembered
that the simplicity of doing trade in the area can be found to be somewhat difficult. UK online
shoppers have strong international product demands and want quick delivery and a robust full
refund scheme. We all enjoy app shopping, and companies contemplating spreading to the UK
need a regional, interactive website that provides a smooth buying experience. To foreign brands,
the Japanese e-commerce business is a good opportunity. Japanese consumers are ready to pay
good quality consumer rates, and their passion of top-end brands has contributed to a mass
consumer market developing. Germany is one of the world's most established e-commerce
economies, home to 63.9 million buyers, one of the first to accept e-commerce (eshop, 2018).
There are lot of reasons why Germany rates so high for procurement: it is a trans-European
center sharing a border with nine neighboring countries, it is called Europe's portal due to its
desirable position, and it has one of the world's leading transportation infrastructure.
Figure 13: E-Commerce Global Sales
Sales in Billion US $ Dollar

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Sales in Billion US $ Dollar
Figure 12: statista. (2019). Global retail e-commerce market size 2014-2023 | Statista.
Retrieved 10 November 2019, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/379046/worldwide-retail-
e-commerce-sales/
This distance between digital and in-store is projected to expand in the coming years as
customers are becoming more familiar with the convenience and flexibility provided by
smartphones and tablets.
Chapter 3 - Methodology
Research Model
The research model implemented shows the connection or correlational effect of three
independent variables associated to developments in e-commerce. This would include regional
and international trends, green management trends, and sustainable development trends in e-
commerce's evolving and long term elements. The cohesion and reasoning of the design process
will be discussed including an extensive-depth explanation of the methodology used to address

