The Africa Survey 2013

AFRICA SURVEY 2013
Africa in Figures
Published by
Good Governance Africa

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Contributors
Editor
John Endres
Writers/Researchers
Karen Hasse
Sibusiso Nkomo
Catherine Schulze (South African Institute of Race Relations)
Boitumelo Sethlatswe (South African Institute of Race Relations)
James Stent
Mienke Steytler
Typesetters
Claudia Folgore-McLellan (Visual 8)
Anine Kukard (A9 Media)
Consultants
Frans Cronje (South African Institute of Race Relations)
Constanza Montana
Design by Visual 8
www.visual8.co.za
GOOD GOVERNANCE AFRICA

JOHANNESBURG
2013
Errata 02.07.2014
p.4: The mid-2012 population estimate for Congo (DRC) is 69,117,000 and that for Congo (Rep.) is 4,247,000.
p.46: Footnote c should read: “The union presidency rotates between the three islands: Mohéli (2011-2016), Grande
Comore (2016-2021) and Anjouan (2021-2026).
p.48: Angola’s next elections are scheduled for 2017, not 2016.
p.97: Figures for Burkina Faso in the 2011 column should read “…” to indicate no data available rather than “0%”.
from 2012.
p.228: Port quality scores provided for landlocked countries (such as Lesotho) refer to access to available seaports in
other countries.
p.230: In the column for Left (L)- or Right (R)-hand driving, the symbol for Botswana should be “L” instead of “R”.
4 // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

Foreword
The dials and indicators in a pilot’s cockpit show how fast a plane is travelling, at which altitude and in which direction.
Similarly data collected in the 2013 Africa Survey show the continent’s present condition and the course in which it is
heading. This information is broken down by country and grouped by themes, which eases comparisons. Having a better
understanding of conditions makes it possible to identify which policy and government areas need to be addressed as a
matter of priority.
The main reason behind setting up Good Governance Africa in early 2012 was to monitor this direction and to help im-
prove governance on the continent. Our work focuses on three areas: democracy, including accountability and transpar-
ency; the rule of law, including respect for human, civil and property rights; and inclusive economic growth.
This survey, much like a pilot’s instrument panel during turbulence, displays a problem: many dials show no reading
and others cannot be trusted. This is the state of data on Africa – missing information is common, and what is available
is often not reliable. It is not by coincidence that this book begins with a table showing how long it has been since each
country’s last census. Often it has been several decades, meaning that much of the demographic data represent little
more than guesswork. On the economic front, Ghana’s GDP increased overnight by 60% in 2010, making it a middle-
Morten Jerven, author of “Poor Numbers: How We are Misled by African Development Statistics and What to Do about
It”, was about to board a plane to travel to Addis Ababa to address a meeting of the United Nations Economic Commis-
sion for Africa. But at the last minute his participation was cancelled, at the instigation, as it turned out, of South Africa’s
Clearly working with African statistics has its pitfalls, not just for those who use them, but also for those who explore
them. We encourage readers of the Africa Survey to read the data with the appropriate scepticism, and to take the num-
on the move – a transformation that will be tracked in future editions of the Africa Survey, which will, hopefully, be based
on increasingly reliable information.
John Endres
CEO, Good Governance Africa
Explanatory notes
1. We have attempted to include the latest and most up-to-date information, but a cut-off point was inevitable. This
varies from chapter to chapter.
2. As the chapters were completed at different times, information given in one chapter may have been overtaken by
information given in another.
3. Figures from the same source may not always correspond with one another. Sometimes this is because the infor-
delete or amend the earlier ones.
4. Time series begin in different years in different tables, depending on what was available, and when particular data
-
ferent sets of data. In some cases where a long-term comparison was desirable, data from different reports have
been used. In such cases a footnote draws the reader’s attention to this.
5. Wherever possible, explanations for anomalous information were obtained from sources. We provide all data in
good faith, having done whatever possible to verify it.
6. All sources are listed in full under each table. As information obtained from websites does not always have a clear
publication date, the date on which the website was accessed is provided in the source.
7. Data on Africa are often outdated and the data collection capacity of many countries is poor. Figures should not be
-
long-term trends for the continent.
Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // v

vi // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa
Table of contents
FoREwoRd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V
TAblE oF ConTEnTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII
lIST oF ChARTS And mAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xV
lIST oF AbbREVIATIonS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xVII
demographics
PoPUlATIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Census, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Population, 1992-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Population by age group, 1991 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Population projections, 2010-2100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Population growth, 2002-2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Population density, 1990-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Birth rate per 1,000 people, 1991-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Death rate per 1,000 people, 1991-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Total fertility rate, 1971-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Adolescent fertility rate, 2001 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Life expectancy, 1961-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Orphans, 1999 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Female-headed households, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Africa’s most populous cities, 1990-2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Birth registration, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
URbAnISATIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Urban population as a share of total population, 1972-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Most competitive cities, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
lAngUAgE, CUlTURE And RElIgIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Distribution of living languages, by country, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Population by ethnicity, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Religion by share of total population, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Religious denominations, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Religious restrictions index, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
mIgRAnTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Migrants, 2000-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Net migration,1996-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Tertiary educated emigrants, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Refugees, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Internally displaced persons, 2001-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Politics and governance

dEmoCRATIC PRoCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Presidential elections, systems, dates and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Legislatures and cabinets, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Parliamentary elections, latest year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Presidential elections, turnout and registration, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Coup d’état events, 1946-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
goVERnAnCE IndExES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Failed states index scores, 2008-2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Failed states index, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Democracy index, 2010-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Ibrahim African governance index, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Ibrahim African governance index categories, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
World Bank governance indicators, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // vii

Freedom index, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Rule of law index, 2012/2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Property rights index, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Happy planet index, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
The Economy
nATIonAl ACCoUnTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
GDP at current market prices, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Real GDP, 1960-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
GDP growth rates, 1970-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP), 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Real per capita GDP, 1960-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Per capita GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP), 1960-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Gross national income, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Workers' remittances received, 2005-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Gross savings, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Final consumption expenditure, 2000-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Gross national expenditure, 2000-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Structure of demand, 2006 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Structure of output, 2006 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Value added by kind of economic activity, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Oil rents, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
TRAdE And InVESTmEnT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Balance of payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Balance on the current account, 2005-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Current account breakdown, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Net portfolio investment, 2005-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Balance on the capital account, 2000-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Net errors and omissions on the balance of payments, 2005-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Changes in net reserves, 2005-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Foreign aid, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Merchandise trade as share of GDP, 1995-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Exports and imports, 2001 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Exports and imports in goods and services, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Top three exports by value, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Components of merchandise exports, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Components of merchandise imports, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Top three export destinations, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Top three sources of imports, latest year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Regional economic communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
African customs and monetary unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
PUblIC FInAnCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
General government revenue, 2000-2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Sources of government revenue, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
General government expenditure, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Share of government spending on education, health and military, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
General government gross debt, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Interest payments on government debt, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Primary balance, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
monETARY IndICAToRS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Lending interest rate, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Deposit interest rate, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Risk premium on lending, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Interest on treasury bills, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
viii // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

Domestic credit to the private sector, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Money supply and income velocity of money, 2010-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
........................................................................ 139
......................................................................... 140
Exchange rates, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Purchasing power parity adjusted exchange rates, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Real effective exchange rate index, 1998-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Treasury bills, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Medium- and long-term treasury bonds issued, latest year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
African sovereign wealth funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Economic freedom rankings, 2011 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
business
AFRICAn RATIngS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Credit ratings, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
AFRICAn bUSInESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Africa’s top 100 companies, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Africa’s top 50 banks, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
African stock exchanges, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
New businesses registered, 2008-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Total value of stocks traded, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Market capitalisation of listed companies, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Firm characteristics, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
bUSInESS EnVIRonmEnT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Ease of doing business index, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Perceptions of the business environment, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Costs of starting a business, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Procedures and time required to start a business, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Access to banking services (individuals), 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Registering property, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Construction permits and procedures, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Construction costs, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Enforcing contracts, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Business telephones, 2005-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Business electricity infrastructure, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Labour regulations, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Business tax administration, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Business tax, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
International trade requirements, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
International trade, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Resolving insolvency, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Global competitiveness index 2013-2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Economic freedom index, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
bUSInESS SECToRS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Manufacturing, value added, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Services, value added, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Agriculture, value added, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
International tourists, 2009-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Industrial, mining and manufacturing production indices, 2009-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Mining policy indices, 2008/09-2012/13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Agricultural production index, 2008-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Area under cereal production, 1990-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Cereal yield, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Food production index, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Livestock production index, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // ix

Employment and incomes
EmPloYmEnT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Labour force, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Labour force participation rate, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Labour force participation rate by sex, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Unemployment, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Unemployment by sex, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Employed youths as share of total youth population, 1995-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Self-employed and vulnerable employment, 1995-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Formal and informal employment in non-agricultural activities, total and by sex, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Employment in agriculture as a share of total employment, 1995-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Employment in industry as a share of total employment, 1995-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Employment in services as a share of total employment, 1995-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Working conditions and rights, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Workforce training and labour-related constraints, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
InComE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
GDP per person employed, 1990-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Growth in GDP per person employed, 1990-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Monthly earnings (US$) by economic activity and sex, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Monthly earnings (US$) by sex and occupation, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Gender pay gap by occupation, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Workers’ remittances received per capita, 2000-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Cost of sending remittances, ten most expensive corridors, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Income inequality and distribution of income, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
African billionaires, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Infrastructure
oVERVIEw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Quality of infrastructure (World Economic Forum), 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Quality of infrastructure (World Bank), 2012
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
TRAnSPoRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Road network length and density, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Paved roads as a share of total, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Condition of paved roads, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Road freight and passengers, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Length and gauges of rail lines, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Rail freight and passengers, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Airports and share with paved runways, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Direct airline connections, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Air freight and passengers, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Port calls, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Port performance (containers), 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
ElECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Electricity generating capacity, 2005 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Electricity production, 2005 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Electricity consumption, 2005 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Electricity generation by source, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Power transmission and distribution losses, 2005 and 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Trade in electricity, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Impact of power outages, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Origins and destinations of electricity, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Access to piped water, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
x // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

CommUnICATIonS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Fixed telephone subscriptions, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Mobile phone subscriptions, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Personal computers, 2000 and 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Internet users, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Household access to computers, the internet and broadband, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Business use of the internet, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Fixed broadband, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Mobile broadband, 2007-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
International internet bandwidth, 2002-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Submarine cables with landing points in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
health
SPEndIng on hEAlTh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Health expenditure (current US$m), 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Health expenditure per capita (current US$), 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Health expenditure as % of GDP, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Private vs. public health expenditure as % of total health expenditure, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Public health expenditure as share of total government expenditure, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
AVAIlAbIlITY oF SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Health workers per 10,000 population, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Psychiatric services, 2005-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Hospitals and hospital beds per 100,000 people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Access to medication index 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
REPRodUCTIVE hEAlTh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Family planning and contraception, 2005-2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births, 1990-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Share of HIV-positive pregnant women who receive antiretroviral treatment, 2005 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Care received by mothers before and during the birth of a baby, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Share of under-5 deaths due to prematurity, 2000-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Child deaths per 1,000 live births, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
CommUnICAblE dISEASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Measles immunisation and incidence, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Malaria incidence and deaths, 2008-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Polio immunisation and incidence, 1990-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Tuberculosis immunisation and incidence,1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Tuberculosis deaths per 100,000, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Prevalence of HIV, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
New HIV infections, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
People living with HIV/AIDS and antiretroviral coverage, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
AIDS deaths in adults and children, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
non-CommUnICAblE dISEASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Cancer deaths per 100,000 30-70 year olds, 2002 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Obesity, smoking and diabetes, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Education
SPEndIng on EdUCATIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Public expenditure per pupil (PPP $), 2000 and 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Public expenditure on education as share of total government expenditure, 2000–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Public expenditure on education as share of GDP, 2000–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Public expenditure per pupil as proportion of GDP per capita, 2000–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Foreign aid to education, 2002/2003 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
TEAChERS, bookS And bUIldIngS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Pupils per teacher in primary schools, 1990–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Pupils per teacher in secondary schools, 1990–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Pupils per textbook in primary school, 2009–2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
School infrastructure, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // xi

CoVERAgE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Gross enrolment in education, 2000-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
School life expectancy, latest years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Primary school enrolment, 1990–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Persistence to last grade of primary school, 1990–2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Share of children that complete primary school, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Secondary school enrolment, 1990–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Enrolment in tertiary education, 1990–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Share of pupils and students enrolled in private education, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
EdUCATIonAl oUTComES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Adult literacy and numeracy, 2000 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Youth literacy and numeracy, 2000 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Outbound and inbound students as share of total, 2000–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Tertiary graduates by selected disciplines as share of total, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Research in Africa, by number of research papers published, 2004–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Top African universities, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Quality of education, 2012–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Failure of education, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
living conditions
QUAlITY oF lIFE IndICAToRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Human development index, 2000-2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Life expectancy at birth, 1990 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Extreme poverty, latest years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Undernourishment, 1990-1992 and 2006-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Access to clean water in urban and rural areas, 1990 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Sanitation infrastructure, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Access to sanitation in urban and rural areas, 1990 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Urban housing conditions, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Access to electricity, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Adult literacy, 1992 and 2005-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Press freedom rankings, 2005 and 2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Gender inequality index, 1998 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Property rights index, 2008-2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
ThE mIllEnnIUm dEVEloPmEnT goAlS (mdgS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Overall progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, 2010-2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
MDG progress in sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Crime and security

ARmIES And ARmEd ConFlICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Arms exports to a country or region, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Military expenditure, 1991-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Military personnel, 1991-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
United Nations missions in Africa, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Global terrorism index, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Global peace index rankings, 2007-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
CRImES AgAInST PEoPlE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Homicides, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Homicides in cities, latest years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Firearms in the possession of civilians, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Assault, 2003-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Rape, 2003-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
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Sexual offences against children, 2003-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Kidnapping, 2003-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Robbery, 2003-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Theft, 2003-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
CRImES AgAInST PRoPERTY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Corruption perceptions index, 2007 and 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Business losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism and arson, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Software piracy, 2007 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
dRUgS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Cannabis consumption, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Youth cannabis consumption, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Cocaine consumption, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Drug seizures, 2004-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
FreeExistence index of worldwide drug freedom, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
CRImE And PUnIShmEnT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Police personnel, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Countries contributing personnel to UN police, June 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Judges, correctional staff and prosecutors, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Illegal aliens removed from the US by criminal status and country of nationality, 2001 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Prison population, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Death penalty, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
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list of charts and maps
dEmogRAPhICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Years since latest census, as at 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Change in population, 2010-2100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Population density, 1990 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Birth rate, 1991 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Death rate, 1991 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Life expectancy at birth, 1969 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Urban population, 1972 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
International migrants, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
PolITICS And goVERnAnCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Africa’s ten longest-ruling leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Countries by year of independence from colonial or white minority rule, or secession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Successful and attempted coups, 1946-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Ibrahim African governance index scores, 2000 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
ThE EConomY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
GDP at current market prices, 2005 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Real GDP, 1960 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
GDP growth rate, 2000-2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Per capita GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP), 1960 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Structure of demand, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Value added by agriculture, industry and services, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Oil rents, 2005 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Foreign aid, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Exports and imports, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
General government gross debt, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Interest payments on government debt, 2005 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
bUSInESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Cost to register a property, 2005 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Labour constraints, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Tax payments, 2005 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Business tax rates, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Manufacturing, value added, 1990, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Services, value added, 1990, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Agriculture, value added, 1990, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
EmPloYmEnT And InComES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Labour force participation rate, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Labour force participation rate by sex, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Employed youths, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Employment in agriculture, industry and services, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
African billionaires by country, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
InFRASTRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Paved roads, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Share of airports with paved runways, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Port calls, all vessels, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Port performance, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Electricity production, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Losses due to electrical outages, latest year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // xv

Mobile phone subscriptions, 2005 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Internet users, 2005 and 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
African submarine cables, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
hEAlTh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Health expenditure, 2000 and 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Health expenditure per capita, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Private vs. public spending on health, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Access to medication index, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Maternal mortality rate, 1990, 2000 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Malaria deaths, 2008 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Tuberculosis deaths, 1990, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
AIDS deaths, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
EdUCATIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Public expenditure on education, 2005 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Pupils per teacher in primary schools, 1990, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Primary school enrolment, 1990, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Persistence to last grade of primary school, 1990, 2000 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Secondary school enrolment, 1990, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Enrolment in tertiary education, 1990, 2000 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Share of pupils and students enrolled in private education, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Male and female adult literacy and numeracy, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Male and female youth literacy and numeracy, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Tertiary graduates by selected disciplines, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
lIVIng CondITIonS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Access to clean water in urban and rural areas, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Access to sanitation in urban and rural areas, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Urban household size, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Share of population with access to electricity, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Literate adults, 1992 and 2005-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Property rights index, 2008 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
MDG 1A—Share of population living below $1.25 purchasing power parity (PPP) per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
MDG 1C—Share of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
CRImE And SECURITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Military personnel as a share of total labour force, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Homicide rate, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Corruption perceptions index scores, 2007 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Pirated software, 2007 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Police personnel rate, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Prison population rate, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Death penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
xvi // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

list of abbreviations
$ United States dollar CEPGL Economic Community of the

% Percent Great Lakes Countries
... data unavailable Chadema Party for Democracy and Progress
m Millions CIA Central Intelligence Agency
ACE Africa Coast to Europe CN-KNK National Convergence-Work Only

submarine cable Work (Central African Republic)
Adj Adjutant CNDD-FDD National Council for the Defence
ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution of Democracy-Forces for the
Defence of Democracy (Burundi)
AEO African Economic Outlook
Col Colonel
AFDB African Development Bank
COMESA Common Market for Eastern
AIDS
and Southern Africa
syndrome
CPC Congress for Progressive
AMU Arab Maghreb Union
Change (Nigeria)
ANC African National Congress
CPI Corruption Perceptions Index
(South Africa)
CPI Consumer Price Index
APC All People’s Congress (Sierra Leone)
CTS Crime Trends and Operations
APP Popular Alliance for
of Criminal Justice Systems
Progress (Mauritania)
CWTS Centre for Science and
APR Alliance for the Republic (Senegal)
Technology Studies (Leiden
APRC Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation University, The Netherlands)
and Construction (Gambia)
DA Democratic Alliance (South Africa)
ARQ Annual Review Questionnaire
DAC Development Assistance Committee
ASCE Abuja Securities and Commodities
DC Democratic Congress (Lesotho)
Exchange (Nigeria)
DPP Democratic Progressive
AU African Union
Party (Malawi)
BDP Botswana Democratic
Dr Doctor
Party (Botswana)
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
BNF Botswana National Front (Botswana)
DSE Dar es Salaam Stock
Brig-Gen Brigadier-General
Exchange (Tanzania)
BVRM Bourse Régionale des Valeurs
DSX Douala Stock Exchange (Cameroon)
Mobilières (Côte d’Ivoire)
EAC East African Community
BSE Botswana Stock Exchange
EARM ENFORCE Alien Removal Module
BSE Bourse des Valeurs Mobilières
de Tunis (Tunisia) EASSy East African Submarine
Cable System
BV Block Vote
ECCAS Economic Community of
BVC Bolsa de Valores de Cabo
Central African States
Verde (Cape Verde)
ECOWAS Economic Community of
BVM Bolsa de Valores de
West African States
Moçambique (Mozambique)
EFW Index Economic Freedom of
Capt Captain
the World Index
Casa SE Casablanca Stock
EGX Egyptian Exchange (Egypt)
Exchange (Morocco)
EID Enforcement Integrated Database
CCM Revolutionary State Party (Tanzania)
EIG Europe India Gateway
CDC Congress for Democratic
Change (Liberia) EIU Economist Intelligence Unit
CDP Congress for Democracy and EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary
Progress (Burkina Faso) Democratic Front (Ethiopia)
Cdr Commander EU European Union
CDS Convergence for Social FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
Democracy (Equatorial Guinea) FDC Forum for Democratic
CEMAC Economic and Monetary Change (Uganda)
Community of Central Africa FEA Fiber-Optic Link Around the
CEN-SAD Community of Sahel-Saharan States Globe (FLAG) Europe-Asia
CFA Communaté Financière Africaine FHHs Female-headed Households
Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // xvii

FIP International Pharmaceutical LuSE Lusaka Stock Exchange
Federation M2 Broad money supply
FJP Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt) Maj Major
Flt-Lt Flight Lieutenant Maj-Gen Major-General
FNL-NRDF Front for National Liberation-National MCP Malawi Congress Party (Malawi)
Rally for Democracy (Algeria)
MDC Movement for Democratic
FPI Ivorian People’s Front (Côte d’Ivoire) Change (Zimbabwe)
FPR Rwanda Patriotic Front (Rwanda) MDG Millennium Development Goal
FPTP First Past The Post Messrs. Messieurs
FRELIMO Mozambique Liberation Front MLP Mauritius Labour Party (Mauritius)
GDF Global Development Finance MLSTP Movement for the Liberation
GDP Gross Domestic Product of São Tomé and Príncipe
Gen General MMD Movement for Multi-party
GFCF Gross Fixed Capital Formation Democracy (Zambia)
GII Gender Inequality Index MMM Mauritian Militant
Glo-1 Globacom-1 submarine cable Movement (Mauritius)
GNE Gross National Expenditure MMP Mixed Member Proportional
GNI Gross National Income MNSD National Movement for Society

of Development (Niger)
Govt Government
MPD Movement for Democracy (Liberia)
GPI Global Peace Index
MPLA People’s Movement for the
GSE Ghana Stock Exchange (Ghana) Liberation of Angola
GTD Global terrorism database MPS Patriotic Salvation Movement (Chad)
GTI Global terrorism index MRU Mano River Union
HDI Human Development Index MSE Malawi Stock Exchange (Malawi)
HIIK Heidelberg Institute for MSGT Master Sergeant
NCO
HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
NCP National Congress Party (Sudan)
HIV
NDC National Democratic
IDA Independent Democratic Action Congress (Ghana)
(São Tomé and Príncipe)
NPP New Patriotic Party (Ghana)
IEA International Energy Agency
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
IFC International Finance Corporation
NRM National Resistance
IFFs Movement (Uganda)
IGAD Intergovernmental Authority NSE Nigerian Stock Exchange (Nigeria)
on Development
NSE Nairobi Stock Exchange (Kenya)
ILO International Labour Organisation
NSO
IMEWE India-Middle East-Western
Europe submarine cable NSX Namibia Stock Exchange (Namibia)
IMF International Monetary Fund ODA
Interpol International Criminal ODM Orange Democratic

Police Organisation Movement (Kenya)
IOC Indian Ocean Commission PAICV African Party for the

Independence of Cape Verde
ITU International
Telecommunication Union PAIGC African Independence
Party of Guinea and Cape
JSE Johannesburg Stock Verde (Guinea-Bissau)
Exchange (South Africa)
PBV Party Block Vote
KSE Khartoum Stock Exchange (Sudan)
PCT Congolese Party of
LION Lower Indian Ocean Network Labour (Congo Rep.)
LSM Libyan Stock Market (Libya) PDG Gabonese Democratic Party (Gabon)
Lt Lieutenant PDGE Democratic Party of
Lt-Col Lieutenant Colonel Equatorial Guinea
Lt-Gen Lieutenant General
xviii // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

PDP Peace and Development SEACOM South East Asia
Party (Somalia) Commonwealth Cable
PDP People’s Democratic Party (Nigeria) SEaMeWE-4 South East Asia-Middle East-
PDS Senegalese Democratic Western Europe 4 submarine cable
Party (Senegal)
PF Patriotic Front (Zambia) SEM Stock Exchange of Mauritius
PFDJ People’s Front for Democracy SGBV Bourse d’Alger [La Société
and Justice (Eritrea) de Gestion de la Bourse des
PJD Justice and Development Valeurs Mobilière] (Algeria)
Party (Morocco)
Sgt Sergeant
PP People’s Party (Malawi)
SIL Summer Institute of Linguistics
PPP Purchasing power parity
SIPRI Stockholm International
PPRD People’s Party for Reconstruction Peace Research Institute
and Democracy (Congo DRC)
SLPP Sierra Leone People’s Party
PR Proportional Representation
SNP Seychelles National Party
PRD Party of Democratic Renewal (Benin) SPLM Sudan People’s Liberation Movement
PRDS Nigerien Party for Democracy SPLMDC Sudan People’s Liberation
and Socialism (Niger) Movement for Democratic Change
Pres President SSX Swaziland Stock Exchange
PRIO Peace Research Institute Oslo START National Consortium for
PRS Party for Social Renovation the Study of Terrorism and
(Guinea-Bissau) Responses to Terrorism
PSD Social Democratic Party (Rwanda) SWAPO South West Africa People’s
Organisation (Namibia)
QS Quacquarelli Symonds
SWF Institute Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute
RCD Constitutional Democratic
Rally (Tunisia) TAR The Africa Report
RDP Rally for Democracy and TEAMS The East African Marine System
Progress (Namibia) TEUs Twenty-foot equivalent units
RDPC Democratic Rally of the TGN Tata Global network
People of Cameroon
TIM I love Madagascar (party)
RDR Rally of the Republicans TIVs Trend Indicator Values
(Côte d’Ivoire) TRS Two-Round System
Rear-Adm Rear Admiral UCDP
RENAMO Mozambican National Resistance UDP United Democratic Party (Gambia)
Rep. Republic UDPS Union for Democracy and Social
Rev Reverend Progress (Congo DRC)
RDNT National Rally for UFC Union of Forces for Change (Togo)
Democracy in Chad UFDG Union of the Democratic
RPG Rally of the Guinean People (Guinea) Forces of Guinea
RPP People’s Rally for Progress (Djibouti) UN United Nations
RPT Rally for the Togolese People (Togo) UNCTAD UN Conference on Trade
and Development
RSE Rwanda Stock Exchange (Rwanda)
UNECA UN Economic Commission for Africa
SACU Southern African Customs Union
UNESCO
SADB Southern African Development Bank
and Cultural Organisation
SADC Southern African
UNICEF UN Children’s Fund
Development Community
UNITA Union for the Total
SAIRR South African Institute
Independence of Angola
of Race Relations
UNODC
SAT3/WASC/ Southern Africa 3/ Western
SAFE Africa Submarine Cable/ UP Unity Party (Liberia)
South Africa-Far East UPR Union for the Republic (Mauritania)
SDF Social Democratic Front (Cameroon) US United States of America
Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // xix

USE Uganda Securities Exchange
VDPVs Vaccine-derived polio viruses
cVDPVs circulating Vaccine-
derived polio viruses
WACS West African Cable System
WEF World Economic Forum
WEO World Economic Outlook
WGI World Governance Indicators
WHO World Health Organisation
ZAMACE Agricultural Commodities
Exchange of Zambia
ZANU-PF Zimbabwe African National
Union-Patriotic Front
ZSE Zimbabwe Stock Exchange
xx // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

1
Demographics
demographics
PoPUlATIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Census, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Population, 1992-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Population by age group, 1991 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Population projections, 2010-2100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Population growth, 2002-2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Population density, 1990-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Birth rate per 1,000 people, 1991-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Death rate per 1,000 people, 1991-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Total fertility rate, 1971-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Adolescent fertility rate, 2001 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Life expectancy, 1961-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Orphans, 1999 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Female-headed households, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Africa’s most populous cities, 1990-2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Birth registration, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
URbAnISATIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Urban population as a share of total population, 1972-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Most competitive cities, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
lAngUAgE, CUlTURE And RElIgIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Distribution of living languages, by country, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Population by ethnicity, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Religion by share of total population, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Religious denominations, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Religious restrictions index, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
mIgRAnTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Migrants, 2000-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Net migration,1996-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Refugees, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Internally displaced persons, 2001-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // 1

Population
Demographics
Census, latest year
Country Year Years since latest census (as of 2013)

Algeria 2008 5
Angola 1970 43
Benin 2002 11
Botswana 2011 2
Burkina Faso 2006 7
Burundi 2008 5
Cameroon 2005 8
Cape Verde 2010 3
Central African Republic 2003 10
Chad 2009 4
Comoros 2003 10
Congo (DRC) 1984 29
Congo (Rep.) 2007 6
Côte d’Ivoire 1998 15
Djibouti 2009 4
Egypt 2006 7
Equatorial Guinea 2002 11
Eritrea 1984 29
Ethiopia 2007 6
Gabon 2003 10
Gambia 2003 10
Ghana 2010 3
Guinea 1996 17
Guinea-Bissau 2009 4
Kenya 2009 4
Lesotho 2006 7
Liberia 2008 5
Libya 2006 7
Madagascar 1993 20
Malawi 2008 5
Mali 2009 4
Mauritania 2000 13
Mauritius 2011 2
Morocco 2004 9
Mozambique 2007 6
Namibia 2011 2
Niger 2001 12
Nigeria 2006 7
Rwanda 2012 1
São Tomé and Príncipe 2012 1
Senegal 2002 11
Seychelles 2010 3
Sierra Leone 2004 9
Somalia 1987 26
South Africa 2011 2
South Sudan 2008 5
Sudan 2008 5
Swaziland 2007 6
Tanzania 2012 1
Togo 2010 3
Tunisia 2004 9
Uganda 2002 11
Western Sahara 1970 43
Zambia 2010 3
Zimbabwe 2012 1
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/vitstats/seratab2.pdf, accessed 17 January 2013

Demographics
Years since latest census, as at 2013 Years
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/vitstats/seratab2.pdf, accessed 17 January 2013

Demographics
Population, 1992-2012
Women as % of total
Country Year
populationc
a a a b 2011
1992 2002 2012 mid-2012
Algeria 27,535,151 32,572,977 38,481,705 37,402,000 49.5%
Angola 11,002,758 14,886,574 20,820,525 20,945,000 50.5%
Benin 5,378,226 7,414,744 10,050,702 9,374,000 50.7%
Botswana 1,465,072 1,808,976 2,003,910 1,850,000 49.5%
Burkina Faso 9,297,116 12,296,399 16,460,141 17,482,000 50.3%
Burundi 5,882,679 7,037,727 9,849,569 10,557,000 50.9%
Cameroon 12,796,831 16,782,044 21,699,631 20,919,000 50.1%
Cape Verde 368,873 459,140 494,401 510,000 50.4%
Central African Republic 3,050,789 3,767,248 4,525,209 4,576,000 50.7%
Chad 6,338,934 8,959,964 12,448,175 11,831,000 50.3%
Comoros 433,286 556,028 717,503 773,000 49.6%
Congo (DRC) 37,731,020 49,516,960 65,705,093 4,247,000 50.3%
Congo (Rep.) 2,511,819 3,283,719 4,337,051 69,117,000 49.9%
Côte d’Ivoire 12,950,995 16,674,987 19,839,750 20,646,000 49.1%
Djibouti 629,373 744,434 859,652 923,000 50.0%
Egypt 58,370,712 68,302,914 80,721,874 82,283,000 49.8%
Equatorial Guinea 399,625 551,399 736,296 740,000 48.8%
Eritrea 3,331,918 4,281,576 6,130,922 5,581,000 50.7%
Ethiopia 51,525,658 69,948,344 91,728,849 86,960,000 50.2%
Gabon 998,823 1,285,318 1,632,572 1,564,000 49.8%
Gambia 979,666 1,306,667 1,791,225 1,825,000 50.6%
Ghana 15,471,695 19,786,307 25,366,462 25,546,000 49.1%
Guinea 6,734,242 9,045,748 11,451,273 11,498,000 49.5%
Guinea-Bissau 1,064,691 1,330,849 1,663,558 1,637,000 50.4%
Kenya 25,036,941 33,000,524 43,178,141 43,013,000 50.1%
Lesotho 1,660,360 1,885,487 2,051,545 2,217,000 50.8%
Liberia 2,028,672 3,070,673 4,190,435 4,245,000 49.7%
Libya 4,459,214 5,340,389 6,154,623 6,469,000 49.6%
Madagascar 12,263,899 16,736,029 22,293,914 21,929,000 50.1%
Malawi 9,759,434 11,926,778 15,906,483 15,883,000 49.9%
Mali 8,322,743 10,882,662 14,853,572 16,014,000 50.0%
Mauritania 2,140,957 2,877,431 3,796,141 3,623,000 49.7%
Mauritius 1,084,441 1,210,196 1,291,456 1,291,000 50.6%
Morocco 25,569,662 29,311,443 32,521,143 32,597,000 51.0%
Mozambique 14,350,459 19,319,894 25,203,395 23,702,000 51.3%
Namibia 1,513,689 1,958,303 2,259,393 2,364,000 50.3%
Niger 8,270,248 11,817,297 17,157,042 16,276,000 49.7%
Nigeria 100,592,242 129,224,641 168,833,776 170,124,000 49.4%
Rwanda 6,545,100 8,987,523 11,457,801 10,815,000 50.9%
São Tomé and Príncipe 122,929 144,447 188,098 183,000 50.5%
Senegal 7,990,968 10,390,050 13,726,021 13,108,000 50.4%
Seychelles 71,657 83,700 87,785 92,900 …
Sierra Leone 4,031,730 4,493,047 5,978,727 6,126,000 51.1%
Somalia 6,294,017 7,825,924 10,195,134 10,086,000 50.4%
South Africa 36,690,739 45,533,292 51,189,307 51,147,000 50.5%
South Sudan 5,588,959 7,186,820 10,837,527 9,385,000 …
Sudan 21,771,781 29,186,427 37,195,349 33,494,000 49.6%
Swaziland 907,947 1,082,183 1,230,985 1,220,000 50.8%
Tanzania 27,236,099 35,806,497 47,783,107 47,656,000 50.0%
Togo 3,985,364 5,123,674 6,642,928 6,011,000 50.5%
Tunisia 8,489,900 9,781,900 10,777,500 10,800,000 50.0%
Uganda 18,788,440 25,943,441 36,345,860 35,621,000 50.0%
Western Sahara … … … 567,000 …
Zambia 8,229,480 10,625,423 14,075,099 13,711,000 49.9%
Zimbabwe 10,981,267 12,640,922 13,724,317 12,620,000 50.7%
Africa d ... ... ... 1,072,254,100 …
Worldd 5,448,290,250 6,257,639,235 7,046,368,813 7,058,000,000 …
a Source: World Bank, World Population Prospects 2013

b Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2012 World Population Data Sheet
provided for comparison.
c Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2012
d As calculated by the source

Demographics
Population by age group, 1991 and 2011
1991 2011
Country 0-14 years 15-64 years 65+ years 0-14 years 15-64 years 65+ years
Algeria 42.6% 53.8% 3.6% 26.8% 68.6% 4.6%
Angola 47.6% 49.8% 2.6% 46.3% 51.3% 2.5%
Benin 46.1% 50.5% 3.4% 43.5% 53.4% 3.0%
Botswana 44.2% 53.1% 2.7% 32.2% 63.7% 4.1%
Burkina Faso 47.7% 49.8% 2.6% 45.2% 52.5% 2.2%
Burundi 44.8% 52.0% 3.1% 37.5% 59.6% 2.9%
Cameroon 45.1% 51.3% 3.6% 40.4% 56.0% 3.5%
Cape Verde 45.4% 49.7% 4.8% 30.9% 63.3% 5.8%
Central African Republic 43.1% 52.9% 4.0% 40.1% 55.9% 4.0%
Chad 45.8% 50.7% 3.5% 45.3% 51.8% 2.9%
Comoros 45.8% 51.2% 3.0% 42.6% 54.7% 2.7%
Congo (DRC) 47.2% 50.0% 2.8% 46.0% 51.3% 2.7%
Congo (Rep.) 43.5% 52.7% 3.7% 40.5% 55.8% 3.7%
Côte d’Ivoire 44.8% 52.5% 2.7% 40.7% 55.5% 3.8%
Djibouti 44.1% 53.5% 2.4% 35.4% 61.2% 3.4%
Egypt 40.7% 55.5% 3.8% 31.3% 63.6% 5.2%
Equatorial Guinea 38.7% 57.0% 4.4% 39.1% 58.1% 2.8%
Eritrea 46.4% 51.1% 2.6% 41.6% 55.9% 2.5%
Ethiopia 45.2% 51.9% 2.9% 40.8% 55.8% 3.4%
Gabon 41.6% 52.8% 5.5% 35.0% 60.6% 4.3%
Gambia 46.7% 51.0% 2.3% 43.7% 54.1% 2.2%
Ghana 43.7% 53.2% 3.1% 38.4% 57.7% 3.9%
Guinea 44.5% 52.2% 3.3% 42.7% 54.0% 3.3%
Guinea-Bissau 43.7% 52.8% 3.5% 41.1% 55.6% 3.3%
Kenya 48.6% 48.7% 2.7% 42.4% 54.9% 2.7%
Lesotho 43.9% 51.8% 4.3% 37.0% 58.8% 4.3%
Liberia 45.4% 51.9% 2.6% 43.5% 53.8% 2.8%
Libya 42.5% 54.8% 2.6% 30.6% 64.9% 4.4%
Madagascar 44.6% 52.2% 3.2% 42.7% 54.1% 3.1%
Malawi 45.6% 51.7% 2.7% 45.8% 51.1% 3.1%
Mali 47.6% 49.4% 3.0% 47.1% 50.7% 2.2%
Mauritania 44.8% 52.6% 2.6% 39.7% 57.6% 2.7%
Mauritius 29.3% 66.1% 4.6% 21.4% 71.4% 7.2%
Morocco 39.3% 56.8% 3.9% 27.6% 66.8% 5.6%
Mozambique 46.3% 50.4% 3.2% 43.9% 52.7% 3.3%
Namibia 43.2% 53.4% 3.4% 35.9% 60.3% 3.7%
Niger 48.3% 49.7% 2.0% 48.9% 48.9% 2.2%
Nigeria 44.7% 52.2% 3.2% 42.8% 53.8% 3.4%
Rwanda 49.1% 48.7% 2.2% 42.8% 54.6% 2.7%
São Tomé and Príncipe 46.4% 49.3% 4.3% 39.9% 56.3% 3.8%
Senegal 47.0% 50.6% 2.4% 43.5% 54.1% 2.4%
Seychelles … … … … … …
Sierra Leone 42.4% 55.1% 2.5% 42.9% 55.2% 1.9%
Somalia 44.2% 52.9% 2.9% 44.9% 52.4% 2.7%
South Africa 38.4% 58.4% 3.2% 29.9% 65.4% 4.8%
South Sudan … … … … … …
Sudan 43.8% 53.2% 3.1% 39.8% 56.6% 3.6%
Swaziland 48.1% 49.2% 2.7% 37.9% 58.7% 3.4%
Tanzania 45.9% 51.3% 2.7% 44.8% 52.1% 3.2%
Togo 45.8% 51.1% 3.1% 39.3% 57.3% 3.4%
Tunisia 37.5% 57.7% 4.8% 23.2% 69.8% 7.0%
Uganda 48.1% 49.2% 2.7% 48.3% 49.2% 2.5%
Western Sahara … … … … … …
Zambia 45.7% 51.5% 2.8% 46.5% 50.5% 3.1%
Zimbabwe 45.8% 51.2% 3.0% 38.4% 57.4% 4.2%
Sub-Saharan Africa a 45.2% 51.9% 3.0% 42.3% 54.5% 3.2%
Worlda 32.6% 61.1% 6.3% 26.6% 65.7% 7.7%
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2012
a As calculated by the source

Demographics
Population projectionsa, 2010-2100
Country 2010 2015 2020

Algeria 35,468,208 37,954,282 40,180,358
Angola 19,081,912 21,842,443 24,780,202
Benin 8,849,892 10,129,053 11,522,543
Botswana 2,006,945 2,115,229 2,206,460
Burkina Faso 16,468,714 19,118,412 22,149,971
Burundi 8,382,849 9,230,642 10,056,996
Cameroon 19,598,889 21,815,853 24,117,381
Cape Verde 495,999 520,035 544,419
Central African Republic 4,401,051 4,854,441 5,342,933
Chad 11,227,208 12,778,364 14,468,850
Comoros 734,750 832,403 933,326
Congo (DRC) 65,965,795 75,190,207 85,054,270
Congo (Rep.) 4,042,899 4,508,150 5,002,953
Côte d’Ivoire 19,737,800 22,014,870 24,503,318
Djibouti 888,716 975,255 1,065,935
Egypt 81,121,077 88,178,706 94,809,938
Equatorial Guinea 700,401 802,499 905,012
Eritrea 5,253,676 6,077,264 6,848,254
Ethiopia 82,949,541 91,999,509 101,045,996
Gabon 1,505,463 1,656,399 1,818,034
Gambia 1,728,394 1,975,900 2,242,102
Ghana 24,391,823 27,314,597 30,324,996
Guinea 9,981,590 11,317,400 12,765,081
Guinea-Bissau 1,515,224 1,681,473 1,863,290
Kenya 40,512,682 46,332,488 52,563,909
Lesotho 2,171,318 2,286,333 2,394,746
Liberia 3,994,122 4,558,464 5,166,102
Libya 6,355,112 6,606,034 7,082,535
Madagascar 20,713,819 23,852,860 27,365,838
Malawi 14,900,841 17,522,808 20,677,407
Mali 15,369,809 17,819,147 20,537,059
Mauritania 3,459,773 3,869,397 4,298,114
Mauritius 1,299,172 1,333,875 1,361,465
Morocco 31,951,412 33,570,277 35,077,821
Mozambique 23,390,765 26,162,212 29,177,268
Namibia 2,283,289 2,483,108 2,671,995
Niger 15,511,953 18,500,178 22,070,532
Nigeria 158,423,182 179,790,814 203,868,897
Rwanda 10,624,005 12,295,371 14,041,994
São Tomé and Príncipe 165,397 182,480 199,765
Senegal 12,433,728 14,160,995 15,997,622
Seychelles 86,518 87,959 89,841
Sierra Leone 5,867,536 6,513,508 7,178,034
Somalia 9,330,872 10,606,725 12,237,223
South Africa 50,132,817 51,430,715 52,573,259
Sudan 43,551,941 49,071,941 54,919,306
Swaziland 1,186,056 1,269,427 1,340,920
Tanzania 44,841,226 52,310,843 61,080,809
Togo 6,027,798 6,674,491 7,342,518
Tunisia 10,480,934 11,026,223 11,518,230
Uganda 33,424,683 39,112,501 45,423,665
Western Sahara 530,500 623,795 717,909
Zambia 13,088,570 15,242,283 17,917,780
Zimbabwe 12,571,454 14,000,603 15,543,459
Africac 1,022,234,400 1,145,315,872 1,278,198,882
Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2011). World Population Prospects:
The 2010 Revision CD-ROM Edition
a Medium fertility future population projection (see notes)

b As calculated by the author
c As calculated by the source

Demographics
2040 2060 2080 2100 Changeb, 2010-2100
45,490,264 46,165,906 43,065,090 39,983,254 13%
36,752,890 47,242,560 53,886,633 56,051,881 194%
18,090,839 25,397,256 32,050,936 36,751,601 315%
2,436,011 2,536,117 2,527,542 2,475,990 23%
37,360,942 56,786,430 77,687,143 96,366,907 485%
12,651,320 14,378,728 14,869,521 14,586,530 74%
33,693,886 42,870,959 49,791,197 53,692,562 174%
618,140 629,878 581,637 519,725 5%
7,393,545 9,263,659 10,464,128 10,953,933 149%
22,782,997 31,612,984 38,988,082 43,647,640 289%
1,425,967 2,001,749 2,587,870 3,046,901 315%
127,440,681 167,979,654 197,494,991 212,112,822 222%
7,462,270 10,124,697 12,526,580 14,224,263 252%
35,301,261 45,562,624 52,766,217 56,412,331 186%
1,447,373 1,743,471 1,889,470 1,923,161 116%
116,232,003 127,730,393 128,440,901 123,227,316 52%
1,298,391 1,663,617 1,923,121 2,054,226 193%
10,032,701 12,859,289 14,738,584 15,495,786 195%
133,466,029 153,420,204 157,492,259 150,140,491 81%
2,467,631 3,071,461 3,512,454 3,775,931 151%
3,427,274 4,611,863 5,543,952 6,083,984 252%
42,940,982 54,647,953 63,077,459 67,230,301 176%
19,414,264 26,533,422 32,663,840 36,663,664 267%
2,705,848 3,682,001 4,660,169 5,518,389 264%
80,975,369 112,540,160 140,524,470 160,009,016 295%
2,692,361 2,841,595 2,861,681 2,874,403 32%
8,064,668 11,271,451 14,279,926 16,534,577 314%
8,359,938 8,892,874 8,643,086 8,073,008 27%
44,132,032 63,178,813 80,989,158 94,222,345 355%
37,797,730 63,323,976 95,153,020 129,501,783 769%
34,100,383 50,534,594 67,095,139 80,505,872 424%
6,146,278 7,975,749 9,483,997 10,434,362 202%
1,394,919 1,323,385 1,226,998 1,156,751 -11%
38,805,750 38,750,318 35,947,908 33,068,165 3%
43,020,685 57,280,451 69,335,050 77,347,349 231%
3,353,627 3,770,200 3,860,270 3,728,459 63%
41,967,947 70,894,465 105,372,423 139,209,049 797%
320,341,187 462,102,900 606,865,493 729,885,435 361%
21,616,076 30,115,393 37,540,865 42,316,399 298%
268,618 323,775 352,391 356,185 115%
24,268,608 32,761,688 39,768,360 44,074,588 254%
93,273 87,711 79,598 72,922 -16%
9,872,389 12,143,673 13,604,387 14,153,773 141%
21,668,851 35,954,398 54,003,694 72,976,499 682%
56,040,215 57,120,401 56,532,745 54,477,390 9%
79,055,628 102,055,432 119,024,817 127,620,961 193%
1,572,579 1,763,045 1,833,493 1,812,793 53%
107,737,069 172,232,145 245,779,732 316,337,831 605%
9,969,991 12,089,147 13,265,570 13,558,407 125%
12,532,759 12,474,644 11,550,835 10,891,401 4%
76,437,513 112,556,804 146,385,751 171,189,600 412%
862,790 914,535 890,389 848,244 60%
33,355,471 59,207,780 95,727,996 140,348,401 972%
19,242,738 21,532,080 22,073,783 21,838,334 74%
1,869,561,239 2,512,188,003 3,105,038,964 3,574,141,307 250%
Notes: Medium-fertility projections:

1. Total fertility in high-fertility and medium-fertility countries is assumed to decline following a path derived from models of fertility decline
established by the United Nations Population Division on the basis of the past experience of all countries with declining fertility during 1950-2000.
The models relate the level of total fertility during a period to the average expected decline in total fertility during the next period.
2. Total fertility in low-fertility countries is generally assumed to remain below 2.1 children per woman during most of the projection period and
reach 1.85 children per woman by 2045-2050. For low-fertility countries whose total fertility in 1995-2000 is estimated to be below 1.85
children per woman, projected total fertility often declines further before increasing slowly to reach 1.85 in 2045-2050.

Demographics
Change in population, 2010-2100a People, m
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana 2010
Burkina Faso
Burundi 2100
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2011). World Population Prospects:
The 2010 Revision CD-ROM Edition
1.Total fertility in high-fertility and medium-fertility countries is assumed to decline following a path derived from models of fertility decline
established by the United Nations Population Division on the basis of the past experience of all countries with declining fertility during 1950-
2000. The models relate the level of total fertility during a period to the average expected decline in total fertility during the next period.
2.Total fertility in low-fertility countries is generally assumed to remain below 2.1 children per woman during most of the projection period and
reach 1.85 children per woman by 2045-2050. For low-fertility countries whose total fertility in 1995-2000 is estimated to be below 1.85
children per woman, projected total fertility often declines further before increasing slowly to reach 1.85 in 2045-2050.

Demographics
Population growth, 2002-2012
Annual growth
Changea, 2002-2012
Country 2002 2007 2012
Algeria 1.5% 1.5% 1.3% -9%
Angola 3.4% 3.0% 2.7% -22%
Benin 3.2% 3.0% 2.7% -15%
Botswana 1.3% 1.4% 1.1% -20%
Burkina Faso 2.9% 3.0% 3.0% 4%
Burundi 2.4% 3.1% 1.9% -19%
Cameroon 2.3% 2.2% 2.1% -6%
Cape Verde 1.7% 1.0% 1.0% -44%
Central African Republic 1.6% 1.8% 2.0% 19%
Chad 3.6% 2.8% 2.6% -29%
Comoros 2.7% 2.7% 2.5% -7%
Congo (DRC) 2.9% 2.8% 2.6% -10%
Congo (Rep.) 2.3% 2.8% 2.2% -7%
Côte d’Ivoire 1.7% 1.7% 2.2% 28%
Djibouti 2.1% 1.9% 1.9% -11%
Egypt 1.9% 1.8% 1.7% -10%
Equatorial Guinea 3.2% 2.9% 2.7% -14%
Eritrea 4.2% 3.2% 2.9% -30%
Ethiopia 2.6% 2.2% 2.1% -19%
Gabon 2.1% 1.9% 1.9% -11%
Gambia 3.0% 2.8% 2.7% -11%
Ghana 2.4% 2.4% 2.3% -7%
Guinea 1.6% 1.9% 2.5% 61%
Guinea-Bissau 1.9% 2.0% 2.1% 7%
Kenya 2.6% 2.6% 2.7% 2%
Lesotho 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% -5%
Liberia 1.9% 4.8% 2.6% 38%
Libya 1.9% 2.2% 0.7% -63%
Madagascar 3.1% 3.0% 2.8% -8%
Malawi 2.6% 2.9% 3.2% 24%
Mali 3.1% 3.1% 2.9% -4%
Mauritania 2.9% 2.6% 2.2% -23%
Mauritius 0.9% 0.6% 0.5% -42%
Morocco 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% -12%
Mozambique 2.7% 2.4% 2.2% -17%
Namibia 1.9% 1.9% 1.7% -12%
Niger 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 1%
Nigeria 2.4% 2.5% 2.5% 3%
Rwanda 2.8% 2.8% 2.9% 4%
São Tomé and Principe 1.6% 1.5% 2.0% 23%
Senegal 2.7% 2.7% 2.6% -3%
Seychelles 3.0% 0.5% 0.7% -76%
Sierra Leone 4.6% 2.8% 2.1% -55%
Somalia 2.5% 2.2% 2.5% 0%
South Africa 1.0% 1.1% 0.5% -48%
South Sudanb 2.7% 5.7% 3.6% 35%
Sudan 2.3% 2.5% 2.4% 4%
Swaziland 0.1% 0.1% 1.3% 931%
Tanzania 2.6% 2.8% 3.1% 18%
Togo 2.5% 2.2% 2.0% -19%
Tunisia 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% -9%
Uganda 3.2% 3.3% 3.1% -2%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ...
Zambia 2.3% 2.6% 3.0% 32%
Zimbabwe 0.3% -0.4% 2.1% 723%
a As calculated by the author

Demographics
Population density, 1990-2010
People per km2 of land
Country 1990 2000 2010 Changea, 1990-2010

Algeria 10.6 12.8 14.9 40%
Angola 8.3 11.2 15.3 85%
Benin 43.1 58.9 80.0 85%
Botswana 2.4 3.1 3.5 45%
Burkina Faso 34.1 44.9 60.2 77%
Burundi 218.1 248.2 326.4 50%
Cameroon 25.8 33.2 41.5 61%
Cape Verde 86.4 108.5 123.1 42%
Central African Republic 4.7 5.9 7.1 50%
Chad 4.8 6.5 8.9 87%
Comoros 235.4 302.4 395.0 68%
Congo (DRC) 16.1 21.9 29.1 81%
Congo (Rep.) 7.0 9.2 11.8 69%
Côte d’Ivoire 39.4 52.1 62.1 58%
Djibouti 24.3 31.6 38.3 58%
Egypt 57.1 68.0 81.5 43%
Equatorial Guinea 13.3 18.6 25.0 87%
Eritrea 31.3 36.3 52.0 66%
Ethiopia 43.9 65.6 82.9 89%
Gabon 3.6 4.8 5.8 62%
Gambia 96.6 129.7 172.8 79%
Ghana 65.0 84.2 107.2 65%
Guinea 23.4 34.0 40.6 73%
Guinea-Bissau 36.2 44.1 53.9 49%
Kenya 41.2 54.9 71.2 73%
Lesotho 54.0 64.7 71.5 32%
Liberia 22.1 29.6 41.5 88%
Libya 2.5 3.0 3.6 47%
Madagascar 19.4 26.4 35.6 84%
Malawi 99.5 119.1 158.0 59%
Mali 7.1 9.3 12.6 77%
Mauritania 1.9 2.6 3.4 73%
Mauritius 521.6 584.7 631.0 21%
Morocco 55.5 64.5 71.6 29%
Mozambique 17.2 23.1 29.7 73%
Namibia 1.7 2.3 2.8 61%
Niger 6.1 8.6 12.2 99%
Nigeria 107.1 135.8 173.9 62%
Rwanda 288.2 328.3 430.6 49%
São Tomé and Príncipe 121.0 146.9 172.3 42%
Senegal 37.6 49.4 64.6 72%
Seychelles 152.2 176.4 188.1 24%
Sierra Leone 55.6 57.8 81.9 47%
Somalia 10.5 11.8 14.9 41%
South Africa 29.0 36.2 41.2 42%
South Sudan … … … …
Sudan 11.2 14.4 18.3 64%
Swaziland 50.2 58.8 61.4 22%
Tanzania 28.8 38.4 50.6 76%
Togo 67.4 88.1 110.8 64%
Tunisia 52.5 61.6 67.9 29%
Uganda 88.6 121.2 167.3 89%
Western Sahara … … … …
Zambia 10.6 13.7 17.4 64%
Zimbabwe 27.1 32.3 32.5 20%
Sub-Saharan Africab 21.6 28.2 36.2 67%
Worldb 40.8 47.2 53.2 30%

b As calculated by the source

Demographics
Population density, 1990 and 2010 People per km2 of land
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
1990
Libya
Madagascar 2010
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-Saharan Africa
World

Demographics
Birth ratea per 1,000 people, 1991-2011
Country 1991 2001 2011 Changeb, 1991-2011

Algeria 30.5 20.5 19.8 -35%
Angola 52.4 49.8 40.8 -22%
Benin 46.4 42.7 39.1 -16%
Botswana 33.6 26.3 23.3 -31%
Burkina Faso 47.1 45.2 42.9 -9%
Burundi 45.5 37.0 33.7 -26%
Cameroon 41.6 37.9 35.7 -14%
Cape Verde 38.1 27.8 20.3 -47%
Central African Republic 40.7 38.8 34.7 -15%
Chad 47.4 47.8 44.2 -7%
Comoros 36.8 39.9 36.8 0%
Congo (DRC) 50.5 48.8 42.9 -15%
Congo (Rep.) 38.0 37.4 35.0 -8%
Côte d’Ivoire 40.7 37.1 33.6 -17%
Djibouti 41.2 31.9 28.7 -30%
Egypt 30.9 25.4 22.8 -26%
Equatorial Guinea 46.3 39.1 36.4 -21%
Eritrea 40.4 38.2 35.5 -12%
Ethiopia 47.9 40.5 30.8 -36%
Gabon 38.2 30.6 27.1 -29%
Gambia 47.0 43.2 37.6 -20%
Ghana 38.5 34.1 31.1 -19%
Guinea 46.1 42.0 38.4 -17%
Guinea-Bissau 45.4 41.6 37.9 -16%
Kenya 41.1 38.4 37.4 -9%
Lesotho 35.5 31.7 27.5 -23%
Liberia 45.6 43.0 38.5 -16%
Libya 25.3 23.8 22.6 -11%
Madagascar 45.1 40.2 35.0 -22%
Malawi 47.6 43.9 44.4 -7%
Mali 48.7 49.2 45.9 -6%
Mauritania 40.4 37.1 33.3 -18%
Mauritius 20.7 16.4 11.5 -44%
Morocco 28.6 21.5 19.2 -33%
Mozambique 43.3 43.5 37.1 -14%
Namibia 37.5 30.7 25.8 -31%
Niger 55.8 52.0 48.2 -14%
Nigeria 43.5 41.7 39.7 -9%
Rwanda 43.3 40.1 40.9 -5%
São Tomé and Príncipe 37.5 35.2 30.7 -18%
Senegal 43.5 40.0 36.8 -15%
Seychelles 23.3 17.7 16.8 -28%
Sierra Leone 43.9 43.5 37.8 -14%
Somalia 45.6 45.9 43.3 -5%
South Africa 28.5 24.3 20.9 -27%
Sudanc 40.6 37.2 32.4 -20%
Swaziland 42.0 32.2 29.1 -31%
Tanzania 43.6 41.6 41.2 -5%
Togo 41.9 36.7 31.6 -25%
Tunisia 24.9 16.9 18.6 -25%
Uganda 49.6 48.2 44.7 -10%
Zambia 43.5 44.5 45.9 5%
Zimbabwe 36.3 30.0 29.0 -20%
Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators

Population Division, World Population Prospects; United Nations Statistical Division, Population and Vital Statistics Report; census reports and
International Database.
a Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year per 1,000 population estimated at mid-year. Subtracting the
crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence
of migration.
c Data are for both Sudan and South Sudan.

Demographics
Birth ratea, 1991 and 2011 Per 1,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
1991
Liberia
Libya 2011
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 21 May 2013
a Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year per 1,000 population estimated at mid-year. Subtracting the
crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence
of migration.

Demographics
Death ratea per 1,000 people, 1991-2011
Country 1991 2001 2011 Changeb, 1991-2011

Algeria 6.2 5.1 4.9 -22%
Angola 23.3 18.7 14.0 -40%
Benin 16.9 13.7 11.5 -32%
Botswana 6.8 14.0 13.3 94%
Burkina Faso 16.7 14.7 11.6 -30%
Burundi 19.0 16.6 14.0 -26%
Cameroon 13.9 15.1 13.9 0%
Cape Verde 8.3 6.0 5.4 -35%
Chad 16.6 17.7 16.0 -4%
Comoros 11.2 10.3 8.6 -23%
Congo (DRC) 18.5 18.8 16.2 -13%
Congo (Rep.) 11.8 12.6 11.0 -7%
Côte d’Ivoire 13.5 14.5 11.7 -13%
Djibouti 13.7 11.6 10.0 -27%
Egypt 8.3 5.8 5.1 -39%
Eritrea 15.0 9.9 7.5 -50%
Ethiopia 17.8 13.7 9.4 -47%
Gabon 10.6 10.4 8.8 -17%
Gambia 13.1 11.3 9.0 -31%
Ghana 10.9 10.0 7.7 -29%
Guinea 20.5 16.4 12.8 -38%
Guinea-Bissau 21.5 19.0 16.4 -24%
Kenya 9.8 12.7 10.3 5%
Lesotho 10.3 16.8 15.5 51%
Liberia 21.3 16.8 10.6 -50%
Libya 4.3 4.0 4.0 -7%
Madagascar 15.1 9.3 6.4 -58%
Malawi 18.1 17.1 12.3 -32%
Mali 20.4 17.6 14.2 -31%
Mauritania 11.1 10.4 9.5 -15%
Mauritius 6.6 6.7 7.0 6%
Morocco 7.6 6.0 5.8 -23%
Mozambique 20.3 16.9 14.3 -30%
Namibia 9.0 10.3 8.2 -9%
Niger 23.4 17.1 12.6 -46%
Nigeria 18.9 17.4 14.1 -26%
Rwanda 35.4 14.7 11.6 -67%
Senegal 12.8 10.9 8.8 -31%
Seychelles 7.2 6.8 7.4 2%
Sierra Leone 25.1 22.2 15.3 -39%
Somalia 20.0 16.6 14.7 -26%
South Africa 8.3 12.9 14.7 77%
Sudanc 13.6 10.8 8.8 -35%
Swaziland 9.5 14.7 14.3 51%
Tanzania 15.0 14.0 10.1 -33%
Togo 13.4 11.8 10.6 -21%
Tunisia 5.6 5.5 5.7 2%
Uganda 17.8 16.7 12.0 -33%
Zambia 17.2 19.8 15.3 -11%
Zimbabwe 9.1 17.1 12.7 39%
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 21 May 2013; United Nations Population
Division, World Population Prospects; United Nations Statistical Division, Population and Vital Statistics Report; census reports and other
International Database.
a Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year per 1,000 population estimated at mid-year. Subtracting the crude
death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence
of migration.
c Data are for both Sudan and South Sudan

Demographics
Death ratea, 1991 and 2011 Per 1,000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
1991
Liberia
Libya 2011
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
a Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year per 1,000 population estimated at mid-year. Subtracting the crude
death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence
of migration.

Demographics
Total fertility ratea, 1971-2011
Country 1971 1991 2011 Changeb, 1971-2011

Algeria 7.4 4.5 2.2 -70%
Angola 7.3 7.1 5.3 -27%
Benin 6.8 6.7 5.2 -23%
Botswana 6.6 4.5 2.7 -59%
Burkina Faso 6.7 6.8 5.8 -13%
Burundi 6.8 6.5 4.2 -38%
Cameroon 6.2 5.8 4.4 -29%
Cape Verde 6.9 5.2 2.3 -66%
Chad 6.5 6.7 5.9 -10%
Comoros 7.1 5.4 … …
Congo (DRC) 6.2 7.1 5.7 -9%
Congo (Rep.) 6.3 5.3 4.5 -28%
Côte d’Ivoire 7.9 6.1 4.3 -45%
Djibouti 7.3 6.0 3.7 -50%
Egypt 5.8 4.2 2.7 -54%
Eritrea 6.6 6.2 4.4 -34%
Ethiopia 6.8 7.1 4.0 -41%
Gabon 4.8 5.2 3.2 -33%
Gambia 6.1 6.1 4.8 -22%
Ghana 6.9 5.5 4.1 -41%
Guinea 6.9 6.7 5.2 -25%
Guinea-Bissau 6.5 6.6 5.0 -23%
Kenya 8.1 5.8 4.7 -42%
Lesotho 5.8 4.8 3.1 -46%
Liberia 6.7 6.4 5.2 -23%
Libya 7.6 4.5 2.5 -67%
Madagascar 7.3 6.2 4.6 -37%
Malawi 7.4 6.7 6.0 -19%
Mali 6.9 7.0 6.2 -10%
Mauritania 6.8 5.9 4.5 -34%
Mauritius 3.7 2.3 … …
Morocco 7.0 3.9 2.2 -68%
Mozambique 6.6 6.2 4.8 -27%
Namibia 6.5 5.1 3.2 -52%
Niger 7.5 7.8 7.0 -6%
Nigeria 6.5 6.3 5.5 -16%
Rwanda 8.2 6.8 5.3 -35%
Senegal 7.4 6.5 4.7 -36%
Seychelles … … … …
Sierra Leone 5.8 5.7 4.9 -16%
Somalia 7.2 6.6 6.3 -12%
South Africa 5.5 3.5 … …
Sudan 6.6 5.9 4.3 -35%
Swaziland 6.9 5.6 3.3 -52%
Tanzania 6.8 6.1 5.5 -18%
Togo 7.1 6.2 4.0 -44%
Tunisia 6.4 3.4 … …
Uganda 7.1 7.1 6.1 -15%
Zambia 7.4 6.4 6.3 -16%
Zimbabwe 7.4 5.0 3.2 -57%
Sub-Saharan Africac … … 6.2 …
Worldc … … 3.2 …
a Average births per woman in a lifetime


Demographics
Adolescent fertility ratea, 2001 and 2011
Country 2001 2011 Changeb, 2001-11

Algeria 9.2 6.3 -31%
Angola 203.8 152.7 -25%
Benin 118.6 99.9 -16%
Botswana 63.6 45.5 -29%
Burkina Faso 131.5 118.9 -10%
Burundi 31.2 20.5 -34%
Cameroon 137.5 117.7 -14%
Cape Verde 96.9 71.7 -26%
Central African Republic 124.9 100.2 -20%
Chad 190.4 143.4 -25%
Comoros 64.2 52.5 -18%
Congo (DRC) 232.9 176.8 -24%
Congo (Rep.) 130.4 113.8 -13%
Côte d’Ivoire 135.2 110.4 -18%
Djibouti 29.3 20.2 -31%
Egypt 53.7 41.8 -22%
Equatorial Guinea 129.8 116.3 -10%
Eritrea 86.3 56.3 -35%
Ethiopia 100.1 53.1 -47%
Gabon 111.7 82.8 -26%
Gambia 108.4 68.8 -37%
Ghana 82.0 64.1 -22%
Guinea 167.4 138.4 -17%
Guinea-Bissau 134.0 99.2 -26%
Kenya 104.5 98.5 -6%
Lesotho 90.5 63.3 -30%
Liberia 147.3 126.9 -14%
Libya 4.0 2.7 -33%
Madagascar 150.6 125.0 -17%
Malawi 159.5 108.3 -32%
Mali 189.7 172.4 -9%
Mauritania 89.7 72.9 -19%
Mauritius 36.4 32.6 -11%
Morocco 21.0 11.7 -44%
Mozambique 164.5 129.4 -21%
Namibia 83.5 58.4 -30%
Niger 214.9 196.3 -9%
Nigeria 128.8 112.7 -12%
Rwanda 46.5 36.1 -22%
São Tomé and Príncipe 83.0 57.5 -31%
Senegal 108.6 93.0 -14%
Seychelles … … …
Sierra Leone 144.9 112.1 -23%
Somalia 72.0 68.4 -5%
South Africa 72.7 52.2 -28%
South Sudan … … …
Sudan 76.3 54.8 -28%
Swaziland 103.8 71.1 -31%
Tanzania 132.2 129.0 -2%
Togo 81.9 56.5 -31%
Tunisia 6.9 4.6 -33%
Uganda 176.2 131.1 -26%
Western Sahara … … …
Zambia 156.3 140.1 -10%
Zimbabwe 81.4 55.6 -32%
Sub-Saharan Africac 129.6 105.6 -19%
Worldc 61.8 52.7 -15%
a Births per 1,000 women aged 15-19


Demographics
Life expectancy, 1961-2011
Female life Male life

Life expectancy at birth, years
expectancy at birth expectancy at birth
Country Change
1961 1981 2001 2011 in yearsa, 2011
1961-2011
Algeria 47.5 60.3 70.4 73.1 25.6 74.6 71.6
Angola 33.4 40.3 46.0 51.1 17.7 52.6 49.6
Benin 35.9 45.6 52.8 56.0 20.1 57.9 54.2
Botswana 50.9 61.0 49.8 53.0 2.1 52.0 54.0
Burkina Faso 36.4 46.8 50.6 55.4 19.0 56.4 54.4
Burundi 41.5 47.2 46.3 50.3 8.8 51.8 48.9
Cameroon 42.0 51.6 49.8 51.6 9.6 52.6 50.6
Cape Verde 48.9 60.4 70.0 73.9 25.0 77.7 70.3
Central African Republic 36.9 49.2 43.5 48.3 11.4 50.0 46.7
Chad 40.6 48.4 48.3 49.5 8.9 51.0 48.1
Comoros 43.8 52.4 58.1 61.0 17.2 62.5 59.7
Congo (DRC) 41.2 46.0 45.9 48.4 7.1 50.0 46.8
Congo (Rep.) 49.2 56.5 54.2 57.4 8.1 58.7 56.1
Côte d’Ivoire 40.6 51.9 50.3 55.4 14.8 56.6 54.3
Djibouti 39.0 48.4 54.1 57.9 18.9 59.4 56.5
Egypt 46.3 56.7 69.7 73.2 26.9 75.2 71.3
Equatorial Guinea 37.0 43.2 48.8 51.1 14.1 52.5 49.9
Eritrea 39.5 43.9 56.6 61.4 21.9 63.8 59.1
Ethiopia 39.1 43.8 52.3 59.2 20.2 60.9 57.7
Gabon 39.9 55.7 59.5 62.7 22.8 63.8 61.7
Gambia 33.8 48.4 55.5 58.5 24.7 59.7 57.3
Ghana 46.3 53.4 58.8 64.2 17.9 65.3 63.2
Guinea 32.5 39.3 48.7 54.1 21.6 55.7 52.5
Guinea-Bissau 34.8 40.5 45.1 48.1 13.3 49.7 46.6
Kenya 47.0 58.2 52.0 57.1 10.1 58.3 56.0
Lesotho 47.0 54.2 46.1 48.0 1.0 47.2 48.7
Liberia 38.0 43.8 47.1 56.7 18.7 57.8 55.7
Libya 47.2 61.0 72.8 75.0 27.8 77.6 72.4
Madagascar 40.3 48.6 60.6 66.7 26.4 68.4 65.1
Malawi 38.0 44.7 46.3 54.1 16.1 54.2 54.1
Mali 30.5 40.1 47.6 51.4 20.9 52.5 50.3
Mauritania 42.6 53.5 57.1 58.5 15.9 60.3 56.9
Mauritius 59.8 67.4 71.8 73.3 13.5 77.0 69.7
Morocco 47.1 58.4 69.1 72.1 25.0 74.5 69.9
Mozambique 35.5 42.8 47.4 50.2 14.7 51.1 49.2
Namibia 47.5 58.3 57.3 62.3 14.8 62.9 61.8
Niger 37.9 39.7 49.0 54.7 16.8 55.2 54.2
Nigeria 38.9 45.6 46.8 51.9 13.0 52.7 51.1
Rwanda 42.5 49.0 48.1 55.4 12.9 56.7 54.1
São Tomé and Príncipe 51.1 59.6 62.5 64.6 13.5 66.1 63.2
Senegal 39.1 48.1 56.1 59.3 20.2 60.4 58.2
Seychelles … … … 73.5 … 77.4 69.7
Sierra Leone 31.7 43.6 40.6 47.8 16.1 48.4 47.2
Somalia 36.4 43.4 48.8 51.2 14.8 52.8 49.6
South Africa 49.4 57.6 53.7 52.6 3.2 53.2 52.0
South Sudanb … … … 61.5 … 61.0 62.0
Sudan 41.9 49.7 57.6 61.4 19.6 63.3 59.7
Swaziland 44.5 54.9 47.4 48.7 4.1 48.2 49.1
Tanzania 43.9 50.6 50.8 58.2 14.2 59.1 57.2
Togo 40.1 50.0 54.9 57.0 16.9 58.6 55.5
Tunisia 48.8 62.9 72.8 74.8 25.9 76.7 72.9
Uganda 44.5 50.0 46.8 54.1 9.5 54.8 53.4
Western Sahara … … … … … … …
Zambia 45.5 52.0 42.0 49.0 3.5 49.4 48.5
Zimbabwe 51.9 59.7 43.8 51.2 -0.7 50.4 52.0
Sub-Saharan Africac 40.5 48.3 50.0 54.7 14.2 55.8 53.6
Worldcd 52.6 63.2 67.4 69.9 17.3 72.0 67.9

Demographics
Life expectancy at birth, 1969 and 2011 Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.) 1961
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti 2011
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-Saharan Africa
World

Demographics
Orphans, 1999 and 2009
Double orphansa (0-17) Orphaned childrenb (0-17)

Country
1999 2009 2009
Algeria ... … 550,000
Angola 44,000 140,000 1,500,000
Benin 8,400 30,000 310,000
Botswana 36,000 93,000 130,000
Burkina Faso 120,000 140,000 770,000
Burundi 100,000 200,000 610,000
Cameroon 76,000 330,000 1,200,000
Cape Verde ... ... …
Central African Republic 57,000 140,000 370,000
Chad 36,000 120,000 670,000
Comoros ... ... 22,000
Congo (DRC) ... ... …
Congo (Rep.) 45,000 51,000 220,000
Côte d’Ivoire 190,000 440,000 1,100,000
Djibouti ... ... 47,000
Egypt ... ... 1,700,000
Equatorial Guinea 500 4,100 45,000
Eritrea 5,600 19,000 240,000
Ethiopia … … …
Gabon 4,500 18,000 64,000
Gambia 1,000 2,800 72,000
Ghana 36,000 160,000 1,100,000
Guinea 31,000 59,000 440,000
Guinea-Bissau 1,700 9,700 110,000
Kenya 590,000 1,200,000 2,600,000
Lesotho 27,000 130,000 200,000
Liberia 11,000 52,000 340,000
Libya ... ... …
Madagascar 9,200 11,000 910,000
Malawi 330,000 650,000 1,000,000
Mali 23,000 59,000 690,000
Mauritania 1,100 3,600 120,000
Mauritius 200 1,000 19,000
Morocco ... ... 650,000
Mozambique 140,000 670,000 2,100,000
Namibia 18,000 70,000 120,000
Niger 9,500 57,000 970,000
Nigeria 880,000 2,500,000 12,000,000
Rwanda 150,000 130,000 690,000
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... …
Senegal 6,100 19,000 520,000
Seychelles ... ... …
Sierra Leone 1,000 15,000 320,000
Somalia ... ... 630,000
South Africa 300,000 1,900,000 3,400,000
South Sudan ... ... …
Sudan ... ... …
Swaziland 17,000 69,000 100,000
Tanzania 650,000 1,300,000 3,000,000
Togo 14,000 66,000 240,000
Tunisia ... ... 130,000
Uganda 940,000 1,200,000 2,700,000
Western Sahara ... ... …
Zambia 490,000 690,000 1,300,000
Zimbabwe 580,000 1,000,000 1,400,000
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators 2012

Source: UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 2012
a Double orphans are the estimated number of children (0-17 years) who have lost both biological parents.
b Estimated number of children (0–17 years) who have lost one or both parents due to any cause as of 2009.

Demographics
Female-headed householdsa, latest year
Country Households with a female head Latest available year

Algeria … …
Angola 25% 2007
Benin 23% 2006
Botswana … …
Burkina Faso 9% 2003
Burundi … …
Cameroon 24% 2004
Cape Verde … …
Central African Republic 21% 1995
Chad 20% 2004
Comoros 32% 1996
Congo (Rep.) 23% 2005
Côte d’Ivoire 14% 1999
Congo (DRC) 21% 2007
Djibouti … …
Egypt 13% 2008
Equatorial Guinea … …
Eritrea 47% 2002
Ethiopia 23% 2005
Gabon 26% 2001
Gambia … …
Ghana 34% 2008
Guinea 17% 2005
Guinea-Bissau … …
Kenya 34% 2009
Lesotho 37% 2004
Liberia 30% 2009
Libya … …
Madagascar 22% 2009
Malawi 25% 2004
Mali 12% 2006
Mauritania 29% 2001
Mauritius … …
Morocco 17% 2004
Mozambique 26% 2003
Namibia 44% 2007
Niger 19% 2006
Nigeria 19% 2008
Rwanda 31% 2008
São Tomé and Príncipe 39% 2009
Senegal 20% 2009
Seychelles … …
Sierra Leone 22% 2008
Somalia … …
South Africa 42% 1998
South Sudan … …
Sudan 19% 2006
Swaziland 48% 2007
Togo 24% 1998
Tunisia … …
Uganda 30% 2007
Tanzania 24% 2010
Western Sahara … …
Zambia 24% 2007
Zimbabwe 38% 2006
it is assumed that a woman cannot be the head of any household with an adult male, because of gender-biased stereotypes. Caution should
be used in interpreting the data. The majority of women in FHHs in developing countries are widowed, and to a lesser extent divorced or
separated. In developed countries, most female-headed households consist of women who are divorced or have never married.

Demographics
Africa’s most populous cities, 1990-2020
Citya Country 1990 2000 2010 (est.) 2020 (est.) Multipleb, 2010:1990
Algiers Algeria 1,815,000 2,254,000 2,800,000 3,371,000 1.5
Oran Algeria 647,000 705,000 770,000 902,000 1.2
Huambo Angola 326,000 578,000 1,034,000 1,551,000 3.2
Luanda Angola 1,568,000 2,591,000 4,772,000 7,080,000 3.0
Cotonou Benin 504,000 642,000 844,000 1,217,000 1.7
Ouagadougou Burkina Faso 537,000 921,000 1,908,000 3,457,000 3.6
Douala Cameroon 931,000 1,432,000 2,125,000 2,815,000 2.3
Yaoundé Cameroon 754,000 1,192,000 1,801,000 2,392,000 2.4
N’Djaména Chad 477,000 647,000 829,000 1,170,000 1.7
Kananga Congo (DRC) 353,000 552,000 878,000 1,324,000 2.5
Kinshasa Congo (DRC) 3,564,000 5,611,000 8,754,000 12,788,000 2.5
Kisangani Congo (DRC) 362,000 535,000 812,000 1,221,000 2.2
Lubumbashi Congo (DRC) 655,000 995,000 1,543,000 2,304,000 2.4
Mbuji-Mayi Congo (DRC) 580,000 924,000 1,488,000 2,232,000 2.6
Brazzaville Congo (Rep.) 704,000 986,000 1,323,000 1,703,000 1.9
Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire 2,102,000 3,032,000 4,125,000 5,550,000 2.0
Yamoussoukro Côte d’Ivoire 136,000 348,000 885,000 1,559,000 6.5
Alexandria Egypt 3,063,000 3,592,000 4,387,000 5,201,000 1.4
Cairo Egypt 9,061,000 10,170,000 11,001,000 12,540,000 1.2
Addis Ababa Ethiopia 1,791,000 2,376,000 2,930,000 3,981,000 1.6
Accra Ghana 1,197,000 1,674,000 2,342,000 3,110,000 2.0
Kumasi Ghana 696,000 1,187,000 1,834,000 2,448,000 2.6
Conakry Guinea 895,000 1,219,000 1,653,000 2,427,000 1.8
Mombasa Kenya 476,000 687,000 1,003,000 1,479,000 2.1
Nairobi Kenya 1,380,000 2,230,000 3,523,000 5,192,000 2.6
Monrovia Liberia 1,042,000 836,000 827,000 807,000 0.8
Tripoli Libya 862,000 1,022,000 1,108,000 1,286,000 1.3
Antananarivo Madagascar 948,000 1,361,000 1,879,000 2,658,000 2.0
Blantyre Malawi 370,000 538,000 856,000 1,497,000 2.3
Lilongwe Malawi 266,000 493,000 865,000 1,422,000 3.3
Bamako Mali 746,000 1,110,000 1,699,000 2,514,000 2.3
Agadir Morocco 403,000 609,000 783,000 948,000 1.9
Casablanca Morocco 2,682,000 3,042,000 3,284,000 3,816,000 1.2
Fes Morocco 685,000 870,000 1,065,000 1,277,000 1.6
Marrakech Morocco 578,000 755,000 928,000 1,114,000 1.6
Rabat Morocco 1,174,000 1,507,000 1,802,000 2,139,000 1.5
Tangier Morocco 423,000 591,000 788,000 958,000 1.9
Maputo Mozambique 776,000 1,096,000 1,655,000 2,350,000 2.1
Matola Mozambique 319,000 504,000 793,000 1,139,000 2.5
Niamey Niger 432,000 680,000 1,048,000 1,643,000 2.4
Aba Nigeria 484,000 614,000 785,000 1,058,000 1.6
Abuja Nigeria 330,000 832,000 1,995,000 2,977,000 6.0
Benin City Nigeria 689,000 975,000 1,302,000 1,758,000 1.9
Ibadan Nigeria 1,739,000 2,236,000 2,837,000 3,760,000 1.6
Ilorin Nigeria 515,000 653,000 835,000 1,125,000 1.6
Jos Nigeria 493,000 627,000 802,000 1,081,000 1.6
Kaduna Nigeria 961,000 1,220,000 1,561,000 2,087,000 1.6
Kano Nigeria 2,095,000 2,658,000 3,395,000 4,495,000 1.6
Lagos Nigeria 4,764,000 7,233,000 10,578,000 14,162,000 2.2
Maiduguri Nigeria 598,000 758,000 970,000 1,303,000 1.6
Ogbomosho Nigeria 622,000 798,000 1,032,000 1,389,000 1.7
Port Harcourt Nigeria 680,000 863,000 1,104,000 1,482,000 1.6
Zaria Nigeria 592,000 752,000 963,000 1,295,000 1.6
Kigali Rwanda 219,000 497,000 939,000 1,392,000 4.3
Dakar Senegal 1,405,000 2,029,000 2,863,000 3,796,000 2.0
Freetown Sierra Leone 529,000 688,000 901,000 1,219,000 1.7
Mogadishu Somalia 1,035,000 1,201,000 1,500,000 2,156,000 1.4
Cape Town South Africa 2,155,000 2,715,000 3,405,000 3,701,000 1.6
Durban South Africa 1,723,000 2,370,000 2,879,000 3,133,000 1.7
Ekurhuleni South Africa 1,531,000 2,326,000 3,202,000 3,497,000 2.1
Johannesburg South Africa 1,898,000 2,732,000 3,670,000 3,996,000 1.9
Port Elizabeth South Africa 828,000 958,000 1,068,000 1,173,000 1.3
Pretoria South Africa 911,000 1,084,000 1,429,000 1,575,000 1.6
Vereeniging South Africa 743,000 897,000 1,143,000 1,262,000 1.5
Khartoum Sudan 2,360,000 3,949,000 5,172,000 7,005,000 2.2
Lomé Togo 619,000 1,020,000 1,667,000 2,398,000 2.7
Kampala Uganda 755,000 1,097,000 1,598,000 2,504,000 2.1
Dar es Salaam Tanzania 1,316,000 2,116,000 2,249,000 5,103,000 1.7
Lusaka Zambia 757,000 1,073,000 1,451,000 1,941,000 1.9
Harare Zimbabwe 1,047,000 1,379,000 1,632,000 2,170,000 1.6
Source: UN, State of African Cities 2010
a Population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2009, by country.

b As calculated by the author. The multiple is calculated by dividing the 2010 population by the 1990 population. A multiple of 2.0 means that the
population was twice as large in 2010 as in 1990.

Demographics
Birth registration, latest year
Country Completeness of birth registrationa Latest available year

Algeria 99% 2006
Angola 29% 2001
Benin 60% 2006
Botswana 72% 2007
Burkina Faso 64% 2006
Burundi 60% 2005
Cameroon 70% 2006
Cape Verde 91% 2010
Central African Republic 49% 2006
Chad 9% 2005
Comoros 83% 2001
Congo (DRC) 28% 2010
Congo (Rep.) 81% 2005
Côte d’Ivoire 55% 2006
Djibouti 89% 2006
Egypt 99% 2005
Equatorial Guinea 32% 2000
Eritrea … …
Ethiopia 7% 2005
Gabon 89% 2001
Gambia 55% 2006
Ghana 71% 2008
Guinea 43% 2005
Guinea-Bissau 24% 2010
Kenya 60% 2009
Lesotho 45% 2009
Liberia 4% 2007
Libya … …
Madagascar 80% 2009
Malawi … …
Mali 81% 2010
Mauritania 56% 2007
Mauritius … …
Morocco 85% 2000
Mozambique 31% 2008
Namibia 67% 2007
Niger 32% 2006
Nigeria 30% 2008
Rwanda 82% 2005
São Tomé and Príncipe 75% 2009
Senegal 55% 2005
Seychelles … …
Sierra Leone 51% 2008
Somalia 3% 2006
South Africa 92% 2008
South Sudan … …
Sudan 33% 2006
Swaziland 30% 2007
Tanzania 16% 2010
Togo 78% 2010
Tunisia … …
Uganda 21% 2006
Zambia 14% 2007
Zimbabwe 38% 2009

Urbanisation
Demographics
Urban population as a share of total population, 1972-2012
Total urban
Urban population growth,
Country 1972 1992 2012 population,
annual, %, 2012
2012
Algeria 40% 54% 74% 28,363,325 3.0%
Angola 17% 40% 60% 12,472,785 4.4%
Benin 19% 35% 46% 4,579,019 4.2%
Botswana 9% 45% 62% 1,247,486 1.9%
Burkina Faso 6% 14% 27% 4,502,013 6.0%
Burundi 3% 7% 11% 1,104,531 5.8%
Cameroon 23% 41% 53% 11,426,592 3.6%
Cape Verde 20% 46% 63% 313,075 2.0%
Central African Republic 29% 37% 39% 1,780,769 2.6%
Chad 13% 21% 22% 2,728,615 3.4%
Comoros 20% 28% 28% 202,101 2.8%
Congo (DRC) 30% 28% 35% 22,885,741 4.3%
Congo (Rep.) 41% 55% 64% 2,779,000 3.3%
Côte d’Ivoire 30% 40% 52% 10,317,186 3.7%
Djibouti 64% 76% 77% 663,316 1.6%
Egypt 43% 43% 44% 35,277,235 2.0%
Equatorial Guinea 27% 36% 40% 292,217 3.2%
Eritrea 13% 16% 22% 1,338,135 5.4%
Ethiopia 9% 13% 17% 15,850,562 4.1%
Gabon 36% 72% 86% 1,411,483 2.7%
Gambia 21% 41% 58% 1,034,626 4.2%
Ghana 29% 38% 53% 13,322,922 3.4%
Guinea 17% 29% 36% 4,116,046 3.9%
Guinea-Bissau 15% 30% 45% 741,528 3.9%
Kenya 11% 17% 24% 10,534,344 4.4%
Lesotho 9% 15% 28% 580,600 3.7%
Liberia 28% 42% 49% 2,035,018 3.5%
Libya 55% 76% 78% 4,794,882 1.1%
Madagascar 15% 24% 33% 7,403,095 4.7%
Malawi 7% 12% 16% 2,520,891 3.8%
Mali 15% 24% 36% 5,284,099 4.8%
Mauritania 17% 40% 42% 1,586,407 3.2%
Mauritius 43% 44% 42% 540,033 0.5%
Morocco 36% 50% 57% 18,669,087 2.1%
Mozambique 7% 23% 31% 7,932,315 3.3%
Namibia 23% 29% 39% 880,341 3.3%
Niger 10% 16% 18% 3,108,993 5.2%
Nigeria 24% 37% 50% 84,804,193 4.0%
Rwanda 4% 7% 19% 2,226,067 4.4%
São Tomé and Príncipe 30% 46% 63% 119,089 3.7%
Senegal 31% 39% 43% 5,884,016 3.6%
Seychelles 42% 49% 54% 47,415 1.1%
Sierra Leone 25% 34% 40% 2,369,704 2.9%
Somalia 24% 30% 38% 3,897,783 4.1%
South Africa 48% 53% 62% 31,956,256 1.9%
South Sudan 9% 14% 18% 1,977,892 5.4%
Sudan 17% 30% 33% 12,418,188 2.5%
Swaziland 11% 23% 21% 261,530 1.4%
Tanzania 9% 20% 27% 12,999,777 4.8%
Togo 22% 29% 39% 2,557,992 3.9%
Tunisia 45% 59% 67% 7,170,314 1.3%
Uganda 7% 11% 16% 5,815,338 6.0%
Western Sahara … … … … …
Zambia 32% 38% 40% 5,574,556 4.3%
Zimbabwe 18% 30% 39% 5,367,745 4.0%
Sub-Saharan Africaa 37% 44% 53% 335,130,106 3.9%
Worlda 20% 29% 37% 3,689,715,219 2.1%

Demographics
Urban population, 1972 and 2012 % of total population
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi 1972
Cameroon
Cape Verde 2012
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-Saharan Africa
World

Demographics
Most competitive citiesa, 2012 (For all categories: scores 0-100, where 100=best)
Egypt Kenya Nigeria South Africa World top 3
Johannesburg
New York City

Cape Town
Alexandria
Singapore
London
Durban
Nairobi
Lagos
Cairo
Economic strength 32.8 33.6 23.3 29.6 30.1 26.5 28.7 54.0 41.9 46.0
Physical capital 40.2 50.9 44.6 39.3 61.6 58.9 66.1 92.0 90.2 100
Financial Maturity 16.7 33.3 33.3 16.7 33.3 16.7 50.0 100 100 100
Institutional effectiveness 28.7 28.6 31.2 23.2 70.8 70.8 70.8 85.8 83.8 87.8
Social and cultural character 41.7 41.7 28.3 22.5 49.2 36.7 61.7 95.0 92.5 77.5
Human capital 45.7 48.2 65.0 44.2 67.9 63.5 64.3 76.5 75.6 69.8
Global appeal 1.3 8.1 8.3 2.8 8.3 1.9 8.5 35.7 65.1 43.2
Environment and natural hazards 58.3 41.7 62.5 33.3 66.7 70.8 54.2 66.7 75.0 87.5
Overall score 31.8 35 34.6 27.6 45.9 41.2 47.1 71.4 70.4 70
Rank (out of 120) 116 113 115 119 73 94 67 1 2 3
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, The Global City Competitiveness Index 2012
measured using 21 qualitative and 10 quantitative indicators grouped under eight categories: economic strength, human capital, institutional
Economic strength (30%)
Human capital (15%)
citizens, and the ease of hiring foreign nationals.
Institutional effectiveness (15%)
raise revenues and invest in the development of the city, like New York, is believed to be more effective in formulating and implementing
growth strategies.
Financial maturity (10%)
investment banking, insurance, professional services and wealth management.
Global appeal (10%)
headquartered in the city, and its international orientation.
Physical capital (10%)
telecommunications).
Environment and natural hazards (5%)
to air, water and waste, and includes natural disaster hazard risk.
Social and cultural character (5%)

language, culture and religion
Demographics
Languagesa
Language Language Language Language Language

Country
Speakers, m Speakers, m Speakers, m Speakers, m Speakers, m
Arabic (Algerian
Algeria 22.4 Kabyle 3.1
spoken)
Angola Umbundu 4 Kimbundu 3
Botswana Tswana 4.5
Burkina Faso Mòoré 5.1
Burundi Rundi 4.9
Congo (DRC) Luba-Kasai 6.3Kongo 6 Koongo 5 Kituba 4.2
Arabic (Egyptian Arabic (Sa’idi
Egypt 54 19
spoken) Spoken)
Oromo (Borana- Oromo (West
Ethiopia Amharic 17.5 3.8 Oromo (Eastern) 4.5 8.9 Tigrigna 5.8
Arsi-Guji) Central)
Ghana Akan 8.3 Éwé 3.1
Guinea Mandingo 4.5
Kenya Gikuyu 7.2 Dholuo 4.4 Kamba 4
Lesotho Sotho (Southern) 6
Arabic (Libyan
Libya 4.3
spoken)
Madagascar Malagasy 14.7
Malawi Nyanja 8.7
Mauritania Hassaniyya 3.1
Arabic
Tamazight
Morocco (Moroccan 21 3.2 Tachelhit 3
(Central Atlas)
spoken)
Mozambique Makhuwa 3.1
Nigeria Hausa 25 Yoruba 19.4 Ibo 18 Kanuri 4
Rwanda Rwanda 7.5
Senegal Fulah 12.3 Pulaar 3.7 Wolof 4
Somalia Somali 13.9
South Africa Zulu 10.3 Xhosa 7.8 Afrikaans 4.9 Sotho (Northern) 4.1 Tsonga 3.7
Tanzania Sukuma 5.4
Arabic (Tunisian
Tunisia 9.4
spoken)
Uganda Ganda 4.1
Zambia Bemba 3.6
Zimbabwe Shona 10.8
Source: Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.
Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.
a This table shows all the languages available from the source.