the intent and the issues of the analysis. The main feature of qualitative research is that it is often
suited for small sample sizes, whereas its effects cannot be calculated and quantified. The results
indicate that website reliability, mutuality and selflessness have a strong correlation with brand
trust generating behavior (Hou, Chen & Yang, 2016). The fundamental benefit, that is also the
fundamental difference to qualitative research, being that it includes a detailed definition and
evaluation of the research topic without expanding the scope of a research and the essence of the
answers of the respondents. Nevertheless, the validity of research design is largely based on
investigators ' knowledge and skills, whereas the findings might not be regarded as accurate, as
they mostly come from either the subjective opinions and expectations of the author.
Research Approach
The first theoretical decision to be taken when planning a research study is whether the
experiment is of an observational, causal or concise type. A review of science will either check
current theories or create new theories. If the study assumes a strong logical view that will be
checked by data collection, the analysis will be scientifically motivated and will therefore have a
deductive approach to the subject. On the other hand, if the research seeks to examine a selected
topic and wants to build a conceptual model with statistical analyses, the data will push the study
and therefore have a deductive strategy. It may be reasonable and helpful to use the case study
approach when performing a scientific research as a case study method helps the investigator to
analyze, but still holds the whole and relevant in real events, e.g. company and leadership
structures, international relationships and development and progress within a specified sector.
Chapter 4 - Data collection and Analysis Procedure
With the e-commerce revolution, professionals and analysts are rapidly creating
advertising and tactical perspectives by using the Web as an active new instrument for the well-
established ways of research design. Information obtained in industrial cyber space typically
include different properties from many other primary or secondary data types (Dholakia & Zhang,
2004). The field of online qualitative research in e-commerce settings is very new and on a fast-
evolutionary trajectory. It would therefore be presumptuous of us to offer a comprehensive
roadmap for qualitative research methods suitable for all types of data in e-commerce settings.
As noted above, information will be collected by published journal articles, e-books and
appropriate internet sources. The collection of data will include the proposal which will be
followed respectively by discussion on the latest trends related to the topic. The conclusions will
disagree about the outcomes of various articles and discussions. The data analysis of this report
was done on the unique features of e-commerce that brought advancement in e-commerce trends
on global basis. This paper has this feature of trends in green e-commerce which makes it
sustainable for the environment. The investigator of this research will recommend responses
based on the sample, which would answer each research question that is identified at the start of
the study systematically.
Impact of E-commerce
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Global Regional Green Management Sustainable Development
Impact of E-commerce
Chapter 5 - Recommendations
Nearly any E-Commerce website provides a way to display related items for online
sellers. Upselling is the process of convincing a consumer to buy a product similar to the one
they are searching at, but with both a better sales price or a larger sales profit. Cross-selling is the
practice of motivating consumers to buy additional items while buying or suggesting what they
intend to buy. Recommenders programs are actually being used instead of the as marketing tools
for online salespeople. Moving outside typical frameworks, they provide themselves with a vast
array of opportunities. Deals, partnerships coordination, delivery and the use of user-level
information pose significant obstacles to market control and the academic community in
activities (Boyd & Bilegan, 2003). Online sellers may enhance upselling and cross-selling with no
software changes. It only takes a bit of work. Locally, the recommendation program makes the
right decision, but it is not able to provide the sort of reviews needed by marketers, nor is it able
to accept data from business professionals on global priorities (Schafer, Konstan & Riedl, 2001).
Live chat allows users to ask the questions or raise concerns just like they are in the process of
creating a purchase decision, eventually increasing exchange rates or optimizing the businesses '
consumer buying experience. Different studies and, also, rationality suggest that customers
prefer not to pay for shipping. Indeed, more than half of an online purchases shipped during the
upcoming holiday season will probably include free shipping. Scientists and professionals
shouldn't let oneself be bogged down by the new economy's optimism, contributing to the
assumption that this modern and quickly changing world demands completely new IS
performance steps (DeLone & McLean, 2004). Selection of performance measurements and metrics
for e-commerce will rely on the aims and scope of the probabilistic reasoning, but wherever
feasible, tested and proven indicators must be used. Entirely new and unknown tests can also be
used as last recourse. In fact, given the conceptual and conditional complexity of e-commerce
performance, an effort should also be made to substantially decrease the number of various
measures used only to define success in order to evaluate key findings and verify findings. For
many online retailers, the high price of bringing in new consumers on the Web and the low
challenge of maintaining them render customer satisfaction an important resource (Gefen, 2002).
Customer loyalty is mainly the result of better service performance and the confidence that these
service implies in the non-Internet environment. Supported technologies cover a range of
business needs of e-commerce. Tourism have shown how e-commerce will shift a company's
architecture and build new revenue streams in the meantime (Werthner & Ricci, 2004). The
introduction of more specific services, scalable network architectures and further convergence of
customers would result in smarter online markets incorporating all participants. We empower
businesses to conduct mass manufacturing by providing a personalized environment along a
selection of generic items and enabling the integration of consumer modules into personalized
goods. Since companies rely on long-term brand loyalty, they require incentives to help them
attract consumers. For e-commerce, the place benefit is disappeared, and corporations need to
rely more on technology strengths (Schafer, Konstan & Riedl, 2001). Even the biggest companies
can make mistakes on their e-commerce pages and it can make a significant difference to take
only a couple minutes to re-read the page. It may also be necessary to try to go from other pages