Demographics
Distribution of living languages, by country, 2009
Country Living languages Diversity

a Share of all living b
Count languages worldwide
Indigenous Immigrant Index Coveragec
Algeria 21 0.30% 17 4 0.35 71%
Angola 38 0.53% 38 0 0.78 97%
Benin 56 0.79% 54 2 0.93 96%
Botswana 39 0.55% 29 10 0.51 95%
Burkina Faso 70 0.99% 68 2 0.77 93%
Burundi 4 0.06% 3 1 0.00 100%
Cameroon 281 3.95% 280 1 0.97 96%
Cape Verde 2 0.03% 2 0 … 50%
Central African Republic 84 1.18% 72 12 0.96 92%
Chad 132 1.86% 130 2 0.95 90%
Comoros 6 0.08% 6 0 0.55 83%
Congo (DRC) 215 3.03% 212 3 0.95 93%
Congo (Rep.) 65 0.91% 62 3 0.83 94%
Côte d’Ivoire 96 1.35% 79 17 0.92 84%
Djibouti 10 0.14% 5 5 0.57 90%
Egypt 28 0.39% 12 16 0.53 89%
Equatorial Guinea 14 0.20% 14 0 0.31 93%
Eritrea 19 0.27% 15 4 0.63 68%
Ethiopia 90 1.27% 87 3 0.85 97%
Gabon 42 0.59% 41 1 0.77 95%
Gambia 25 0.35% 12 13 0.78 80%
Ghana 86 1.21% 81 5 0.84 87%
Guinea 39 0.55% 37 2 0.75 79%
Guinea-Bissau 26 0.37% 22 4 0.85 88%
Kenya 72 1.01% 67 5 0.93 96%
Lesotho 6 0.08% 5 1 0.26 67%
Liberia 32 0.45% 31 1 0.90 94%
Libya 32 0.45% 9 23 0.50 91%
Madagascar 21 0.30% 18 3 0.76 90%
Malawi 23 0.32% 16 7 0.67 78%
Mali 70 0.99% 66 4 0.86 96%
Mauritania 11 0.15% 8 3 0.25 64%
Mauritius 14 0.20% 7 7 0.59 79%
Morocco 14 0.20% 13 1 0.47 71%
Mozambique 49 0.69% 43 6 0.93 98%
Namibia 39 0.55% 30 9 0.82 95%
Niger 21 0.30% 21 0 0.64 100%
Nigeria 529 7.45% 522 7 0.89 91%
Rwanda 5 0.07% 3 2 0.00 60%
São Tomé and Príncipe 5 0.07% 4 1 0.39 100%
Senegal 47 0.66% 38 9 0.78 96%
Seychelles 3 0.04% 3 0 0.10 100%
Sierra Leone 27 0.38% 25 2 0.85 93%
Somalia 15 0.21% 14 1 0.35 80%
South Africa 44 0.62% 28 16 0.87 84%
South Sudan 68 0.96% 68 0 0.93 81%
Swaziland 7 0.10% 5 2 0.21 100%
Tanzania 127 1.79% 126 1 0.86 93%
Togo 43 0.61% 39 4 0.90 88%
Tunisia 10 0.14% 6 4 0.01 80%
Uganda 43 0.61% 41 2 0.92 95%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 53 0.75% 46 7 0.88 85%
Zimbabwe 23 0.32% 20 3 0.52 74%
Source: Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.
Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/
b The index column reports the probability that any two people of the country selected at random would have different mother tongues. The
highest possible value, 1, indicates total diversity (that is, no two people have the same mother tongue) while the lowest possible value, 0,
indicates no diversity at all (that is, everyone has the same mother tongue).
c The coverage column indicates the completeness of the computation by reporting the percentage of languages in the country for which
population estimates are available.

Demographics
a
Country Other major spoken languagesb
Algeria Arabic, Berber French
Angola Portuguese Other “Bantu” group languages
Benin French Fon, Yoruba
Botswana Setswana, English ...
Burkina Faso French Other “Sudanic” group languages
Burundi Kirundi, French Swahili
Cameroon English, French ...
Cape Verde Portuguese Kabuverdianu (Portuguese and West African)
Central African Republic French, Sangho Banda, Gbaya
Chad French, Arabic Sara
Comoros Arabic, French Shikomoro (Swahili and Arabic)
Congo (DRC) French Lingala, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba
Congo (Rep.) French Lingala, Monokutuba, Kikongo
Côte d’Ivoire French Dioula
Djibouti French, Arabic Somali, Afar
Egypt Arabic English, French
Equatorial Guinea Spanish, French English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo
Eritrea Tigrinya, Arabic, English Tigré, Afar, Bedawi, Kunama
Ethiopia Amharic English, Tigrinya, Oromo, Gurage, Somali, Arabic
Gabon French Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
Gambia English Mandinka, Wolof, Fula
Ghana English Akan, Adangme, Moshi-Dagoma, Ewe, Ga
Guinea French Soussou, Mandinka, Kissi, Toma, Fula, Kpelle
Guinea-Bissau Portuguese Crioulo
Kenya English, Swahili ...
Lesotho Sesotho, English Zulu, Xhosa
Liberia English ...
Libya Arabic Italian, English
Madagascar French, Malagasy ...
Malawi English, Nyanja Lomwe, Tumbuka, Yao
Bambara, Arabic, Dogoso, Fulfulde, Koyracini,
Mali French
Senoufou, Mandinka, Tamasheq
Mauritania Arabic Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof, French
Mauritius English, French Creole, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bhojpuri
Morocco Arabic Berber, French
Mozambique Portuguese Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena
Namibia English Afrikaans, German, Oshivambo, Herero, Nama
Niger French Hausa, Djerma
Nigeria English Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fula, Ijaw, Ibibio
Rwanda Kinyarwanda, French, English Swahili
São Tomé and Príncipe Portuguese ...
Senegal French Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
Seychelles English, French Creole
Sierra Leone English Mende, Temne, Krio
Somalia Somali Arabic, Italian, English
Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi,
South Africa ...
Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu
South Sudan English ...
Sudan Arabic ...
Swaziland English, Swazi ...
Arabic, Gogo, Haya, Makonde, Nyakusa,
Tanzania Swahili, English
Nyamwezi, Sukuma, Tumbuka
Togo French Ewe, Mina, Kabye, Dagoma
Tunisia Arabic French
Uganda English Ganda, Acoli, Swahili, Arabic
Western Sahara Arabic ...
Zambia English Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga
Shona, Ndebele, Sotho, Nambya, Shangani,
Zimbabwe English
Venda, Chewa, Nyanja, Tonga
Source: http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/african_languages.htm, accessed 17 July 2013
a Legislated languages or de facto national languages

Demographics
Population by ethnicity, latest year
Countryc Ethnic groupab Total population Share of total populationb
Benin 1992
Adja 766,522 16%
Bariba 424,827 9%
Fon 2,072,738 42%
Otamari 306,080 6%
Peuhl 301,686 6%
Yoruba 594,776 12%
Chad 1993
Arab 761,774 12%
Fitri-Batha 288,894 5%
Gorane 388,788 6%
Hadjarai 413,919 7%
Kanem-Bornou 556,475 9%
Mayo-Kebbi 713,827 12%
Ouaddai 541,282 9%
Sara 1,714,766 28%
Tandjile 400,879 6%
Côte d’Ivoire 1988
Akan 3,251,227 30%
Krou 1,136,291 11%
Mande Nord 1,236,129 11%
Mande Sud 831,840 8%
Voltaique 1,266,235 12%
Other 3,039,035 28%
Ethiopia 1994
Amara 16,007,933 30%
Oromo 17,080,318 32%
Somali 3,185,266 6%
Tigraway 3,284,568 6%
Gabon 1993
Fang 258,601 26%
Foreigners 153,490 15%
Kota-Kele 71,351 7%
Mbede-Teke 82,890 8%
Myene 48,767 5%
Nzabi-duma 113,656 11%
Shira-punu 241,954 24%
Ghana 2000
Akan 8,562,748 49%
Ewe 2,212,113 13%
Ga-Dangme 1,387,217 8%
Grusi 490,379 3%
Guan 758,779 4%
Gurma 678,681 4%
Mande-Busanga 193,443 1%
Mole-Dagbon 2,883,931 17%
Other 269,302 2%
Niger 2001
Djerma Sonrai 2,300,874 21%
Haoussa 6,069,731 55%
Kanouri Manga 513,116 5%
Peuhl 935,517 9%
Touareg 1,016,883 9%
Rwanda 1991
Hutu 6,466,285 90%
Tutsi 590,900 8%
Senegal 1988
Diola 357,672 5%
Peul 978,366 14%
Serer 1,009,921 15%
Toucouleur 631,892 9%
Wolof 2,890,402 43%
continues >

Demographics
Countryc Ethnic groupab Total population Share of total populationb
Seychelles 1994
Seychellois 72,169 97%
South Africa 2001
Black African 35,416,166 79%
Coloured 3,994,505 9%
White 4,293,640 10%
Uganda 2002
Acholi 1,145,357 5%
Baganda 4,126,370 17%
Bagisu 1,117,661 5%
Bakiga 1,679,519 7%
Banyakole 2,330,212 10%
Basoga 2,062,920 9%
Iteso 1,568,763 7%
Langi 1,485,437 6%
Zimbabwe 1992
African 10,284,345 99%
Source: UN, Demographic Yearbook, 30 June 2006 release
b An ethnic group must comprise at least 5% of total population to merit inclusion.

c Countries shown are those for which data are available.

Demographics
Religion by share of total populationa, 2012
Country Christian Muslim Hindu Folk religion Other religion

Algeria 0.2% 97.9% 1.8% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2%
Angola 90.5% 0.2% 5.1% 0.1% 4.2% 0.1%
Benin 52.0% 23.8% 5.0% 0.1% 18.1% 0.1%
Botswana 72.1% 0.4% 20.6% 0.3% 6.0% 0.6%
Burkina Faso 22.5% 61.6% 0.4% 0.1% 15.4% 0.1%
Burundi 91.5% 2.8% 0.1% 0.1% 5.7% 0.1%
Cameroon 70.3% 18.3% 5.3% 0.1% 3.3% 2.7%
Cape Verde 89.1% 0.1% 9.1% 0.1% 1.5% 0.2%
Chad 40.6% 55.3% 2.5% 0.1% 1.4% 0.1%
Comoros 0.5% 98.3% 0.1% 0.1% 1.0% 0.1%
Congo (DRC) 95.8% 1.5% 1.8% 0.1% 0.7% 0.1%
Congo (Rep.) 85.9% 1.2% 9.0% 0.1% 2.8% 1.1%
Côte d’Ivoire 44.1% 37.5% 8.0% 0.1% 10.2% 0.2%
Djibouti 2.3% 96.9% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1%
Egypt 5.1% 94.9% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Eritrea 62.9% 36.6% 0.1% 0.1% 0.4% 0.1%
Ethiopia 62.8% 34.6% 0.1% 0.1% 2.6% 0.1%
Gabon 76.5% 11.2% 5.6% 0.1% 6.0% 0.7%
Gambia 4.5% 95.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Ghana 74.9% 15.8% 4.2% 0.1% 4.9% 0.2%
Guinea 10.9% 84.4% 1.8% 0.1% 2.7% 0.1%
Guinea-Bissau 19.7% 45.1% 4.3% 0.1% 30.9% 0.1%
Kenya 84.8% 9.7% 2.5% 0.1% 1.7% 1.2%
Lesotho 96.8% 0.1% 3.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Liberia 85.9% 12.0% 1.4% 0.1% 0.5% 0.1%
Libya 2.7% 96.6% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Madagascar 85.3% 3.0% 6.9% 0.1% 4.5% 0.1%
Malawi 82.7% 13.0% 2.5% 0.1% 1.7% 0.1%
Mali 3.2% 92.4% 2.7% 0.1% 1.6% 0.1%
Mauritania 0.3% 99.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.5% 0.1%
Mauritius 25.3% 16.7% 0.6% 56.4% 0.7% 0.3%
Morocco 0.1% 99.9% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Mozambique 56.7% 18.0% 17.9% 0.1% 7.4% 0.1%
Namibia 97.5% 0.3% 1.9% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1%
Niger 0.8% 98.4% 0.7% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Nigeria 49.3% 48.8% 0.4% 0.1% 1.4% 0.1%
Rwanda 93.4% 1.8% 3.6% 0.1% 1.0% 0.2%
Senegal 3.6% 96.4% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Seychelles 94.0% 1.1% 2.1% 2.1% 0.1% 0.6%
Sierra Leone 20.9% 78.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.8% 0.1%
Somalia 0.1% 99.8% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
South Africa 81.2% 1.7% 14.9% 1.1% 0.4% 0.3%
South Sudan 60.5% 6.2% 0.5% 0.1% 32.9% 0.1%
Sudan 5.4% 90.7% 1.0% 0.1% 2.8% 0.1%
Swaziland 88.1% 0.2% 10.1% 0.1% 1.0% 0.4%
Tanzania 61.4% 35.2% 1.4% 0.1% 1.8% 0.1%
Togo 43.7% 14.0% 6.2% 0.1% 35.6% 0.6%
Tunisia 0.2% 99.5% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Uganda 86.7% 11.5% 0.5% 0.3% 0.9% 0.1%
Western Sahara 0.2% 99.4% 0.4% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Zambia 97.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.1% 0.3% 0.9%
Zimbabwe 87.0% 0.9% 7.9% 0.1% 3.8% 0.3%
Sub-Saharan Africa b 62.9% 30.2% 3.2% 0.2% 3.3% 0.2%
Worldb 31.5% 23.2% 16.3% 15.0% 5.9% 0.8%
Source: Pew Research Centre, Global Religious Landscape 2012

Religious denominationsa, latest year
Demographics
Countryc Religious group Count Share of total populationb
Benin 1992
Catholic 1,271,170 26%
Islam 1,011,193 21%
Traditional 1,725,877 35%
Other Christians 295,246 6%
None 313,602 6%
Burundi 1990
Catholic 3,443,087 65%
Protestant 729,682 14%
Unknown 987,594 19%
Chad 1993
Animist 456,064 7%
Catholic 1,260,512 20%
Muslim 3,335,869 54%
Côte d’Ivoire 1988
Animist 1,840,297 17%
Catholic 2,245,762 21%
Muslim 4,182,410 39%
No Religion 1,452,132 13%
Egypt 1986
Christian 2,829,349 6%
Muslim 45,368,453 94%
Ethiopia 1994
Muslim 17,412,432 33%
Orthodox 26,877,660 51%
Protestant 5,405,107 10%
Ghana 2000
Catholic 2,864,387 15%
Islam 3,004,794 16%
Pentecostal 4,551,597 24%
Other Christians 2,085,735 11%
Malawi 1998
Christian 7,933,773 80%
Islam 1,272,429 13%
Mauritius 2000
Hindu 420,271 36%
Islam 71,009 6%
Muslim 124,943 11%
Roman Catholic 278,251 24%
Tamil and Tamil Hindu 71,477 6%
Mozambique 1997
Catholic 3,591,702 24%
Muslim 2,696,756 18%
Saio/Zione 2,660,799 17%
São Tomé and Príncipe 2001
Catholic 96,684 70%
Unknown 26,913 20%
Senegal 1988
Khadir 738,302 11%
Mouride 2,038,798 30%
Tidjane 3,210,600 47%
Other Muslims 325,124 5%
Seychelles 2002
Anglican 5,220 6%
Roman Catholic 67,280 82%
continues >

Demographics
Religious denominationsa, latest year (continued)

Countryc Religious group Count Share of total populationb
South Africa 2001
Catholic 3,181,336 7%
Dutch Reformed 3,005,698 7%
Methodist 3,305,404 7%
Zion Christian Church 4,971,932 11%
Other Apostolic Churches 5,609,070 13%
Other Christians 3,195,477 7%
Uganda 2002
Anglican 8,782,821 36%
Catholic 10,242,594 42%
Muslim 2,956,121 12%
Source: UN, Demographic Yearbook, 30 June 2006
b A religious group must comprise at least 5% of total population to merit inclusion.


Demographics
Religious restrictions indexa, 2010
Government
Level of government Social hostilities index Level of social
Country restrictions index
restriction (0-10) hostility
(0-10)
Algeria 6.9 Very High 5.4 High
Angola 3.7 Moderate 2.3 Moderate
Benin 0.5 Low 0.4 Low
Botswana 1.2 Low 0 Low
Burkina Faso 1.3 Low 1.5 Moderate
Burundi 0.7 Low 2.2 Moderate
Cameroon 0.6 Low 0.4 Low
Cape Verde 0.3 Low 0 Low
Central African Republic 4.4 Moderate 4.5 High
Chad 6 High 2.6 Moderate
Comoros 3.6 Moderate 1 Low
Congo (DRC) 2.8 Moderate 2.9 Moderate
Congo (Rep) 1 Low 0 Low
Côte d’Ivoire 2 Low 3.7 High
Djibouti 2.1 Low 0.5 Low
Egypt 8.7 Very High 7.6 Very High
Equatorial Guinea 2.4 Moderate 0 Low
Eritrea 7.7 Very High 0.6 Low
Ethiopia 4.3 Moderate 4.9 High
Gabon 1.9 Low 0.8 Low
Gambia 1.8 Low 0.5 Low
Ghana 1 Low 2.6 Moderate
Guinea 2.9 Moderate 1.9 Moderate
Guinea-Bissau 0.3 Low 1.2 Low
Kenya 4.7 High 6.7 High
Lesotho 0.6 Low 0.4 Low
Liberia 1.7 Low 1.8 Moderate
Libya 5.8 High 0.2 Low
Madagascar 3.3 Moderate 0.4 Low
Malawi 1 Low 0.4 Low
Mali 0.9 Low 1.3 Low
Mauritania 6.2 High 1.5 Moderate
Mauritius 1.2 Low 2.8 Moderate
Morocco 6.2 High 1.2 Low
Mozambique 1.1 Low 0.3 Low
Namibia 0.7 Low 0 Low
Niger 3 Moderate 1 Low
Nigeria 5.8 High 7.8 Very High
Rwanda 3.8 Moderate 0.8 Low
São Tomé and Príncipe 0.2 Low 0 Low
Senegal 1.6 Low 0.2 Low
Seychelles 1.3 Low 0 Low
Sierra Leone 0 Low 0.5 Low
Somalia 5.2 High 8.1 Very High
South Africa 0.7 Low 4.4 High
Sudan 5.4 High 5 High
Swaziland 2.4 Moderate 0.5 Low
Tanzania 3.9 Moderate 5.1 High
Togo 1.4 Low 0.3 Low
Tunisia 7.7 Very High 1 Low
Uganda 3.4 Moderate 5.8 High
Western Sahara 5.9 High 0 Low
Zambia 2.5 Moderate 2.3 Moderate
Zimbabwe 4.4 Moderate 2.2 Moderate
Source: Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, Rising Tide of Restrictions on Religion, 2010
Key Government restrictions index scale Social hostilities index scale

Very high 6.6-10 7.2-10
High 4.5-6.5 3.6-7.1
Moderate 2.4-4.4 1.5-3.5
Low 0.0-2.3 0.0-1.4
Note: The index comprises 20 indicators of government restrictions on religion as well as over a dozen indicators of social impediments on
religion, which track limits to religious beliefs and practices stemming from violence and intimidation in societies.

migrants
Demographics
Migrants, 2000-2010
Number of Change in number Refugeesc as %

International migrants as %
Country international of international of international
of total populationa migrants migrantsb migrants
2000 2005 2010 2010 2000-2010 2010
Algeria 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% 242,324 -3% 39%
Angola 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 65,387 42% 19%
Benin 2.1% 2.5% 2.6% 232,036 74% 4%
Botswana 3.2% 4.3% 5.7% 114,838 105% 2%
Burkina Faso 4.7% 5.4% 6.3% 1,043,035 82% 0%
Burundi 1.2% 1.1% 0.7% 60,770 -21% 31%
Cameroon 1.5% 1.2% 1.0% 196,570 -14% 24%
Cape Verde 2.4% 2.4% 2.4% 12,053 16% 0%
Central African Republic 1.9% 1.9% 1.8% 80,492 13% 12%
Chad 1.3% 3.7% 3.5% 388,251 270% 75%
Comoros 2.5% 2.1% 1.8% 13,525 -2% 0%
Congo (DRC) 1.2% 0.8% 0.7% 444,672 -28% 43%
Congo (Rep.) 3.3% 3.7% 3.5% 143,203 37% 33%
Côte d’Ivoire 14.1% 13.2% 12.2% 2,406,713 3% 1%
Djibouti 15.1% 13.7% 12.8% 114,147 4% 7%
Egypt 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 244,714 45% 38%
Equatorial Guinea 0.9% 1.0% 1.1% 7,447 65% 0%
Eritrea 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 16,484 27% 29%
Ethiopia 1.0% 0.8% 0.7% 547,984 -17% 17%
Gabon 17.0% 17.8% 18.9% 284,127 35% 3%
Gambia 14.3% 15.4% 16.8% 290,104 57% 5%
Ghana 7.9% 7.7% 7.6% 1,851,814 23% 2%
Guinea 8.5% 4.4% 4.0% 394,557 -44% 7%
Guinea-Bissau 1.6% 1.4% 1.3% 19,244 0% 41%
Kenya 2.4% 2.2% 2.0% 817,747 8% 33%
Lesotho 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 6,328 3% 0%
Liberia 5.6% 3.0% 2.4% 96,310 -40% 14%
Libya 10.7% 10.7% 10.7% 682,482 22% 1%
Madagascar 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 37,762 -10% 0%
Malawi 2.5% 2.2% 1.9% 275,851 -2% 1%
Mali 1.5% 1.3% 1.1% 162,677 -1% 6%
Mauritania 2.4% 2.2% 2.9% 99,229 59% 31%
Mauritius 3.3% 3.3% 3.4% 42,917 11% 0%
Morocco 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 49,098 -8% 1%
Mozambique 2.0% 2.0% 1.9% 450,020 23% 1%
Namibia 6.6% 6.3% 6.1% 138,870 11% 4%
Niger 1.5% 1.4% 1.3% 202,163 22% 0%
Nigeria 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 1,127,668 50% 1%
Rwanda 4.8% 4.7% 4.4% 465,480 19% 11%
São Tomé and Príncipe 3.9% 3.5% 3.2% 5,253 -5% 0%
Senegal 2.4% 2.0% 1.7% 210,061 -9% 10%
Seychelles 8.1% 10.2% 12.5% 10,838 65% 0%
Sierra Leone 2.3% 3.0% 1.8% 106,776 10% 17%
Somalia 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 22,843 15% 3%
South Africa 2.3% 2.7% 3.7% 1,862,889 82% 2%
Sudan 2.5% 1.7% 1.7% 753,447 -12% 28%
Swaziland 3.6% 3.8% 3.8% 40,418 10% 2%
Tanzania 2.6% 2.1% 1.5% 659,202 -27% 70%
Togo 3.7% 3.4% 3.1% 185,402 5% 2%
Tunisia 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 33,591 -7% 0%
Uganda 2.6% 2.3% 1.9% 646,548 3% 39%
Western Sahara … … … … … 0%
Zambia 3.5% 2.5% 1.8% 233,140 -35% 50%
Zimbabwe 3.3% 3.1% 3.0% 372,258 -10% 1%
a International migrants are people born in a country other than that in which they live, including refugees. Nineteen African countries have no

c See note on p. 40

Demographics
International migrantsa, 2010 Total
0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
a International migrants are people born in a country other than that in which they live, including refugees. Nineteen African countries have no

Demographics
Net migrationa,1996-2010 Tertiary educated emigrantsa, 2000
Country 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 Country 2000

Algeria (140,000) (140,000) (140,000) Algeria 10%
Angola (126,311) 172,194 82,005 Angola 4%
Benin (29,287) 98,831 50,000 Benin 9%
Botswana 24,546 21,278 18,730 Botswana 5%
Burkina Faso (137,499) (125,000) (125,000) Burkina Faso 3%
Burundi (400,000) 200,000 370,000 Burundi 9%
Cameroon (249) (12,121) (19,000) Cameroon 17%
Cape Verde (9,437) (10,925) (17,279) Cape Verde 82%
Central African Republic 11,293 (45,000) 5,000 Central African Republic 7%
Chad 69,444 218,966 (75,000) Chad 9%
Comoros (6,000) (10,000) (10,000) Comoros 21%
Congo (DRC) (1,500,956) (241,564) (23,975) Congo (DRC) 15%
Congo (Rep.) 35,300 (13,257) 49,872 Congo (Rep.) 28%
Côte d’Ivoire 90,000 (510,000) (360,000) Côte d’Ivoire 6%
Djibouti 30,000 … … Djibouti 4%
Egypt (945,704) (370,780) (346,922) Egypt 5%
Equatorial Guinea 20,000 25,000 20,000 Equatorial Guinea 21%
Eritrea (8,887) 229,376 55,000 Eritrea 35%
Ethiopia (276,910) (340,460) (300,000) Ethiopia 10%
Gabon 14,374 9,566 5,000 Gabon 15%
Gambia (26,418) (13,742) (13,742) Gambia 68%
Ghana (51,314) 11,690 (51,258) Ghana 45%
Guinea (227,000) (425,000) (300,000) Guinea 5%
Guinea-Bissau (20,000) (20,000) (10,000) Guinea-Bissau 28%
Kenya (21,386) 25,144 (189,330) Kenya 39%
Lesotho (20,879) (26,894) (19,998) Lesotho 4%
Liberia 453,199 (72,665) 300,000 Liberia 44%
Libya (20,300) (20,300) (20,300) Libya 4%
Madagascar (6,000) (5,000) (5,000) Madagascar 8%
Malawi (106,143) (20,000) (20,000) Malawi 21%
Mali (141,950) (67,110) (100,823) Mali 15%
Mauritania 9,900 30,000 9,900 Mauritania 9%
Mauritius (8,816) … … Mauritius 56%
Morocco (500,000) (614,000) (675,000) Morocco 19%
Mozambique 75,000 (20,000) (20,000) Mozambique 23%
Namibia 35,497 (8,194) (1,494) Namibia 3%
Niger 24,056 (28,497) (28,497) Niger 6%
Nigeria (95,027) (170,000) (300,000) Nigeria 10%
Rwanda 1,815,995 5,931 15,109 Rwanda 32%
São Tomé and Principe (4,860) (7,445) (6,496) São Tomé and Principe 27%
Senegal (167,889) (120,903) (132,842) Senegal 17%
Seychelles … … … Seychelles 77%
Sierra Leone (150,000) 500,000 60,000 Sierra Leone 49%
Somalia (100,004) (200,000) (300,000) Somalia 35%
South Africa 199,604 700,001 700,001 South Africa 7%
South Sudan ... ... ... South Sudan ...
Sudan (226,854) (531,781) 135,000 Sudan 7%
Swaziland (12,000) (46,077) (6,000) Swaziland 5%
Tanzania (205,875) (345,000) (300,000) Tanzania 12%
Togo 127,705 (3,570) (5,430) Togo 16%
Tunisia (55,624) (80,599) (20,000) Tunisia 13%
Uganda (45,737) (5,000) (135,000) Uganda 36%
Western Sahara ... ... ... Western Sahara ...
Zambia 83,483 (81,713) (85,000) Zambia 16%
Zimbabwe (200,000) (700,000) (900,000) Zimbabwe 13%
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2012 Source: World Bank, World Development
Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org,
a Net migration is the total number of immigrants less the number of emigrants for the accessed 3 December 2012
a Tertiary educated emigrants as a share of

total tertiary educated population

Demographics
Tertiary educated emigrants, 2000 % of total tertiary educated population
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 3 December 2012

Demographics
Refugeesa, 2000-2012
Refugee population by country

Country Refugee population by country of asylum
or territory of origin
2000 2010 2012b 2000 2010
Algeria 169,656 94,144 94,124 8,034 6,689
Angola 12,086 15,155 19,390 433,760 134,858
Benin 4,296 7,139 5,097 54 442
Botswana 3,551 2,986 3,440 3 53
Burkina Faso 696 531 39,985 130 1,145
Burundi 27,136 29,365 164,198 568,084 84,064
Cameroon 43,680 104,275 101,975 2,062 14,963
Cape Verde … … 2 25
Central African Republic 55,661 21,574 100,409 139 164,905
Chad 17,692 347,939 480,860 54,962 53,733
Comoros 11 … 28 368
Congo (DRC) 332,509 166,336 3,098,686 371,713 476,693
Congo (Rep.) 123,190 133,112 102,732 27,579 20,679
Côte d’Ivoire 120,691 26,218 78,626 773 41,758
Djibouti 23,243 15,104 22,234 1,910 566
Egypt 6,840 95,056 126,743 3,953 6,913
Equatorial Guinea … … 509 305
Eritrea 1,984 4,809 3,668 376,851 222,460
Ethiopia 197,959 154,295 362,715 66,410 68,848
Gabon 17,982 9,015 4,208 26 165
Gambia 12,016 8,378 9,853 750 2,242
Ghana 12,720 13,828 18,615 14,775 20,203
Guinea 427,206 14,113 10,878 1,497 11,985
Guinea-Bissau 7,587 7,679 7,880 886 1,127
Kenya 206,106 402,905 1,038,877 2,373 8,602
Lesotho … … 29 4 11
Liberia 69,315 24,743 96,937 266,930 70,129
Libya 11,543 7,923 73,042 619 2,309
Madagascar 50 … 5 54 270
Malawi 3,900 5,740 16,664 33 171
Mali 8,412 13,558 14,146 364 3,663
Mauritania 350 26,717 82,764 29,752 37,733
Mauritius … … 35 28
Morocco 2,105 792 2,922 392 2,284
Mozambique 207 4,077 12,521 30 131
Namibia 27,263 7,254 2,891 2,308 1,017
Niger 58 314 50,597 493 803
Nigeria 7,270 8,747 4,185 5,742 15,642
Rwanda 28,398 55,398 70,433 119,056 114,836
São Tomé and Príncipe … … 25 33
Senegal 20,766 20,672 16,558 11,088 16,267
Seychelles … … 23 49
Sierra Leone 6,546 8,363 4,218 402,807 11,275
Somalia 558 1,937 952,385 475,655 770,154
South Africa 15,063 57,899 357,768 168 380
South Sudan … … 550,137 … …
Sudan 414,928 178,308 2,145,574 494,363 387,288
Swaziland 690 759 918 16 36
Tanzania 680,862 109,286 263,828 313 1,144
Togo 12,223 14,051 24,024 4,016 18,330
Tunisia 436 89 1,695 1,207 2,174
Uganda 236,622 135,801 225,964 32,414 6,441
Zambia 250,940 47,857 37,767 98 228
Zimbabwe 4,127 4,435 4,376 109 24,089
a Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster. Formally, refugees are
people who are recognised as refugees under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees or its 1967 Protocol, the 1969
accordance with the UNHCR statute, people granted refugee-like humanitarian status, and people provided temporary protection. Asylum
seekers (people who have applied for asylum or refugee status and who have not yet received a decision or who are registered as asylum
a country of asylum, had 15,063 refugees whereas 168 South Africans were refugees in other countries.
b Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c4d6.html, accessed 16 July 2013. Figures in
this colummn are the latest available and may not be comparable with the primary source.

Demographics
Internally displaced personsa, 2001-2010
Countryb High Estimate
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Algeria 200,000 200,000 200,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 … … … … …
Angola 3,000,000 3,500,000 900,000 340,000 61,700 61,700 20,000 … … …
Burundi 633,000 487,500 525,000 170,000 117,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
Central African Republic … … 200,000 … … 150,000 197,000 108,000 162,000 192,000
Chad … … … … … … 179,000 180,000 168,000 171,000
Congo (DRC) 2,045,000 2,275,000 3,044,000 2,330,000 1,664,000 1,100,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 1,900,000 1,700,000
Congo (Rep.) 150,000 75,000 84,000 100,000 7,800 7,800 7,800 7,800 7,800
Côte d’Ivoire … 200,000 600,000 500,000 500,000 750,000 709,000 621,000 … …
Eritrea 53,000 58,180 58,000 59,000 50,509 45,000 32,000 … 10,000 10,000
Ethiopia 50,000 12,500 169,000 132,000 265,000 280,000 200,000 300,000 350,000 300,000
Guinea 359,000 82,000 100,000 82,000 82,000 19,000 … … … …
Guinea-Bissau 2,000 1,000 … … … … … … … …
Kenya 100,000 200,000 350,000 360,000 381,924 431,000 200,000 600,000 … 250,000
Liberia 100,000 180,000 500,000 450,000 48,000 28,000 … … … …
Niger … … … … … … … … 6,500 …
Nigeria 550,000 30,000 100,000 200,000 20,000 … … … … …
Rwanda 600,000 … … … … … … … …
Senegal 12,000 6,000 5,000 5,000 64,000 64,000 22,000 70,000 40,000 40,000
Sierra Leone 1,300,000 10,000 7,500 … … … … … … …
Somalia 350,000 350,000 350,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 1,000,000 1,300,000 1,500,000 1,500,000
Sudan 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 6,100,000 5,355,000 5,355,000 5,800,000 4,900,000 4,900,000 5,200,000
Togo … … … … … 1,500 1,500 … … …
Uganda 584,000 650,000 1,239,682 1,600,000 1,740,498 1,700,000 1,270,000 869,000 437,000 166,000
Zimbabwe … 150,000 200,000 150,000 569,685 570,000 570,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000
Countryb Low Estimate
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Algeria 100,000 100,000 100,000 … … … … … … …
Angola … … … 40,000 … … … … … …
Côte d’Ivoire … … 500,000 … … … … … … …
Eritrea … … … … … 40,000 … … … …
Ethiopia … … … … 150,000 100,000 … 200,000 300,000 …
Kenya … … … … … … … 300,000 … …
Liberia 41,000 … 310,000 … 13,000 … … … …
Nigeria 300,000 … 50,000 … … … … … … …
Senegal 5,000 … … … … … 14,000 10,000 24,000 10,000
Somalia 300,000 … … 370,000 370,000 … … … … …
Sudan … … … 5,100,000 … … … … … 4,500,000
Uganda … … … … … 1,200,000 … … … …
Zimbabwe … … 100,000 … … … … 570,000 570,000 570,000
a Internally displaced persons (IDPs) are people or groups of people who have been forced to leave their homes and who have not crossed an
natural or human-made disasters.

b Countries shown are those for which data are available.

Demographics

dEmoCRATIC PRoCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Presidential elections, systems, dates and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Legislatures and cabinets, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Parliamentary elections, latest year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Presidential elections, turnout and registration, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
politics and governance

Coup d’état events, 1946-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
goVERnAnCE IndExES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Failed states index scores, 2008-2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Failed states index, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Democracy index, 2010-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Ibrahim African governance index, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Ibrahim African governance index categories, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
World Bank governance indicators, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Freedom index, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Rule of law index, 2012/2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Property rights index, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Happy planet index, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

democratic processes
Overview
Countries Independence Head of state
Algeria (People’s Democratic Republic of)b 5 July 1962 (France)
Angola (Republic of) 11 November 1975 (Portugal) President José Eduardo dos Santos
Benin (Republic of) 1 August 1960 (France) President Yayi Boni

Botswana (Republic of) 30 September 1966 (Britain) President Ian Khama
Burkina Faso (Republic of)b 5 August 1950 (France) President Blaise Compaoré
1 July 1962 (Ruanda-Urundi
Burundi (Republic of) President Pierre Nkurunziza
- UN trust territory)
Cameroon (Republic of) 1 July 1961 (France) President Paul Biya

Cape Verde (Republic of)b 5 July 1975 (Portugal) President Jorge Carlos Fonseca
Central African Republic 13 August 1960 (France) Michel Djotodia
Chad (Republic of) 11 August 1960 (France) President Idriss Déby Itno
Comoros (Union of the) 6 July 1975 (France) (Union) President Ikililou Dhoinine
Congo (Democratic Republic of)b 30 June 1960 (Belgium) President Joseph Kabila
Congo (Republic of the) 15 August 1960 (France) President Denis Sassou-Nguesso
Côte d’Ivoire (Republic of) 7 August 1960 (France) President Alassane Ouattara
Djibouti (Republic of)b 27 June 1977 (France) President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
b President Mohammed Morsi Issa
Egypt (Arab Republic of) 28 February 1922 (Britain)
el-Ayat (deposed in 2013)
President Teodoro Obiang
Equatorial Guinea (Republic of) 12 October 1968 (Spain)
Nguema Mbasogo
Eritrea (State of) 24 May 1993 (Ethiopia) President Isaias Afewerki
Ethiopia (Federal Democratic Republic of) Never colonised Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn
Gabon (The Gabonese Republic) 17 August 1960 (France) President Ali Bongo Ondimba
Gambia (Republic of the) 18 February 1965 (Britain) President Yahya Jammeh
Ghana (Republic of) 6 March 1957 (Britain) President John Dramani Mahama
Guinea (Republic of) 2 October 1958 (France) President Alpha Condé
President Manuel Serifo
Guinea-Bissau (Republic of)b 10 September 1974 (Portugal)
Nhamadjo (transitional)
Kenya (Republic of) 12 December 1963 (Britain) President Uhuru Kenyatta
Lesotho (Kingdom of) 4 October 1966 (Britain) Prime Minister Tom Thabane
26 July 1847 (American
Liberia (Republic of) President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf
Colonisation Society)
Libya (State of) 24 December 1951 (Italy) Prime Minister designate Ali Zeidan
Madagascar (Republic of)b 26 June 1960 (France) President Andry Rajoelina (transitional)
Malawi (Republic of) 6 July 1964 (Britain) President Joyce Banda
Mali (Republic of)b 22 September 1960 (France) President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta
Mauritania (Islamic Republic of)b 28 November 1960 (France) President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
Mauritius (Republic of) 12 March 1968 (Britain) President Kailash Purryag
Morocco (Kingdom of) 2 March 1956 (France) Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane
Mozambique (Republic of) 25 June 1975 (Portugal) President Armando Guebuza
Namibia (Republic of)b 21 March 1990 (South African mandate)
b 3 August 1960 (France) President Mahamadou Issoufou
Niger (Republic of)
Nigeria (Federal Republic of) 1 October 1960 (Britain) President Goodluck Jonathan
1 July 1962 (Belgian-administered

Rwanda (Republic of) President Paul Kagame
UN trusteeship)
12 July 1975 (Portugal) President Manuel Pinto da Costa
(Democratic Republic of)b
Senegal (Republic of) 4 April 1960 (France) President Macky Sall
Seychelles (Republic of) 29 June 1976 (Britain) President James Alix Michel
Sierra Leone (Republic of) 27 April 1961 (Britain) President Ernest Bai Koroma
Somalia (Federal Republic of) 1 July 1960 (Britain and Italy) President Sheikh Mohamud
South Africa (Republic of) 11 December 1931 (Britain) President Jacob Zuma
South Sudan (Republic of) 9 July 2011 (Sudan) President Salva Kiir

Head of state: when and how came to power Time in power (years)a Type of government
April 1999 (ran as independent candidate
supported by the military in elections called 14 Republic
after the resignation of President Zéroual)
September 1979 (elected leader of MPLA by MPLA
33 Presidential republic
members during one-party state; then elected)
April 2006 (elections) 7 Republic
April 2008 (elections) 5 Parliamentary republic
October 1987 (coup) 25 Republic
August 2005 (elections) 7 Republic
November 1982 (succeeded after

President Ahidjo’s resignation)
30 Unitary republicc

September 2011 (elections) 1 Republic
March 2013 (coup) 0 Republic
May 2011 (elections) 2 Republic
January 2001 (succeeded after father’s assassination) 12 Republic
October 1997 (coup) 15 Republic
December 2010 (elections) 2 Republic
May 1999 (elections) 14 Republic
June 2012 (elections) 1 Republic
August 1979 (coup) 33 Republic
May 1993 (elections) 10 Transitional government with one legal partyd

September 2012 (sworn in following Prime
12; 1 Federal republic
Minister Meles Zenawi’s death)
October 2009 (succeeded father after death) 3 Republic
July 1994 (coup) 18 Republic
July 2012 (succeeded after President Mills’ death) 1 Constitutional democracy
December 2010 (elections) 2 Repubic
May 2012 (coup) 1 Republic

June 2012 (elections) 1 Parliamentary constitutional democracye
January 2006 (elections) 7 Republic
October 2012 (elected by General National Congress) 0 Interim rule under National Transitional Council
April 2012 (succeeded after Bingu wa Mutharika’s death) 1 Multi-party democracy
August 2013 (elected) 0 Republic
August 2009 (coup leader and then elected) 3 Military junta
July 2012 (elections) 0 Parliamentary democracy
November 2011 (elections) 1 Constitutional monarchy
February 2005 (elections) 8 Republic
March 2005 (elections) 8 Republic
February 2010 (succeeded after President Umaru Musa
3 Federal republic
Yar’Adua’s death and elected in formal elections in 2011)
April 2000 (elected by National Transitional
13 Republic
Assembly and then in formal elections)
September 2011 (elections - Pinto da Costa also
1 Republic
served as president from 1975 to 1991)
April 2004 (succeeded after France-
9 Republic
Albert René’s resignation)
September 2007 (elections) 5 Constitutional democracy
September 2012 (elections) 0 Federal republic
May 2009 (elections) 4 Constitutional democracy
April 2010 (elections) 2 Multi-party democracy
continues >

Overview (continued)
Countries Independence Head of state
Sudan (Republic of the) 1 January 1956 (Egypt, Britain) President Omar Hassan al-Bashir
Swaziland (Kingdom of) 6 September 1968 (Britain) King Mswati III

Tanzania (United Republic of) 26 April 1964 (Britain) President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete
27 April 1960 (French-
Togo (Togolese Republic) President Faure Gnassingbé
administered UN trusteeship)
Tunisia (Tunisian Republic)b 20 March 1956 (France) President Moncef Marzouki
Uganda (The Republic of) 9 October 1962 (Britain) President Yoweri Museveni
Not independent (territory
Western Sahara (contested territory) President-in-exile Mohamed Abdelaziz
claimed by Morocco)
Zambia (Republic of) 24 October 1964 (Britain) President Michael Sata
Zimbabwe (Republic of) 18 April 1980 (Britain) President Robert Mugabe
Africa’s ten longest-ruling leaders Time in power (years)a
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Equatorial

Guinea
President José Eduardo dos Santos, Angola
President Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe
President Paul Biya, Cameroon
President Yoweri Museveni, Uganda
King Mswati III, Swaziland
President Blaise Compaoré, Burkina Faso
President Omar Hassan al-Bashir, Sudan
President Idriss Déby Itno, Chad
President Yahya Jammeh, Gambia
Sources: CIA World Factbook, EISA, Psephos, ACE - The Electoral Knowledge Network, African Elections Database
a As at 1 June 2013
b Countries using a semi-presidential system of government in which a president and a prime minister are active participants in the day-to-day
administration of the state.
c The union presidency rotates between the three islands: Mohéli (2011-2016), Grande Comore (2016-2021), and Anjouan (2021-2016).
d A party or political organisation that has won elections and whose future defeat is unlikely.
e The Prime Minister is head of government and has executive authority. The king is ceremonial, without executive authority and is prohibited
from participating in political initiatives.
Head of state: when and how came to power Time in power (years)a Type of government
Government of National Unity
June 1989 (coup and elections ever since) 24
comprised of two parties
April 1986 27 Monarchy
December 2005 (elections) 7 Republic
May 2005 (succeeded after father’s death) 8 Republic
12 December 2011 (elected by Constituent

2 Republic
Assembly following the 2011 revolution)
January 1986 (coup, elected thereafter) 27 Republic
1976 (elected in exile) … …
September 2011 (elections) 1 Republic

April 1980 (elections) 33 Parliamentary democracy
Countries by year of independence from colonial or white minority rule, or secession

Presidential elections, systems, dates and results
Electoral system
Country Next election date (as of June 2013)
for president
Algeria 2014 (presidential) TRS
Angola 2016 (parliamentary) Other
Benin 2014 (local) TRS
Botswana 2014 (presidential, parliamentary, local) …
Burkina Faso 2015 (presidential) TRS
Burundi 2015 (presidential, senate, local) TRS

Cameroon February 2013 (parliamentary and communes) FPTP
Cape Verde 2016 (presidential, parliamentary, local) TRS
Central African Republic 2016 (presidential, parliamentary) TRS
Chad 2015 (parliamentary) TRS
Comoros 2014 (parliamentary, local) FPTP
Congo (DRC) 28 November 2016 (presidential, parliamentary) FPTP
Congo (Rep.) 1 January 2016 (presidential) TRS

Côte d’Ivoire 24 February 2013 (local) TRS
Djibouti 22 February 2013 (parliamentary) TRS
27 April 2013 - June 2013 (parliamentary),

Egypt TRS
second half of 2013 (Shura Council)
Equatorial Guinea 26 May 2013 (House of People’s Representatives and local) FPTP
Eritrea …
Early 2013 (local), House of the Federation (2013),

Ethiopia …
presidential (October 2013)
Gabon 2015 (Senate) FPTP
Gambia 2016 (presidential) TRS
Ghana 2014 (district assemblies) TRS
Guinea 12 May 2013 (parliamentary) TRS
Guinea-Bissau 24 November 2013 (transitional presidential) TRS
Kenya 4 March 2013 (presidential, parliamentary, and local) TRS
Lesotho 2016 (local) …
Liberia 2014 (Senate) TRS
2013 (constitutional referendum), 2013 after referendum

Libya Transition
(presidential, parliamentary, and local)
Madagascar (presidential second round and parliamentary), 23 October TRS

2013 (local), October/November 2013 (Senate)
Malawi 2014 (presidential, parliamentary, local) FPTP
Mali 24 November 2013 (parliamentary) TRS
Mauritania 23 November 2013 (parliamentary) TRS
Mauritius September 2013 (presidential) …

Last presidential
Winner (party, %) Main opposition (leader, party, %)
election
Front for National Liberation - National
April 2009 Louisa Hanoune, Workers’ Party, 4.2%
Rally for Democracy, 90.24%
People’s Movement for the Liberation Isaías Samakuva, Union for the Total
August 2012
of Angola (MPLA), 81.64% Independence of Angola (UNITA), 10.39%
Adrien Houngbédji, Party of Democratic
March 2011 (Independent candidate), 53.1%
Renewal (PRD), 35.6%
October 2009 Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), 53.26% Duma Boko, Botswana National Front (BNF), 21.94%
Congress for Democracy and
November 2010 Hama Arba Diallo, independent candidate, 8.2%
Progress (CDP), 80.2%
National Council for the Defence of
June 2010 Democracy - Forces for the Defence of All opposition parties boycotted
Democracy (CNDD-FDD), 91.6%

Democratic Rally of the People of
October 2011 Ni John Fru Ndi, Social Democratic Front (SDF), 10.7%
Cameroon (RDPC), 77.8%
Manuel Inocêncio Sousa, African Party for the
August 2011 Movement for Democracy (MPD), 54.3%
Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), 45.7%
National Convergence - Work, Only Edouard Koyambounou, leader of nine
January 2011
Work (CN-KNK), 64.4% opposition groups in coalition, 35.6%.
Albert Pahimi Padacké, National Rally for
April 2011 Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), 88.7%
Democracy in Chad (RNDT), 6%
Comoros does not have a true party
December 2010 system. Political groups are formed Mohamed Said Fazul, 32.7%
to support certain leaders.
People’s Party for Reconstruction Etienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba, Union for
November 2011
and Democracy (PPRD), 49% Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), 32.3%
July 2009 Congolese Party for Labour (PCT), 78,6% Joseph Kignoumbi Kia Mboungou, 7.5%
November 2010 Rally of the Republicans (RDR), 54.1% Laurent Gbagbo, Ivorian People’s Front (FPI), 45.9%
Mohamed Warsama Ragueh,
April 2011 People’s Rally for Progress (RPP), 80.6%
independent candidate, 19.4%d
June 2012 Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), 51.7%
Democratic Party of Equatorial Plácido Micó Abogo, Convergence for

November 2009
Guinea (PDGE), 95.2% Social Democracy (CDS), 4.1%
Eritrea has never held
People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) None (one party state)
a democratic election.
Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary
May 2010 Merera Gudina, Medrek coalition of eight parties, 1 seat.
Democratic Front (EPRDF)
August 2009 Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG), 41.7% André Mba Obame, independent candidate, 25.9%
Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and
November 2011 Ousainou Darboe, United Democratic Party (UDP), 17.4%
Construction (APRC), 71.5%
Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, New
December 2012 National Democratic Congress (NDC), 50.7%
Patriotic Party (NPP), 47.7%
Cellou Dalein Diallo, Union of the Democratic
November 2010 Rally of the Guinean People (RPG), 52.5%
Forces of Guinea (UFDG), 47.5%
African Independence Party of Guinea
March 2012 Kumba Yala, Party for Social Renovation (PRS), 23.4%
and Cape Verde (PAIGC), 49%
Raila Odinga, Orange Democratic
March 2013 The National Alliance/Jubilee Alliance, 50.5%
Movement (ODM), 43.7%
May 2012 Democratic Congress (DC), 39.58% Monyane Moleleki, Democratic Congress
Winston Tubman, Congress for
November 2011 Unity Party (UP), 90.6%
Democratic Change (CDC), 9.4%
July 2012 National Forces Alliance (48.1%) Justice and Construction Party (10.3%)
December 2006 I love Madagascar (TIM), 54.8% Jean Lahiniriko, independent candidate, 11.7%
May 2009 Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), 66% John Tembo, Malawi Congress Party (MCP), 30.7%
Rally for Mali, 77.61% (presidential Soumaïla Cissé, Union for the Republic
July 2013
election, second round) and Democracy, 22.39%
Messaoud Ould Boulkheir, Popular
July 2009 Union for the Republic (UPR), 52.6%
Alliance for Progress (APP), 16.3%
Mauritius Labour Party (MLP) as part of winning Paul Bérenger, Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM)
July 2005
‘Alliance of the Future’ coalition, 49.3% as part of ‘Alliance of the Heart’ coalition, 42.5%
continues>

Presidential elections, systems, dates and results (continued)
Electoral system
Country Next election date (as of June 2013)
for president
Morocco 2015 (local) …
Mozambique November 2013 (local) TRS
Namibia 2014 (presidential, parliamentary) TRS
Niger 2016 (presidential, parliamentary, local) TRS
Nigeria 2015 (presidential, parliamentary, local) TRS
Rwanda 2013 (Chamber of Deputies) FPTP

São Tomé and Príncipe 2014 (parliamentary) TRS
Senegal 2014 (regional and local) TRS
Seychelles 2016 (presidential, parliamentary) TRS
Sierra Leone 2016 (local) TRS
Somalia 2017 (presidential, parliamentary) …

South Africa 2014 (national, provincial legislative) …
South Sudan 2015 (presidential, local) Transition
Sudan 2015 (presidential, parliamentary) TRS
Swaziland Expected in 2013 (House of Assembly and rural local) …
Tanzania 2015 (presidential, parliamentary, local) TRS
Togo 24 March 2013 (National Assembly and local) FPTP
17 July 2013 (presidential, parliamentary, and local),

Tunisia Transition
17 July 2013 (presidential second round)
Uganda 18 February 2016 (presidential, parliamentary, local) TRS
Zambia 2016 (presidential, parliamentary, local) FPTP
March 2013 (constitutional referendum), June 2013

Zimbabwe TRS
(presidential, parliamentary, Senate and local)
24 October 2013
FPTP
First Past The Post is the simplest form of plurality/majority electoral system. The winning candidate is the one who gains more votes than any
other candidate, even if this is not an absolute majority of valid votes. The system uses single-member districts and the voters vote for candidates
rather than political parties.
TRS
The Two-Round System is a plurality/majority system in which a second election is held if no candidate or party achieves a given level of votes,
form more than two candidates contest the second round and the one who wins the highest number of votes in the second round is elected,
second round.
Transition
Transition indicates countries where systems for presidential elections are in a state of change.
...
Indicates countries that either do not directly vote for a president or countries that do not have presidents.

Last presidential
Winner (party, %) Main opposition (leader, party, %)
election
November 2011 Justice and Development Party (PJD), no data Abbas El Fassi, Istiqlal party, no data
Mozambique Liberation Front Afonso Dhlakama, Mozambican National
October 2009
(FRELIMO), 75.01% Resistance (RENAMO), 16.41%
South West Africa People’s Hidipo Hamutenya, Rally for Democracy
November 2009
Organisation (SWAPO), 75.27% and Progress (RDP), 10.9%
Nigerien Party for Democracy and Seyni Oumarou, National Movement for
March 2011
Socialism (PRDS), 58% Society of Development (MNSD), 42%
Muhammadu Buhari, Congress for
April 2011 People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 58.9%
Progressive Change (CPC), 32%
Jean Ntwarukuriryayo, Social
August 2010 Rwanda Patriotic Front (FPR), 93.1%
Democratic Party (PSD), 5.2%

Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé Evaristo Caravalho, Independent
August 2011
and Príncipe (MLSTP), 52.88% Democratic Action (IDA), 47.12%
Abdoulaye Wade, Senegalese
March 2012 Alliance for the Republic (APR), 65.8%
Democratic Party (PDS), 34.2%
Wavel Ramkalawan, Seychelles
May 2011 People’s Party (PP), 55.5%
National Party (SNP), 41.4%
Julius Maada Bio, Sierra Leone
November 2012 All People’s Congress (APC), 58.7%
People’s Party (SLPP), 37.4%
September 2012 Peace and Development Party (PDP), 70.63%
May 2009 African National Congress (ANC), 65.9% Helen Zille, Democratic Alliance (DA), 16.66%
Sudan People’s Liberation Lam Akol, Sudan People’s Liberation Movement
April 2010
Movement (SPLM), 93% for Democratic Change (SPLMDC), 7%
Yasir Arman, Sudan People’s Liberation
April 2010 National Congress Party (NCP), 68.2%
Movement (SPLM), 21.7%
Swaziland has never
held a democratic ... ...
election.
Willibrod Peter Slaa, Party for Democracy
October 2010 Revolutionary State Party (CCM), 62.8%
and Progress (Chadema), 27.1%
Jean-Pierre Fabre, Union of Forces
October 2007 Rally for the Togolese People (RPT), 60.9%
for Change (UFC), 33.9%
Constitutional Democratic Rally (RCD),
October 2009 Ahmed Inoubli, Unionist Democratic Union, 3.8%
89.6%, (Defunct since 2011 revolution)
Kizza Besigye, Forum for Democratic
February 2011 National Resistance Movement (NRM), 68.4%
Change (FDC), 26%
Rupiah Banda, Movement for Multi-
September 2011 Patriotic Front (PF), 43.2%
party democracy (MMD), 36.4%
Zimbabwe African National Union - Morgan Tsvangirai, Movement for
July 2013
Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), 61.09% Democratic Change (MDC), 33.94%

Legislatures and cabinets, 2012
Electoral system for Legislative size Elected representatives Cabinet/ministerial

Country
legislaturea (directly elected) per 100,000b postsc
Algeria List PR 462 1.2 42
Angola List PR 220 1.1 40
Benin List PR 83 0.8 31
Botswana FPTP 57 2.8 22
Burkina Faso List PR 111 0.7 34
Burundi List PR 100 1.0 28
Cameroon PBV/List PR and FPTP 180 0.8 45
Cape Verde List PR 72 14.6 26
Central African Republic TRS 105 2.3 32
Chad PBV/List PR and FPTP 304 2.4 49
Comoros TRS 18 2.5 14
Congo (DRC) Parallel system 500 0.8 34
Congo (Rep.) TRS 137 3.2 41

Côte d’Ivoire FPTP/PBV 255 1.3 40
Djibouti MMP 65 7.6 20
Egypt Parallel system 498 0.6 43
Equatorial Guinea List PR 100 13.6 30
Eritrea FPTP 150 2.4 22
Ethiopia FPTP 500 (max) 0.6 32
Gabon TRS 120 7.4 20
Gambia FPTP 48 2.7 22
Ghana FPTP 144 (min) 0.6 31
Guinea Parallel system 114 1.0 38
Guinea-Bissau List PR 102 6.1 19
Kenya FPTP 337 0.8 24
Lesotho MMP 120 5.8 29
Liberia FPTP 73 1.7 24
Libya Parallel system 200 3.2 37
Madagascar FPTP 127 0.6 42
Malawi FPTP 193 1.2 31
Mali TRS 147 1.0 38
Mauritania TRS 95 2.5 30
Mauritius BV 62 4.8 34
Morocco List PR 395 1.2 43
Mozambique List PR 250 1.0 34
Namibia List PR 72 3.2 30
Niger List PR 113 0.7 34
Nigeria FPTP 360 0.2 37
Rwanda List PR 53 0.5 34
São Tomé and Príncipe List PR 55 29.2 18
Senegal Parallel system 150 1.1 29
Seychelles Parallel system 32 36.5 21
Sierra Leone FPTP 112 1.9 33
Somalia Transition 225 2.2 15
South Africa List PR 400 0.8 39
South Sudan Transition … … 26
Sudan Parallel system 450 1.2 37
Swaziland FPTP 55 4.5 24
Tanzania FPTP 239 0.5 39
Togo List PR 81 1.2 37
Tunisia List PR 217 2.0 30
Uganda FPTP 238 0.7 82
Zambia FPTP 150 1.1 25
Zimbabwe FPTP 210 1.5 32
24 October 2013
a These systems are described at http://www.idea.int/esd/glossary.cfm. FPTP: First past the post; TRS: Two-round system; PBV: Party block
vote; List PR: List proportional representation; Parallel system; BV: Block vote; MMP: Mixed member proportional; Transition: indicates
countries where systems for presidential elections are in a state of change; ... indicates countries that either do not directly vote for a
president or countries that do not have a president
c Source: Africa South of the Sahara 2013, 42nd edition, Routledge, October 2012 (for sub-Saharan African countries); CIA World Factbook,
Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/, updated, September 2013, accessed 15
November 2013 As of September 2012. Number of ministers in cabinet or in a council of ministers. Deputy ministers and state ministers are
not included unless they are explicitly named in the cabinet.

Parliamentary elections, latest yeara
Voter turnoutb Voting age population Voting age

Country Year Total vote Registration
(%) turnoutc (%) population
Algeria 2012 43% 9,339,026 21,645,841 39% 24,130,650
Angola 2012 63% 6,123,914 9,757,671 72% 8,554,966
Benin 2011 ... ... 3,629,837 ... 4,550,388
2007 59% 2,347,600 ... 62% ...
Botswana 2009 77% 555,078 723,617 62% 892,339
Burkina Faso 2012 76% 3,315,795 4,365,153 40% 8,359,428
Burundi 2010 67% 2,367,926 3,551,125 51% 4,660,761
Cameroon 2007 62% 3,100,000 5,000,000 35% 8,982,601
Cape Verde 2011 76% 226,942 298,567 86% 263,333
Central African Republic 2011 61% 1,116,620 1,825,735 56% 2,005,942
Chad 2011 57% ... 4,830,885 ... 4,774,767
2002 ... 2,185,646 ... 60% ...
Comoros 2009 ... ... 363,967 ... 330,956

1987 65% ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 2011 59% 18,911,572 32,024,640 56% 34,036,859
Congo (Rep.) 2007 ... ... ... ... 1,793,799
2002 69% ... ... 80% ...
Côte d’Ivoire 2011 37% 2,070,793 5,664,377 18% 11,401,580
Djibouti 2008 73% 109,999 151,490 48% 230,739
Egypt 2012 62% 29,279,884 47,192,169 55% 53,245,955
Equatorial Guinea 2008 ... ... 278,000 ... 319,275
2004 96% ... ... 75% ...
Eritrea … ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 2010 93% 29,832,190 31,926,520 71% 41,919,571
Gabon 2011 34% 255,570 745,645 28% 905,060
Gambia 2012 19% 154,950 796,929 17% 920,752
Ghana 2012 80% 11,226,352 14,031,793 82% 13,682,083
Guinea 2002 72% 3,209,458 4,458,871 77% 4,142,802
Guinea-Bissau 2008 82% 486,873 593,739 64% 757,805
Kenya 2013 86% 12,330,028 14,352,533 56% 22,177,678
Lesotho 2012 50% 564,451 1,127,980 52% 1,092,622
Liberia 2011 72% 1,288,716 1,798,930 67% 1,912,402
Libya 2012 62% 1,764,840 2,865,937 49% 3,622,314
Madagascar 2007 ... ... 7,466,164 ... 9,220,662
2002 68% ... ... 51% ...
Malawi 2009 ... ... 5,870,819 ... 6,216,432
2004 60% 3,119,645 ... 55% ...
Mali 2007 32% 2,017,464 6,267,363 39% 5,178,362
Mauritania 2006 69% 788,029 1,073,287 31% 1,439,858
Mauritius 2010 78% 684,768 879,897 73% 942,840
Morocco 2011 45% 6,117,847 13,475,435 29% 21,356,831
Mozambique 2009 44% 4,387,250 9,871,949 43% 10,322,610
Namibia 2009 ... 811,143 ... 68% 1,201,220
2004 85% ... 977,742 ... ...
Niger 2011 49% 3,317,935 6,740,493 46% 7,270,271
Nigeria 2011 29% 21,074,621 73,528,040 26% 81,691,751
Rwanda 2008 98% 4,697,689 4,769,228 94% 5,018,694
São Tomé and Príncipe 2010 88% 70,136 79,296 82% 85,885
Senegal 2012 37% 1,968,852 5,368,783 30% 6,504,093
Seychelles 2007 86% 55,827 64,993 93% 59,713
Sierra Leone 2012 79% 2,141,482 2,701,299 77% 2,786,886
Somalia 1984 100% 4,214,667 4,220,466 143% 2,952,289
South Africa 2009 77% 17,919,966 23,181,997 57% 31,678,238
South Sudan … ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 2010 ... ... 16,500,000 ... 22,329,559
1996 72% 5,525,280 ... 36% ...
Swaziland … ... ... ... ... ...
Tanzania 2010 39% 7,952,497 20,137,303 38% 21,189,992
Togo 2013 66% 2,011,203 3,044,332 58% 3,484,413
Tunisia 2009 89% 4,447,388 4,974,707 80% 5,559,237
Uganda 2011 59% 8,272,760 13,954,129 55% 14,954,435
Western Sahara … ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 2011 54% 2,772,264 5,167,154 42% 6,561,053
Zimbabwe 2013 ... ... 6,400,000 ... 5,696,780
2008 41% 2,421,973 ... 46% ...
Source: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), http://www.idea.int/vt/viewdata.cfm, accessed 02 November 2013
a Where data for the most recent election were incomplete, information from the preceding election is shown.
b Share of registered voters who voted in the election.

Presidential elections, turnout and registration, latest year
Voting age
Voter turnouta Voting age
Country Year Total vote Registration population turnoutb population
(%)
(%)
Algeria 2009 75% 15,356,024 20,595,683 66% 23,315,450
Angola 1992 90% 4,363,646 4,828,626 88% 4,986,230
Benin 2011 85% 3,111,833 3,668,558 68% 4,550,388
Botswana ... ... ... ... ... ...
Burkina Faso 2010 55% 1,773,151 3,234,555 23% 7,707,700
Burundi 2010 77% 2,735,558 3,553,372 59% 4,660,761
Cameroon 2011 68% 4,951,434 7,251,651 50% 9,854,578
Cape Verde 2011 60% 182,597 304,836 57% 322,531
Central African Republic 2011 61% 1,117,447 1,825,735 56% 2,005,942
Chad 2011 56% 2,765,765 4,964,807 58% 4,774,767
Comoros 2010 53% 202,933 384,358 56% 361,536
Congo (DRC) 2011 59% 18,911,572 32,024,640 56% 34,036,859
Congo (Rep.) 2009 66% 1,380,651 2,078,802 73% 1,902,820

Côte d’Ivoire 2010 81% 4,689,366 5,780,804 54% 8,700,030
Djibouti 2011 75% 114,681 152,000 26% 441,504
Egypt 2012 52% 26,420,763 50,958,794 50% 53,245,955
Equatorial Guinea 2009 93% 273,127 292,585 83% 328,968
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia ... ... ... ... ... ...
Gabon 2009 44% 357,621 807,402 40% 893,845
Gambia 2011 83% 657,904 796,929 74% 894,774
Ghana 2012 80% 11,246,982 14,031,793 82% 13,682,083
Guinea 2010 68% 2,898,233 4,270,531 55% 5,275,217
Guinea-Bissau 2009 61% 362,736 593,765 45% 809,159
Kenya 2013 86% 12,330,028 14,352,533 56% 22,177,678
Lesotho ... ... ... ... ... ...
Liberia 2011 39% 694,412 1,798,930 36% 1,912,402
Libya ... ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 2006 62% 4,531,946 7,317,790 51% 8,913,169
Malawi 2009 78% 4,595,902 5,870,819 74% 6,216,432
Mali 2013 ... ... 6,829,696 ... 7,487,808
Mauritania 2009 65% 816,974 1,265,063 50% 1,644,916
Mauritius ... ... ... ... ... ...
Morocco ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mozambique 2009 45% 4,406,093 9,871,949 43% 10,322,610
Namibia 2009 ... 812,233 ... 68% 1,201,220
Niger 2011 49% 3,300,027 6,740,046 45% 7,270,271
Nigeria 2011 54% 39,469,484 73,528,040 48% 81,691,751
Rwanda 2010 98% 5,049,302 5,178,492 89% 5,662,407
São Tomé and Príncipe 2011 74% 68,640 92,639 71% 96,302
Senegal 2012 57% 2,915,893 5,105,033 45% 6,504,093
Seychelles 2011 85% 59,242 69,480 93% 63,974
Sierra Leone 2012 91% 2,459,524 2,701,299 88% 2,786,886
Somalia 1986 ... ... ... ... 3,200,602
South Africa ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 2010 ... ... 16,500,000 ... 22,329,559
Swaziland ... ... ... ... ... ...
Tanzania 2010 43% 8,626,283 20,137,303 41% 21,189,992
Togo 2010 65% 2,119,829 3,277,492 61% 3,458,588
Tunisia 2009 89% 4,737,367 5,296,008 85% 5,559,237
Uganda 2011 59% 8,272,760 13,954,129 55% 14,954,435
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 2011 54% 2,772,264 5,167,154 42% 6,561,053
Zimbabwe 2013 54% 3,480,047 6,400,000 61% 5,696,780
Source: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), http://www.idea.int/vt/viewdata.cfm, accessed 02 November 2013
a Share of registered voters who voted in the election.

Women’s share in parliamenta World rank Change in Change in
Country 2008 2013 shareb, rankb,
2008 2013 2008-2013 2008-2013
(out of 134) (out of 142)
Algeria 7.70% 31.6% 112 28 310% +84
Angola 15.00% 34.1% 78 22 127% +56
Benin 10.80% 8.4% 100 121 -22% -21
Botswana 11.10% 7.9% 98 122 -29% -24
Burkina Faso 15.30% 15.7% 76 87 3% -11
Burundi 30.50% 30.5% 19 30 0% -11
Cameroon 13.90% 13.9% 84 94 0% -10
Cape Verde 18.10% 20.8% 64 66 15% -2
Central African Republic 10.50% 12.5% 101 100 19% +1
Chad 5.20% 14.9% 121 91 187% +30
Comoros 3.00% 3.0% 127 134 0% -7

Congo (DRC) 8.40% 8.9% 109 116 6% -7
Congo (Rep.) 7.30% 7.4% 113 124 1% -11
Côte d’Ivoire 8.90% 10.4% 108 110 17% -2
Djibouti 13.80% 13.8% 85 95 0% -10
Egypt 1.80% 2.0% 130 136 11% -6
Equatorial Guinea 18.00% 10.0% 65 113 -44% -48
Eritrea 22% 22.0% 45 60 0% -15
Ethiopia 21.90% 27.8% 46 35 27% +11
Gabon 16.70% 15.8% 71 86 -5% -15
Gambia 9.40% 7.5% 104 123 -20% -19
Ghana 10.90% 10.3% 99 111 -6% -12
Guinea 19.30% 19.3% 60 62 0% -2
Guinea-Bissau 14.00% 14.0% 83 93 0% -10
Kenya 7.20% 9.8% 114 114 36% +0
Lesotho 25.00% 26.7% 34 38 7% -4
Liberia 12.50% 11.0% 89 107 -12% -18
Libya 7.70% 16.5% 112 84 114% +28
Madagascar 7.90% 17.5% 111 78 122% +33
Malawi 13.00% 22.3% 88 58 72% +30
Mali 10.20% 10.2% 102 112 0% -10
Mauritania 22.10% 22.1% 44 59 0% -15
Mauritius 17.10% 18.8% 68 73 10% -5
Morocco 10.50% 17.0% 101 81 62% +20
Mozambique 34.80% 39.2% 12 12 13% +0
Namibia 26.90% 24.4% 27 48 -9% -21
Niger 12.40% 13.3% 90 97 7% -7
Nigeria 7.00% 6.7% 116 125 -4% -9
Rwanda 48.80% 56.3% 1 1 15% +0
São Tomé and Príncipe 1.80% 18.2% 130 76 911% +54
Senegal 22% 42.7% 45 6 94% +39
Seychelles 23.50% 43.8% 37 5 86% +32
Sierra Leone 13.20% 12.4% 87 101 -6% -14
Somalia 8.20% 13.8% 110 95 68% +15
South Africa 33.00% 42.3% 15 8 28% +7
South Sudan … 26.5% … 40 … …
Sudan 18.10% 24.6% 64 46 36% +18
Swaziland 10.80% 13.6% 100 96 26% +4
Tanzania 30.40% 36.0% 20 20 18% +0
Togo 11.10% 8.6% 98 138 -23% -40
Tunisia 22.80% 26.7% 41 38 17% +3
Uganda 30.70% 35.0% 18 21 14% -3
Zambia 15.20% 11.5% 77 105 -24% -28
Zimbabwe 16.00% 15.0% 73 90 -6% -17
Source: International Parliamentray Union, , www.ipu.org, accessed 1 March 2013
a The women’s share in the lower or single house of parliament as of 1 February 2008 and 1 February 2013

Women’s share in parliament
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
2008
Liberia
Libya 2013
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: International Parliamentray Union, , www.ipu.org, accessed 1 March 2013
a The women’s share in the lower or single house of parliament as of 1 February 2008 and 1 February 2013

Coup d’état events, 1946-2012
Country Month Year Degree of success Putschist(s) Deaths

Col Houari Boumedienne, Col Tahar
Algeria June 1965 Successful coup 0
al-Boublider, Col Ahmed Boudjenane
December 1967 Failed coup Col Tahar Zbiri, Abdel Aziz Zerdani No reliable number
May 1977 Failed coup Cdr Nito Alves, Jose van Dunen 200
Benin October 1963 Successful coup Gen Christophe Soglo No reliable number
Valentin Djibude Aplogan and
May 1965 Plotted coup 0
“Committee of 104”
December 1965 Successful coup Gen Soglo 0
December 1967 Successful coup Alley No reliable number
Lt-Col Maurice Kouandete, Lt-
December 1969 Successful coup No reliable number
Col Benoit Sinzogan
February 1972 Failed coup Col Maurice Kouandete 1

October 1972 Successful coup Maj Mathieu Kerekou 0
Col Alphonse Alley, Maj Jean-Baptiste
February 1973 Plotted coup 0
Capt Janvier Assogba, Dr. Emile
January 1975 Failed coup No reliable number
Derlin Zinsou, and others
October 1975 Alleged coup plot Dr. Emile Derlin Zinsou No reliable number
January 1977 Failed coup 8
March 1988 Failed coup Capt Hountoundji 0
May 1992 Failed coup Pascal Tawes 0
November 1995 Failed coup incl. Col Dankoro, Mr. Chidiac 1
Burkina Faso January 1966 Successful coup Lt-Col Sangoule Lamizana 0
November 1980 Successful coup Col Saye Zerbo 0
November 1982 Successful coup Maj Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo 20
August 1983 Successful coup Capt Thomas Sankara 13
October 1987 Successful coup Capt Blaise Campaore 100
Norbert Tiendrebeogo, Capt
October 2003 Alleged coup plot 0
Luther Diapagri Ouali
Burundi October 1965 Failed coup Antoine Serukwaku 101
July 1966 Failed coup Prince Charles Ndizeye 0
November 1966 Successful coup Capt Michel Micombero No reliable number
May 1972 Alleged coup plot 100,000
November 1976 Successful coup Lt-Col Jean-Baptiste Bagaza 0
September 1987 Successful coup Maj Pierre Buyoya 0
March 1992 Failed coup Former President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza 0
July 1993 Failed coup 0
October 1993 Failed coup Lt-Gen Bikomagu, Francois Ngeze 150,000
April 1994 Failed coup Tutsi paratroopers No reliable number
July 1996 Successful coup Army 6,000
April 2001 Failed coup Lt Paseur Ntarutimana 0
March 2006 Plotted coup 0
Alphonse-Marie Kadege, former-
August 2006 Alleged coup plot 0
President Domitien Ndayizeye
January 2010 Plotted coup 0
Celestin Takala, Gabriel Tabeu, Ernest
Cameroon May 1969 Plotted coup 3
Ouandie, Bishop Albert Ndongmo
Maj Ibrahim Oumharou, Capt Adamou
August 1983 Plotted coup 0
Saleh, former President Ahamdou Ahidjo
Capt Ibrahim Saleh, former
April 1984 Failed coup 750
President Ahmadou Ahidjo
August 1993 Plotted coup Maj Oumharou, Capt Salaton 0
May 1994 Plotted coup Cdr Mbia Meka 0
July 2010 Plotted coup No reliable number
Cape Verde June 1977 Plotted coup 0
Central African
January 1966 Successful coup Col Jean Bedel Bokassa 8
Republic
April 1969 Failed coup Lt-Col Banza 0
November 1974 Failed coup incl. Gen Lingoupon 0
September 1979 Successful coup David Dacko No reliable number
September 1981 Successful coup Gen Andre Kolingba 0
Ange Patasse, Gen Alphonse
March 1983 Failed coup 5
Mbaikoua, Gen Francois Bozizé
November 1996 Failed coup No reliable number
May 2001 Failed coup Andre Kolingba (alleged) 300
continues>

Coup d’état events, 1946-2012 (continued)

March 2003 Successful coup Gen Francois Bozize 15
March 2010 Alleged coup plot Ange-Felix Patasse 0
Nassour, Abdelkrim, Alatchimi, Bono,
Chad March 1963 Plotted coup 0
Hassane, Kosso, and 86 others
Robert Delsia Soussia, Mahamat
November 1965 Plotted coup 0
Baroud, Mahamat el Goni
August 1971 Failed coup Ahmed Abdallah No reliable number
April 1975 Successful coup Gen Noel Odingar, Lt Dimtoloum No reliable number
April 1976 Failed coup Hassan Abakar Adef (Frolinat) 12
April 1977 Failed coup SubLt Brahim Abakar Koumba 17
June 1982 Successful coup Hissene Habre No reliable number
Brahim Itno, Hassan
April 1989 Failed coup No reliable number
Djamoussi, Idriss Déby
December 1990 Successful coup Idriss Déby 5,000

October 1991 Failed coup Maldom Bada Abbas 4
February 1992 Failed coup 13
June 1992 Failed coup Col Abbas Koty 0
January 1993 Failed coup Col Toke 0
Mahamat Nouri (UFDD); Timane Erdini
(RFC); Abdelwahid Aboud Mackaye
Bob Denard, Said Mohammed
Comoros August 1975 Successful coup No reliable number
Jaffar, Ali Soilih
Ali Mroudjae, Sald Hachim,
April 1976 Plotted coup 0
Sald Bakar Tourqui
June 1977 Failed coup No reliable number
January 1978 Plotted coup incl. Ali Mohamed 0
Bob Denard, Ahmed Abdallah
May 1978 Successful coup No reliable number
Abderemane, Said Atthoumani
February 1981 Alleged coup plot 0
March 1985 Alleged coup plot incl. Mustapha Said Cheikh 3
Presidential Guard
August 1991 Failed coup Ibrahim Ahmed Halidi 0
Lt Abderamane Abdallah,
September 1992 Failed coup 0
Lt Cheikh Abdallah
September 1995 Failed coup Bob Denard (mercenary) 3
April 1999 Successful coup Col Azali Assoumani 0
March 2000 Failed coup Capt Abderame Ahmed Abdallah 0
Congo (Rep.) August 1963 Successful coup Debat 0
February 1967 Plotted coup Defense civile 0
May 1968 Failed coup 0
commando group
August 1968 Failed coup Capt Marien Ngouabi, Lt Poignet No reliable number
September 1968 Successful coup Capt Ngouabi, Capt Raoul 0
November 1969 Failed coup M. Bernard Kolela 0
March 1970 Failed coup Lt Pierre Kikanga 32
February 1972 Failed coup M. Ambroise Noumazalay 1
March 1977 Failed coup Capt K. Kadidi, Massemba-Debat 1
Messrs. Miakassissa, Kolela,
Finamantsiona, Mouzabakani
October 1997 Successful coup Former Pres Sassou-Nguesso No reliable number
Capt Pandi Ngouari; Nguila
Mougounga Nkombo
Côte d’Ivoire 1980 Failed coup No reliable number
July 1991 Alleged coup plot 15
October 1995 Failed coup 0
December 1999 Successful coup Gen Robert Guei No reliable number
1st Guei accused; then
September 2002 Alleged coup plot 1
Ouattara was accused
June 2012 Plotted coup 7
continues >


Congo (DRC) September 1960 Successful coup Pres Kasavubu No reliable number
November 1965 Successful coup Gen Mobutu No reliable number
March 2004 Failed coup No reliable number
Maj Eric Lenge; members
June 2004 Failed coup No reliable number
of presidential guard
Djibouti January 1991 Failed coup incl. Ali Aref Bourhan 1
December 2000 Failed coup Gen Yasin Yabeh 2
Egypt July 1952 Successful coup Gen Mohammed Naguib 0
January 1953 Alleged coup plot No reliable number
Gen Naguib, Dr. el-Hodeiby
(Muslim Brotherhood)

Ahmed Mortada el-Maraghi, Hussein
Khairy, Mahmoud Namek
Sayed Kotb, Yusuf Hawash,
Abdul Fattah Ismail
Shamseddin Badran, Abbas Radwan,
Lt-Col Haridi, Osman Nasser, Salah Nasr
May 1971 Plotted coup Vice President. Ali Sabry, Gen Fawzi 0
Equatorial Guinea March 1969 Failed coup Sr. Ndongo 0
August 1979 Successful coup Col Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 250
Pedro Ekong, Angel Masie
Ntutumu, Andres Moises Mba
May 1983 Failed coup Sgt Venancio Miko Obiang 0
July 1986 Failed coup Eugenio Abeso Mondu No reliable number
March 2004 Plotted coup Severo Moto; Simon Mann 0
Jose Abeso Nsue; Manuel Ndong
February 2009 Failed coup Anseme; Alipio Ndong Asumu; No reliable number
Jacinto Micha Obiang
Gen Mengistu Newaye,
Ethiopia December 1960 Failed coup Germain Newaye, Col Workineh 331
Gebeheyu, Getachew Bekele
September 1974 Successful coup Derg; Andom Banti No reliable number
November 1974 Successful coup Derg: Gen Tafari Banti, Maj Mengistu 60
February 1977 Successful coup Lt-Col Mengistu Haile Mariam No reliable number
Maj-Gen Merid Negusie,
Maj-Gen Amha Desta
Brig-Gen Asamnew Tsige; Berhanu
Nega, Ginbot 7 Movement
Gabon February 1964 Failed coup Jean-Hilaire Aubame No reliable number
Gambia July 1981 Failed coup Kukli Samba Sanyang 650
July 1994 Successful coup Lt Yahya Jammeh 0
November 1994 Failed coup Lt Basiru Borrow 50
Col Ndure Cham, Abdulaye Kujaby,
Tamsir Jassy, Alieu Jobe
Ex-army chief Lang Tombong
Tamba and seven others
Gen Yankuba Drammeh; Rear-
Adm Sarjo Fofona; Ensa Badjie
Victor Yaw de Grant Brempong,
Ghana October 1961 Alleged coup plot 0
United Party and labor leaders
August 1962 Failed coup 5
February 1966 Successful coup Maj-Gen Joseph Ankrah 27
Kwame Nkrumah, Baffour Awuah,
January 1967 Plotted coup Sidi Ali, Osei Poku, Lt Owusu 0
Gyima, Lt A. Sulemana
April 1967 Failed coup Lt Sam Arthur, Lt Moses Yeboah 5
January 1972 Successful coup Lt-Col Ignatius Kutu Acheampong 0
May 1977 Failed coup Lt-Col George Minyila, Attoh Quarshie 0
July 1978 Successful coup Gen F.W.K. Akuffo 0
May 1979 Failed coup Flt Lt Jerry Rawlings 1
June 1979 Successful coup Flt Lt Jerry Rawlings 21
December 1981 Successful coup Supporters of Jerry Rawlings 50
continues >


November 1982 Failed coup Followers of Sgt Alolga Akata-Pore 0
Lt-Col Ekow Dennis, Capt
June 1983 Failed coup 26
Edward Adjei-Ampofo
March 1984 Alleged coup plot 5
Members of disbanded 64
November 2004 Alleged coup plot Infantry Regiment (bodyguards 0
to former-Pres Rawlings
Guinea November 1961 Alleged coup plot 0
November 1965 Alleged coup plot 0
February 1968 Plotted coup National Liberation Front No reliable number
March 1969 Plotted coup M. Foderba Keita and Col Kaman Diaby No reliable number
November 1970 Failed coup Guinean exiles in GNB No reliable number
January 1984 Plotted coup incl. M. Fedeba Keita, Col Kaman Diaby 0
April 1984 Successful coup incl. Col Lansana Conte 0

July 1985 Failed coup Col Traore 57
April 2006 Failed coup Prime Minister Cellon Dalein Diallo 0
December 2008 Successful coup Capt Moussa Dadis Camara 0
Lt-Col Aboubacar Sidiki Camara;
April 2009 Plotted coup Admiral Aly Daffe; Capt Saa Alphonse 0
Toure; Capt Abdoulaye Keita
July 2011 Failed coup No reliable number
Guinea-Bissau March 1975 Plotted coup 0
November 1978 Failed coup Malam Sanha 200
November 1980 Successful coup Maj Joao Bernardo Vieira No reliable number
Joao Da Costa, Maj Leopoldo
July 1982 Plotted coup 0
Alfama, Honorio Fonseca
Prime Minister Vito Saude
Maria and others
incl. Col Paulo Correira
(1st Vice President)
June 1998 Failed coup Gen Ansumane Mane 2
May 1999 Successful coup Gen Mane 300
November 2000 Failed coup Gen Mane 10
December 2001 Alleged coup plot incl. Almane Alam Camara, Lamine Sanha 0
September 2003 Successful coup Gen Verissimo Correira Seabre 0
May 2005 Alleged coup plot Kumba Yalla 0
August 2008 Failed coup Rear-Adm Jose Americo Bubo Na Tchute 0
November 2008 Failed coup Alexandre Tchama Yala 2
June 2009 Failed coup Helder Proenca, Baciro Dabo 5
April 2010 Failed coup Gen Antonio Indjai 0
December 2011 Failed coup Rear-Adm Jose Americo Bubo Na Tchute 2
April 2012 Successful coup Gen Antonio Indjai 0
October 2012 Failed coup Capt Pansau N’Tchama 7
Kenya April 1970 Alleged coup plot Daniel Owino 0
Lesotho January 1970 Successful coup Chief Leabua Jonathan No reliable number
Basutoland Congress Party
December 1983 Alleged coup plot Charles Molapo No reliable number
January 1986 Successful coup Maj-Gen Justin Lekhanya 0
Col T. Letsie, Lt-Col J. S. Letsie, Col A.
K. Mosoeunyane, Maj P. M. Mokhanto
April 1991 Successful coup Col Elias Tutsoane Ramaema 0
August 1994 Failed coup King Letsie III 5
Makara Sekautu, Matsoso Bolofo,
Lepoko Molapo, David Jonathan
June 2007 Alleged coup plot 0
Mozambican mercenaries
Liberia March 1980 Alleged coup plot Gabriel Matthews 0
April 1980 Successful coup MSGT Samuel Kanyon Doe 1
April 1980 Failed coup Maj William Jerbo 1
May 1980 Failed coup Bernie Warner 0
continues >


May 1981 Alleged coup plot 0
November 1983 Alleged coup plot Brig-Gen Thomas Quiwonkpa 4
Dr. Sawyer, Col Borteh, Col
Jorwley, Mr. Kieh
November 1985 Failed coup Brig-Gen Thomas Quiwonkpa 800
September 1986 Plotted coup 0
March 1988 Alleged coup plot incl. William Kpolleh 0
September 1994 Successful coup Tom Woewieyu No reliable number
September 1994 Failed coup Charles Julue No reliable number
May 2003 Alleged coup plot incl. Vice President Moses Blah 0
Libya September 1969 Successful coup 0
Col Adam Said Hawaz,
December 1969 Plotted coup 0

Col Mousa Ahmad
Maj Abdel Fattah Yunis, Maj
Meheishi, Maj Bashir Hawwadi
October 1993 Failed coup Maj Addel Salem Jalloud No reliable number
Madagascar December 1974 Failed coup Col Brechard Rajaonarison 0
incl. Col Rasolofo, Fr. J.
January 1982 Alleged coup plot 0
Randrianoelisoa, A. Rakotozafy
incl. Joma Ernest, Jean-
Jacques Rafalimanana
March 2009 Successful coup Andry Rajoelina 0
Gen Noel Rakotonandrasana;
November 2010 Failed coup Col Charles Andrianasoavavna; 0
Raymond Ranjeva
Malawi March 2001 Alleged coup plot 0
Gen Joseph Chimbayo; Joseph Aironi;
May 2008 Plotted coup 0
John Chikakwiya; Kennedy Makwangwala
Peter Mutharika; Bright Msaka; Goodall
Mali November 1968 Successful coup Lt Moussa Traore No reliable number
April 1971 Alleged coup plot Capt Yoro Diakite, Capt Malik Diallo 0
February 1978 Failed coup Col Kissima Doukara, Tiecoro Bagayoko 0
Adj Aladje Djire, Adj Karim
Sissoko, Sekou Sonogo
July 1991 Failed coup Maj Lamine Diabira 0
December 1993 Plotted coup Lt-Col Oumar Diallo 0
October 1996 Plotted coup Mady Diallo 0
March 2012 Successful coup Capt Amadou Haya Sanogo No reliable number
presidential guard troops
Mauritania July 1978 Successful coup Lt-Col Ould Salek 0
January 1980 Successful coup Lt-Col Mohamed Khouna Ould Heydalla No reliable number
March 1981 Failed coup Lt-Col Ould Sidi, Lt-Col Abdelkader 28
February 1982 Failed coup Col Ould Salek, et al 0
December 1984 Successful coup Col Moaouia Taya 0
incl. Lt Ba Seydi, Lt Sarr
October 1987 Plotted coup 0
Amadou, Lt Sy Saidou
November 1990 Failed coup 0
June 2003 Failed coup Saleh Ould Hanenna 15
Saleh Ould Hanenna; Fursan al-
Taghyir (Knights of Change)
Saleh Ould Hanenna; Fursan al-
September 2004 Plotted coup 0
Taghyir (Knights of Change)
Military Council for Justice and Democracy
August 2005 Successful coup 0
led by Col Ely Ould Mohamed Vall
Col Abderramane Ould Lekour,
June 2006 Plotted coup Sid Mohammed Ould Faida, 0
Mohammed Ould Aly
August 2008 Successful coup Gen Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 0
Morocco July 1963 Alleged coup plot 0
continues>


July 1971 Failed coup Gen Mohammed Medbouh 90
Mozambique December 1975 Failed coup 6
June 1991 Plotted coup incl. Col Antonio, Col-Gen Mabote 0
Niger April 1974 Successful coup Lt-Col Seymi Kountche 20
Maj Souna Sido, Dilbo Bakary,
Maitourane Gadjio
Maj Basere Moussa, Capt Sidi
March 1976 Failed coup 30
Mohamed, Ahmed Mouddour
Mahamane Sidikou, Lt Amadou Oumarou,
Lt-Col Seybou, Capt Mamane Ousseini
January 1996 Successful coup Col Ibrahim Barre Mainassara 2
Hama Amadou, Issoufou
Assoumane, Mohamed Bazoum

Supreme Council for the Restoration of
February 2010 Successful coup 10
Democracy (CSRD); Maj Salou Djibo
Col Abdoulaye Badie; Col
Abdou Sidikou; 2 others
Chief Enahoro, Samuel
Nigeria October 1962 Plotted coup 0
Ikoka, Aye Adabaujo
January 1966 Successful coup Maj Nzeogwu 10
Lt-Col Yakubu Gowon;
July 1966 Successful coup 30
July 1975 Successful coup Gen Murtala Ramat Mohammed 0
February 1976 Failed coup Lt-Col Bukar Dimka 6
December 1983 Successful coup Maj-Gen Mohammed Buhari 25
August 1985 Successful coup Maj-Gen Ibrahim Babangida 1
December 1985 Plotted coup incl. Maj-Gen Vatsa 0
April 1990 Failed coup Maj Gideon Okar 10
November 1993 Successful coup Gen Sanni Abacha 0
March 1995 Plotted coup incl. Gen Obasanjo 0
incl. Lt-Gen Diya, Maj-Gen
Adisa, Maj-Gen Olarenwaju
Maj Hamza al-Mustapha; Lt-Col
Mohammed ibn Umar Adeka;
Onwuchekwa Okorie; Navy
Com.Yakubu Kudambo
Rwanda July 1973 Successful coup Gen Juvenal Habyalimana 0
May 1980 Alleged coup plot incl. Maj Theonaste Lizinde 0
Senegal December 1962 Failed coup Prime Minister M. Mamadou Dia 0
Sierra Leone February 1967 Plotted coup Siaka Stevens 0
Brig. David Lansana; National Reformation
March 1967 Successful coup No reliable number
Lt-Col Ambrose Patrick Genda, William
Leigh, Lt-Col Andrew Juxon-Smith
April 1968 Successful coup Siaka Stevens No reliable number
March 1971 Failed coup Brig-Gen John Bangura 2
March 1986 Plotted coup incl. Edison Gorvie, Capt Abdul Kamara 0
March 1987 Failed coup incl. Mr. Minah (1st Vice President) 1
April 1992 Successful coup Capt Valentine Strasser No reliable number
December 1992 Failed coup No reliable number
October 1995 Failed coup No reliable number
January 1996 Successful coup Brig-Gen Julius Maada Bio 0
May 1997 Successful coup Maj Johnny Paul Koroma No reliable number
Somalia December 1961 Failed coup Hassan Kayd No reliable number
Gen Mohammed Siad Barre,
October 1969 Successful coup 0
Revolutionary Council
April 1970 Plotted coup Gens. Korshel, Guled, Kedie and others 29
June 1988 Failed coup Lt-Gen Mohammed Ali Samater 0
South Africa July 1983 Plotted coup incl. Maj-Gen Charles Sebe 0
December 2012 Plotted coup Four white supremacists 0
continues >


Sudan November 1958 Successful coup Khalil No reliable number
Brig. Abdul Rahim Shenan, Brig.
Moheiddin Ahmed Abdullah
Lt Khalid Hussein Osman, Col
December 1966 Failed coup No reliable number
Gaafar Nimeira, Communist Party
May 1969 Successful coup Col Jaafar Mohammed al Nemery 0
August 1969 Plotted coup Abdalla Abderrahman Nugdalla 0
January 1970 Plotted coup Brig. (retr) Abdullah Mohammed Aden 0
March 1970 Failed coup Imam el Hadi al Mahdi; Ansar sect 150
July 1971 Failed coup Maj Hashem el Atta 50