or search engines to your site to make sure buyers see what you're anticipating. Inculcating such
improvements will flourish your business on a large scale.
Conclusion
The goal of this research paper is to characterize the current and potential e-commerce
patterns through the analysis of global trends through green e-commerce and sustainable e-
commerce. This research emphasizes the importance of future trends and environmentally
friendly e-commerce deployment. E-commerce seems much more than a modern business
approach, it is a new revolution, and some argue the innovation must be retained. Nevertheless,
as e-commerce is increasing, there are still concerns about how e-commerce can be politically,
economically and socially sustainable. A few days now, E-Commerce plays an important role.
There has been a large rise in the number of customers use E-Commerce websites. The advent of
smart phones has also expanded the purchasing use of E-Commerce websites. E-Commerce
provides the consumers a broad number of benefits, along with strong customer compatibility,
time savings, and fast timely delivery, and offering shoppers discounts. Web and smart phones
have really transformed the way we buy. It is also evident that there will be a greater growth in
the number of people sharing E-Commerce platforms for their order. The results of the study
reveal that the financial aspect of sustainability takes precedence over the other aspects. In the
near future, the e-commerce sector would be a superpower in the world of digital trade. The
uprising in e-commerce has altered the exchange industry by providing new incentives and
effectively breaking boundaries. It has greatly affected the traditional retail model and it has
made it much easier to shift people's lives. Growth in E-Commerce was largely driven by
increased mobile consumption. People are not just shopping online; they are also using their
mobile phones to navigate or study before they make up their minds about buying. E-Commerce
companies take advantage of customization incentives during the entire shopping ride. AI
assistants may perform a variety of usually human-assigned tasks, such as resource management
or investigations handling. Such automated assistants perform different roles, making room for
you to concentrate on other business management aspects. While it provides advantages to
consumers and vendors, e-commerce poses corporate business obstacles for competition.
Developing nations encounter several challenges which, when competing with developed
nations, hinder the successful execution of e-commerce. When the price of the internet is
minimal, e-commerce can quickly thrive and render most traditional businesses go out of
existence. Portability is among the advantages e-commerce gives to the consumer and thus
improves consumer satisfaction. This is because the customer can make a purchase with internet
access from everywhere. By providing smooth delivery and many payment methods, e-
commerce business suppliers must rigidly adhere to each client and get more operations
available on the internet. M-commerce adaptation has risen for both emerging and developed
nations. E-Commerce websites have a lot of employee’s information and that ultimately makes
companies a threat. The most critical information component for intruders is buyer information.
Therefore, it is very important for the e-commerce platforms to ensure security. One of the main
reason is Compliance. Regulation is the cornerstone of your devotion. Your e-commerce
company is required to follow with certain requirements, or penalties may be imposed towards
you or otherwise your organization if you will not cooperate. The launch of the new innovation
has ushered the execution of m-commerce possibilities and obstacles. Knowing the technology's
effect on m-commerce growth is significant. This article focused on the expectations of the client
of the growth of m-commerce; it explored multiple factors which could affect the views of m-
commerce users on the creation of digital trading. It is evident that the Web is popular in the
Middle East, so there is still a significant gap in the successful use of certain Internet for industry
and trade. A massive e-commerce industry in the Gulf region is highly anticipated. In the Arab
world, many factors will lead to the growth of e-commerce. Web is a revolutionary technological
progress that has already been commonly used in nearly any industry in the world and powered
by online markets. The web has substantially changed the methodologies of wholesale, resulting
in a transfer in the conduct of manufacturing and construction. Buyers have a duty not to fear
their security and privacy and connect directly to other institutions. The rapid and coherent
advancement of computerized commerce should have given rise to a massive boost to more and
more purchasers deciding to compromise on electronic marketplaces. When companies tend to
reach nearby towns, e-commerce makes worldwide weekly shop at any time that could be
achieved any day. We concentrate on developing strategies and practices that increase
employment, efficient and expense-effective. They are very often unaware of their harmful
impacts on the environment and are not concerned about them. E-sales offers new outlets for
businesses to communicate with their customers and access new markets. Instead of maintaining
the quality of supply chain inputs, e-sales should conceivably improve the habits and methods of
sales associations in companies, thereby increasing their output. Organizations need to determine
whether or not their actions are essential for preserving the environment when they serve
international customers or expand the business as a whole. The entire basis for environmental
protection is to balance human needs and consequences with the built environment ability to
develop and rebuild whilst meeting society's rising needs. These may involve e-commerce
understanding, customer interest in online purchases, safety and security concerns, website
accessibility and functionality, e-commerce policy knowledge, approval of electronic payment
systems institutions, regulatory requirements and strategic advantage, and setting up an online
business model for Arab countries. It is also worth noting that all small businesses may not
benefit tremendously from e-commerce. What profits a business receives from e-commerce
depends on the nature of service provided. This article stated that, besides all the benefits, there
are flaws in electronic commerce: access to desktop computers, small-speed internet data
transmission, challenging access to internet sites. Seeing the immense potential in this area, it is
important to carefully structure the measures in order to avoid from any pitfalls, considering any
conceivable vulnerabilities that could occur in the future. In e-commerce we could see it in the
feature of the website these seven types of unique features. The purpose of seven unique
characteristics is very essential when there is no component to make your website faulty, so it is
essential.
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Running head: TRENDS IN E-COMMERCE 1