January 1973 Alleged coup plot Brig (retd) Shenan 0
September 1975 Failed coup No reliable number
communist and religious groups
incl. Capt Bushra Abdullah, Brig-
July 1976 Failed coup 1,000
Gen Mohammed Nur Saad
February 1977 Failed coup Philip Abbas Gaboush 9
March 1981 Plotted coup Brig-Gen Saad Buhar 0
July 1984 Plotted coup Mohammed Kati Gibriel 0
April 1985 Successful coup Gen Abdel Rahman Swar el Dahab No reliable number
September 1985 Failed coup Col Garang, Yacoub Ismail, Youssef Kewa 2
June 1989 Successful coup Brig-Gen Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir 0
incl. Maj-Gen Khalid al Zayn Ali,
April 1990 Alleged coup plot Maj-Gen Abdul Kader, Brig-Gen 31
Mohammed Osman Hamed Kavar
April 1991 Alleged coup plot 20
February 1992 Alleged coup plot 0
April 1992 Alleged coup plot 0
March 2004 Plotted coup Hasan Abdullah al-Turabi 0
September 2004 Plotted coup Hasan Abdullah al-Turabi; JEM 0
Mubarak al-Fadhil al-Mahdi; Maj-
July 2007 Plotted coup Gen (retd) Ma’sh Muhammed Ali 0
Hamid; Abd-al-Jalil al-Basha
May 2008 Failed coup Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) 200
November 2012 Plotted coup Lt-Gen Salah Abdallah Gosh 0
Swaziland February 1983 Alleged coup plot 0
incl. Prince Matatazela, Princess
December 1983 Plotted coup Neane, Princess Buyisile, 0
Royal Wife Lamndzebele
June 1984 Failed coup Prince Sozisa 0
Tanzania January 1964 Failed coup No reliable number
July 1967 Alleged coup plot Eli Anangisye, Kassim Hanga 0
Oscar Kambona, Bibi Titi
October 1969 Plotted coup Mohammed, Gray Likungu Mattaka, 0
John Dunstan Chipaka
June 1980 Failed coup 0
January 1983 Plotted coup Hatty Maghee and more than 30 others 0
Togo January 1963 Successful coup Sgt-Maj Emmanuel Bodjolle 1
April 1963 Alleged coup plot Noel Kutuklui; United Togolese party 0
July 1964 Plotted coup Theophile Mally; Maj Bodjolle 0
M. Kutuklui; Benoit Malou;
Pierre Adossama
January 1967 Successful coup Lt-Col Etienne Eyadema 0
May 1969 Alleged coup plot Bonito Herbert Olympio 0
August 1970 Failed coup Noel Kutuklui 2
January 1983 Plotted coup Gilchrist Olympio
September 1986 Failed coup Gilchrist Olympio, Capt Francisco Lawson 26
continues >


Pres Eyadema attempt to suspend
national transition conference
October 1991 Failed coup Lt Gnassingbe Ta, Maj Marusse Djoua 0
December 1991 Failed coup 17
February 2005 Successful coup Military; Faure Gnassingbe 0
April 2009 Plotted coup Kpatche Gnassingbe 2
Capt Kbair Maherzi, Com. Salah Ben
Tunisia December 1962 Plotted coup 10
Said, Lashar Chirati, Habib Hidni
November 1987 Successful coup Gen Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali 0
May 1991 Alleged coup plot 2
Uganda January 1971 Successful coup Maj-Gen Idi Amin 75
March 1974 Failed coup Brig-Gen Charles Arupe (in question) 50

September 1975 Failed coup Lt-Col Gori No reliable number
Brig. David Oyite-Ojok, Paulo
May 1980 Successful coup 0
Muwanga, Yoweri Musaveni
July 1985 Successful coup Brig-Gen Bazilio Olara Okello 0
incl. Panlo Muwanga, Dr. Kayiira,
M. Lwanga, Mr. Nyanzi
incl. Maj-Gen Kabwe, Mr. Musakanya,
Zambia October 1980 Failed coup 2
Mr. Shamwara, Brig-Gen Miyanda
June 1981 Plotted coup 0
October 1988 Alleged coup plot Lt-Gen Christon Tembo No reliable number
June 1990 Failed coup Lt Mwamba Luchembe 0
incl. Maj Wezi Kuanda, Tilyenji
Kuanda, Panji Kuanda
October 1997 Failed coup Capt Stephen Lungu 1
Zimbabwe October 1995 Alleged coup plot Rev Ndabaningi Sithole 0
December 1998 Alleged coup plot 0
May 2001 Alleged coup plot Air Marshal Perence Shiri 0
March 2006 Alleged coup plot Peter Hitschmann; MDC 0
Albert Matapo; Emmerson Mnangagwa;
June 2007 Alleged coup plot 0
Brig-Gen Ambrose Paul Gunda
Source: Monty G. Marshall and Donna Ramsey Marshall, Center for Systemic Peace, Coup d’état events, 1946-2012, 9 April, 2013
Successful and attempted coups, 1946-2012 Number
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Benin
Burundi
Chad
Congo (Rep.)
Ghana
Guinea-Bissau
Sierra Leone
Sudan
Togo
Successful coups
Failed coups

governance indexes
Failed states index scoresa, 2008-2013 (Scores 0-120, where 120=least stable)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Changeb, 2008-2013

Country
Algeria 77.8 80.6 81.3 78.0 78.1 78.7 1%
Angola 83.8 85 83.7 84.6 85.1 87.1 4%
Benin 72.8 75.5 76.8 80.0 78.6 77.9 7%
Botswana 65.9 68.8 68.6 67.9 66.5 64.0 -3%
Burkina Faso 89.9 91.3 90.7 88.6 87.4 90.2 0%
Burundi 94.1 95.7 96.7 98.6 97.5 97.6 4%
Cameroon 91.2 95.3 95.4 94.6 93.1 93.5 3%
Cape Verde 80.7 78.5 77.2 75.8 74.7 73.7 -9%
Central African Republic 103.7 105.4 106.4 105.0 103.8 105.3 2%
Chad 110.9 112.2 113.3 110.3 107.6 109.0 -2%
Comoros 79.6 86.3 85.1 83.8 83.0 84.0 5%
Congo (DRC) 106.7 108.7 109.9 108.2 111.2 111.9 5%
Congo (Rep.) 93.4 93.1 92.5 91.4 90.1 90.0 -4%
Côte d’Ivoire 104.6 102.5 101.2 102.8 103.6 103.5 -1%

Dijbouti 80 80.6 81.9 82.6 83.8 85.5 7%
Egypt 88.7 89 87.6 86.8 90.4 90.6 2%
Equatorial Guinea 88 88.3 88.5 88.1 86.3 86.1 -2%
Eritrea 87.4 90.3 93.3 93.6 94.5 95.0 9%
Ethiopia 96.1 98.9 98.8 98.2 97.9 98.9 3%
Gabon 75 74.4 75.3 75.3 74.6 72.9 -3%
Gambia 76.9 79 80.2 80.9 80.6 81.8 6%
Ghana 64.6 66.2 67.1 67.7 67.5 69.1 7%
Guinea 101.8 104.6 105.0 102.5 101.9 101.3 -0%
Guinea Bissau 91.3 94.8 97.2 98.3 99.2 101.1 11%
Kenya 93.4 101.4 100.7 98.7 98.4 99.6 7%
Lesotho 81.7 81.8 82.2 80.4 79.0 79.4 -3%
Liberia 91 91.8 91.7 94.0 93.3 95.1 5%
Libya 70 69.4 69.1 68.7 84.9 84.5 21%
Madagascar 76.7 81.6 82.6 83.2 82.5 82.7 8%
Malawi 92.9 93.8 93.6 91.2 88.8 89.2 -4%
Mali 75.6 78.7 79.3 79.3 77.9 89.3 18%
Mauritania 86.1 88.7 89.1 88.0 87.6 91.7 6%
Mauritius 42.4 44.7 44.4 44.2 44.7 44.5 5%
Morocco 75.8 77.1 77.0 76.3 76.1 74.3 -2%
Mozambique 76.8 80.7 81.7 83.6 82.4 82.8 8%
Namibia 72.9 75.6 74.5 71.7 71.0 70.4 -3%
Niger 94.5 96.5 97.8 99.1 96.9 99.0 5%
Nigeria 95.7 99.8 100.2 99.9 101.1 100.7 5%
Rwanda 88 89 88.7 91.0 89.3 89.3 2%
São Tomé and Príncipe 78.3 76.7 75.8 74.5 73.9 74.6 -5%
Senegal 70.9 74.2 74.6 76.8 79.3 81.4 15%
Seychelles 69.5 67.7 67.9 67.0 65.1 64.0 -8%
Sierra Leone 92.3 92.1 93.6 92.1 90.4 91.2 -1%
Somalia 114.2 114.7 114.3 113.4 114.9 113.9 -0%
South Africa 62.7 67.4 67.9 67.6 66.8 67.6 8%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... 108.4 110.6 …
Sudan 113 112.4 111.8 108.7 109.4 111.0 -2%
Swaziland 80 82.4 82.8 82.5 83.5 85.6 7%
Tanzania 79.1 81.1 81.2 81.3 80.4 81.1 3%
Togo 86.8 87.2 88.1 89.4 87.5 87.8 1%
Tunisia 65.6 67.6 67.5 70.1 74.2 76.5 17%
Uganda 96.1 96.9 97.5 96.3 96.5 96.6 0%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... … …
Zambia 81.6 84.2 83.9 83.8 85.9 86.6 6%
Zimbabwe 112.5 114 110.2 107.9 106.3 105.2 -7%
Source: Fund for Peace, Foreign Policy Failed States Index 2008-2013
a The higher the score, the closer a country is to being a failed state. A failed state has several attributes. Common indicators include a state
whose central government is so weak or ineffective that it has little practical control over much of its territory; does not provide public services;
widespread corruption and criminality; refugees and displaced populations; and sharp economic decline.
b A rising score across these years indicates that there has been a decline in that country’s conditions.

Failed states indexa, 2013 (Scores 0-10, where 10=the least stable)
economic decline
Group grievance
Public services
Human rights
Demographic
Factionalised
Overall score
development
Poverty and
intervention
(out of 178)
of the state
Rank, 2013
Legitimacy
pressures
apparatus
Refugees
and IDPs
Security
External
Uneven
elites
Country
Algeria 73 78.7 5.8 7.0 7.8 5.1 6.2 5.8 7.4 5.9 7.7 7.4 7.3 5.2
Angola 43 87.1 8.9 7.2 6.8 5.9 9.4 5.1 8.6 8.4 7.3 6.1 7.3 6.1
Benin 78 77.9 8.3 6.5 3.6 6.2 7.2 7.1 6.0 8.6 5.1 5.8 6.1 7.3
Botswana 121 64.0 8.3 5.8 4.8 5.0 7.5 6.1 4.4 6.0 4.4 3.5 3.3 4.8
Burkina Faso 35 90.2 9.4 7.4 5.3 6.3 8.4 7.7 7.7 8.7 6.8 7.2 7.3 8.0
Burundi 20 97.6 8.9 8.8 8.1 6.2 7.6 9.1 8.4 8.3 7.9 7.7 7.9 8.7
Cameroon 27 93.5 8.3 7.3 7.8 7.2 7.8 6.1 8.5 8.4 8.1 8.0 9.2 6.8
Cape Verde 94 73.7 6.7 4.1 4.2 8.3 6.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 5.1 5.7 5.5 8.2
Central African Republic 9 105.3 8.6 9.8 8.5 6.1 9.2 7.7 9.0 9.5 8.6 9.7 9.1 9.4
Chad 5 109.0 9.5 9.7 8.8 8.0 8.9 8.0 9.7 9.9 9.8 9.4 9.5 7.9
Comoros 56 84.0 7.4 4.5 5.3 7.2 6.4 8.2 7.4 7.9 6.6 7.5 7.5 8.1
Congo (DRC) 2 111.9 10.0 10.0 9.4 7.1 8.8 8.5 9.6 9.5 9.8 10.0 9.5 9.7
Congo (Rep.) 36 90.0 8.2 8.0 6.0 6.2 8.2 7.0 8.7 8.7 7.5 6.7 6.7 8.2
Côte d’Ivoire 12 103.5 7.8 9.3 9.0 7.3 7.8 7.7 9.3 8.5 8.6 9.1 9.4 9.7
Dijbouti 50 85.5 8.3 7.2 6.2 5.2 7.3 6.9 7.8 7.4 7.0 6.6 7.5 8.1
Egypt 34 90.6 7.2 6.5 8.5 5.4 7.1 8.2 8.9 5.6 9.6 7.3 8.7 7.7
Equatorial Guinea 47 86.1 8.3 3.3 6.6 6.6 9.1 4.5 9.6 7.6 9.4 7.5 8.2 5.5
Eritrea 25 95.0 8.7 7.4 6.1 7.3 6.9 8.3 8.7 8.4 9.1 7.5 8.1 8.6
Ethiopia 19 98.9 9.7 8.7 8.6 6.7 7.6 7.7 7.3 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.7 8.1
Gabon 99 72.9 6.8 5.6 3.3 5.5 7.3 5.2 7.6 7.0 6.8 5.4 7.1 5.4
Gambia 62 81.8 7.7 6.4 3.7 7.1 6.8 7.8 7.6 7.5 8.0 5.5 6.8 6.9
Ghana 110 69.1 6.7 5.5 4.9 7.3 6.5 6.1 5.1 7.6 4.7 3.8 5.0 6.0
Guinea 14 101.3 8.4 8.2 7.6 7.7 8.2 9.2 9.8 8.9 8.4 9.1 8.9 7.0
Guinea Bissau 15 101.1 8.4 7.8 5.7 8.0 8.1 8.7 9.7 8.8 7.6 9.5 9.7 9.0
Kenya 17 99.6 9.1 8.7 9.0 7.8 8.3 7.6 8.3 8.1 7.1 8.1 9.0 8.5
Lesotho 71 79.4 8.8 4.9 4.7 6.8 6.7 8.5 6.0 8.2 5.4 5.2 7.0 7.2
Liberia 23 95.1 8.8 9.2 6.5 7.0 8.0 8.3 6.6 9.1 6.4 7.1 8.3 9.8
Libya 54 84.5 5.5 5.4 7.4 4.2 6.7 5.0 8.4 7.3 9.0 8.9 8.0 8.8
Madagascar 61 82.7 8.1 4.3 4.9 5.5 7.9 8.2 7.2 8.6 5.9 7.0 7.5 7.7
Malawi 40 89.2 8.9 6.5 5.7 8.1 8.0 8.4 7.5 8.2 6.8 5.0 7.6 8.4
Mali 38 89.3 9.3 7.6 7.6 7.8 6.8 8.1 6.0 8.5 6.5 8.1 5.0 8.0
Mauritania 31 91.7 8.5 8.3 7.2 5.7 6.5 8.0 7.7 8.4 7.4 7.8 8.2 7.9
Mauritius 148 44.5 3.8 2.2 3.5 3.6 4.8 4.1 4.1 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.2 4.6
Morocco 93 74.3 5.8 5.9 6.5 7.0 6.9 5.3 6.7 5.9 6.6 6.3 6.6 4.9
Mozambique 59 82.8 9.2 4.6 4.9 7.2 8.0 8.0 7.0 8.5 6.4 6.5 5.6 6.8
Namibia 108 70.4 6.9 5.6 5.3 6.5 8.7 6.7 4.1 6.7 4.9 4.9 3.5 6.5
Niger 18 99.0 9.8 7.9 7.8 6.3 7.9 8.4 8.1 9.5 7.6 8.3 8.9 8.5
Nigeria 16 100.7 8.5 6.6 9.8 7.3 9.2 7.5 8.8 9.3 8.6 9.5 9.4 6.3
Rwanda 38 89.3 8.4 7.9 8.2 6.9 7.7 6.7 6.5 7.6 7.7 5.5 8.2 8.0
São Tomé and Príncipe 91 74.6 6.6 4.3 4.8 7.9 6.3 7.9 6.6 6.4 4.3 5.8 6.3 7.3
Senegal 64 81.4 8.3 7.0 6.3 6.8 6.8 7.2 5.9 7.8 6.2 6.2 6.6 6.3
Seychelles 121 64.0 5.2 3.3 4.8 4.9 6.6 5.2 6.3 3.5 5.2 6.4 5.7 6.9
Sierra Leone 33 91.2 9.0 8.1 5.9 8.0 8.5 8.6 7.3 9.0 6.1 5.4 7.9 7.4
Somalia 1 113.9 9.5 10.0 9.3 8.9 8.4 9.4 9.5 9.8 10.0 9.7 10.0 9.4
South Africa 113 67.6 7.8 6.5 5.7 4.3 8.0 5.9 5.3 6.3 4.2 5.1 5.6 2.9
South Sudan 4 110.6 8.9 10.0 10.0 6.5 8.9 8.6 9.1 9.8 9.3 9.6 9.8 10.0
Sudan 3 111.0 8.8 10.0 10.0 8.4 8.5 7.8 9.6 8.8 9.3 9.8 10.0 10.0
Swaziland 49 85.6 9.0 4.9 3.6 6.3 7.5 8.9 8.7 7.8 8.3 6.0 7.0 7.5
Tanzania 65 81.1 8.6 6.8 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.8 6.2 8.8 6.2 5.5 5.7 7.7
Togo 42 87.8 8.2 7.1 4.8 6.8 7.6 7.4 8.3 8.3 7.8 7.4 7.5 6.5
Tunisia 83 76.5 4.9 4.2 7.8 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.9 5.0 8.4 7.2 7.8 6.3
Uganda 22 96.6 9.1 8.4 8.0 6.7 7.8 7.4 8.1 8.3 7.9 8.2 8.6 8.2
Western Sahara … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Zambia 45 86.6 9.3 7.4 6.0 7.4 8.0 8.3 8.0 7.6 6.7 5.0 5.7 7.2
Zimbabwe 10 105.2 9.2 8.7 8.4 8.6 8.6 8.6 9.2 9.1 8.9 8.4 9.7 7.8
Source: Fund for Peace, Failed States Index 2013
a The higher the score, the closer a country is to being a failed state. A failed state has several attributes. Common indicators include a state
whose central government is so weak or ineffective that it has little practical control over much of its territory; does not provide public services;
widespread corruption and criminality; refugees and displaced populations; and sharp economic decline.

Democracy indexa, 2010-2012 (Scores 0-10, where 10=best)
2010 2011 2012

Change in
Rank Rank Rank
Country
(out of 167)
Score
(out of 167)
Score
(out of 167)
Score scoresb,
2010-2012
Algeria 125 3.44 130 3.44 118 3.83 11.3%
Angola 131 3.32 133 3.32 133 3.35 0.9%
Benin 72 6.17 76 6.06 79 6.00 -2.8%
Botswana 35 7.63 33 7.63 30 7.85 2.9%
Burkina Faso 120 3.59 124 3.59 127 3.52 -1.9%
Burundi 110 4.01 113 4.01 125 3.60 -10.2%
Cameroon 126 3.41 131 3.41 131 3.44 0.9%
Cape Verde 27 7.94 26 7.92 26 7.92 -0.3%
Central African Republic 162 1.82 160 1.82 157 1.99 9.3%
Chad 166 1.52 166 1.62 165 1.62 6.6%

Comoros 127 3.41 126 3.52 127 3.52 3.2%
Congo (DRC) 155 2.15 155 2.15 159 1.92 -10.7%
Congo (Rep.) 142 2.89 145 2.89 144 2.89 0.0%
Côte d’Ivoire 139 3.02 142 3.08 136 3.25 7.6%
Djibouti 154 2.20 147 2.68 147 2.74 24.5%
Egypt 138 3.07 115 3.95 109 4.56 48.5%
Equatorial Guinea 160 1.84 161 1.77 160 1.83 -0.5%
Eritrea 152 2.31 154 2.34 153 2.40 3.9%
Ethiopia 118 3.68 121 3.79 123 3.72 1.1%
Gabon 133 3.29 128 3.48 126 3.56 8.2%
Gambia 129 3.38 132 3.38 134 3.31 -2.1%
Ghana 78 6.02 78 6.02 78 6.02 0.0%
Guinea 144 2.79 146 2.79 146 2.79 0.0%
Guinea-Bissau 157 1.99 157 1.99 166 1.43 -28.1%
Kenya 101 4.71 103 4.71 104 4.71 0.0%
Lesotho 77 6.02 64 6.33 55 6.66 10.6%
Liberia 97 5.07 98 5.07 101 4.95 -2.4%
Libya 158 1.94 125 3.55 95 5.15 165.5%
Madagascar 113 3.94 116 3.93 117 3.93 -0.3%
Malawi 85 5.84 84 5.84 75 6.08 4.1%
Mali 79 6.01 63 6.36 97 5.12 -14.8%
Mauritania 115 3.86 109 4.17 110 4.17 8.0%
Mauritius 24 8.04 24 8.04 18 8.17 1.6%
Morocco 116 3.79 119 3.83 115 4.07 7.4%
Mozambique 99 4.90 100 4.90 102 4.88 -0.4%
Namibia 69 6.23 68 6.24 72 6.24 0.2%
Niger 128 3.38 110 4.16 111 4.16 23.1%
Nigeria 123 3.47 119 3.83 120 3.77 8.6%
Rwanda 134 3.25 136 3.25 132 3.36 3.4%
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Senegal 95 5.27 93 5.51 74 6.09 15.6%
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 105 4.51 106 4.51 104 4.71 4.4%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 30 7.79 28 7.79 31 7.79 0.0%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 151 2.42 153 2.38 154 2.38 -1.7%
Swaziland 141 2.90 134 3.26 137 3.20 10.3%
Tanzania 92 5.64 90 5.64 81 5.88 4.3%
Togo 124 3.45 129 3.45 130 3.45 0.0%
Tunisia 145 2.79 92 5.53 90 5.67 103.2%
Uganda 95 5.05 96 5.13 94 5.16 2.2%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 91 5.68 71 6.19 70 6.26 10.2%
Zimbabwe 146 2.64 147 2.68 148 2.67 1.1%
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Democracy Index 2012: Democracy at a standstill
electoral process and pluralism, functioning of government, political participation, political culture, and civil liberties. The higher the score, the
more democratic the country.

Ibrahim African governance indexa, 2000-2012 (Scores 0-100, where 100=best)
2000 2005 2012

Change Change
Rank Rank Rank
Country Score Score Score in score, in rank,
(out of 52) (out of 52) (out of 52)
2000-2012 2000-2012
Algeria 20 51.5 19 54.1 25 52.5 1.3% -5
Angola 49 26.4 47 32.5 39 44.5 18.1% +10
Benin 10 56.8 15 56.5 13 58.7 2.5% -3
Botswana 2 72.6 2 75.6 2 77.6 5.6% +0
Burkina Faso 19 51.8 22 53.0 23 53.0 1.2% -4
Burundi 41 36.3 36 52.6 40 43.8 8.8% +1
Cameroon 33 41.8 34 44.3 35 47.0 5.2% -2
Cape Verde 3 71.4 3 75.4 3 76.7 6.0% +0
Central African Republic 48 28.8 51 27.7 49 32.7 3.8% -1
Chad 45 32.1 48 31.7 48 33.0 1.2% -3
Comoros 34 41.5 32 46.9 32 47.8 6.9% +2

Congo (DRC) 51 24.3 50 28.7 51 31.3 8.0% +0
Congo (Rep.) 44 34.5 39 40.2 43 43.0 7.3% +1
Côte d’Ivoire 37 38.8 44 36.6 44 40.9 1.8% -7
Djibouti 27 46.8 29 48.8 30 48.2 1.7% -3
Egypt 15 54.7 13 57.1 19 55.0 0.4% -4
Equatorial Guinea 46 32.0 43 37.1 45 40.9 8.8% +1
Eritrea 38 38.4 37 41.2 50 31.9 -5.5% -12
Ethiopia 32 43.5 33 46.1 33 47.6 5.1% -1
Gabon 28 46.7 31 47.2 24 52.8 6.4% +4
Gambia 25 49.3 21 54.0 22 53.6 4.0% +3
Ghana 7 61.6 8 62.2 7 66.8 5.3% +0
Guinea 42 35.7 38 40.5 42 43.2 6.2% +0
Guinea-Bissau 39 37.4 41 39.8 46 37.1 -1.8% -7
Kenya 18 52.6 18 54.6 21 53.6 1.5% -3
Lesotho 13 55.4 9 60.0 9 61.9 7.7% +4
Liberia 50 24.8 49 30.8 29 50.3 24.8% +21
Libya 26 48.1 24 52.1 38 45.3 -0.4% -12
Madagascar 9 58.5 12 58.1 37 45.7 -11.7% -28
Malawi 23 50.2 26 51.5 16 56.9 5.2% +7
Mali 24 49.7 25 51.7 27 50.7 -0.0% -3
Mauritania 29 46.5 28 48.9 34 47.3 0.7% -5
Mauritius 1 76.4 1 78.5 1 82.9 7.3% +0
Morocco 17 52.9 14 56.5 14 58.0 5.1% +3
Mozambique 16 53.4 17 55.5 20 54.8 2.3% -4
Namibia 6 67.2 6 68.5 6 69.5 2.3% +0
Niger 35 41.0 35 42.9 28 50.4 7.6% +7
Nigeria 36 40.8 40 40.1 41 43.4 0.8% -5
Rwanda 31 44.3 27 49.7 15 57.8 10.9% +16
São Tomé and Príncipe 12 56.1 11 58.6 11 59.9 3.2% +1
Senegal 11 56.6 10 59.9 10 61.0 4.3% +1
Seychelles 5 68.2 4 71.4 4 75.0 5.5% +1
Sierra Leone 47 31.6 42 38.5 31 48.0 14.8% +16
Somalia 52 9.4 52 9.6 52 8.0 -1.7% +0
South Africa 4 69.9 5 71.3 5 71.3 0.6% -1
South Sudanb ... ... ... ... ... ... ... …
Sudanb ... ... ... ... ... ... ... …
Swaziland 30 46.2 30 47.5 26 50.8 4.3% +4
Tanzania 14 55.2 16 56.1 17 56.9 1.4% -3
Togo 40 37.1 45 35.8 36 45.8 8.2% +4
Tunisia 8 61.3 7 64.8 8 66.0 4.4% +0
Uganda 21 51.2 23 52.3 18 56.0 5.5% +3
Western Saharab ... ... ... ... ... ... ... …
Zambia 22 50.9 20 54.0 12 59.6 8.6% +10
Zimbabwe 43 35.6 46 32.5 47 35.4 1.5% -4
African averagec … 47 … 49.5 … 51.6 4.5%
Source: Mo Ibrahim Foundation, Ibrahim Index of African Governance 2012, www.moibrahimfoundation.org, accessed 1 January 2013
a citizen has the right to expect from the state, and that a state has the responsibility to deliver to its citizens. The higher the score, the better
governed a country is. Ranking is from best performing to worst performing.
b Sudan and South Sudan were omitted from the index due to a lack of data following South Sudan’s seccession. The statehood of Western
Sahara is disputed.

Ibrahim African governance indexa scores, 2000 and 2012 (Scores 0-100, where 100=best)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad

Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
2000
Liberia
Libya 2012
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: Mo Ibrahim Foundation, Ibrahim Index of African Governance 2013, www.moibrahimfoundation.org, accessed 1 January 2013
a citizen has the right to expect from his or her state, and that a state has the responsibility to deliver to its citizens. The higher the score, the
better governed a country is. Ranking is from best performing to worst performing.

Ibrahim African governance indexa categories, 2012 (Scores 0-100, where 100=best)
Participation and Sustainable economic

Country Safety and rule of lawc Human developmentf
human rightsd opportunitiese
Rank, Rank, Rank, Rank,
Score Score Score Score
(out of 52) (out of 52) (out of 52) (out of 52)
Algeria 39 44.7 32 41.2 27 47.9 7 76.3
Angola 37 45.6 30 42.8 36 41.0 40 48.5
Benin 12 61.7 11 65.9 23 49.9 25 57.2
Botswana 1 88.9 4 72.9 2 67.5 4 81.3
Burkina Faso 21 56.4 21 53.4 14 54.2 41 47.8
Burundi 43 40.2 25 49.7 41 37.6 42 47.8
Cameroon 36 46.5 39 36.4 26 48.0 26 57.1
Cape Verde 3 80.1 1 81.7 6 64.5 5 80.7
Central African Republic 50 24.9 42 35.0 44 34.7 50 36.3
Chad 46 36.0 48 29.1 46 33.0 51 33.7
Comoros 18 58.0 24 50.0 50 27.4 29 55.9
Congo (DRC) 51 24.5 44 32.3 47 28.3 49 40.2

Congo (Rep.) 40 44.3 34 38.8 39 38.5 37 50.2
Côte d’Ivoire 44 38.8 43 33.1 32 43.0 39 48.8
Djibouti 24 54.8 49 27.9 20 51.5 22 58.8
Egypt 30 50.8 37 36.8 10 60.8 10 71.5
Equatorial Guinea 38 45.1 50 25.6 42 36.5 27 56.4
Eritrea 48 32.4 51 21.7 49 28.2 47 45.5
Ethiopia 34 47.3 38 36.5 15 53.0 32 53.7
Gabon 20 56.8 26 47.8 33 42.9 18 63.9
Gambia 29 53.6 41 35.7 11 58.4 15 66.5
Ghana 6 70.8 7 68.1 13 54.4 8 74.0
Guinea 35 46.8 28 45.9 45 33.5 46 46.7
Guinea-Bissau 47 34.7 35 38.5 48 28.3 45 46.7
Kenya 33 47.6 23 50.7 18 52.0 17 63.9
Lesotho 8 67.8 6 69.1 17 52.3 23 58.4
Liberia 22 55.5 19 56.0 38 39.1 34 50.7
Libya 45 37.3 46 30.5 37 40.3 9 73.2
Madagascar 41 43.9 31 42.8 29 46.3 38 50.0
Malawi 11 63.8 13 61.3 28 46.4 28 56.2
Mali 32 48.2 20 53.4 21 50.6 35 50.6
Mauritania 31 48.4 27 47.0 30 46.1 43 47.7
Mauritius 2 86.8 2 76.7 1 79.7 2 88.5
Morocco 13 60.7 40 36.3 7 64.4 11 70.5
Mozambique 19 57.8 14 60.3 22 50.6 36 50.5
Namibia 4 76.3 5 70.8 9 63.6 13 67.5
Niger 28 54.3 16 57.4 31 43.1 44 47.0
Nigeria 42 41.0 36 37.7 34 42.2 33 52.7
Rwanda 26 54.7 29 44.6 8 64.0 12 67.8
São Tomé and Príncipe 9 67.4 10 66.9 40 38.4 14 66.8
Senegal 15 59.2 9 67.6 12 54.8 19 62.3
Seychelles 5 73.2 8 67.6 3 67.2 1 92.2
Sierra Leone 23 55.0 22 53.4 35 41.8 48 42.0
Somalia 52 4.9 52 11.5 52 2.3 52 13.1
South Africa 7 69.8 3 73.1 5 65.1 6 77.4
South Sudanb ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudanb ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Swaziland 14 59.5 47 30.1 25 49.3 16 64.3
Tanzania 16 58.4 12 61.3 24 49.7 24 58.2
Togo 25 54.7 33 39.4 43 35.4 31 53.7
Tunisia 17 58.0 17 56.9 4 65.8 3 83.3
Uganda 27 54.5 18 56.3 19 51.8 20 61.5
Western Saharab
Zambia 10 66.0 15 60.1 16 52.7 21 59.6
Zimbabwe 49 29.7 45 31.2 51 25.5 30 55.1
African averageg … 52.7 … 48.4 … 47.0 … 58.3
Source: Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 2013 Ibrahim Index of African Governance Data Report
a citizen has the right to expect from the state, and that a state has the responsibility to deliver to its citizens. The higher score, the better
governed a country is. Ranking is from best performing to worst performing.
b Sudan and South Sudan were omitted from the index due to a lack of data following South Sudan’s seccession. The statehood of Western
Sahara is disputed.
c Includes 4 sub-categories: rule of law, accountability, personal safety and national security.
d Includes 3 sub-categories: political participation, rights and gender issues.
e Includes 4 sub-categories: public management, business environment, infrastructure and the rural sector.
f Includes 3 sub-categories: welfare, education and health.
g As calculated by the source
World Bank governance indicatorsa, 2011 (Scores -2.5–2.5, where 2.5=best)
Political stability
Voice and Government Regulatory Control of
Country and absence of Rule of lawf
b
accountability c effectivenessd qualitye corruptiong
violence
Algeria -0.91 -1.34 -0.55 -1.29 -0.79 -0.54
Angola -1.08 -0.38 -1.02 -0.98 -1.28 -1.29
Benin 0.07 0.31 -0.53 -0.39 -0.64 -0.92
Botswana 0.50 1.11 0.44 0.69 0.66 0.94
Burkina Faso -0.35 -0.62 -0.63 -0.12 -0.43 -0.52
Burundi -0.93 -1.68 -1.33 -0.96 -1.09 -1.46
Cameroon -1.03 -0.58 -0.90 -0.93 -1.02 -1.24
Cape Verde 0.95 0.78 0.10 0.04 0.48 0.81
Central African Republic -1.26 -1.87 -1.46 -1.09 -1.45 -0.89
Chad -1.33 -1.07 -1.49 -1.08 -1.45 -1.25
Comoros -0.53 -0.39 -1.55 -1.42 -1.03 -0.73
Congo (DRC) -1.52 -2.12 -1.66 -1.51 -1.65 -1.30

Congo (Rep.) -1.16 -0.48 -1.20 -1.38 -1.12 -1.19
Cote d’Ivoire -0.79 -1.26 -1.11 -0.77 -1.11 -0.91
Djibouti -1.42 0.17 -1.10 -0.44 -0.78 -0.38
Egypt -0.74 -1.48 -0.77 -0.49 -0.45 -0.57
Equatorial Guinea -1.87 0.21 -1.65 -1.42 -1.26 -1.56
Eritrea -2.15 -0.69 -1.51 -2.24 -1.36 -0.65
Ethiopia -1.28 -1.54 -0.44 -1.07 -0.66 -0.60
Gabon -0.85 0.31 -0.78 -0.51 -0.45 -0.55
Gambia -1.25 0.01 -0.51 -0.23 -0.54 -0.64
Ghana 0.41 0.10 -0.07 0.12 -0.03 -0.09
Guinea -1.08 -1.28 -1.27 -1.02 -1.44 -1.11
Guinea-Bissau -1.41 -0.93 -1.24 -1.24 -1.52 -1.22
Kenya -0.30 -1.29 -0.55 -0.31 -0.87 -1.10
Lesotho 0.04 0.25 -0.38 -0.54 -0.29 0.11
Liberia -0.36 -0.47 -1.18 -1.05 -0.92 -0.57
Libya -0.94 -1.56 -1.49 -1.66 -1.15 -1.40
Madagascar -0.85 -0.57 -1.08 -0.58 -0.89 -0.61
Malawi -0.23 -0.01 -0.50 -0.71 -0.24 -0.45
Mali -0.55 -1.98 -0.99 -0.42 -0.69 -0.76
Mauritania -0.94 -1.13 -0.91 -0.64 -0.87 -0.60
Mauritius 0.86 0.97 0.93 0.98 0.94 0.33
Morocco -0.61 -0.46 -0.04 -0.09 -0.19 -0.41
Mozambique -0.18 0.35 -0.64 -0.46 -0.60 -0.59
Namibia 0.39 0.94 0.12 0.06 0.24 0.32
Niger -0.40 -1.17 -0.70 -0.61 -0.74 -0.69
Nigeria -0.73 -2.05 -1.00 -0.72 -1.18 -1.13
Rwanda -1.24 -0.21 -0.06 -0.10 -0.26 0.66
São Tomé and Príncipe 0.13 0.02 -0.72 -0.80 -0.81 -0.39
Senegal -0.05 -0.10 -0.46 -0.10 -0.33 -0.32
Seychelles 0.09 0.75 0.38 -0.31 -0.04 0.33
Sierra Leone -0.36 -0.27 -1.21 -0.71 -0.87 -0.94
Somalia -2.23 -2.89 -2.23 -2.26 -2.45 -1.59
South Africa 0.56 -0.00 0.33 0.38 0.08 -0.15
South Sudan -1.26 -1.22 -1.59 -1.50 -1.39 -1.34
Sudan -1.78 -2.27 -1.46 -1.51 -1.21 -1.51
Swaziland -1.21 -0.40 -0.57 -0.56 -0.46 -0.33
Tanzania -0.22 0.03 -0.69 -0.40 -0.58 -0.85
Togo -1.02 -0.42 -1.32 -0.86 -0.92 -0.99
Tunisia -0.19 -0.73 -0.02 -0.21 -0.14 -0.18
Uganda -0.49 -0.89 -0.57 -0.24 -0.36 -0.95
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia -0.16 0.61 -0.50 -0.43 -0.40 -0.36
Zimbabwe -1.45 -0.79 -1.21 -1.83 -1.62 -1.27
Source: World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators, http://www.info.worldbank.org/governance, accessed 20 February 2013
a The Worldwide Governance Indicators report on six broad dimensions of governance for over 200 countries over the period 1996-2011: voice
and accountability, political stability and violence, government effectiveness, rule of law, and control of corruption.
free media
motivated violence and terrorism
policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies
private sector development
courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence
“capture” of the state by elites and private interests

Freedom index, 2008
Personal freedom Economic freedom

Country Freedom indexc Rank (out of 123)
indexa indexb
Algeria 4.5 5.0 4.8 117
Angola ... ... ... ...
Benin 7.1 5.5 6.3 87
Botswana 6.8 6.9 6.9 71
Burkina Faso ... ... ... ...
Burundi 5.2 4.7 4.9 115
Cameroon 4.2 5.9 5.0 114
Cape Verde ... ... ... ...
Central African Republic 5.2 5.2 5.2 112
Chad 4.8 5.4 5.1 113
Comoros ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 4.7 4.8 4.8 118
Congo (Rep.) 6.7 4.8 5.7 101

Côte d’Ivoire 5.3 5.7 5.5 108
Djibouti ... ... ... ...
Egypt 5.0 6.8 5.9 96
Equatorial Guinea ... ... ... ...
Eritrea ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia ... ... ... ...
Gabon 5.4 5.6 5.5 107
Gambia ... ... ... ...
Ghana 7.3 7.2 7.2 55
Guinea ... ... ... ...
Guinea-Bissau 7.4 4.9 6.2 90
Kenya 5.2 7.0 6.1 91
Lesotho ... ... ... ...
Liberia ... ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 7.5 6.3 6.9 70
Malawi 6.6 6.0 6.3 88
Mali 7.2 6.2 6.7 77
Mauritania ... ... ... ...
Mauritius 8.1 7.6 7.9 30
Morocco 5.8 6.3 6.0 93
Mozambique ... ... ... ...
Namibia 7.6 6.6 7.1 62
Niger 6.1 5.4 5.7 102
Nigeria 5.4 5.9 5.7 104
Rwanda 6.3 6.6 6.4 80
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ... ...
Senegal 6.2 5.6 5.9 98
Seychelles ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 6.0 5.4 5.7 103
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 7.3 6.6 6.9 69
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ...
Swaziland ... ... ... ...
Tanzania 6.0 5.9 6.0 95
Togo 5.5 5.6 5.5 106
Tunisia 4.7 6.0 5.4 110
Uganda 4.9 7.2 6.0 94
Zambia 6.1 7.3 6.7 78
Zimbabwe 3.2 3.6 3.4 123
Source: Fraser Institute, Towards a Worldwide Index of Human Freedom, 2012
a The personal freedom sub-index tries to capture the degree to which people are free to enjoy the major civil liberties—freedom of speech,
religion, and association and assembly. It uses 34 variables covering 123 countries for the year 2008. The index is divided into four
categories: 1) Security and Safety; 2) Freedom of Movement; 3) Freedom of Expression; and 4) Relationship Freedoms.
as they wish. It combines economic freedom measures from the Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) index with measures of civil or
personal freedoms from the personal freedom sub-index. The economic freedom index and the personal freedom index each contributes half
the weight to the overall index.

Rule of law indexa, 2012/2013 (For all categories: scores 0-1, where 1=best)
Fundamental
Enforcement
Government
Government
Civil Justice
Absence of
Regulatory
Corruption
Order and
Criminal
Security
Limited
Powers
Justice
Rights
Open
Country
Botswana 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.59 0.67 0.71 0.65 0.72
Burkina Faso 0.43 0.50 0.70 0.59 0.41 0.56 0.59 0.45
Cameroon 0.31 0.20 0.62 0.42 0.27 0.28 0.35 0.32
Côte d’Ivoire 0.43 0.39 0.58 0.50 0.37 0.48 0.51 0.37
Egypt 0.58 0.51 0.67 0.43 0.48 0.42 0.47 0.45
Ethiopia 0.36 0.44 0.56 0.41 0.29 0.36 0.46 0.49
Ghana 0.72 0.45 0.68 0.72 0.55 0.52 0.61 0.45
Kenya 0.45 0.27 0.62 0.54 0.44 0.39 0.47 0.40
Liberia 0.53 0.36 0.56 0.52 0.39 0.23 0.33 0.35

Madagascar 0.45 0.39 0.76 0.58 0.50 0.46 0.53 0.49
Malawi 0.49 0.44 0.69 0.47 0.43 0.45 0.59 0.45
Morocco 0.57 0.33 0.72 0.48 0.51 0.47 0.54 0.35
Nigeria 0.45 0.25 0.47 0.45 0.35 0.42 0.53 0.28
Senegal 0.57 0.49 0.65 0.62 0.41 0.58 0.58 0.46
Sierra Leone 0.55 0.36 0.64 0.63 0.26 0.33 0.54 0.36
South Africa 0.62 0.50 0.56 0.64 0.61 0.54 0.55 0.49
Tanzania 0.55 0.41 0.61 0.53 0.41 0.44 0.48 0.49
Tunisia 0.58 0.52 0.79 0.56 0.46 0.55 0.56 0.52
Uganda 0.43 0.32 0.48 0.43 0.36 0.38 0.51 0.43
Zambia 0.51 0.44 0.67 0.41 0.39 0.41 0.46 0.37
Zimbabwe 0.25 0.26 0.59 0.31 0.24 0.35 0.40 0.43
Category Explanation
Limited Government
powers
subject to non-governmental checks; and transition of power is subject to the law.
Absence of
Corruption
Order and Security
Fundamental Rights
The following are effectively guaranteed: equal treatment and absence of discrimination; right to life and security of
the person; due process of law and rights of the accused; freedom of opinion and expression; freedom of belief and
Open Government
religion; freedom from arbitrary interference with privacy; freedom of assembly and association; and fundamental
labour rights.
Regulatory
administrative proceedings are conducted without unreasonable delay; due process is respected in administrative
Enforcement
proceedings; and government does not expropriate without adequate compensation.
Civil Justice not subject to unreasonable delays; is effectively enforced; and alternative dispute resolutions are accessible,
impartial and effective.
Criminal investigation system is effective; the criminal adjudication system is timely and effective; the correctional
Criminal Justice system is effective in reducing criminal behaviour; the criminal system is impartial, free of corruption and free of
Source: World Justice Project, Rule of Law Index 2012-2013
a The World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index offers a detailed and comprehensive picture of the extent to which countries adhere to the rule
of law in practice.

Property rights index, 2013 (Scores 0-10, where 10=best)
International property Legal and political Physical property Intellectual property

Country
rightsa index score environmentb score rightsc score rightsd score
Algeria 3.7 3.3 4.5 3.4
Angola ... ... ... ...
Benin 5.0 4.2 5.5 4.7
Botswana 6.3 7.1 6.9 5.0
Burkina Faso 5.1 4.0 5.7 5.5
Burundi 3.4 2.3 4.4 3.5
Cameroon 4.3 3.3 5.6 4.1
Cape Verde ... ... ... ...
Central African Republic ... ... ... ...
Chad 4.0 2.5 5.0 4.4
Comoros ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... ... ...

Côte d’Ivoire 3.9 2.6 5.2 3.9
Djibouti ... ... ... ...
Egypt 4.8 4.0 5.7 4.7
Eritrea ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 4.4 3.2 5.3 4.8
Gabon 5.2 4.3 6.0 5.3
Gambia ... ... ... ...
Ghana 5.5 5.3 5.7 5.6
Guinea ... ... ... ...
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ...
Kenya 4.6 3.4 5.9 4.4
Lesotho ... ... ... ...
Liberia 5.3 4.3 6.2 5.3
Libya 3.4 3.3 4.4 2.5
Madagascar 4.2 3.5 5.1 4.0
Malawi 5.1 4.9 5.6 4.7
Mali 4.9 3.8 5.8 5.1
Mauritania 4.7 3.4 5.5 5.3
Mauritius 6.3 6.7 7.1 5.0
Morocco 5.3 4.6 6.1 5.1
Mozambique 4.6 4.3 5.3 4.3
Namibia ... ... ... ...
Niger ... ... ... ...
Nigeria 3.9 2.9 4.7 4.1
Rwanda 6.2 5.7 7.0 5.8
Senegal 4.5 4.0 5.4 4.2
Seychelles ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 4.8 3.9 5.2 5.2
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 6.8 5.7 7.1 7.5
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ...
Swaziland ... ... ... ...
Tanzania 4.9 4.5 5.4 4.9
Togo ... ... ... ...
Tunisia ... ... ... ...
Uganda 4.9 3.8 5.7 5.3
Zambia 4.9 4.8 6.3 3.7
Zimbabwe 3.8 2.7 5.2 3.5
Source: Property Rights Alliance, International Property Rights Index 2013 Report
a The International Property Rights Index serves as a barometer of the world’s property rights. It has three components: the legal and political
environment; physical property rights; and intellectual property rights.
b The legal and political environment looks at the state of a country’s judicial independence, the strength of rule of law, political stability and the
control of corruption.
c Physical property rights looks at how well property rights are protected, the ease of registration, and the ease of access to loans.
d Intellectual property rights looks at how well intellectual property rights and patents are protected and the prevalence of copyright piracy.

Happy planet indexa, 2012
Experienced well- Ecological Happy planet

Country Life expectancy Rank (out of 151)
being footprint index
Algeria 73.1 5.2 1.6 52.2 26
Angola 51.1 4.2 0.9 33.2 127
Benin 56.1 3.7 1.4 31.1 132
Botswana 53.2 3.6 2.8 22.6 151
Burkina Faso 55.4 4.0 1.5 31.8 129
Burundi 50.4 3.8 0.8 30.5 135
Cameroon 51.6 4.4 1.1 33.7 124
Cape Verde ... ... ... ... ...
Central African Republic 48.4 3.6 1.4 25.3 148
Chad 49.6 3.7 1.9 24.7 150
Comoros 61.1 3.9 1.3 36.5 112
Congo (DRC) 48.4 4.0 0.8 30.5 134

Congo (Rep.) 57.4 3.8 1.1 34.5 121
Côte d’Ivoire 55.4 1.2 1.0 35.9 113
Djibouti 57.9 5.0 1.8 37.2 106
Egypt 73.2 3.9 2.1 39.6 91
Equatorial Guinea ... ... ... ... ...
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 59.3 4.4 1.1 39.2 94
Gabon ... ... ... ... ...
Gambia ... ... ... ... ...
Ghana 64.2 4.6 1.7 40.3 86
Guinea 54.1 4.0 1.7 30.0 137
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya 57.1 4.3 0.9 38.0 98
Lesotho ... ... ... ... ...
Liberia 56.8 4.2 1.3 35.2 116
Libya 74.8 4.9 3.2 40.8 81
Madagascar 66.7 4.6 1.2 46.8 49
Malawi 54.2 5.1 0.8 42.5 72
Mali 51.4 3.8 1.9 26.0 147
Mauritania 58.6 5.0 2.9 32.3 128
Mauritius 73.4 5.5 4.6 36.6 111
Morocco 72.2 4.4 1.3 47.9 42
Mozambique 50.2 4.7 0.8 35.7 114
Namibia 62.5 4.9 2.0 38.9 96
Niger 54.7 4.1 2.6 26.8 144
Nigeria 51.9 4.8 1.4 33.6 125
Rwanda 55.4 4.0 0.7 36.9 108
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ... ... ...
Senegal 59.3 3.8 1.5 33.3 126
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 47.8 4.1 1.1 28.8 139
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 52.8 4.7 2.6 28.2 142
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 61.5 4.4 1.6 37.6 101
Swaziland ... ... ... ... ...
Tanzania 58.2 3.2 1.2 30.7 132
Togo 57.1 2.8 1.0 28.2 141
Tunisia 74.5 4.7 1.8 48.3 39
Uganda 54.1 4.2 1.6 31.5 131
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 49.0 5.3 0.8 37.7 99
Zimbabwe 54.1 4.8 1.2 35.3 115
Source: New Economics Foundation, Happy Planet Index, 2012
a The Happy Planet Index (HPI) measures sustainable well-being. It uses global data on experienced well-being, life expectancy, and
maintaining the conditions for future generations to do the same. The report for 2012 reveals that we are still not living on a happy planet.
No country achieved a high and sustainable well-being - only nine countries came close to doing so (Costa Rica, Vietnam, Belize, Jamaica,
Panama, Guatemala, Argentina, Chile, and Mexico). The HPI also demonstrates that large ecological footprints bring down the scores of high
income countries.


The Economy
nATIonAl ACCoUnTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3
GDP at current market prices, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Real GDP, 1960-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
GDP growth rates, 1970-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP), 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Real per capita GDP, 1960-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Per capita GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP), 1960-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Gross national income, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Workers' remittances received, 2005-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Gross savings, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Final consumption expenditure, 2000-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Gross national expenditure, 2000-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Structure of demand, 2006 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Structure of output, 2006 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Value added by kind of economic activity, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Oil rents, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
TRAdE And InVESTmEnT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Balance of payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Balance on the current account, 2005-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Current account breakdown, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Net portfolio investment, 2005-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Balance on the capital account, 2000-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Net errors and omissions on the balance of payments, 2005-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Changes in net reserves, 2005-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
the economy
Foreign aid, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Merchandise trade as share of GDP, 1995-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Exports and imports, 2001 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Exports and imports in goods and services, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Top three exports by value, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Components of merchandise exports, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Components of merchandise imports, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Top three export destinations, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Top three sources of imports, latest year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Regional economic communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
African customs and monetary unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
PUblIC FInAnCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

General government revenue, 2000-2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Sources of government revenue, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
General government expenditure, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Share of government spending on education, health and military, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
General government gross debt, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Interest payments on government debt, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Primary balance, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
monETARY IndICAToRS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Lending interest rate, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Deposit interest rate, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Risk premium on lending, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Interest on treasury bills, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Domestic credit to the private sector, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Money supply and income velocity of money, 2010-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
........................................................................ 139
......................................................................... 140
Exchange rates, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Purchasing power parity adjusted exchange rates, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Real effective exchange rate index, 1998-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Treasury bills, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Medium- and long-term treasury bonds issued, latest year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Economic freedom rankings, 2011 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
The economy

national accounts
GDPa at current market prices, 2005-2012
Current US$ billions
Country 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012

Algeria 103.2 137.6 161.8 198.8 207.8
Angola 28.2 75.5 82.5 104.1 118.7
Benin 4.4 6.6 6.6 7.3 7.4
Botswana 10.4 11.6 14.9 17.7 17.6
Burkina Faso 5.5 8.4 9.0 10.2 10.5
Burundi 1.1 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.5
Cameroon 16.6 22.2 22.5 25.3 25.0
Cape Verde 1.0 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9
Central African Republic 1.3 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2
Chad 5.9 7.1 8.6 10.5 10.8
Comoros 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6
Congo (DRC) 7.2 11.1 13.1 15.7 17.7
Congo (Rep.) 6.1 9.6 12.0 14.4 13.7
Côte d'Ivoire 16.4 22.5 23.0 24.1 24.6
Djibouti 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4
Egypt 89.8 188.6 218.5 235.6 256.7
Equatorial Guinea 6.6 10.3 12.1 16.6 17.2
Eritrea 1.1 1.9 2.1 2.6 3.1
Ethiopia 12.3 32.3 29.7 31.7 41.9
Gabon 8.7 12.1 14.5 18.8 18.4
Gambia 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9
Ghana 17.4 25.8 32.2 38.4 38.9
Guinea 2.9 4.6 4.9 5.1 5.6
Guinea-Bissau 0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9
Kenya 18.7 30.6 32.2 34.1 41.1
Lesotho 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.5 2.4
Liberia 0.7 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7
Libya 47.3 63.1 74.8 34.7 81.9
Madagascar 5.0 8.6 8.7 9.9 10.1
Malawi 2.8 5.0 5.4 5.6 4.2
Mali 5.5 9.0 9.4 10.7 10.3
Mauritania 1.9 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.2
Mauritius 6.5 8.8 9.7 11.2 11.5
Morocco 59.5 90.9 90.8 99.2 97.5
Mozambique 6.6 10.0 9.5 12.6 14.6
the economy
Namibia 7.3 8.9 11.1 12.7 12.3
Niger 3.4 5.3 5.7 6.3 6.6
Nigeria 112.2 168.6 228.6 244.0 268.7
Rwanda 2.6 5.3 5.6 6.4 7.2
São Tomé and Príncipe 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
Senegal 8.7 12.8 12.9 14.5 13.9
Seychelles 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.0
Sierra Leone 1.6 2.4 2.5 2.9 3.8
Somalia … … … … …
South Africa 247.0 285.2 363.2 402.2 384.3
South Sudan … … … 18.1 12.2
Sudan 26.5 53.4 65.6 66.8 59.9
Swaziland 2.5 3.0 3.7 4.0 3.8
Tanzania 14.1 21.4 22.9 23.9 28.2
Togo 2.1 3.2 3.2 3.7 3.7
Tunisia 32.3 43.5 44.3 46.3 45.6
Uganda 9.8 16.0 17.0 17.6 21.0
Zambia 7.2 12.8 16.2 19.2 20.5
Zimbabwe 6.2 6.1 7.4 8.9 9.8
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database April 2013, http://www.imf.org, accessed 18 April 2013
within the boundaries of a country.

Estimates are italicised.

GDPa at current market prices, 2005 and 2012 Current US$ billions
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
2005
Liberia
Libya 2012
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
The economy
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
within the boundaries of a country.


Real GDPa, 1960-2012
Constant 2005 US$ billions

Changeb Share of Africa’s
Country 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012
2000-2012 GDP in 2012b
Algeria 20.3 29.0 51.9 68.2 80.6 116.8 122.6 52.1% 9.6%
Angola … … … 16.3 17.6 50.4 55.9 217.7% 4.4%
Benin 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.3 3.6 5.2 5.7 60.1% 0.4%
Botswana 0.2 0.4 1.6 4.5 7.9 12.1 13.9 75.1% 1.1%
Burkina Faso 0.9 1.2 1.7 2.4 4.0 7.1 8.1 104.6% 0.6%
Burundi 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.5 50.3% 0.1%
Cameroon 3.8 4.6 8.7 12.1 13.8 19.1 20.8 50.7% 1.6%
Cape Verde … … 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.3 1.5 97.4% 0.1%
Central African Republic 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 18.9% 0.1%
Chad 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.9 2.4 5.9 6.3 159.6% 0.5%
Comoros … … 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 28.8% 0.0%
Congo (DRC) 6.8 9.1 9.5 10.4 5.8 9.4 10.8 85.2% 0.8%
Congo (Rep.) 1.0 1.5 2.7 4.3 5.0 7.9 8.4 69.0% 0.7%
Côte d'Ivoire 3.1 7.3 12.1 13.0 16.4 18.2 19.0 16.1% 1.5%
Djibouti … … … 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.0 60.6% 0.1%
Egypt 9.1 15.4 29.1 49.5 75.4 121.0 125.9 67.0% 9.9%
Equatorial Guinea … … … 0.4 2.4 9.7 10.5 328.6% 0.8%
Eritrea … … … … 1.0 1.1 1.2 27.0% 0.1%
Ethiopia … … … 6.9 9.0 20.1 23.5 160.3% 1.8%
Gabon 1.4 2.7 5.6 6.7 8.0 9.7 11.0 38.3% 0.9%
Gambia … 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.8 47.9% 0.1%
Ghana 3.2 4.3 4.5 5.5 8.4 14.8 18.4 118.9% 1.4%
Guinea … … … 1.7 2.5 3.3 3.5 39.8% 0.3%
Guinea-Bissau … 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 33.1% 0.1%
Kenya 2.6 4.0 8.7 13.0 15.7 23.5 25.6 63.4% 2.0%
Lesotho 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.8 1.9 60.4% 0.1%
Liberia 0.6 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.2 141.5% 0.1%
Libya … … … … 35.9 … … … …
Madagascar 2.4 3.3 3.6 3.8 4.5 5.8 6.1 35.4% 0.5%
Malawi 0.5 0.8 1.4 1.8 2.5 3.9 4.1 64.4% 0.3%
Mali … 1.7 2.5 2.6 3.9 7.0 7.1 81.4% 0.6%
Mauritania 0.4 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.8 3.2 82.0% 0.2%
Mauritius … … 1.8 3.2 5.4 8.1 8.7 60.3% 0.7%
Morocco 9.5 15.3 25.3 37.0 46.7 75.5 81.4 74.4% 6.4%
Mozambique … … 2.5 2.5 4.3 9.1 10.5 144.1% 0.8%
the economy
Namibia … … 3.3 3.8 5.7 8.9 9.8 71.3% 0.8%
Niger 1.6 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.8 3.7 4.2 50.8% 0.3%
Nigeria 23.3 35.9 57.0 63.4 83.4 155.3 177.7 113.1% 14.0%
Rwanda 0.6 0.8 1.4 1.7 1.8 3.8 4.5 152.3% 0.4%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … … … … 0.1 0.2 … 0.0%
Senegal 2.8 3.3 4.0 5.1 6.9 10.3 11.0 58.4% 0.9%
Seychelles 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.3 34.7% 0.1%
Sierra Leone 0.7 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.1 2.1 2.6 127.7% 0.2%
Somalia … … … … … … … … …
South Africa 59.1 105.6 147.1 170.9 204.7 289.7 307.3 50.1% 24.1%
South Sudan … … 0.0 … … … … … …
Sudan 5.3 6.2 8.8 11.3 19.8 35.8 31.1 57.1% 2.4%
Swaziland … 0.4 0.7 1.7 2.3 2.9 2.9 23.8% 0.2%
Tanzania … … … 7.5 10.1 19.7 22.4 123.0% 1.8%
Togo 0.4 1.0 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.5 2.7 37.0% 0.2%
Tunisia … 5.7 11.5 16.3 25.9 40.2 40.8 57.2% 3.2%
Uganda … … … 3.5 6.5 13.4 14.7 126.1% 1.2%
Western Sahara … … … … … … … … …
Zambia 2.9 4.2 4.8 5.3 5.7 9.8 11.2 98.0% 0.9%
Zimbabwe 1.8 3.4 4.6 7.1 8.4 5.1 5.9 -30.4% 0.5%
Africac 168.2 277.4 430.9 581.2 779.5 1181.9 1273.2 63.3% 100.0%
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 20 September 2013
rates for 2000 and expressed in constant 2005 dollar values.

c As calculated by the author, note that comparability of totals is limited as they exclude countries for which there are no data

Real GDPa, 1960 and 2012 Constant 2005 US$ billions
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
1960
Liberia
Libya 2012
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
The economy
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
rates for 2000 and expressed in constant 2005 dollar values.

GDP growth ratesa, 1970-2012
Real GDP, average annual growth rate
Country 1970-1980 1980-1989 1990-2000 2000-2010 2011 2012

Algeria 6.8% 2.9% 1.9% 3.9% 2.9% 2.8%
Angola -0.3% 3.6% 2.2% 13.0% 3.9% 7.5%
Benin 2.9% 3.4% 5.1% 3.8% 3.1% 3.4%
Botswana 13.6% 11.3% 6.3% 4.1% 5.7% 4.2%
Burkina Faso 4.1% 2.6% 5.4% 5.9% 5.1% 6.0%
Burundi 3.4% 4.3% -2.6% 4.4% 4.2% 4.4%
Cameroon 7.4% 1.5% 2.1% 3.2% 4.1% 4.5%
Cape Verde -0.5% 5.6% 7.1% 6.3% 5.0% 4.8%
Chad -0.7% 6.7% 3.4% 8.7% 3.6% 6.2%
Comoros 4.4% 3.0% 1.2% 1.9% 2.2% 2.5%
Congo (DRC) -1.0% 2.2% -4.9% 5.5% 6.9% 5.8%
Congo (Rep.) 4.0% 4.0% 1.0% 4.4% 4.5% 3.7%
Côte d'Ivoire 6.6% 1.1% 3.3% 1.1% -4.7% 7.0%
Djibouti 1.4% 0.4% 1.4% 5.0% 4.8% 4.7%
Egypt 6.5% 7.7% 4.8% 5.1% 1.8% 1.6%
Eritrea ... ... ... 0.2% 8.7% 6.5%
Ethiopia 2.0% 1.7% ... 8.9% 11.2% 7.0%
Gabon 9.0% 0.5% 2.2% 1.8% 5.8% 4.7%
Gambia 2.6% 3.4% 2.9% 3.8% 5.5% -1.0%
Ghana 0.2% 2.6% 4.3% 5.7% 15.1% 7.4%
Guinea 3.0% 3.0% 4.4% 2.4% 4.2% 4.0%
Guinea-Bissau 2.5% 2.8% 0.3% 2.9% 4.3% -0.5%
Kenya 5.1% 4.3% 2.1% 4.4% 4.4% 4.5%
Lesotho 8.5% 3.7% 4.0% 3.7% 4.2% 4.0%
Liberia 2.3% -0.4% 4.0% 2.0% 8.2% 8.4%
Libya 8.9% -3.4% 1.3% 5.2% -61.3% 100.7%
Madagascar 0.6% 0.8% 2.0% 3.4% 1.6% 2.3%
Malawi 6.4% 2.0% 2.6% 5.7% 4.5% 7.5%
Mali 4.8% 3.8% 4.6% 5.3% 2.7% -4.0%
Mauritania 3.2% 1.4% 3.2% 5.5% 5.1% 4.8%
Mauritius 7.2% 6.2% 5.1% 4.2% 4.1% 3.1%
Morocco 5.7% 4.2% 2.4% 4.9% 4.1% 2.5%
Mozambique 3.6% -1.5% 7.2% 7.8% 7.1% 7.5%
the economy
Namibia 3.2% 1.0% 4.0% 5.1% 3.6% 4.0%
Niger 1.4% -1.9% 3.0% 4.5% 2.3% 9.1%
Nigeria 4.1% -2.3% 1.9% 8.6% 7.4% 6.4%
Rwanda 5.6% 2.1% 0.1% 8.0% 8.6% 7.9%
São Tomé and Príncipe 6.6% -1.2% 1.6% 5.6% 4.9% 5.0%
Senegal 2.1% 3.2% 3.3% 4.2% 2.8% 3.9%
Seychelles 8.0% 3.7% 4.6% 2.7% 4.9% 4.0%
Sierra Leone 1.9% 2.5% -8.8% 7.9% 6.0% 22.0%
Somalia 3.5% 1.7% -3.2% 2.9% 2.6% 2.6%
South Africa 3.1% 1.4% 2.1% 3.9% 3.1% 2.5%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 5.1% 2.2% 5.6% 6.7% -3.9% ...
Swaziland 8.8% 6.1% 3.2% 2.5% 1.3% 1.0%
Tanzania 3.6% 2.4% 4.0% 7.0% 6.4% 6.8%
Togo 2.5% 1.3% 1.8% 2.4% 4.9% 4.0%
Tunisia 6.8% 3.2% 4.6% 4.7% -1.5% 2.4%
Uganda -1.5% 3.0% 7.4% 7.5% 4.1% 4.6%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 0.8% 1.4% 0.4% 5.6% 6.6% 5.8%
Zimbabwe 1.4% 3.3% 1.4% -2.1% 10.3% 3.1%
Africab 4.2% 1.8% 2.6% 5.3% 1.0% 5.3%
Source: UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTADSTAT Database, http://www.unctadstat.unctad.org, accessed 9 July 2013
related increases.

GDP growth ratea, 2000-2010 %
-5.0% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
C.A.R.
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
2000-2010
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
The economy
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé & Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa
Source: UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTADSTAT Database, http://www.unctadstat.unctad.org, accessed 9 July 2013
increases.

GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP)a, 2000-2012
Constant 2005 international $ billions
Country 2000 2010 2011 2012

Algeria 185.7 269.1 275.5 282.4
Angola 34.5 98.7 102.6 109.6
Benin 8.6 12.6 13.0 13.7
Botswana 16.8 25.6 27.6 29.3
Burkina Faso 10.5 18.7 19.5 21.5
Burundi 3.2 4.4 4.6 4.8
Cameroon 29.1 40.2 41.8 43.8
Cape Verde 1.0 1.7 1.8 1.9
Central African Republic 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.3
Chad 6.2 15.0 15.3 16.0
Comoros 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8
Congo (DRC) 12.9 20.9 22.3 23.9
Congo (Rep.) 9.8 15.4 15.9 16.5
Côte d'Ivoire 30.0 33.4 31.8 34.9
Djibouti 1.3 1.9 2.0 2.1
Egypt 280.2 449.7 457.6 467.7
Equatorial Guinea 4.5 17.8 18.7 19.2
Eritrea 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
Ethiopia 34.6 77.3 83.0 90.0
Gabon 16.4 19.9 21.3 22.6
Gambia 2.0 3.0 2.8 3.0
Ghana 20.4 36.1 41.5 44.8
Guinea 7.5 9.8 10.1 10.5
Guinea-Bissau 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.7
Kenya 40.1 60.2 62.8 65.5
Lesotho 2.2 3.2 3.3 3.5
Liberia 1.0 1.9 2.1 2.4
Libya 66.0 ... ... ...
Madagascar 13.9 17.9 18.2 18.8
Malawi 7.5 11.6 12.1 12.4
Mali 8.6 15.3 15.7 15.5
Mauritania 4.7 7.6 7.9 8.5
Mauritius 10.9 16.3 16.9 17.4
Morocco 84.8 137.2 144.1 148.0
Mozambique 9.1 19.3 20.7 22.2
the economy
Namibia 8.5 13.2 13.9 14.6
Niger 6.5 8.6 8.8 9.8
Nigeria 181.7 338.5 363.4 387.2
Rwanda 5.3 11.4 12.4 13.4
São Tomé and Príncipe ... 0.3 0.3 0.3
Senegal 14.5 21.6 22.2 23.0
Seychelles 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.0
Sierra Leone 3.1 5.7 6.1 7.0
Somalia .... ... ... ...
South Africa 336.2 475.7 492.2 504.7
South Sudan .... ... ... ...
Sudan 44.8 80.9 78.3 70.4
Swaziland 4.5 5.6 5.7 5.6
Tanzania 28.7 56.3 59.9 64.0
Togo 4.4 5.4 5.7 6.0
Tunisia 57.9 89.6 87.8 91.0
Uganda 18.7 38.4 40.9 42.3
Western Sahara 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Zambia 10.5 20.8 19.4 18.1
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ...
Sub-Saharan Africab 1,035.3 1,324.6 1,796.2 1,875.7
a Purchasing power parity (PPP) adjusts exchange rates of countries to account for different costs of the same basket of goods. It shows each
country’s GDP as if all countries were at the same price level and is expressed in international dollars.

Real per capita GDPa, 1960-2011
Constant 2000 US$

Multipleb,
Country 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2011
2011:1960
Algeria 1,280 1,436 1,876 1,833 1,794 2,255 1.8
Angola ... ... ... 373 298 630 ...
Benin 261 297 305 318 346 378 1.4
Botswana 238 410 1,154 2,336 3,204 4,378 18.4
Burkina Faso 122 137 153 167 212 286 2.3
Burundi 116 149 160 182 131 141 1.2
Cameroon 469 454 641 665 592 666 1.4
Cape Verde ... ... 560 804 1,233 2,039 ...
Central African Republic 356 354 323 278 247 233 0.7
Chad 254 227 146 184 168 301 1.2
Comoros ... ... 412 413 359 335 ...
Congo (DRC) 325 332 260 210 87 110 0.3
Congo (Rep.) 618 704 971 1,170 1,027 1,266 2.0
Côte d'Ivoire 551 853 909 663 628 548 1.0
Djibouti ... ... ... 1,174 753 ... ...
Egypt 430 566 857 1,154 1,476 1,977 4.6
Equatorial Guinea ... ... ... 555 2,388 8,875 ...
Eritrea ... ... ... ... 173 155 ...
Ethiopia ... ... ... 128 124 230 ...
Gabon 1,827 3,253 5,265 4,627 4,103 4,334 2.4
Gambia ... 537 630 586 604 615 ...
Ghana 282 294 242 221 260 403 1.4
Guinea ... ... ... 355 359 394 ...
Guinea-Bissau ... 191 152 203 174 166 ...
Kenya 261 291 436 450 407 478 1.8
Lesotho 128 173 279 323 380 519 4.0
Liberia 608 760 682 192 186 279 0.5
Libya ... ... ... ... 6,480 ... ...
Madagascar 409 429 360 289 252 238 0.6
Malawi 99 121 160 133 155 183 1.9
Mali ... 172 212 188 214 272 ...
Mauritania 374 618 544 487 490 623 1.7
Mauritius ... ... 1,573 2,575 3,861 5,371 ...
Morocco 648 790 1,027 1,183 1,286 1,941 3.0
Mozambique ... ... 206 187 233 402 ...
The economy
Namibia ... ... 2,263 1,831 2,062 2,749 ...

Niger 314 307 259 193 165 177 0.6
Nigeria 280 345 416 359 372 566 2.0
Rwanda 225 216 264 235 214 371 1.6
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ... ... 544 ... ...
Senegal 614 552 494 477 492 560 0.9
Seychelles 2,190 2,437 4,329 5,645 7,579 9,279 4.2
Sierra Leone 181 231 238 207 153 278 1.5
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 2,204 3,104 3,463 3,152 3,020 3,825 1.7
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 396 355 363 342 445 731 1.8
Swaziland ... 577 779 1,320 1,508 1,814 ...
Tanzania ... ... ... 296 299 460 ...
Togo 177 295 352 284 270 273 1.5
Tunisia ... 912 1,491 1,657 2,245 3,051 ...
Uganda ... ... ... 186 256 393 ...
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 547 579 475 387 319 444 0.8
Zimbabwe 389 515 501 537 535 348 0.9
Africac 493 615 727 717 728 923 1.9
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, 10 July 2013
a GDP per capita is a measure of output that takes the value of all goods produced in a country and divides it by the population.
b As calculated by the author. The multiple is calculated by dividing per capita GDP in 2011 by that in 1960. A multiple of 2.0 means that real
GDP per capita doubled between 1960 and 2011.

Per capita GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP)a, 1960-2011
Constant 2005 international $
Country 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2011 Changeb, 1960-2011

Algeria 4,339 4,867 6,358 6,211 6,081 7,643 76.1%
Angola ... ... ... 3,093 2,476 5,227 …
Benin 948 1,077 1,108 1,153 1,314 1,430 50.7%
Botswana 707 1,219 3,433 6,948 9,531 13,021 1743.0%
Burkina Faso 491 550 613 670 853 1,150 134.1%
Burundi 439 565 604 689 496 533 21.4%
Cameroon 1,468 1,421 2,007 2,082 1,853 2,083 41.9%
Cape Verde ... ... 993 1,427 2,187 3,616 …
Central African Republic 1,094 1,088 994 853 759 715 -34.6%
Chad 1,131 1,011 650 819 750 1,323 17.0%
Comoros ... ... 1,206 1,208 1,050 980 …
Congo (DRC) 974 996 779 631 260 329 -66.2%
Congo (Rep.) 1,878 2,139 2,952 3,557 3,122 3,850 105.0%
Côte d'Ivoire 1,587 2,458 2,620 1,911 1,811 1,580 -0.4%
Djibouti ... ... ... 2,736 1,756 ... …
Egypt 1,208 1,588 2,404 3,237 4,141 5,547 359.3%
Equatorial Guinea ... ... ... 1,999 8,603 31,969 …
Eritrea ... ... ... ... 576 516 …
Ethiopia ... ... ... 545 527 979 …
Gabon 5,900 10,508 17,007 14,944 13,251 13,998 137.2%
Gambia … 1,395 1,638 1,523 1,568 1,597 …
Ghana 1,158 1,206 993 907 1,067 1,652 42.7%
Guinea ... ... ... 893 904 993 …
Guinea-Bissau ... 1,138 905 1,208 1,035 1,122 …
Kenya 824 920 1,375 1,421 1,283 1,510 83.1%
Lesotho 360 486 782 907 1,102 1,493 315.3%
Liberia 1,125 1,407 1,263 355 344 517 -54.1%
Libya ... ... ... ... 12,623 ... …
Madagascar 1,465 1,535 1,289 1,037 904 853 -41.8%
Malawi 425 523 691 572 670 789 85.4%
Mali ... 609 750 665 759 964 …
Mauritania 1,352 2,236 1,967 1,763 1,771 2,236 65.3%
Mauritius ... ... 3,729 6,104 9,154 12,733 …
Morocco 1,485 1,811 2,353 2,711 2,947 4,448 199.5%
Mozambique ... ... 435 396 501 861 …
the economy
Namibia ... ... 4,928 3,987 4,489 6,005 …
Niger … 1,114 941 702 597 642 …
Nigeria 1,105 1,364 1,645 1,417 1,469 2,237 102.5%
Rwanda 687 659 806 718 654 1,132 64.7%
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ... ... ... 1,834 …
Senegal 1,904 1,712 1,533 1,480 1,527 1,737 -8.7%
Seychelles 5,406 6,014 10,684 13,932 18,704 22,772 321.3%
Sierra Leone 876 1,120 1,153 1,000 742 998 13.9%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... …
South Africa 5,576 7,854 8,763 7,975 7,641 9,678 73.6%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... …
Sudan 1,446 1,296 1,326 1,251 1,626 2,671 84.6%
Swaziland ... 1,701 2,298 3,894 4,448 5,345 …
Tanzania ... ... ... 835 843 1,296 …
Togo 599 1,001 1,194 965 916 927 54.7%
Tunisia ... 2,459 4,021 4,468 6,054 8,227 …
Uganda ... ... ... 563 774 1,188 …
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ... …
Zambia 1,765 1,867 1,532 1,249 1,028 1,431 -18.9%
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ... ... ... …
Africac 493 615 727 717 729 922 87.3%
a Purchasing power parity (PPP) adjusts exchange rates of countries to account for different costs of the same basket of goods. It shows each
country's GDP per capita as if all countries were at the same price level and is expressed in international dollars.

Per capita GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP)a, 1960 and 2011 Constant 2005 international $
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
1960
Liberia
Libya 2011
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
The economy
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
a Purchasing power parity (PPP) adjusts exchange rates of countries to account for different costs of the same basket of goods. It shows
each country's GDP per capita as if all countries were at the same price level and is expressed in international dollars.

Gross national incomea, 1990-2009
Constant 2000 US$m
Country 1990 2000 2005 2009 Changeb,

2000-2009
Algeria 43,413 52,080 66,465 70,138 34.7%
Angola ... 7,449 ... ... ...
Benin 1,427 2,243 2,716 ... ...
Botswana 2,920 5,280 6,945 7,269 37.7%
Burkina Faso 1,554 2,606 3,503 ... ...
Burundi ... 723 ... ... ...
Cameroon 8,108 9,464 10,999 12,072 27.6%
Cape Verde 288 520 673 880 69.3%
Central African Republic ... 947 891 ... ...
Chad 1,091 1,368 3,567 ... ...
Comoros ... 202 ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 6,893 3,918 4,651 5,808 48.3%
Congo (Rep.) ... 2,275 ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 8,073 9,715 9,435 10,237 5.4%
Djibouti ... 567 612 ... ...
Egypt 68,442 100,770 121,284 155,071 53.9%
Equatorial Guinea ... 884 ... ... ...
Eritrea ... 634 726 ... ...
Ethiopia 6,179 8,119 11,041 16,404 102.0%
Gabon 3,372 4,289 4,513 4,942 15.2%
Gambia 299 400 510 ... ...
Ghana ... 4,831 ... ... ...
Guinea 2,110 3,035 3,841 4,206 38.6%
Guinea-Bissau ... 203 ... ... ...
Kenya 10,727 12,562 14,875 17,665 40.6%
Lesotho 343 974 1,062 1,179 21.1%
Liberia ... 389 ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 3,269 3,807 4,248 4,868 27.9%
Malawi 1,226 1,707 ... ... ...
Mali 1,602 2,392 3,330 ... ...
Mauritania 782 1,092 1,289 ... ...
Mauritius 2,715 4,553 5,261 5,983 31.4%
Morocco 28,873 36,053 45,377 56,075 55.5%
Mozambique 2,364 4,017 6,014 7,616 89.6%
the economy
Namibia 2,596 3,942 5,139 5,971 51.5%
Niger ... 1,782 ... ... ...
Nigeria ... 40,256 ... ... ...
Rwanda ... 1,720 ... ... ...
Senegal 3,451 4,601 5,768 6,459 40.4%
Seychelles 365 583 566 708 21.4%
Sierra Leone ... 616 ... ... ...
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 109,892 129,704 156,043 177,520 36.9%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 6,445 11,303 14,959 ... ...
Swaziland 1,023 1,524 1,598 2,015 32.2%
Tanzania 7,658 10,066 14,016 18,208 80.9%
Togo 1,047 1,300 1,439 ... ...
Tunisia 11,512 18,526 23,205 ... ...
Uganda 3,054 6,086 8,476 11,792 93.8%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 2,944 3,082 3,996 ... ...
Zimbabwe 5,258 6,245 4,154 3,476 -44.3%
Africac 435,832 564,219 690,275 821,437 45.6%
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 10 July 2013
a Gross national income is calculated by adding to GDP the income earned by residents from investments abroad, less the corresponding
income sent home by foreigners who are living in the country.
c As calcualted by the source

Workers' remittances receiveda, 2005-2011
Current US$m Share of GDP
Country 2005 2010 2011 2005 2010 2011

Algeria 169.00 66.00 51.98 0.17% 0.04% 0.03%
Angola ... 17.97 0.20 ... 0.02% 0.00%
Benin 137.12 127.11 ... 3.15% 1.94% ...
Botswana 82.36 12.15 ... 0.80% 0.08% ...
Burkina Faso 49.48 105.74 ... 0.91% 1.15% ...
Burundi 0.07 34.50 39.42 0.01% 1.70% 1.69%
Cameroon 67.13 93.62 … 0.40% 0.42% …
Cape Verde 136.50 130.42 175.90 14.04% 7.86% 9.25%
Central African Republic ... ... ... ... ... ...
Chad ... ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 1.89 191.59 ... 0.01% 0.84% ...
Djibouti 2.99 6.58 6.33 0.42% ... ...
Egypt 5,017.30 12,453.10 14,324.30 5.59% 5.69% 6.24%
Equatorial Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ...
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 173.52 345.15 513.24 1.41% 1.30% 1.70%
Gabon 1.48 … … 0.02% … …
Gambia 58.57 107.31 82.21 9.38% 11.27% 9.15%
Ghana 99.18 135.85 151.60 0.92% 0.42% 0.39%
Guinea 41.57 44.84 63.50 1.42% 0.95% 1.25%
Guinea-Bissau 19.60 43.91 … 3.42% 5.26% …
Kenya 424.99 685.76 934.15 2.27% 2.13% 2.78%
Lesotho 5.93 6.04 6.43 0.43% 0.28% 0.26%
Liberia 22.64 0.21 257.92 4.18% 0.02% 16.69%
Libya 7.00 ... ... 0.02% ... ...
Madagascar 1.36 ... ... 0.03% ... ...
Malawi 22.34 15.93 16.11 0.81% 0.30% 0.29%
Mali 153.25 437.43 … 2.89% 4.64% …
Mauritania ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritius ... ... ... ... ... ...
Morocco 4,589.23 6,422.54 7,256.32 7.71% 7.07% 7.24%
Mozambique 8.04 33.42 33.17 0.12% 0.36% 0.26%
The economy
Namibia 7.06 6.02 6.09 0.10% 0.05% 0.05%

Niger 45.52 86.70 … 1.34% 1.60% …
Nigeria 14,484.95 19,650.65 20,438.38 12.90% 8.59% 8.38%
Rwanda 8.63 98.21 166.18 0.33% 1.75% 2.61%
São Tomé and Príncipe 1.50 6.36 6.88 1.32% 3.17% 2.77%
Senegal 716.96 1,384.12 ... 8.24% 10.77% …
Seychelles 11.92 16.49 24.59 1.30% 1.69% 2.32%
Sierra Leone 2.35 41.57 55.51 0.14% 1.64% 1.87%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 702.41 971.42 437.65 2.65% 1.50% 0.68%
Swaziland 1.31 1.87 ... 0.05% 0.05% …
Tanzania 9.13 42.79 51.37 0.06% 0.19% 0.22%
Togo 164.22 300.98 ... 7.76% 9.43% …
Tunisia 1,195.13 1,724.81 1,659.28 3.70% 3.89% 3.57%
Uganda 321.81 768.00 948.64 3.48% 4.47% 5.64%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 52.90 43.70 46.30 0.74% 0.27% 0.24%
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ... ... ...
Africa b 29,018.34 46,660.88 ... 4.41% 3.90% ...
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 25 June 2013
a Workers' remittances are current transfers by migrants who are employed or intend to remain employed for more than a year in another
economy in which they are considered residents. This item shows receipts by the reporting country.

Gross savingsa, 2000-2011
Share of GDP
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria ... 51.9% 48.4% ...
Angola -0.2% 28.1% 21.5% 20.2%
Benin 10.4% 10.1% 15.0% ...
Botswana 41.4% 41.5% 27.7% ...
Burkina Faso 5.1% 8.3% ... ...
Burundi 1.1% 11.0% -5.4% 1.7%
Cameroon 16.1% 13.3% 12.2% ...
Cape Verde 19.6% 32.7% 25.4% 22.2%
Chad ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 30.6% 16.6% ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 8.0% 10.0% 12.7% ...
Djibouti 5.4% 28.3% ... ...
Egypt 18.0% 21.8% 17.8% 16.9%
Eritrea 4.4% ... ... ...
Ethiopia 16.0% 13.7% 23.4% 27.3%
Gabon 41.7% 44.2% ... ...
Gambia ... 13.1% 11.5% 12.1%
Ghana 15.3% 19.2% 21.8% 8.8%
Guinea 16.1% 9.4% -6.9% -6.5%
Kenya 13.5% 16.8% 14.3% 13.5%
Lesotho 37.3% 21.2% 12.9% 15.1%
Liberia ... 77.4% 23.7% 30.4%
Libya ... 46.0% ... ...
Madagascar 8.8% 8.0% ... ...
Malawi 9.5% 3.0% 18.5% 13.5%
Mali 15.9% 11.4% ... ...
Mauritania ... ... ... ...
Mauritius 26.3% 17.4% 15.4% 13.8%
Morocco 24.3% 30.9% 30.8% 28.1%
Mozambique 10.4% 7.1% 12.0% 13.8%
the economy
Namibia 25.4% 27.5% 34.1% 35.7%
Niger 5.3% 18.5% ... ...
Nigeria ... 0.0% ... ...
Rwanda 6.1% 15.1% 11.3% ...
Senegal 13.8% 21.1% 21.8% ...
Seychelles 18.5% 5.6% ... ...
Sierra Leone -3.7% 10.0% 12.4% 12.6%
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 15.8% 14.5% 16.5% 16.4%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan 23.5% 19.4% 20.9% ...
Swaziland 13.3% 21.6% 2.4% ...
Tanzania 13.2% 17.5% 24.5% 20.3%
Togo 5.0% 4.9% 12.2% ...
Tunisia 22.1% 20.3% 20.3% 24.6%
Uganda 14.4% 20.0% 19.0% 20.8%
Zambia -0.9% 14.3% 28.7% 27.8%
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ...
Africab 17.2% 23.8% 21.9% ...
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 22 April 2013
a Gross savings are calculated as gross national income less total consumption, plus net transfers.

a
, 2000-2011
Share of GDP
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria 20.7% 22.3% ... ...
Angola 12.8% 8.8% 12.7% 11.4%
Benin 18.9% 18.9% 26.1% 27.4%
Botswana 25.8% 24.5% 27.1% 28.5%
Burkina Faso 18.7% 19.3% ... ...
Burundi 4.2% 8.7% 18.0% 18.4%
Cameroon 16.3% 15.4% 16.1% 19.8%
Cape Verde 30.5% 35.8% 37.8% 36.5%
Central African Republic 10.0% 9.8% 14.3% 12.4%
Chad 20.9% 16.7% 31.8% ...
Comoros 10.1% 9.3% ... ...
Congo (DRC) 3.4% 13.8% 23.6% 20.5%
Congo (Rep.) 20.9% 19.7% 20.3% 25.1%
Côte d'Ivoire 11.2% 9.7% 13.8% 16.4%
Djibouti 8.8% 19.0% ... ...
Egypt 18.9% 17.9% 18.6% 19.4%
Equatorial Guinea 67.7% 39.2% 53.4% 34.0%
Eritrea 23.8% 19.7% ... ...
Ethiopia 20.3% 23.0% 24.7% 25.5%
Gabon 21.9% 21.3% 27.2% 27.0%
Gambia 4.6% 22.0% 21.4% 19.2%
Ghana 23.1% 29.0% 23.0% 18.6%
Guinea 19.6% 18.6% 10.6% 17.6%
Guinea-Bissau 11.3% 0.0% ... ...
Kenya 16.7% 18.7% 20.3% 20.4%
Lesotho 42.5% 21.1% 28.5% 34.9%
Liberia 7.5% 13.3% 26.4% 25.0%
Libya 13.1% 15.8% ... ...
Madagascar 15.0% 22.2% ... ...
Malawi 12.3% 20.2% 24.2% 13.5%
Mali 24.6% 22.6% ... ...
Mauritania 16.2% 59.0% 24.5% 25.9%
Mauritius 22.9% 21.4% 24.9% 23.7%
Morocco 26.0% 27.5% 30.7% 30.6%
Mozambique 31.0% 18.7% 24.7% 24.3%
The economy
Namibia 16.6% 18.6% 25.7% 26.5%

Niger 11.2% 18.5% ... ...
Nigeria ... ... ... ...
Rwanda 13.4% 15.8% 21.0% 21.4%
Senegal 22.4% 29.6% 29.0% 30.6%
Seychelles 25.2% 23.8% 0.0% 0.0%
Sierra Leone 6.9% 17.0% 15.8% 14.9%
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 15.1% 16.8% 19.6% 18.9%
South Sudan 0.0% 0.0% 10.8% 10.4%
Sudan 18.6% 23.1% 20.2% 19.2%
Swaziland 18.1% 15.0% 11.1% 10.4%
Tanzania 16.4% 24.7% 31.5% 36.1%
Togo 14.5% 15.8% 18.8% 18.9%
Tunisia 25.2% 21.3% 24.3% 24.0%
Uganda 19.2% 22.2% 23.3% 24.4%
Zambia 15.9% 22.4% 21.1% 23.4%
Zimbabwe 11.8% 2.0% 14.0% 12.4%
Africab 18.1% 19.1% 21.1% 21.2%
other equipment.

Final consumption expenditurea, 2000-2011
Share of GDP
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria 55.2% 45.1% 49.3% ...
Angola 60.4% 58.8% 67.9% 66.9%
Benin 94.0% 93.1% 87.7% 85.9%
Botswana 56.2% 56.9% 77.5% 73.8%
Burkina Faso 99.4% 95.2% ... ...
Burundi 107.4% 112.0% 112.4% 110.0%
Cameroon 78.6% 85.2% 87.3% 84.5%
Cape Verde 102.8% 92.8% 90.7% 93.8%
Chad 94.5% 64.9% 89.3% ...
Comoros 105.7% 112.3% ... ...
Congo (DRC) 94.9% 97.7% 86.1% 89.2%
Congo (Rep.) 40.7% 50.2% 49.1% 22.3%
Côte d'Ivoire 82.1% 82.8% 81.1% 90.2%
Djibouti 106.5% 91.4% ... ...
Egypt 87.1% 84.3% 85.9% 87.1%
Eritrea 142.9% 129.0% ... ...
Ethiopia 91.7% 97.4% 94.7% 89.4%
Gabon 41.7% 41.7% 48.7% 44.2%
Gambia 100.2% 94.8% 97.2% 99.1%
Ghana 94.4% 96.3% 83.8% 94.6%
Guinea 84.0% 80.8% 97.6% 100.3%
Guinea-Bissau 108.5% ... ... ...
Kenya 92.7% 89.8% 92.5% 95.7%
Lesotho 125.0% 150.0% 142.1% 131.3%
Liberia 93.2% 139.1% 136.6% 140.8%
Libya 66.5% 51.9% ... ...
Madagascar 92.3% 95.1% ... ...
Malawi 96.2% 105.5% 89.6% 94.4%
Mali 88.0% 89.0% ... ...
Mauritania 94.7% 90.3% 84.3% 81.8%
Mauritius 74.4% 83.5% 87.7% 86.8%
Morocco 79.8% 76.8% 74.8% 78.5%
Mozambique 89.5% 93.5% 94.0% 92.2%
the economy
Namibia 86.6% 80.2% 73.1% 71.7%
Niger 96.5% 86.6% ... ...
Nigeria ... ... ... ...
Rwanda 105.2% 98.0% 99.6% 97.7%
Senegal 88.8% 85.8% 89.2% 89.1%
Seychelles 78.1% 93.4% ... ...
Sierra Leone 114.3% 95.9% 96.7% 95.4%
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 81.1% 82.5% 80.9% 80.9%
South Sudan ... ... 54.0% 51.9%
Sudan 72.5% 81.1% 74.3% 76.0%
Swaziland 95.6% 89.1% 102.3% 103.6%
Tanzania 89.9% 83.8% 78.7% 82.5%
Togo 98.0% 102.3% 98.2% 98.6%
Tunisia 77.3% 78.7% 78.9% 76.0%
Uganda 92.0% 88.3% 86.7% 86.2%
Zambia 96.5% 78.4% 65.6% 66.0%
Zimbabwe 84.2% 107.4% 106.5% 115.7%
Africab 79.8% 77.9% 79.2% 83.5%
consumption expenditure (general government consumption). Final consumption expenditure may be higher than GDP in some countries
where imports of foreign-produced goods are high. Purchases of these goods would add to the value of GDP in those countries that produced
them.

Gross national expenditurea, 2000-2011
Share of GDP
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria 80.2% 76.6% 90.7% ...
Angola 73.2% 67.6% 80.5% 78.3%
Benin 112.9% 112.6% 113.8% 113.3%
Botswana 87.9% 83.2% 107.0% 105.2%
Burkina Faso 116.1% 115.5% ... ...
Burundi 110.3% 120.7% 130.4% 128.3%
Cameroon 95.7% 101.9% 103.4% 104.3%
Cape Verde 133.5% 128.8% 128.5% 130.3%
Chad 117.8% 82.8% 122.0% ...
Comoros 115.8% 121.6% 134.8% 136.5%
Congo (DRC) 98.3% 111.5% 109.6% 109.7%
Congo (Rep.) 63.3% 70.3% 69.6% 47.5%
Côte d'Ivoire 92.9% 92.5% 95.4% 96.8%
Djibouti 115.3% 110.3% ... ...
Egypt 106.6% 102.3% 104.8% 106.8%
Eritrea 166.6% 148.8% ... ...
Ethiopia 111.9% 120.4% 119.4% 115.0%
Gabon 63.6% 63.0% 76.0% 71.2%
Gambia 104.8% 116.8% 118.6% 118.3%
Ghana 118.4% 125.3% 111.8% 113.1%
Guinea 104.4% 100.3% 108.2% 117.9%
Guinea-Bissau 119.8% ... ... ...
Kenya 110.1% 107.5% 112.3% 116.9%
Lesotho 169.2% 172.0% 170.1% 166.2%
Liberia 100.7% 152.4% 163.0% 165.8%
Libya 79.9% 61.9% ... ...
Madagascar 115.0% 117.3% 113.2% 111.1%
Malawi 115.6% 128.1% 115.6% 109.9%
Mali 116.2% 111.7% ... ...
Mauritania 116.9% 151.8% 111.6% 106.3%
Mauritius 117.5% 106.0% 111.3% 112.3%
Morocco 118.1% 105.6% 109.9% 113.4%
Mozambique 118.8% 112.2% 118.7% 116.5%
The economy
Namibia 119.4% 99.9% 98.8% 98.3%

Niger 120.1% 109.2% ... ...
Nigeria 120.7% 84.5% 94.7% 96.0%
Rwanda 121.3% 113.8% 120.5% 119.1%
São Tomé and Príncipe 122.0% 139.1% 152.2% 145.9%
Senegal 122.6% 115.6% 118.2% 119.7%
Seychelles 123.2% 120.8% ... ...
Sierra Leone 123.9% 112.9% 112.4% 110.3%
Somalia 124.5% ... ... ...
South Africa 125.1% 100.5% 100.2% 100.6%
South Sudan 125.8% ... 65.1% 62.3%
Sudan 126.4% 109.2% 97.5% 97.9%
Swaziland 127.0% 104.1% 113.4% 114.0%
Tanzania 127.7% 108.9% 110.7% 119.2%
Togo 128.3% 118.6% 117.0% 117.5%
Tunisia 129.0% 100.4% 105.3% 102.1%
Uganda 129.6% 110.6% 110.2% 110.8%
Zambia 130.2% 102.1% 88.1% 91.0%
Zimbabwe 130.9% 108.9% 130.8% 138.4%
Africab 96.6% 90.7% ... ...
and gross capital formation. GNE plus net exports equals GDP. If GNE is lower than GDP, exports are greater than imports; if GNE is higher
than GDP, imports are greater than exports.