Emerging and future trends in E-commerce

Companies spend extensively in e-commerce technologies, yet are unlikely to be able to

determine the performance of their e-commerce programs. E-commerce is a Web technology

e-commerce. The revenue growth in E-Commerce is guided by the business-to-business market,

Statement of the Problem.....................................................................................................8

Purpose of the Study............................................................................................................8

Emerging Trends in E-commerce..................................................................................10

E-commerce and Green Management.......................................................................11

E-commerce and Sustainable Development..............................................................12

Future Trends in E-commerce.......................................................................................12

E-commerce and Green Management.......................................................................13

E-commerce and Sustainable Management...............................................................13

Credible Internet Resources.......................................................................................16

Systems of Recommendations in E-commerce.............................................................26

Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Systems.......................................................27

E-commerce Security Systems......................................................................................27

Importance of Security in E-commerce.....................................................................29

E-commerce Security Strategies................................................................................29

E-commerce in MENA Region.....................................................................................31

United Arab Emirates................................................................................................36

Traditional Commerce Vs E-Commerce.......................................................................41

Low Startup Cost.......................................................................................................43

Speeds up the Shopping Process................................................................................43

Proper Information and Product Reviews..................................................................44

Unsure Product Quality.............................................................................................45

Benefits of E-commerce on the Society........................................................................46

Unique Features of E-commerce Technology...............................................................48

Chapter 2- Literature Review............................................................................................54

Importance of Green Marketing....................................................................................54

E-commerce and Information Technology....................................................................55

Trends of E-commerce in MENA Region.................................................................64

How to Make E-Commerce Green?..........................................................................67

E-commerce and Global Warming............................................................................68

E-commerce and People’s Health..............................................................................69

E-commerce and Environmental Sustainability........................................................72

E-commerce and Economic Sustainability................................................................73

E-commerce and Social Sustainability......................................................................74

Chapter 4 - Data collection and Analysis Procedure.........................................................79

Emerging and future trends in E-commerce

Statement of the Problem

also leads the research hub for future studies.

Purpose of the Study

provides an interpretative structure that examines the e-commerce landscape's theological

are proposed for defining the direction of the research:

commerce which makes it grow faster in unique ways.

RQ2: Is green management a beneficial approach in the emergence of e-commerce these

maintain a pollution free environment.

to be occurring in the field of e-commerce?

generate environment friendly e-commerce.

Emerging Trends in E-commerce

online e-commerce a reality. Some significant technological developments include growing

massive increase in China's cross-border e-commerce. In 2012, e-commerce purchases between

globally, not just to deliver to consumers, but to interact them.

E-commerce and Green Management

functionality of the organization. It basically means the company is understanding the

and safety dimensions.

E-commerce and Sustainable Development

The technology aspect of e-commerce is becoming increasingly important. Sustainable

jobs, entrepreneurship, technological innovation. E-commerce may help companies to resolve

encourage small companies to participate in peer-to-peer cooperation and develop through

both financial and non-monetary.

Future Trends in E-commerce

e-commerce’s future in 2019 and above is as bright as ever.