Structure of demanda, 2006 and 2011
Share of GDP
2006 2011
of goods and
of goods and
consumption
consumption
expenditureb
expenditureb
General gov-
expenditurec
General gov-
expenditurec
less Imports
less Imports
Household
Household
formationd
formationd
goods and
goods and
Exports of
non-factor
Exports of
non-factor
sumption
sumption
servicese
servicese
-
-
servicesf
servicesf
capital
capital
Gross
Gross
Country
Algeria 32.2% 11.2% 29.5% 48.6% 21.5% ... ... ... ... ...
Angola 25.3% 18.5% 15.4% 79.8% 39.0% 47.4% 19.5% 11.4% 65.0% 43.3%
Benin ... ... 18.2% 11.4% 22.7% ... ... 27.4% 14.9% 28.2%
Botswana 41.0% 19.0% 23.7% 47.0% 30.7% 53.6% 20.2% 31.3% 39.1% 44.3%
Burkina Faso 75.5% 21.7% 17.9% 11.4% 26.5% ... ... ... ... ...
Burundi 94.1% 20.4% 14.1% 7.5% 36.1% 83.7% 26.3% 18.4% 5.5% 33.8%
Cameroon 73.4% 10.8% 14.3% 29.3% 27.7% 69.5% 15.0% 19.8% 30.7% 35.0%
Cape Verde 63.8% 25.7% 38.0% 45.1% 72.7% 73.1% 20.7% 36.5% 42.2% 72.6%
Central African Republic 90.8% 6.8% 10.1% 14.2% 21.9% 91.1% 7.9% 12.4% 11.9% 23.3%
Chad 58.7% 4.9% 14.4% 63.2% 41.1% ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros 100.6% 14.2% 9.6% 14.2% 38.6% ... ... ... 15.3% 51.8%
Congo (DRC) 80.5% 12.7% 13.2% 34.2% 40.7% 76.0% 13.2% 20.5% 68.3% 78.0%
Congo (Rep.) 45.9% 13.9% 21.6% 84.2% 65.6% 12.3% 10.0% 25.3% 87.3% 34.8%
Côte d'Ivoire 72.0% 8.3% 9.3% 52.7% 42.4% 81.1% 9.1% 16.4% 43.7% 40.6%
Djibouti 59.9% 28.0% 29.6% 39.9% 57.3% ... ... ... ... ...
Egypt 70.6% 12.3% 18.7% 29.9% 31.6% 75.8% 11.3% 19.7% 23.3% 30.2%
Equatorial Guinea 11.6% 2.6% 32.2% 86.8% 33.1% 37.8% 3.1% 35.1% 71.4% 47.4%
Eritrea 80.2% 38.0% 13.3% 6.9% 38.4% ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 86.4% 12.1% 24.2% 13.9% 36.6% 81.4% 8.1% 25.5% 16.8% 31.8%
Gabon 35.6% 8.4% 25.9% 61.9% 31.8% 35.0% 9.3% 27.0% 64.6% 35.8%
Gambia 81.2% 7.9% 24.3% 33.8% 47.2% 89.5% 9.6% 19.2% 28.9% 47.2%
Ghana 87.6% 11.3% 16.6% 25.2% 40.7% 84.7% 9.8% 18.6% 38.0% 51.1%
Guinea 76.7% 8.1% 17.2% 40.6% 42.6% 89.7% 10.6% 17.6% 30.3% 48.2%
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya 74.7% 17.6% 18.5% 27.1% 37.8% 77.7% 18.0% 21.2% 29.1% 46.0%
Lesotho 109.5% 35.4% 20.7% 53.5% 119.1% 98.7% 32.6% 34.9% 46.4% 112.6%
Liberia 178.2% 9.3% 24.4% 30.8% 142.7% 125.6% 15.2% 25.0% 27.5% 93.3%
Libya 22.5% 10.7% 21.0% 71.3% 25.5% ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 82.0% 8.7% 25.3% 29.7% 45.8% ... 10.0% ... 26.1% 37.1%
Malawi 84.2% 14.6% 25.7% 22.6% 47.1% 74.5% 19.9% 15.5% 29.6% 39.5%
Mali 75.3% 9.9% 22.9% 32.1% 40.2% ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritania 59.0% 15.2% 30.0% 47.8% 52.0% 69.5% 12.3% 24.5% 74.1% 80.4%
Mauritius 70.5% 14.2% 26.6% 61.6% 72.9% 73.4% 13.4% 25.4% 54.1% 66.4%
Morocco 57.5% 18.5% 29.4% 34.2% 39.7% 63.1% 15.4% 34.9% 34.6% 48.0%
the economy
Mozambique 80.5% 10.7% 17.7% 38.4% 47.2% 79.9% 12.3% 24.3% 28.9% 45.4%
Namibia 60.0% 19.5% 22.3% 39.9% 41.6% 50.1% 21.6% 26.5% 42.6% 40.9%
Niger ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Nigeria ... ... ... 42.9% 27.7% ... ... ... 39.6% 35.6%
Rwanda 88.0% 10.3% 16.0% 11.1% 25.3% 88.7% 9.0% 21.4% 13.4% 32.5%
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ... 13.7% 71.1% ... ... ... 11.5% 57.4%
Senegal 79.6% 9.7% 28.2% 25.6% 43.0% 80.3% 8.8% 30.6% 24.5% 44.2%
Seychelles 68.4% 18.8% 24.8% 84.3% 101.4% ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 78.6% 13.8% 15.2% 24.9% 32.5% 84.3% 11.1% 14.9% 16.3% 26.6%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 63.1% 19.7% 19.7% 30.0% 32.5% 59.4% 21.5% 19.7% 28.8% 29.4%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... 17.1% ... 64.9% 27.2%
Sudan 64.6% 14.1% 29.1% 19.4% 27.2% 65.1% 10.9% 21.9% 18.5% 16.3%
Swaziland 75.7% 13.9% 12.8% 76.6% 79.0% 84.3% 19.4% 10.4% 56.3% 70.3%
Tanzania 68.0% 17.5% 27.6% 22.6% 35.7% 66.1% 16.4% 36.7% 31.1% 50.2%
Togo 89.7% 11.4% 16.8% 38.2% 56.1% 88.7% 9.9% 18.9% 40.9% 58.4%
Tunisia 61.7% 16.7% 23.4% 46.0% 47.9% 62.6% 13.4% 26.0% 51.0% 53.0%
Uganda 77.8% 14.1% 21.1% 15.3% 28.4% 74.9% 11.3% 24.6% 23.7% 34.5%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 50.9% 18.6% 22.1% 38.5% 30.1% 45.4% 20.6% 25.0% 46.0% 37.0%
Zimbabwe 103.5% 5.9% 1.6% 36.0% 46.9% 91.8% 23.8% 22.8% 49.4% 87.8%
Africa g 61.2% 15.0% 21.3% 37.0% 33.7% 67.6% 15.8% 22.3% 32.2% 37.2%
a The structure of demand represents GDP as calculated by the expenditure method, whereby household and government spending on goods
and services produced domestically, spending on investment and spending abroad on the country's exports is added and domestic expenditure
on imports is subtracted. Adding b, c, d and e and subtracting f is equal to GDP.
machines, and home computers), purchased by households.
(including compensation of employees).
e Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world.
f Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world.
Structure of demanda, 2011 % of GDP
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Household final
Mauritius consumption expenditure
Morocco
Mozambique
General government final
Namibia
The economy
consumption expenditure
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda Gross capital formation
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa
a The structure of demand represents GDP as calculated by the expenditure method, whereby household and government spending on
goods and services produced domestically, spending on investment and spending abroad on the country's exports is added and domestic
expenditure on imports is subtracted.

Structure of outputa, 2006 and 2011
Share of GDP
2006 2011
b c d b
Country Agriculture Industry Services Agriculture Industryc Servicesd
Algeria 8.0% 62.3% 29.7% ... ... ...
Angola 7.7% 67.5% 24.8% 9.3% 62.1% 28.6%
Benin ... ... ... ... ... ...
Botswana 1.8% 54.0% 44.2% 2.5% 45.8% 51.7%
Burkina Faso 33.3% 22.4% 44.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Burundi 43.6% 18.5% 37.9% 35.2% 18.6% 46.3%
Cameroon 19.9% 31.4% 48.8% ... ... ...
Cape Verde 8.3% 16.0% 75.6% 10.4% 17.8% 71.8%
Central African Republic 55.2% 14.3% 30.6% ... ... ...
Chad 11.7% 60.6% 27.8% ... ... ...
Comoros 45.2% 11.8% 43.0% ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 47.7% 22.5% 29.8% 45.6% 21.8% 32.6%
Congo (Rep.) 4.0% 75.5% 20.5% 3.4% 76.6% 20.0%
Côte d'Ivoire 22.9% 25.9% 51.2% 24.3% 30.3% 45.4%
Djibouti 3.5% 16.4% 80.1% ... ... ...
Egypt 14.1% 38.4% 47.5% 13.9% 36.7% 49.3%
Equatorial Guinea 2.8% 94.4% 2.9% ... ... ...
Eritrea 26.1% 19.3% 54.6% ... ... ...
Ethiopia 47.9% 12.7% 39.4% 46.4% 10.5% 43.1%
Gabon 4.9% 61.2% 33.9% 3.8% 64.0% 32.2%
Gambia 21.8% 14.5% 63.7% 18.9% 13.5% 67.7%
Ghana 30.4% 20.8% 48.8% 25.6% 25.9% 48.5%
Guinea 23.8% 39.9% 36.3% 22.1% 44.9% 33.0%
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya 26.8% 18.5% 54.8% 28.5% 17.6% 53.9%
Lesotho 7.9% 35.3% 56.8% 7.8% 33.7% 58.5%
Liberia 63.8% 7.7% 28.5% 53.1% 10.2% 36.7%
Libya 2.0% 78.5% 19.5% ... ... ...
Madagascar 27.5% 16.1% 56.4% ... ... ...
Malawi 31.6% 17.2% 51.2% 30.2% 19.3% 50.5%
Mali 36.9% 24.0% 39.1% ... ... ...
Mauritania 22.9% 46.5% 30.5% 16.3% 46.2% 37.5%
Mauritius 5.6% 27.6% 66.9% 3.7% 26.1% 70.2%
Morocco 16.9% 27.2% 56.0% 15.1% 29.9% 55.1%
the economy
Mozambique 27.9% 26.4% 45.7% 32.0% 24.2% 43.8%
Namibia 10.5% 34.6% 54.9% 7.3% 19.6% 73.1%
Niger ... ... ... ... ... ...
Nigeria 32.0% 41.9% 26.1% ... ... ...
Rwanda 38.4% 13.8% 47.8% 31.9% 16.3% 51.7%
São Tomé and Príncipe 15.8% 16.9% 67.3% ... ... ...
Senegal 14.8% 23.0% 62.2% 15.0% 24.0% 60.9%
Seychelles 2.3% 19.4% 78.3% ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 51.1% 23.2% 25.7% 44.4% 18.2% 37.4%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 2.9% 31.2% 66.0% 2.4% 30.6% 67.0%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 29.8% 27.8% 42.4% 24.5% 28.1% 47.4%
Swaziland 7.8% 46.7% 45.5% 7.9% 45.8% 46.3%
Tanzania 30.4% 22.9% 46.7% 27.7% 25.1% 47.2%
Togo 35.9% 18.4% 45.7% 31.9% 16.1% 52.0%
Tunisia 10.2% 29.7% 60.1% 8.3% 33.3% 58.3%
Uganda 25.6% 24.2% 50.2% 23.4% 25.4% 51.1%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 21.6% 31.9% 46.5% 19.5% 37.3% 43.2%
Zimbabwe 20.3% 32.3% 47.4% 15.7% 36.9% 47.4%
Africae 14.0% 37.8% 48.2% 12.6% 32.0% 55.4%
a The structure of output represents GDP as calculated by the production method, which shows the contribution of all sectors of the economy
that make up GDP. Here, all sectors are grouped into agriculture, industry and services, the sum of which is equal to GDP.
c Industry comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, water, and gas.
professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services.
e As calculated by the source

Value added by kind of economic activitya, 2010
Share of GDP
Agricultureb Industryc Servicesd
Wholesale, Transport,
Mining
Manu- Con- retail trade, storage and Other
Country Total and Total Total
facturing struction restaurants communi- activities
utilities
and hotels cations
Algeria 7.9% 43.6% 4.2% 8.8% 56.6% 11.3% 9.4% 14.8% 35.4%
Angola 10.1% 47.0% 6.3% 8.1% 61.5% 16.2% 4.9% 7.4% 28.5%
Benin 35.4% 1.4% 8.4% 4.6% 14.4% 18.0% 8.9% 23.3% 50.2%
Botswana 2.4% 35.9% 4.0% 5.4% 45.3% 13.7% 4.6% 34.0% 52.3%
Burkina Faso 37.6% 2.0% 9.2% 5.4% 16.6% 12.0% 5.6% 28.2% 45.8%
Burundi 40.1% 1.8% 13.3% 9.2% 24.4% 8.4% 5.6% 21.5% 35.5%
Cameroon 24.9% 11.2% 16.4% 4.0% 31.6% 23.6% 7.0% 12.9% 43.5%
Cape Verde 7.8% 4.0% 3.2% 11.4% 18.6% 24.4% 22.3% 26.9% 73.7%
Central African Re-
53.4% 2.7% 7.7% 4.4% 14.7% 13.2% 5.7% 12.9% 31.8%
public
Chad 19.1% 44.2% 5.3% 2.0% 51.5% 11.7% 1.7% 15.9% 29.3%
Comoros 48.2% 1.6% 4.1% 4.8% 10.4% 15.7% 11.2% 14.4% 41.3%
Congo (DRC) 41.7% 15.6% 5.6% 5.3% 26.5% 17.8% 4.6% 9.4% 31.8%
Congo (Rep.) 4.2% 67.5% 4.1% 3.4% 75.0% 6.4% 4.7% 9.7% 20.8%
Côte d'Ivoire 27.4% 6.2% 16.5% 4.8% 27.6% 15.0% 4.4% 25.6% 45.0%
Djibouti 3.9% 5.2% 2.3% 12.1% 19.6% 18.7% 28.4% 29.4% 76.5%
Egypt 14.0% 16.1% 16.9% 4.6% 37.5% 15.1% 9.6% 23.8% 48.5%
Equatorial Guinea 2.0% 92.4% 0.3% 2.4% 95.1% 0.7% 0.1% 2.0% 2.8%
Eritrea 17.7% 1.6% 5.6% 14.1% 21.3% 19.8% 12.7% 28.6% 61.1%
Ethiopia 46.3% 1.9% 4.0% 4.4% 10.4% 18.6% 4.5% 20.2% 43.3%
Gabon 2.6% 64.2% 3.7% 3.2% 71.1% 11.8% 3.9% 10.6% 26.3%
Gambia 32.1% 2.4% 4.9% 4.0% 11.3% 24.2% 11.9% 20.5% 56.6%
Ghana 29.9% 3.2% 6.8% 8.6% 18.6% 12.3% 12.5% 26.6% 51.4%
Guinea 22.5% 26.4% 7.0% 11.0% 44.5% 17.1% 5.7% 10.3% 33.1%
Guinea-Bissau 45.3% 0.4% 12.5% 0.4% 13.3% 22.0% 6.0% 13.5% 41.4%
Kenya 25.0% 3.5% 11.3% 4.8% 19.6% 13.5% 11.1% 30.8% 55.4%
Lesotho 8.0% 11.0% 18.6% 4.5% 34.1% 8.7% 6.2% 43.0% 57.9%
Liberia 72.0% 1.3% 6.7% 3.1% 11.1% 6.0% 6.4% 4.5% 16.9%
Libya 2.2% 65.3% 4.9% 5.7% 75.9% 3.8% 3.9% 14.2% 21.9%
Madagascar 27.6% 1.5% 14.3% 3.8% 19.6% 10.9% 20.7% 21.3% 52.8%
Malawi 29.9% 2.7% 10.6% 3.3% 16.6% 21.0% 6.6% 26.0% 53.5%
Mali 40.1% 8.5% 5.6% 5.8% 19.9% 16.1% 6.0% 17.9% 40.0%
The economy
Mauritania 23.6% 24.8% 6.7% 6.5% 38.0% 9.6% 6.2% 22.6% 38.5%
Mauritius 3.6% 2.2% 18.5% 6.9% 27.5% 18.5% 9.6% 40.7% 68.9%
Morocco 14.1% 6.5% 14.4% 6.3% 27.2% 13.4% 7.1% 38.0% 58.6%
Mozambique 28.1% 6.4% 14.6% 3.0% 24.0% 16.5% 9.8% 21.5% 47.9%
Namibia 9.9% 15.0% 14.7% 3.8% 33.5% 13.6% 5.3% 37.8% 56.7%
Niger 44.2% 8.2% 5.2% 2.6% 16.1% 14.1% 6.6% 19.0% 39.7%
Nigeria 35.2% 33.8% 2.2% 1.3% 37.3% 16.4% 2.7% 8.4% 27.5%
Rwanda 34.3% 0.9% 7.1% 7.9% 15.9% 16.2% 8.3% 25.2% 49.8%
São Tomé and Príncipe 17.6% 3.0% 7.1% 8.8% 18.9% 25.6% 13.4% 24.5% 63.5%
Senegal 15.4% 4.0% 14.2% 5.1% 23.4% 20.7% 12.6% 27.9% 61.2%
Seychelles 2.7% 1.6% 8.8% 5.4% 15.8% 29.7% 11.9% 39.9% 81.5%
Sierra Leone 58.5% 1.9% 1.8% 1.4% 5.1% 9.4% 7.4% 19.6% 36.4%
Somalia 60.2% 0.7% 2.5% 4.2% 7.4% 10.6% 9.4% 12.5% 32.5%
South Africa 2.5% 12.3% 14.6% 3.8% 30.8% 13.9% 9.1% 43.6% 66.7%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 33.4% 15.3% 7.8% 4.2% 27.3% 14.8% 10.8% 13.7% 39.3%
Swaziland 7.7% 1.3% 41.1% 3.0% 45.4% 10.8% 7.1% 29.0% 46.9%
Tanzania 29.4% 5.9% 8.7% 8.5% 23.1% 15.5% 7.5% 24.6% 47.6%
Togo 46.6% 6.1% 8.4% 3.7% 18.2% 10.4% 5.3% 19.4% 35.2%
Tunisia 7.9% 9.2% 17.7% 4.8% 31.7% 14.0% 13.2% 33.1% 60.4%
Uganda 23.1% 4.8% 7.7% 12.7% 25.2% 20.1% 6.9% 24.6% 51.7%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 19.7% 7.1% 8.8% 20.0% 35.9% 16.8% 3.9% 23.7% 44.5%
Zimbabwe 21.6% 19.6% 11.8% 1.5% 32.9% 16.5% 10.6% 18.4% 45.5%
Source: UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTADSTAT Database, http://www.unctad.org, accessed 23 May 2013
a This table shows the value that different sectors contributed to GDP. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and
subtracting intermediate inputs. Adding the component sectors that are grouped under agriculture, industry and services makes up GDP.
c Industry is further broken down into the components of mining and utilities, manufacturing, and construction.
d Services are broken down into wholesale and retail trade and restaurants and hotels; transport, storage and communications services; and
other services.
Value added by agriculture, industry and servicesa, 2010 % of GDP
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho Agriculture
Liberia Industry
Libya Services
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
the economy
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTADSTAT Database, http://www.unctad.org, accessed 23 May 2013
a Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. Adding the component sectors of
into the components of mining and utilities, manufacturing, and construction. Services are broken down into wholesale and retail trade and
restaurants and hotels; transport, storage and communications services; and other services.

Oil rentsa, 2000-2011
Share of GDP
Countryb 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria 13.7% 21.6% 16.9% 19.0%
Angola 139.1% 65.1% 46.6% 46.3%
Benin 0.4% ... ... ...
Cameroon 11.0% 9.5% 7.2% 8.0%
Chad ... 59.8% 36.6% 36.8%
Congo (DRC) 4.8% 6.1% 4.1% 4.4%
Congo (Rep.) 72.5% 70.1% 64.1% 71.5%
Côte d'Ivoire 0.6% 4.3% 3.6% 4.4%
Egypt 5.7% 10.5% 6.3% 8.2%
Gabon 48.1% 54.1% 47.0% 47.9%
Libya 33.8% 64.5% ... ...
Nigeria 41.8% 37.6% 25.1% 32.9%
South Africa 0.1% 0.1% ... ...
Sudan 12.8% 20.0% 17.4% 14.2%
Tunisia 3.0% 3.6% 4.1% 4.3%
Oil rentsa, 2005 and 2011 % of GDP
140%
120%
100%
The economy
80%
2000
2011
60%
40%
20%
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a Oil rents are the difference between the value of crude oil production at world prices and total costs of production.
b Countries shown are those for which data are available

Trade and investment
Balance of payments
Balance of payments
Balance on the Balance on the Balance on the Unrecorded

current account capital account transcations
Balance of trade Net foreign

Net primary Net current Net foreign direct
in goods and portfolio Other investment
income transfers investment
services investment
account, according to the system of national accounts. Together the balances on these accounts should make up the
transactions” is needed to make the accounts balance.

The current account includes trade in goods and services, net primary income (payments of employee compensation,
the economy
payments and earnings on investments and reserve assets) and net current transfers, which are recorded in the balance
quo, for example international aid.
leases and licences, as well as capital transfers, including government debt forgiveness.
investments.

Balance on the current accounta, 2005-2011

Country
2005 2010 2011 2005 2010 2011
Algeria 21,180 12,146 19,688 20.7% 7.5% 10.4%
Angola 5,138 7,506 13,085 16.8% 9.3% 12.5%
Benin -226 -530 ... -5.2% -8.1% ...
Botswana 1,562 46 ... 15.2% 0.3% ...
Burkina Faso -634 -181 ... -11.6% -2.0% ...
Burundi -6 -301 -284 -0.5% -14.8% -12.2%
Cameroon -493 -856 ... -3.0% -3.8% ...
Cape Verde -41 -216 -304 -4.2% -13.0% -16.0%
Chad ... ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 696 ... ... 11.4% ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 40 465 ... 0.2% 2.0% ...
Djibouti 20 50 -172 2.8% ... ...
Egypt 2,103 -4,504 -5,484 2.3% -2.1% -2.4%
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia -1,568 -425 -783 -12.8% -1.6% -2.6%
Gabon 1,983 ... ... 22.9% ... ...
Gambia -43 56 67 -7.0% 5.9% 7.5%
Ghana -1,105 -2,747 -3,501 -10.3% -8.5% -8.9%
Guinea -160 -327 -1,161 -5.5% -6.9% -22.8%
Guinea-Bissau -10 -71 ... -1.8% -8.5% ...
Kenya -252 -2,369 -3,333 -1.3% -7.4% -9.9%
Lesotho -27 -440 -520 -1.9% -20.2% -21.4%
Liberia -184 -415 -756 -33.9% -32.1% -48.9%
Libya 14,945 16,801 1,410 34.0% ... ...
Madagascar -554 ... ... -11.0% ... ...
Malawi -507 -905 -765 -18.4% -16.8% -13.6%
Mali -438 -1,190 ... -8.3% -12.6% ...
Mauritania ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritius -324 -1,006 -1,422 -5.2% -10.4% -12.6%
Morocco 1,041 -3,925 -8,000 1.7% -4.3% -8.0%
Mozambique -761 -1,585 -2,438 -11.6% -17.2% -19.1%
The economy
Namibia 333 105 -148 4.6% 1.0% -1.2%

Niger -312 -1,136 ... -9.1% -21.0% ...
Nigeria 36,529 13,309 8,689 32.5% 5.8% 3.6%
Rwanda -55 -421 -468 -2.1% -7.5% -7.3%
São Tomé and Príncipe -36 -88 -108 -31.9% -43.6% -43.5%
Senegal -676 -600 ... -7.8% -4.7% ...
Seychelles -174 -190 -226 -18.9% -19.5% -21.4%
Sierra Leone -105 -493 -1,127 -6.4% -19.5% -37.9%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa -8,518 -10,117 -13,683 -3.4% -2.8% -3.4%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan -2,555 -680 710 -9.6% -1.0% 1.1%
Swaziland -103 -388 ... -4.0% -10.0% ...
Tanzania -1,093 -1,924 -3,951 -7.7% -8.4% -16.6%
Togo -204 -200 ... -9.6% -6.3% ...
Tunisia -299 -2,104 -3,386 -0.9% -4.7% -7.3%
Uganda -26 -1,859 -2,276 -0.3% -10.8% -13.5%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia -600 1,144 215 -8.4% 7.1% 1.1%
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ... ... ...
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 30 May 2013
a The current account records the balance of trade in goods and services, the income paid and current transfers made between a country and
the rest of the world.

Current account breakdowna, latest year
Breakdown of the current account balance, US$m

Year Net trade in Net current Total, US$m Share of GDP
Country goods and Net incomeb c
services transfers
Algeria 2011 19,156 -2,114 2,646 19,688 10.4%
Angola 2011 24,144 -9,697 -1,362 13,085 12.5%
Benin 2010 -632 -53 155 -530 -8.1%
Botswana 2010 -691 -243 979 46 0.3%
Burkina Faso 2010 ... ... ... -181 -2.0%
Burundi 2011 -530 -17 264 -284 -12.2%
Cameroon 2010 -764 -239 146 -856 -3.8%
Cape Verde 2011 -589 -73 359 -304 -16.0%
Chad ... ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 2010 1,818 -914 -439 465 2.0%
Djibouti 2011 -255 9 74 -172 ...
Egypt 2011 -14,328 -6,377 15,221 -5,484 -2.4%
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 2011 -5,836 -77 5,130 -783 -2.6%
Gabon ... ... ... ... ... ...
Gambia 2011 -49 -16 132 67 7.5%
Ghana 2011 -4,853 -1,245 2,597 -3,501 -8.9%
Guinea 2011 -1,167 -133 139 -1,161 -22.8%
Guinea-Bissau 2010 -129 -2 60 -71 -8.5%
Kenya 2011 -6,442 7 3,102 -3,333 -9.9%
Lesotho 2011 -1,478 332 626 -520 -21.4%
Liberia 2011 -2,061 88 1,218 -756 -48.9%
Libya 2011 -2,619 501 3,528 1,410 ...
Madagascar ... ... ... ... ... ...
Malawi 2011 -1,241 -98 574 -765 -13.6%
Mali 2010 -1,308 -419 538 -1,190 -12.6%
Mauritania ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritius 2011 -1,485 -69 131 -1,422 -12.6%
Morocco 2011 -14,063 -2,052 8,115 -8,000 -8.0%
the economy
Mozambique 2011 -3,043 -190 795 -2,438 -19.1%
Namibia 2011 -992 -478 1,322 -148 -1.2%
Niger 2010 ... ... ... -1,136 -21.0%
Nigeria 2011 9,665 -22,784 21,809 8,689 3.6%
Rwanda 2010 -1,033 -46 657 -421 -7.5%
São Tomé and Príncipe 2011 -118 ... 10 -108 -43.5%
Senegal 2010 -2,000 -150 1,550 -600 -4.7%
Seychelles 2011 -210 -51 35 -226 -21.4%
Sierra Leone 2011 -1,341 -35 249 -1,127 -37.9%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 2011 -2,425 -9,286 -1,972 -13,683 -3.4%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 2010 497 -2,472 2,131 -680 1.1%
Swaziland 2010 -562 -226 400 -388 -10.0%
Tanzania 2011 -4,533 -360 941 -3,951 -16.6%
Togo 2010 -532 -23 356 -200 -6.3%
Tunisia 2011 -3,306 -1,979 1,899 -3,386 -7.3%
Uganda 2011 -3,507 -334 1,565 -2,276 -13.5%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 2011 1,400 -1,562 378 215 1.1%
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ... ... ...
net current transfers add up to the balance on the current account, except for Sudan's, which for unknown reasons do not.
b Net primary income refers to receipts and payments of employee compensation paid to nonresident workers and earnings on investments.
c Net current transfers are recorded in the balance of payments whenever an economy provides or receives goods, services, income, or

a
, 2005-2011
Current US$m
Country
2005 2010 2011
Algeria 20,974 10,885 17,502
Angola 4,571 7,326 12,653
Benin -92 -370 ...
Botswana 2,431 -541 672
Burkina Faso -428 21 ...
Burundi -49 -217 -182
Cameroon -338 -526 ...
Cape Verde -19 -268 -323
Central African Republic ... ... ...
Chad ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 740 ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 187 1,618 ...
Djibouti 2 -11 -175
Egypt -368 -6,688 -8,386
Equatorial Guinea ... ... ...
Eritrea ... ... ...
Ethiopia -1,089 -3,501 -2,586
Gabon 1,544 ... ...
Gambia -76 -30 49
Ghana -770 -2,206 -3,750
Guinea -68 -220 -1,050
Guinea-Bissau 30 905 ...
Kenya -383 -1,953 -2,780
Lesotho 103 -162 -97
Liberia -223 1,073 -782
Libya 13,495 14,664 2,180
Madagascar -271 ... ...
Malawi -168 -91 -378
Mali -256 -900 ...
Mauritania ... ... ...
Mauritius -307 -864 -1,237
Morocco 632 -4,085 -8,243
Mozambique -271 -1,084 -1,509
The economy
Namibia 541 -99 311

Niger -139 -925 ...
Nigeria 26,520 -2,041 5,404
Rwanda 61 -152 -246
São Tomé and Príncipe 36 -56 -66
Senegal -470 -288 ...
Seychelles -145 111 -123
Sierra Leone -99 -366 -977
Somalia ... ... ...
South Africa -6,829 -5,039 -3,495
South Sudan ... ... ...
Sudan -2,881 -4,787 -3,547
Swaziland -147 -327 ...
Tanzania -1,404 -1,867 -2,962
Togo -140 1,199 ...
Tunisia -199 -1,959 -3,117
Uganda -416 -1,218 -1,661
Western Sahara ... ... ...
Zambia 1,897 1,228 304
Zimbabwe ... ... ...
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 22 July 2013
other investment, between a country and the rest of the world.

a
, 2005-2011
Country 2005 2010 2011 2005 2010 2011

Algeria 1,101.00 2,044.00 2,027.47 1.1% 1.3% 1.1%
Angola -1,523.20 -4,567.64 -5,116.41 -5.0% -5.6% -4.9%
Benin 53.43 194.72 ... 1.2% 3.0% ...
Botswana 436.47 264.69 ... 4.3% 1.8% ...
Burkina Faso 34.35 38.15 ... 0.6% 0.4% ...
Burundi 0.58 0.78 3.35 0.1% ... 0.1%
Cameroon 257.18 35.25 ... 1.6% 0.2% ...
Cape Verde 80.44 116.17 103.75 8.3% 7.0% 5.5%
Chad ... ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 513.59 ... ... 8.4% ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 311.92 314.07 ... 1.9% 1.4% ...
Djibouti 22.20 36.50 79.00 3.1% ... ...
Egypt 5,283.60 5,210.10 -1,108.20 5.9% 2.4% -0.5%
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 265.11 288.27 626.51 2.2% 1.1% 2.1%
Gabon 166.93 ... ... 1.9% ... ...
Gambia 53.65 37.14 36.00 8.6% 3.9% 4.0%
Ghana 144.97 2,527.35 3,196.89 1.4% 7.9% 8.2%
Guinea 210.00 202.70 955.24 7.1% 4.3% 18.8%
Guinea-Bissau 8.00 27.71 ... 1.4% 3.3% ...
Kenya 11.52 176.49 325.82 0.1% 0.5% 1.0%
Lesotho 71.20 115.93 136.07 5.2% 5.3% 5.6%
Liberia 82.80 452.34 1,312.75 15.3% 35.0% 84.9%
Libya 910.00 -938.00 -56.90 2.1% ... ...
Madagascar 85.44 ... ... 1.7% ... ...
Malawi 136.68 54.71 82.81 5.0% 1.0% 1.5%
Mali 224.84 398.50 ... 4.2% 4.2% ...
Mauritania ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritius -5.19 13,843.29 13,406.74 -0.1% 142.6% 119.1%
Morocco 1,596.49 660.65 2,273.34 2.7% 0.7% 2.3%
Mozambique 107.85 989.81 2,090.08 1.6% 10.7% 16.4%
the economy
Namibia 403.10 712.26 948.83 5.6% 6.4% 7.6%
Niger 34.71 1,000.05 ... 1.0% 18.5% ...
Nigeria 4,967.90 5,133.47 8,025.11 4.4% 2.2% 3.3%
Rwanda 10.57 42.33 106.21 0.4% 0.8% 1.7%
São Tomé and Príncipe 1.11 50.54 34.70 1.0% 25.1% 14.0%
Senegal 52.31 263.88 ... 0.6% 2.1% ...
Seychelles 78.43 153.68 136.78 8.5% 15.8% 12.9%
Sierra Leone 90.73 238.44 714.97 5.6% 9.4% 24.0%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 5,612.68 1,385.57 6,042.71 2.3% 0.4% 1.5%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 3,312.49 6,114.04 3,056.75 12.5% 9.4% 4.8%
Swaziland -23.82 131.75 ... -0.9% 3.4% ...
Tanzania 935.52 1,022.81 1,095.40 6.6% 4.5% 4.6%
Togo 91.86 48.64 ... 4.3% 1.5% ...
Tunisia 712.71 1,334.50 432.67 2.2% 3.0% 0.9%
Uganda 379.81 547.30 796.94 4.1% 3.2% 4.7%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 356.94 633.90 831.50 5.0% 3.9% 4.3%
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ... ... ...
a FDI is investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy
less disinvestment in the reporting economy from foreign investors.

Net portfolio investmenta, 2005-2011
Current US$m
Country 2005 2010 2011

Algeria ... -1,435.00 -8.25
Angola 1,267.03 270.51 52.19
Benin -16.65 123.36 ...
Botswana 192.59 -414.62 ...
Burkina Faso 5.28 208.22 ...
Burundi ... ... ...
Cameroon 12.91 -74.33 ...
Cape Verde ... -5.36 ...
Chad ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 1.14 ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 1.80 -464.39 ...
Djibouti ... ... ...
Egypt -3,468.20 -10,441.90 10,651.60
Eritrea ... ... ...
Ethiopia ... ... ...
Gabon -8.68 ... ...
Gambia ... ... ...
Ghana ... 148.85 -247.69
Guinea ... -1.31 -211.63
Guinea-Bissau 4.55 5.61 ...
Kenya 30.46 28.96 57.36
Lesotho 0.83 0.05 0.05
Liberia ... ... ...
Libya 393.00 4,396.00 420.10
Madagascar ... ... ...
Malawi 3.97 -0.89 1.10
Mali 15.07 455.08 ...
Mauritius 16.15 9,817.12 11,152.15
Morocco -59.85 -109.88 233.51
Mozambique 88.50 -1.37 34.16
The economy
Namibia 1,045.56 711.20 391.32

Niger -41.74 -22.99 0.00
Nigeria 487.95 -2,596.03 -3,540.68
Rwanda ... -21.38 -31.29
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ...
Senegal 4.35 -80.82 ...
Seychelles -1.01 -9.54 17.85
Sierra Leone ... 20.20 -33.77
Somalia ... ... ...
South Africa -4,807.35 -9,772.90 2,486.39
Sudan -46.74 -6.10 26.11
Swaziland -4.49 -54.39 ...
Tanzania -3.22 -3.29 -4.05
Togo -2.47 21.83 0.00
Tunisia -12.10 25.92 43.76
Uganda 13.36 110.52 -256.70
Zambia -122.40 -73.63 -47.70
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 18 June 2013
control of the securities issued.

Balance on the capital accounta, 2000-2011
Current US$m
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria ... -3.00 4.00 -1.30
Angola 18.33 7.77 0.93 5.36
Benin 73.14 121.85 152.55 ...
Botswana 38.10 67.38 18.96 ...
Burkina Faso 186.23 208.97 ... ...
Burundi -0.01 31.80 77.92 96.47
Cameroon 17.41 203.79 145.64 ...
Cape Verde 10.76 20.71 39.85 12.31
Chad ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 16.83 11.19 ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 7.02 189.21 1,177.66 ...
Djibouti 9.19 26.77 55.32 59.68
Egypt ... -40.00 -39.20 -45.20
Eritrea ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia ... ... ... ...
Gabon -0.54 ... ... ...
Gambia ... 0.60 ... ...
Ghana ... 331.20 337.50 445.10
Guinea ... 20.58 47.30 139.67
Guinea-Bissau ... 45.40 980.42 ...
Kenya 49.56 103.33 240.18 234.89
Lesotho 50.84 14.91 136.22 184.04
Liberia ... ... 1,594.26 ...
Libya ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 114.99 191.67 ... ...
Malawi ... 363.14 602.74 456.85
Mali 105.17 205.27 250.95 ...
Mauritania ... ... ... ...
Mauritius -0.60 -1.76 -4.80 -1.86
Morocco -5.97 -4.51 -0.08 -0.27
Mozambique 305.80 193.24 348.06 379.22
the economy
Namibia 112.56 79.61 112.49 186.78
Niger 67.32 -89.47 ... ...
Nigeria 32.68 7,335.57 ... ...
Rwanda 63.02 93.47 285.64 ...
São Tomé and Príncipe 69.10 114.84 41.63 46.48
Senegal 83.09 198.72 297.67 ...
Seychelles 0.89 29.88 275.13 47.45
Sierra Leone ... 67.81 131.00 157.10
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa -51.91 30.44 30.76 33.33
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan -119.30 ... ... ...
Swaziland 0.09 -3.49 11.46 ...
Tanzania 420.40 393.15 536.40 638.29
Togo 8.67 51.06 1,388.07 ...
Tunisia 2.92 127.10 82.37 183.76
Uganda 69.70 64.31 49.06 57.01
Zambia 152.70 2,560.00 149.70 119.00
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ...
leases and licences, as well as capital transfers, including government debt forgiveness.

Net errors and omissions on the balance of paymentsa, 2005-2011
Current US$m
Country 2005 2010 2011

Algeria -203.00 -1,265.00 -2,184.06
Angola -574.19 -180.73 -436.62
Benin 11.90 7.92 ...
Botswana 85.79 608.71 ...
Burkina Faso -2.32 3.05 ...
Burundi -74.68 6.30 5.37
Cameroon -48.33 183.69 ...
Cape Verde 1.01 -93.42 25.57
Chad ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 33.18 ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire -38.24 -24.90 ...
Djibouti -44.91 -116.60 -63.20
Egypt -2,430.80 -2,145.40 -2,856.60
Eritrea ... ... ...
Ethiopia 478.39 -3,075.29 -1,803.14
Gabon -439.19 ... ...
Gambia -33.61 -86.52 -18.20
Ghana 3.57 203.76 -694.61
Guinea 71.67 59.56 -27.97
Guinea-Bissau -5.30 -4.27 ...
Kenya -233.55 175.44 317.81
Lesotho 114.54 142.00 239.01
Liberia -39.25 -106.09 -26.82
Libya -1,450.00 -2,136.90 769.80
Madagascar 91.43 ... ...
Malawi -24.02 211.75 -70.61
Mali -24.17 38.40 ...
Mauritius 18.69 141.43 195.43
Morocco -403.96 -159.51 -243.44
Mozambique 295.93 153.27 550.56
The economy
Namibia 127.88 -317.24 272.12

Niger 123.20 14.89 ...
Nigeria -17,344.53 -15,350.04 -3,284.99
Rwanda 22.28 -15.75 20.33
São Tomé and Príncipe 6.79 -9.94 -9.86
Senegal 6.36 10.30 ...
Seychelles -0.52 25.82 55.99
Sierra Leone -61.82 -3.98 -6.60
Somalia ... ... ...
South Africa 1,659.17 5,047.44 10,154.33
Sudan -574.13 -4,420.96 -4,448.10
Swaziland -41.10 47.27 ...
Tanzania -704.09 -479.56 350.72
Togo 12.80 10.89 ...
Tunisia -27.05 62.95 84.53
Uganda -454.00 593.26 387.64
Zambia -63.62 -65.23 -30.49
a Net errors and omissions constitute a residual category needed to ensure that all debit and credit entries in the balance of payments
statement sum to zero.

Changes in net reservesa, 2005-2011
Current US$m Total reservesb,

current US$m
Country 2005 2010 2011 2011
Algeria 16,088.8 14,984.9 19,936.0 191,369.1
Angola 1,437.7 4,779.2 8,026.7 26,477.3
Benin -51.6 -294.2 … 887.4
Botswana 1,306.5 39.8 … 8,081.9
Burkina Faso -465.5 -733.5 … 957.0
Burundi -292.7 -175.9 -267.1 295.4
Cameroon -396.7 6.8 … 3,198.7
Cape Verde 64.9 28.3 -48.4 338.6
Central African Republic … … … 154.5
Chad … … … 951.1
Comoros … … … 156.1
Congo (DRC) … … … 1,267.5
Congo (Rep.) 510.5 … … 5,641.1
Côte d'Ivoire -315.1 1,427.3 … 4,316.0
Djibouti -31.3 -2.8 -38.9 244.1
Egypt 5,226.1 -218.2 -19,735.6 18,637.5
Equatorial Guinea … … … 3,053.8
Eritrea … … … 114.8
Ethiopia -322.9 -986.8 -708.9 …
Gabon 225.9 … … 2,157.3
Gambia -42.0 -93.3 -34.2 223.2
Ghana 124.6 423.8 355.3 5,913.6
Guinea 71.2 39.8 619.6 114.0
Guinea-Bissau -22.8 -946.2 … 220.0
Kenya 117.0 141.6 -1,211.7 4,265.1
Lesotho 43.7 -213.8 67.6 …
Liberia -185.7 2,002.5 -291.0 513.3
Libya 13,839.7 4,169.9 -840.1 110,538.6
Madagascar -349.4 … … 1,279.1
Malawi 40.9 114.1 -108.0 217.0
Mali 15.5 -177.0 … 1,378.6
Mauritania … … … 502.3
Mauritius -165.0 209.0 195.1 2,775.2
Morocco 448.7 -3,012.4 -6,412.6 20,611.3
Mozambique -196.6 44.4 321.9 2,591.5
the economy
Namibia -400.5 -1,078.3 -312.7 1,786.7
Niger 32.8 105.8 … 673.0
Nigeria 11,335.8 -9,729.6 305.9 36,263.7
Rwanda -23.4 10.4 13.4 1,050.0
São Tomé and Príncipe 30.5 13.3 -4.7 51.5
Senegal -361.6 -529.4 … 1,945.7
Seychelles -29.4 35.3 22.4 252.3
Sierra Leone -129.6 -319.2 -141.9 439.1
Somalia … … … …
South Africa 5,765.8 3,796.3 4,708.9 48,748.3
Sudan 542.4 -52.9 -637.3 192.5
Swaziland 1.1 -230.9 … 600.5
Tanzania -594.7 -449.2 -769.8 3,726.2
Togo -110.2 13.9 … 774.3
Tunisia 936.0 -221.6 -1,708.9 7,785.3
Uganda 81.7 -253.1 -188.2 2,617.4
Zambia -2,086.1 -146.7 94.3 2,324.0
Zimbabwe … … … 660.2
Africac 51,715.3 12,521.8 … 529,333.2
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 23 September 2013
a Changes in net reserves is the net change in a country's holdings of international reserves resulting from transactions on the current, capital,
in the International Monetary Fund, and other claims on nonresidents that are available to the central authority. The World Bank could not
accounts and the net errors and omissions.

b Total reserves include gold, monetary gold, special drawing rights, holdings of foreign exchange and reserves of IMF members held by the IMF.

Foreign aida, 2000-2011
Share of GDP Share of govern-

Latest yearb ment spending
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011
Algeria 0.4% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 2011 0.4%
Angola 7.3% 1.4% 0.3% 0.2% … …
Benin 10.3% 8.0% 10.5% 9.3% 2011 64.4%
Botswana 0.5% 0.5% 1.0% 0.7% 2011 2.7%
Burkina Faso 6.9% 12.7% 11.5% 9.5% 2011 74.4%
Burundi 11.1% 32.6% 31.1% 24.9% … …
Cameroon 4.1% 2.5% 2.4% 2.5% … …
Cape Verde 17.4% 16.7% 19.8% 12.9% 2009 44.8%
Central African Republic 8.2% 6.6% 13.1% 12.4% … …
Chad 9.5% 7.3% 5.7% 4.4% … …
Comoros 9.3% 5.9% 12.4% 8.4% … …
Congo (DRC) 4.1% 26.2% 27.0% 35.3% 2010 196.3%
Congo (Rep.) 1.0% 23.4% 10.9% 1.8% 2005 158.0%
Côte d'Ivoire 3.4% 0.6% 3.7% 6.0% … …
Djibouti 13.1% 10.5% ... ... … …
Egypt 1.4% 1.2% 0.3% 0.2% 2011 0.6%
Equatorial Guinea 1.7% 0.5% 0.6% 0.1% … …
Eritrea 27.9% 31.8% 7.6% 5.2% … …
Ethiopia 8.5% 15.7% 13.3% 11.7% 2011 109.7%
Gabon 0.2% 0.7% 0.8% 0.4% … …
Gambia 6.3% 9.7% 12.6% 15.0% … …
Ghana 12.0% 10.7% 5.3% 4.6% 2011 21.7%
Guinea 5.1% 6.7% 4.6% 4.1% … …
Guinea-Bissau 37.6% 11.5% 16.7% 12.3% … …
Kenya 4.0% 4.1% 5.1% 7.4% 2011 32.2%
Lesotho 4.8% 4.9% 11.8% 10.9% 2008 17.3%
Liberia 12.7% 41.0% 109.8% 49.5% 2011 237.4% c
Libya 0.0% 0.1% ... ... … …
Madagascar 8.3% 18.1% 5.3% 4.1% 2008 76.1%
Malawi 25.6% 20.8% 18.9% 14.2% … …
Mali 11.9% 13.6% 11.6% 11.7% 2010 79.8%
Mauritania 17.3% 8.6% 10.2% 8.8% … …
Mauritius 0.4% 0.6% 1.3% 1.7% 2011 8.2%
Morocco 1.2% 1.2% 1.1% 1.2% 2011 3.8%
Mozambique 21.0% 19.7% 21.2% 16.0% … …
The economy
Namibia 3.9% 1.7% 2.3% 2.3% 2007 10.3%

Niger 11.6% 15.3% 13.8% 10.8% 2007 108.9%
Nigeria 0.4% 5.7% 0.9% 0.7% 2008 8.6%
Rwanda 18.5% 22.4% 18.4% 19.8% … …
São Tomé and Príncipe 45.5% 28.5% 24.5% 30.2% … …
Senegal 9.2% 8.0% 7.2% 7.4% … …
Seychelles 3.8% 1.8% 5.8% 2.0% 2011 7.6%
Sierra Leone 28.4% 20.9% 18.4% 14.3% 2011 67.0%
Somalia ... ... ... ... … …
South Africa 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 2011 1.0%
South Sudan ... ... ... 5.7% … …
Sudan 1.8% 6.9% 3.2% 1.8% … …
Swaziland 0.9% 1.8% 2.3% 3.2% … …
Tanzania 10.4% 10.6% 12.9% 10.2% … …
Togo 5.4% 3.9% 13.1% 15.4% 2011 95.2%
Tunisia 1.0% 1.1% 1.2% 1.4% 2011 4.3%
Uganda 13.8% 12.9% 10.0% 9.4% 2011 53.8%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... … …
Zambia 24.4% 16.3% 5.6% 5.6% 2010 32.9%
Zimbabwe 2.6% 6.5% 9.9% 7.4% … …
Africad 2.6% 3.6% 2.7% 2.6% 2008 19.0%
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 31 October 2013
agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), multilateral institutions and non-DAC members to countries on
the DAC list of ODA recipients. Loans and grants are intended to promote economic development and welfare and include loans with a grant
element of at least 25 percent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent).
b Figures are the latest available after 2004.

Foreign aida, 2000 and 2011 % of GDP
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia 2000
Libya
2011
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
the economy
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa
agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), multilateral institutions and non-DAC members to countries on
the DAC list of ODA recipients. Loans and grants are intended to promote economic development and welfare and include loans with a grant
element of at least 25 percent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent).

Merchandise trade as share of GDPa, 1995-2011
Share of GDP
Country
1995 2000 2005 2010 2011
Algeria 48.7% 56.9% 64.8% 60.2% 64.0%
Angola 101.4% 263.8% 106.0% 83.2% 83.9%
Benin 53.7% 42.6% 36.6% 54.1% 61.7%
Botswana 84.9% 84.4% 74.0% 69.4% 75.9%
Burkina Faso 30.7% 31.4% 31.6% 36.2% 44.2%
Burundi 33.9% 23.7% 29.3% 30.1% 37.7%
Cameroon 32.6% 35.8% 33.7% 40.2% 44.0%
Cape Verde 53.4% 44.7% 46.9% 47.4% 53.7%
Central African Republic 30.8% 30.4% 22.4% 22.2% 24.6%
Chad 42.0% 36.1% 76.0% 65.6% 66.2%
Comoros 31.9% 28.2% 28.6% 46.6% 49.5%
Congo (DRC) 43.1% 34.6% 70.8% 74.8% 77.3%
Congo (Rep.) 87.1% 91.7% 99.4% 110.8% 109.5%
Côte d'Ivoire 61.2% 61.2% 82.9% 79.3% 74.1%
Djibouti 38.2% 43.2% 44.7% ... ...
Egypt 25.3% 19.9% 39.4% 36.3% 39.0%
Equatorial Guinea 151.5% 124.6% 101.9% 107.6% 97.5%
Eritrea 93.4% 80.2% 45.6% 33.2% 49.8%
Ethiopia 20.3% 21.5% 40.7% 41.1% 38.1%
Gabon 72.5% 70.0% 75.4% 88.4% 92.7%
Gambia 25.2% 25.8% 42.9% 33.6% 48.8%
Ghana 56.2% 93.2% 75.9% 58.7% 73.4%
Guinea 41.2% 42.7% 57.0% 60.7% 73.4%
Guinea-Bissau 61.8% 56.2% 34.1% 40.7% 54.8%
Kenya 53.8% 38.1% 49.5% 53.6% 61.1%
Lesotho 147.5% 133.4% 150.6% 145.8% 152.5%
Liberia 986.6% 188.4% 81.4% 72.1% 90.7%
Libya 56.2% 50.5% 85.1% ... ...
Madagascar 35.9% 49.5% 50.8% 40.7% 44.8%
Malawi 63.0% 52.3% 60.8% 60.0% 68.5%
Mali 49.2% 55.8% 49.8% 51.4% 52.1%
Mauritania 65.0% 62.5% 94.0% 108.8% 124.2%
Mauritius 87.0% 79.6% 84.3% 68.5% 69.3%
Morocco 51.2% 51.2% 53.7% 58.5% 65.7%
Mozambique 38.8% 35.3% 63.7% 81.4% 77.6%
The economy
Namibia 86.4% 73.4% 64.0% 86.6% 85.6%

Niger 35.2% 37.7% 42.1% 61.7% 60.7%
Nigeria 73.2% 64.6% 63.4% 56.1% 70.1%
Rwanda 22.4% 15.2% 21.5% 30.7% 35.1%
São Tomé and Príncipe 0.0% 43.0% 49.7% 61.3% 54.8%
Senegal 49.3% 52.1% 58.3% 54.0% 59.1%
Seychelles 56.1% 87.2% 110.4% 107.9% 116.4%
Sierra Leone 20.1% 25.5% 30.9% 43.9% 69.2%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 38.6% 44.9% 46.1% 48.2% 53.5%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 12.8% 27.4% 43.7% 33.1% 29.5%
Swaziland 110.3% 128.3% 142.0% 97.6% 100.2%
Tanzania 44.9% 22.2% 35.1% 53.0% 66.3%
Togo 74.2% 71.5% 81.3% 72.0% 77.3%
Tunisia 74.2% 67.1% 73.3% 87.1% 90.0%
Uganda 26.3% 31.3% 31.0% 36.5% 45.0%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 50.0% 54.7% 60.8% 77.3% 84.3%
Zimbabwe 67.2% 56.6% 73.0% 84.8% 81.8%
Africa b 46.6% 47.6% 57.8% 55.3% 61.2%
a Merchandise trade as share of GDP is the sum of the value of merchandise exports and imports divided by the value of GDP. In some cases
the value of merchandise trade is more than 100% of GDP. This is because it is derived from adding the value of exports and imports, rather
than subtracting the value of imports from exports, as is done in the expenditure model of calculating GDP.

Exports and importsa, 2001 and 2011
Share of GDP
b Imports
Exports
Country
2001 2011 2001 2011
Algeria 36.2% ... 21.6% ...
Angola 75.4% 65.0% 74.9% 43.3%
Benin 22.3% 15.0% 30.9% 27.0%
Botswana 44.3% 39.1% 35.4% 44.3%
Burkina Faso 9.2% 21.1% 23.1% 28.6%
Burundi 5.5% 5.5% 16.8% 33.8%
Cameroon 27.5% 30.7% 29.3% 35.0%
Cape Verde 29.8% 42.2% 62.4% 72.6%
Chad 14.7% 40.7% 49.7% 25.5%
Comoros 15.5% 15.3% 30.8% 51.8%
Congo (DRC) 18.6% 68.3% 20.0% 78.0%
Congo (Rep.) 77.4% 87.3% 53.3% 34.8%
Côte d'Ivoire 41.8% 43.7% 33.5% 40.6%
Djibouti 37.3% ... 45.8% ...
Egypt 17.5% 23.3% 22.3% 30.2%
Eritrea 11.8% ... 67.0% ...
Ethiopia 12.0% 16.8% 23.7% 31.8%
Gabon 59.0% 64.6% 33.0% 35.8%
Gambia 21.8% 28.9% 25.1% 47.2%
Ghana 45.2% 38.0% 64.8% 51.1%
Guinea 28.6% 30.3% 30.0% 48.2%
Guinea-Bissau 28.6% ... 63.0% ...
Kenya 22.9% 29.1% 33.0% 46.0%
Lesotho 53.8% 46.4% 136.5% 112.6%
Liberia 28.6% 27.5% 29.5% 93.3%
Libya 31.9% ... 20.0% ...
Madagascar 29.1% 26.1% 32.3% 37.1%
Malawi 28.0% 29.6% 39.1% 39.5%
Mali 33.3% 25.1% 50.3% 35.7%
Mauritania 29.4% 65.6% 46.6% 59.2%
Mauritius 68.5% 54.1% 62.5% 66.4%
Morocco 29.4% 34.6% 31.9% 48.0%
the economy
Mozambique 23.4% 29.0% 38.5% 45.5%
Namibia 41.2% 44.7% 47.7% 52.4%
Niger 16.9% ... 24.6% ...
Nigeria 43.0% 39.6% 32.3% 35.6%
Rwanda 8.5% 13.4% 24.3% 32.5%
Senegal 28.7% 24.5% 37.8% 44.2%
Seychelles 34.9% 45.6% 76.6% 99.1%
Sierra Leone 7.9% 16.6% 27.9% 54.5%
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 30.1% 28.8% 26.1% 29.4%
South Sudan ... 64.9% ... 27.2%
Sudan 11.4% 18.5% 12.8% 16.3%
Swaziland 85.4% 64.6% 98.5% 72.5%
Tanzania 17.0% 31.1% 21.3% 50.2%
Togo 33.8% 40.9% 48.5% 58.4%
Tunisia 42.8% 48.9% 46.7% 55.8%
Uganda 11.5% 23.7% 23.8% 34.5%
Zambia 28.1% 46.0% 44.3% 37.0%
Zimbabwe 35.0% 49.4% 32.9% 87.8%
Africac 30.0% 32.1% 29.1% 37.4%
a Exports and imports include goods and services.

b Exports can be greater than GDP. This may be the case in small countries with highly specialised economies. Say for example three other
components of GDP, household and government expenditure and investment totaled $3 billion in one country one year. That year, the country
of GDP and, subtracted from the previous total, leaves a total GDP of $3 billion. In this case, both exports and imports were greater in value
than GDP because the spending of citizens abroad on the country’s exports was cancelled out by domestic spending on foreign goods.

Exports and importsa, 2011 % of GDP
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Exports
Libya
Madagascar Imports
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
The economy
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa
a Exports and imports include goods and services.

Exports and imports in goods and services, 2012
Current US$m
Exports Imports
Country
Services Merchandise Services Merchandise
Algeria … 73,981 … 46,801
Angola … 73,000 … 24,000
Benin 400 1,400 643 2,200
Botswana … 5,971 … 8,025
Burkina Faso … 2,350 … 3,150
Burundi … 130 … 780
Cameroon … 4,500 … 7,100
Cape Verde 599 53 294 766
Central African Republic … 210 … 320
Chad … 3,900 … 2,600
Comoros … 25 … 300
Congo (DRC) … 6,300 … 6,100
Congo (Rep.) … 11,000 … 5,200
Côte d'Ivoire 994 12,350 2,902 9,800
Djibouti … 95 … 580
Egypt 21,552 29,397 16,736 69,813
Equatorial Guinea … 15,500 … 6,000
Eritrea … 470 … 950
Ethiopia … 3,000 … 12,000
Gabon … 12,000 … 3,900
Gambia … 100 … 380
Ghana … 12,000 … 18,000
Guinea 170 1,400 977 2,300
Guinea-Bissau … 130 … 250
Kenya 5,023 6,127 1,350 16,290
Lesotho … 1,100 … 2,600
Liberia … 459 … 1,066
Libya … 59,000 … 23,000
Madagascar … 1,500 … 3,050
Malawi … 1,300 … 2,350
Mali … 2,150 … 2,950
Mauritania … 2,500 … 2,800
Mauritius 3,529 2,650 2,462 5,200
Morocco 13,319 21,255 8,590 44,256
the economy
Mozambique 742 4,100 1,996 6,800
Namibia 855 4,100 615 6,750
Niger … 1,500 … 2,900
Nigeria 2,893 114,000 28,313 51,000
Rwanda … 470 … 2,000
São Tomé and Príncipe 21 11 33 140
Senegal 1,053 2,510 1,156 6,440
Seychelles 555 497 371 800
Sierra Leone … 650 … 1,750
South Africa 15,241 87,261 17,507 122,760
Sudan 482 3,100 2,000 9,100
Swaziland … 1,900 … 1,950
Tanzania 2,695 5,500 2,351 11,114
Togo … 1,000 … 1,800
Tunisia 5,207 17,008 3,281 24,447
Uganda 1,607 2,404 2,288 5,920
Zambia … 8,550 … 8,000
Zimbabwe … 3,800 … 4,400
Source: UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTADSTAT Database, http://www.unctadstat.unctad.org, accessed 30 May 2013

Top three exports by valuea, latest year
Country Product and share of total merchandise exports
Algeria Crude petroleum 49% Natural gas, in gaseous state 18%

Angola ... ... ... ...
Benin Cotton, not carded or combed 22% Poultry, meat and offal 21%
Botswana Diamonds excluding industrial 75% Nickel and nickel products 6%
Burkina Faso Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 69% Cotton, not carded or combed 17%
Burundi Coffee, not roasted 59% Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 11%
Cameroon Crude petroleum 37% Cocoa beans, raw or roasted 16%
Cape Verde Fish, prepared or preserved, caviar 44% 36%
Central African Republic Industrial diamonds 62% Wood, non-coniferous, rough, untreated 20%
Chad ... ... ... ...
Comoros Spices, except pepper and pimento 14% ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ...
Congo (Rep.) Crude petroleum 65% 2%
Côte d'Ivoire Cocoa beans, raw or roasted 27% Crude petroleum 12%
Djibouti Milk concentrated or sweetened 8% Food preparations, nes 7%
Egypt Crude petroleum 10% 6%
Eritrea Fish, fresh or chilled 13% Bones, horns, ivory, hooves, shells etc. 9%
Ethiopia Coffee, not roasted 32% Sesame (Sesamum) seeds 13%
Gabon Crude petroleum 81% Wood, non-coniferous, rough, untreated 7%
Gambia Worn clothing, textiles, rag 5% Other beet, cane sugar 3%
Ghana Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 26% 24%
Guinea Aluminium ores and concentrates 40% Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 32%
Guinea-Bissau Edible nuts fresh, dried 99% Waste and scrap of cast iron <1%
Kenya Tea 23% 8%
Lesotho Non-alcoholic beverages 5% Wool, greasy 2%
Liberia ... ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ...
Madagascar Crustaceans, frozen 6% Spices, except pepper and pimento 5%
Malawi Tobacco, wholly or partly stemmed/stripped 25% Tobacco, not stemmed/stripped 14%
Mali Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 79% Cotton, carded or combed 7%
Mauritania Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 34% Copper ores and concentrates 17%
Mauritius Fish, prepared or preserved, caviar 12% Beet, cane sugar 10%
Morocco Natural calcium phosphates 6% Fish, prepared or preserved, caviar 3%
Mozambique Aluminium and aluminium alloys, unwrought 52% Electric current 12%
Namibia Diamonds excluding industrial 16% Uranium ores and concentrates 16%
The economy
Niger Uranium ores and concentrates 69% Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 9%
Nigeria Crude petroleum 70% 3%
Rwanda Tin ores and concentrates 24% Coffee, not roasted 18%
São Tomé and Príncipe Cocoa beans, raw or roasted 85% Soya bean oil, fractions 4%
Senegal Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 10% 4%
Seychelles Fish, prepared or preserved, caviar 27% Fish salted or in brine 13%
Sierra Leone Coffee, not roasted 87% Cocoa beans, raw or roasted 3%
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa Platinum 12% Other coal, not agglomerated 8%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan Crude petroleum 77% Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 14%
Swaziland Sugars, beet or cane, raw 14% Chemical wood pulp, unbleached 3%
Tanzania Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 36% Precious metal ores and concentrates 11%
Togo Cotton, not carded or combed 31% Natural calcium phosphates 5%
Tunisia Crude petroleum 13% Olive oil etc. 2%
Uganda Coffee, not roasted 17% Fish, fresh or chilled 6%
Zambia Copper, anodes, alloys 64% Copper plates, sheets and strips 9%
Zimbabwe Nickel and nickel products 14% Tobacco, wholly or partly stemmed/stripped 13%
Source: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Report on Africa 2013: Making the Most of Africa's Commodities:
Industrialising for Growth, Jobs and Economic Transformation
a Some product categories have been abbreviated.

Top three
Product and share of total merchandise exports exports, % Year Country
of total
9% 76% 2011 Algeria
... ... ... ... Angola
Rice, milled, semi-milled 21% 64% 2010 Benin
Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 1% 82% 2011 Botswana
Sesame (Sesamum) seeds 4% 90% 2010 Burkina Faso
Tea 9% 79% 2010 Burundi
Wood of non-coniferous species, sawn, chipped, sliced or peeled 6% 59% 2010 Cameroon
1% 81% 2011 Cape Verde
Wood of non-coniferous species, sawn, chipped, sliced or peeled 11% 93% 2009 Central African Republic
... ... ... ... Chad
... ... ... 2007 Comoros
... ... ... ... Congo (DRC)
Wood, non-coniferous, rough, untreated 1% 68% 2010 Congo (Rep.)
Natural rubber excl. latex 10% 49% 2011 Côte d'Ivoire
Palm oil, fractions 3% 18% 2009 Djibouti
Gold, non monetary, excluding ores 6% 22% 2011 Egypt
... ... ... ... Equatorial Guinea
Fish, fresh, chilled, whole 5% 27% 2003 Eritrea
Fresh, chilled vegetables 10% 55% 2011 Ethiopia
Manganese ores and concentrates (including manganiferous iron ores) 3% 91% 2009 Gabon
Fish, prepared or preserved, caviar 3% 11% 2011 Gambia
Crude petroleum 16% 66% 2011 Ghana
11% 83% 2008 Guinea
Wood, non-coniferous, rough, untreated <1% 100% 2005 Guinea-Bissau
Fresh, chilled vegetables 4% 35% 2010 Kenya
Diamonds, excluding industrial 2% 9% 2009 Lesotho
... ... ... ... Liberia
... ... ... ... Libya
Molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, titanium, vanadium and zirconium 4% 15% 2010 Madagascar
Sugars, beet or cane, raw 13% 52% 2011 Malawi
Bovine animals, live 2% 88% 2010 Mali
17% 68% 2010 Mauritania
Sugars, beet or cane, raw 4% 26% 2011 Mauritius
Mineral tars and product 2% 11% 2010 Morocco
6% 70% 2010 Mozambique
7% 39% 2008 Namibia
the economy
Fresh, chilled vegetables 3% 81% 2011 Niger
2% 75% 2010 Nigeria
Tea 13% 55% 2011 Rwanda
Food preparations containing cocoa 3% 92% 2010 São Tomé and Príncipe
Fish, fresh, chilled, whole 3% 17% 2011 Senegal
1% 41% 2008 Seychelles
Buckwheat etc. unmilled 1% 91% 2002 Sierra Leone
... ... ... ... Somalia
Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 8% 28% 2011 South Africa
... ... ... ... South Sudan
Sheep and goats, live 2% 93% 2009 Sudan
Wood of non-coniferous species, sawn,chipped, sliced or peeled 2% 19% 2007 Swaziland
Manganese ores and concentrates (including manganiferous iron ores) 10% 57% 2011 Tanzania
Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 4% 40% 2011 Togo
Fruit, fresh, dried 1% 16% 2010 Tunisia
Tea 4% 27% 2010 Uganda
... ... ... ... Western Sahara
Copper ores and concentrates 3% 76% 2010 Zambia
Gold, non-monetary excluding ores 9% 36% 2010 Zimbabwe

Components of merchandise exportsa, 2009
Share of total merchandise exports

Country Agricultural raw
Foodc Fueld Ores and metalse Manufacturesf
materialsb
Algeria 0.01% 0.26% 97.70% 0.47% 1.56%
Angola ... ... ... ... ...
Benin ... ... ... 0.72% 18.57%
Botswana 0.17% 5.15% 0.32% 16.05% 77.97%
Burkina Faso 60.46% 26.78% 0.02% 0.64% 12.10%
Burundi 4.81% 67.50% 1.88% 4.83% 20.61%
Cameroon ... ... ... 5.42% 17.79%
Cape Verde 0.04% 72.63% ... 0.67% 26.66%
Central African Republic ... ... ... 62.00% 2.68%
Chad ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... ... 0.02% 27.49%
Côte d'Ivoire 5.67% 48.17% 29.98% 0.42% 15.15%
Djibouti 0.01% 0.43% 6.47% 0.32% 90.74%
Egypt ... ... ... 7.39% 43.83%
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 11.92% 77.49% 0.00% 0.77% 8.65%
Gabon ... ... ... 3.03% 4.19%
Gambia 1.03% 53.00% 0.01% 6.85% 39.11%
Ghana ... ... ... 4.17% 24.67%
Guinea ... ... ... ... ...
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya 13.18% 43.98% 4.23% 2.00% 36.60%
Lesotho ... ... ... 0.11% 83.73%
Liberia ... ... ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ... 2.10%
Madagascar 5.19% 28.84% 4.93% 3.02% 57.20%
Malawi 3.82% 86.63% 0.11% 0.79% 8.55%
Mali ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritania ... ... ... 67.84% ...
Mauritius 0.93% 32.36% 0.03% 0.65% 64.23%
Morocco 1.56% 22.11% 2.03% 8.39% 64.67%
Mozambique 3.14% 23.27% 17.48% 3.91% 11.66%
The economy
Namibia ... ... ... 26.77% 47.22%

Niger ... ... ... 59.77% 4.79%
Nigeria 1.14% 4.53% 90.36% 0.20% 3.59%
Rwanda 1.74% 42.30% 0.08% 25.16% 16.57%
São Tomé and Príncipe 0.67% 92.42% ... 0.02% 3.04%
Senegal 1.10% 29.52% 24.01% 3.37% 41.28%
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... ...
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 1.92% 10.16% 11.06% 29.34% 47.48%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 1.39% 5.56% 92.10% 0.25% 0.42%
Swaziland ... ... ... ... ...
Tanzania 9.82% 35.46% 0.99% 24.58% 24.61%
Togo ... ... ... 30.31% 53.85%
Tunisia 0.49% 9.24% 13.64% 1.25% 75.37%
Uganda ... ... ... 2.51% 25.63%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 1.39% 7.53% 0.89% 81.13% 8.43%
Zimbabwe 23.10% 19.35% 0.93% 22.29% 34.32%
Africag 2.14% 11.19% 45.91% 9.66% 26.81%
a Total exports are grouped into agricultural raw materials, food, fuel, ores and metals and manufactures. Figures are from 2009, the latest year
for which data for most countries are available
b Agricultural raw materials exclude fuels, food, crude fertilisers and minerals and metalliferous ores.
c This category includes food, live animals, beverages, tabacco, animal and vegetable oils and fats, seeds, oil nuts and oil kernels.
d Fuels refer to mineral fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas.
e Ores and metals include crude fertiliser, minerals, metalliferous ores, and non-ferrous metals.
f Manufactures include chemicals, machinery and transport equipment and other manufactured goods.

Components of merchandise importsa, 2009
Share of total merchandise imports

Country Agricultural raw
Foodc Fueld Ores and metalse Manufacturesf
materialsb
Algeria 1.46% 16.34% 1.07% 1.38% 79.75%
Angola ... ... ... ... ...
Benin 3.52% 31.09% 16.67% 0.74% 47.98%
Botswana 0.88% 13.06% 13.25% 2.06% 69.54%
Burkina Faso 0.68% 15.72% 23.58% 0.65% 58.95%
Burundi 1.36% 12.54% 2.41% 0.61% 80.85%
Cameroon 2.21% 26.83% 3.55% 1.16% 66.26%
Cape Verde 1.27% 29.44% 11.59% 1.24% 56.46%
Chad ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 0.55% 8.76% 2.47% 0.24% 87.97%
Côte d'Ivoire 0.76% 23.17% 25.01% 1.23% 48.60%
Djibouti 0.58% 29.32% 6.46% 0.75% 62.44%
Egypt 3.35% 17.17% 9.90% 4.28% 65.24%
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 0.51% 10.86% 15.86% 1.22% 71.53%
Gabon 0.43% 17.14% 7.34% 1.00% 73.81%
Gambia 1.28% 34.27% 15.61% 0.64% 48.14%
Ghana 1.34% 16.33% 3.05% 1.25% 74.88%
Guinea ... ... ... ... ...
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya 1.36% 15.39% 21.45% 1.60% 60.03%
Lesotho 1.76% 28.14% 10.83% 0.72% 56.94%
Liberia ... ... ... ... ...
Libya 0.63% 11.72% 0.85% 1.49% 85.13%
Madagascar 0.62% 10.68% 10.37% 0.36% 77.70%
Malawi 1.00% 13.12% 10.43% 0.95% 74.46%
Mali ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritania 0.48% 29.07% 20.09% 0.26% 50.04%
Mauritius 2.36% 21.61% 15.79% 1.09% 59.13%
Morocco 2.15% 11.22% 20.61% 2.56% 62.88%
Mozambique 1.20% 15.42% 15.42% 0.48% 55.03%
the economy
Namibia 0.54% 14.77% 7.81% 1.56% 74.36%
Niger 3.21% 15.55% 11.94% 1.47% 67.74%
Nigeria 0.95% 11.83% 1.02% 1.80% 83.61%
Rwanda 1.65% 13.18% 8.07% 1.23% 75.64%
Senegal 1.53% 24.20% 23.21% 0.91% 50.10%
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... ...
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 0.87% 6.52% 21.48% 1.31% 64.31%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 1.08% 14.93% 4.03% 0.91% 77.84%
Swaziland ... ... ... ... ...
Tanzania 0.87% 8.93% 22.64% 1.01% 66.46%
Togo 1.33% 14.45% 14.98% 1.53% 67.70%
Tunisia 2.03% 8.56% 11.47% 3.11% 74.81%
Uganda 1.01% 12.44% 17.50% 1.22% 67.69%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 0.69% 6.47% 13.94% 13.34% 65.14%
Zimbabwe 0.43% 22.38% 12.86% 5.23% 57.62%
Africag 1.50% 12.83% 13.46% 2.07% 68.33%
a Total imports are grouped into agricultural raw materials, food, fuel, ores and metals, and manufactures. Figures are from 2009, the latest year
for which data for most countries are available.
b Agricultural raw materials exclude fuels, food, crude fertilisers and minerals and metalliferous ores.
c This category includes food, live animals, beverages, tobacco, animal and vegetable oils and fats, seeds, oil nuts and oil kernels.
d Fuels refers to mineral fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas.
e Ores and metals include crude fertiliser, minerals, metalliferous ores, and non-ferrous metals.
f Manufactures include chemicals, machinery and transport equipment and other manufactured goods.

Top three export destinations, latest year
Country Top 3 gross export destinations by value, $ Year

Algeria USA 13,820,000 Italy 8,770,000 Spain 5,900,000 2010
Angola ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Benin China 53,930,000 Nigeria 19,550,000 India 19,390,000 2006
Botswana United Kingdom 2,600,000 South Africa 606,250 Norway 434,980 2010
Burkina Faso Switzerland 817,320 South Africa 144,260 Singapore 62,780 2010
Burundi Switzerland 74,190 United Kingdom 36,820 Belgium 35,820 2010
Cameroon Spain 716,630 Netherlands 508,550 Italy 376,610 2010
2010, Côte
Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire 35,180 Spain 31,810 Portugal 11,580
d'Ivoire=2007
Central African
Belgium 47,070 China 7,530 France 7,470 2009
Republic
Chad ... ... ...
American 2004,
Comoros 5,500 France 1,010 USA 683
Samoa France=2007
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) USA 311,120 Italy 189,610 Netherlands 130,720 1995
Côte d'Ivoire Netherlands 1,460,000 USA 1,060,000 Ghana 783,130 2010
Djibouti Ethiopia 128,550 France 73,020 Somalia 43,150 2009
USA/Saudi
Egypt Italy 2,190,000 Spain 1,620,000 1,540,000 2010
Arabia
Equatorial Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Eritrea Sudan 1,280 Singapore 820 Italy 768 2003
Ethiopia Germany 265,290 China 241,760 Somalia 224,120 2010
Gabon USA 3,160,000 China 427,920 Spain 282,130 2009
Gambia Senegal 17,680 Guinea 15,790 Guinea-Bissau 9,250 2009
Ghana South Africa 2,790,000 United Arab Emirates 323,390 Netherlands 291,810 2010
Guinea France 349,840 Switzerland 278,420 Russia 151,310 2008
2005, Chi-
Guinea-Bissau China 988,630 India 20,130 Singapore 2,810
na=2003
Kenya Uganda 657,280 United Kingdom 507,200 Tanzania 420,200 2010
2008, Switzer-
Lesotho South Africa 202,420 USA 35,840 Switzerland 27,090
land=2004
Liberia ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar France 358,640 Germany 78,920 China 56,690 2010
Malawi Belgium 132,490 Canada 117,620 Egypt 98,260 2010
Mali South Africa 1,130,000 Switzerland 241,570 Italy 120,030 2010
Mauritania China 138,660 Switzerland 135,010 Japan 117,840 2010
The economy
Mauritius United Kingdom 438,910 France 300,130 USA 201,500 2010

Morocco France 3,990,000 Spain 3,000,000 India 1,070,000 2010
Mozambique Netherlands 1,180,000 South Africa 467,220 Portugal 108,340 2010
Namibia South Africa 1,500,000 United Kingdom 709,700 Angola 405,610 2008
Niger USA 80,550 Japan 80,030 Switzerland 75,480 2010
Nigeria USA 29,750,000 India 9,060,000 Brazil 6,040,000 2010
Rwanda Switzerland 54,410 Kenya 39,320 Belgium 26,740 2010
São Tomé and
Portugal 2,720 Belgium 1,350 Netherlands 1,010 2010
Príncipe
Senegal Mali 548,410 India 209,720 Switzerland 165,640 2010
Seychelles Saudi Arabia 91,450 France 55,170 United Kingdom 45,730 2008
Sierra Leone Guinea 1,730 USA 426 Lebanon 380 2000, USA=2002
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa China 8,130,000 USA 7,060,000 Japan 6,420,000 2010
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan China 5,930,000 United Arab Emirates 951,070 Canada 802,140 2009
Côte
d’Ivoire=2002,
Swaziland South Africa 888,540 Côte d'Ivoire 500,840 Zimbabwe 369,020 Zimbabwe=2006,
South Af-
rica=2007
Tanzania Switzerland 710,000 China 656,690 South Africa 433,680 2010
Togo Benin 89,340 Burkina Faso 76,820 Ghana 65,900 2010
Tunisia France 4,710,000 Italy 3,260,000 Germany 1,380,000 2010
Uganda Sudan 208,560 Congo (DRC) 183,990 Kenya 190,300 2010
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia Switzerland 3,670,000 China 1,450,000 South Africa 657,830 2010
Zimbabwe South Africa 1,730,000 United Arab Emirates 329,170 China 237,330 2010
Source: World Bank, Trade Map Visualiser, http://www.devtdata.worldbank.org, accessed 21 June 2013

Top three sources of imports, latest year
Country Top 3 import sources by value, $ Year

Algeria France 6,110,000 Italy 4,110,000 China 4,600,000 2010
Angola ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Benin France 172,850 China 85,370 Côte d'Ivoire 68,950 2006
Botswana South Africa 4,110,000 United Kingdom 525,140 China 276,270 2010
Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire 328,020 France 211,480 China 198,230 2010
Burundi Belgium 100,080 China 100,080 Japan 78,000 2010
Cameroon Nigeria 933,720 France 748,070 China 543,040 2010
Cape Verde Potugal 332,460 Netherlands 98,430 Spain 49,900 2010
Central African Republic France 47,980 USA 32,950 Cameroon 18,600 2009
Chad France 88,820 Cameroon 33,830 Nigeria 25,230 1995
United Arab
Comoros 46,460 France 13,010 Pakistan 4,830 2007
Emirates
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) France 145,100 USA 44,570 Netherlands 30,710 1995
Côte d'Ivoire Nigeria 2,060,000 France 931,370 China 545,700 2010
Djibouti France 197,540 United Arab Emirates 119,660 Saudi Arabia 38,700 2009
Egypt USA 4,960,000 China 4,900,000 Germany 4,020,000 2010
Eritrea USA 68,890 United Arab Emirates 52,930 Italy 50,060 2003
Ethiopia China 2,060,000 Saudi Arabia 1,020,000 India 619,670 2010
Gabon France 823,730 Belgium 392,620 USA 178,380 2009
Gambia Côte d'Ivoire 56,160 Brazil 37,120 China 21,280 2010
Ghana USA 1,100,000 China 1,060,000 France 498,440 2010
United King-
Guinea Netherlands 377,580 France 185,420 144,330 2008
dom
Guinea-Bissau Senegal 45,720 Portugal 41,550 Thailand 7,790 2005
Kenya China 1,520,000 United Arab Emirates 1,460,000 India 1,300,000 2010
2008, Hong
Lesotho South Africa 1,010,000 Hong Kong (China) 80,450 Japan 19,360
Kong=2004
Liberia ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar France 367,520 China 310,080 South Africa 197,080 2010
Malawi South Africa 654,220 China 198,390 India 164,970 2010
Mali Senegal 638,790 France 630,290 Benin 467,680 2010
Mauritania France 243,510 United Arab Emirates 209,070 Netherlands 183,490 2010
Mauritius India 983,630 China 586,230 France 388,590 2010
Morocco France 5,500,000 Spain 3,750,000 China 2,960,000 2010
Mozambique South Africa 1,220,000 Netherlands 642,900 India 201,700 2010
the economy
Namibia South Afria 3,170,000 United Kingdom 373,300 India 162,350 2008
Niger China 1,000,000 France 252,450 USA 138,920 2010
Nigeria USA 7,930,000 China 7,320,000 France 2,580,000 2010
Rwanda Uganda 143,040 Kenya 123,900 China 92,000 2009
São Tomé and Príncipe Portugal 69,890 Angola 17,540 Gabon 5,760 2010
Senegal France 943,260 Nigeria 488,920 China 397,520 2010
United Arab
Seychelles 170,390 Saudi Arabia 147,690 Singapore 83,880 2008
Emirates
Sierra Leone Côte d'Ivoire 192,130 Canada 23,010 Netherlands 19,420 2002
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa China 11,490,000 Germany 9,050,000 USA 5,830,000 2010
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan China 1,420,000 Japan 817,060 Saudi Arabia 650,380 2009
Swaziland South Africa 1,030,000 China 50,750 Japan 30,090 2007
Tanzania India 895,010 China 876,520 South Africa 771,710 2010
Togo France 174,670 China 162,020 Belgium 67,250 2010
Tunisia France 4,200,000 Italy 3,900,000 Germany 1,690,000 2010
Uganda India 684,410 Kenya 511,530 China 414,650 2010
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia South Africa 1,820,000 Congo (DRC) 1,260,000 Kuwait 508,680 2010
Zimbabwe South Africa 4,540,000 USA 773,180 China 556,790 2010
Source: World Bank, Trade Map Visualiser, http://www.devtdata.worldbank.org, accessed 24 June 2013

Regional economic communitiesa
Community of
Development)
governmental
African Com-
Development
West African
Authority on
Community)
(Community
Eastern and
UMA (Union
du Maghreb
IGAD (Inter-
Community
(Economic
(Economic
Market for
EAC (East
(Southern
(Common
of Central
CEN-SAD
ECOWAS
COMESA
Southern
of Sahel-
Saharan
munity)
ECCAS
African
African
States)
States)
States)
Africa)
Arabe)
SADC
Total
Algeria X 1
Angola X X 2
Benin X X 2
Botswana X 1
Burkina Faso X X 2
Burundi X X X 3
Cameroon X 1
Cape Verde X 1
Central African Republic X X 2
Chad X X 2
Comoros X X 2
Congo (DRC) X X X 3
Congo (Rep.) X 1
Côte d'Ivoire X X 2
Djibouti X X X 3
Egypt X X 2
Equatorial Guinea X 1
Eritrea X X X 3
Ethiopia X X 2
Gabon X 1
Gambia X X 2
Ghana X X 2
Guinea X X 2
Guinea-Bissau X X 2
Kenya X X X X 4
Lesotho X 1
Liberia X X 2
Libya X X X 3
Madagascar X X 2
Malawi X X 2
Mali X X 2
Mauritania X X 2
Mauritius X X 2
The economy
Morocco X X 2
Mozambique X 1
Namibia X 1
Niger X X 2
Nigeria X X 2
Rwanda X X 2
São Tomé and Príncipe X X 2
Senegal X X 2
Seychelles X X 2
Sierra Leone X X 2
Somalia X X 2
South Africa X 1
South Sudan 0
Sudan X X X 3
Swaziland X X 2
Tanzania X X 2
Togo X X 2
Tunisia X X 2
Uganda X X X 3
Western Sahara 0
Zambia X X 2
Zimbabwe X X 2
Total 19 5 15 7 15 10 28 5
Sources: http://www.comesa.int; http://www.eac.in; http://www.sadc.int; http://www.ceeac-eccas.org; http://www.ecowas.int; http://www.igad.int;
http://www.maghrebarabe.org; http://www.au.int; http://www.uneca.org, accessed October 2013
a The eight regional economic communities above are those recognised by the African Union as the building blocks of African economic
integration as set out in the Abuja Treaty signed in 1991. These groups aim to become customs unions with the goal to establish a continental
customs union by 2019, a continental common market by 2023 and a continental economic and monetary union by 2028. There are several
other regional economic groups on the continent, such as the Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL), the Economic
and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC), the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) and the Mano River Union (MRU).

African customs and monetary unions
SACU (Southern EAC (East African WEAMU (West CEMAC (Central

Country African Customs Community Customs African Economic and African Economic and
Union) Union) Monetary Union) Monetary Union)
Algeria
Angola
Benin X
Botswana X
Burkina Faso X
Burundi X
Cameroon X
Cape Verde
Central African Republic X
Chad X
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.) X
Côte d'Ivoire X
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea X
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon X
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau X
Kenya X
Lesotho X
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali X
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
the economy
Namibia X
Niger X
Nigeria
Rwanda X
Senegal X
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa X
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland X
Tanzania X
Togo X
Tunisia
Uganda X
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sources: http://www.sacu.int; http://www.eac.int; http://www.uemoa.int; http://www.cemac.int, accessed October 2013

General government revenuea, 2000-2012
Share of GDP
Country
2000 2005 2010 2011 2012
Algeria 38.3% 40.8% 36.5% 40.0% 39.6%
Angola 52.4% 44.1% 43.5% 48.8% 44.5%
Benin 17.8% 19.0% 20.0% 20.1% 20.6%
Botswana 46.5% 39.9% 29.4% 29.0% 29.4%
Burkina Faso 18.9% 17.2% 20.1% 21.8% 24.0%
Burundi 18.2% 22.6% 37.3% 36.1% 33.0%
Cameroon 18.3% 17.8% 17.4% 18.8% 19.1%
Cape Verde ... 30.9% 28.0% 25.0% 21.8%
Chad 13.7% 13.0% 25.3% 28.6% 26.4%
Comoros 14.4% 19.9% 29.2% 23.6% 29.0%
Congo (DRC) 5.1% 18.3% 33.0% 27.4% 30.5%
Congo (Rep.) 26.6% 38.8% 37.5% 42.5% 41.9%
Côte d'Ivoire 17.1% 18.1% 19.7% 20.3% 20.9%
Djibouti 30.8% 37.1% 35.5% 34.5% 34.5%
Egypt ... 24.8% 25.1% 22.0% 22.6%
Eritrea 45.9% 35.3% 18.6% 17.4% 17.2%
Ethiopia 16.8% 18.9% 17.3% 16.7% 15.9%
Gabon 32.9% 31.1% 25.5% 27.8% 26.7%
Gambia 15.7% 15.8% 18.9% 21.2% 25.7%
Ghana 13.4% 16.7% 16.8% 19.5% 20.0%
Guinea 13.2% 15.2% 15.7% 20.2% 22.9%
Guinea-Bissau 22.3% 15.9% 20.4% 19.1% 13.7%
Kenya 20.2% 22.5% 24.6% 24.0% 25.2%
Lesotho 43.6% 53.3% 52.8% 52.6% 67.6%
Liberia 15.0% 11.5% 26.8% 26.0% 28.8%
Libya 41.7% 60.4% 64.9% 50.3% 72.3%
Madagascar 15.3% 18.5% 12.3% 11.3% 11.9%
Malawi ... 32.1% 40.1% 29.8% 38.6%
Mali 18.6% 21.5% 20.1% 21.0% 17.6%
Mauritania 24.7% 26.6% 26.0% 27.0% 37.2%
Mauritius 18.9% 19.7% 21.9% 21.4% 21.4%
Morocco 23.6% 26.3% 27.5% 27.8% 27.7%
Mozambique 21.9% 20.1% 29.5% 30.0% 29.7%
The economy
Namibia 28.5% 26.3% 28.2% 30.3% 33.7%

Niger 14.3% 18.2% 18.2% 18.1% 22.2%
Nigeria 42.1% 36.3% 20.0% 29.9% 28.0%
Rwanda 20.2% 24.2% 26.6% 24.7% 25.5%
Senegal 18.8% 20.8% 22.0% 22.4% 23.0%
Seychelles 40.7% 39.4% 35.0% 38.2% 42.8%
Sierra Leone 19.4% 16.3% 15.5% 17.2% 13.4%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 24.3% 26.9% 27.3% 28.1% 27.9%
South Sudan ... ... ... 24.5% 14.1%
Sudan 10.4% 23.7% 19.3% 18.2% 10.2%
Swaziland 26.3% 33.2% 24.9% 25.5% 38.0%
Tanzania 13.7% 18.3% 21.0% 21.9% 21.8%
Togo 13.1% 16.9% 20.9% 21.4% 22.9%
Tunisia 26.7% 26.5% 30.1% 31.3% 30.5%
Uganda 18.2% 20.5% 15.7% 17.4% 15.6%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 25.0% 23.3% 19.6% 21.7% 21.3%
Zimbabwe ... 15.3% 29.6% 32.9% 35.7%
a General government revenue is government income and consists of taxes, social contributions, grants, and other revenue. General
government revenue and the general government total expenditure are used as indications of the size of the government in the economy.

Sources of government revenue, 2010
Share of total revenue

Taxes on
Taxes on Grants and
a Taxes on goods
Country and capital international Other taxes Sum
and services
trade other revenuec
gainsb
Benind 16.5% 37.9% 22.1% 5.8% 15.5% 97.7%
Botswana 29.4% 15.4% 19.5% 0.1% 35.6% 100.0%
Burkina Faso 15.2% 36.2% 11.0% 1.9% 35.7% 100.0%
Congo (DRC) 11.9% 13.9% 14.3% 0.4% 59.6% 100.0%
Côte d'Ivoired 15.5% 20.1% 40.3% 8.7% 8.4% 92.9%
Egypt 25.3% 22.1% 4.8% 4.0% 43.8% 100.0%
Ethiopia 13.7% 15.2% 27.1% 1.7% 42.3% 100.0%
Ghana 24.8% 27.5% 17.3% ... 30.4% 100.0%
Kenya 40.7% 40.1% 10.6% 1.0% 7.5% 100.0%
Mali 21.8% 30.0% 10.1% 10.8% 27.3% 100.0%
Mauritiusd 19.9% 49.6% 2.2% 7.5% 13.6% 92.8%
Moroccod 25.6% 36.1% 5.6% 5.8% 14.1% 87.2%
Seychellesd 24.6% 35.7% 16.8% ... 16.8% 93.9%
Sierra Leone 19.5% 25.8% 15.9% ... 38.8% 100.0%
South Africad 49.7% 34.8% 3.5% 2.3% 8.0% 98.3%
Togo 10.7% 37.4% 18.8% 6.4% 26.6% 100.0%
Tunisiad 27.3% 31.3% 6.2% 4.2% 10.0% 79.1%
Uganda 24.1% 45.4% 7.8% 0.5% 22.3% 100.0%
Zambia 44.0% 32.3% 8.3% 0.2% 15.1% 100.0%
b
and on international trade, 2010 % of government revenue
50%
40%
the economy
30%
20%
10%
0%
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Taxes on incomes, profits and capital gains Taxes on international trade
a Countries shown are those for which data are available
enterprises, and on capital gains, whether realised or not, on land, securities, and other assets.
c Grants and other revenue include grants from foreign governments, international organisations, and other government units; interest;
government ownership of property); and voluntary, unrequited, nonrepayable receipts other than grants.
d The sources of government revenue do not add up to 100% of revenue for these countries, possibly due to underreporting.

General government expenditurea, 2000-2012
Share of GDP
Country
2000 2005 2010 2011 2012
Algeria 28.6% 27.1% 36.9% 40.4% 42.2%
Angola 49.6% 34.7% 37.9% 38.6% 36.0%
Benin 23.3% 21.3% 20.4% 21.5% 21.4%
Botswana 38.0% 31.6% 36.2% 31.8% 29.2%
Burkina Faso 22.3% 22.7% 24.9% 24.3% 27.1%
Burundi 19.7% 26.2% 41.0% 40.0% 34.6%
Cameroon 16.5% 14.6% 18.6% 21.6% 20.0%
Cape Verde ... 37.6% 38.8% 32.3% 29.3%
Chad 20.6% 13.1% 30.5% 25.8% 27.8%
Comoros 16.3% 19.9% 22.1% 22.1% 25.5%
Congo (DRC) 11.0% 22.6% 28.1% 29.1% 32.9%
Congo (Rep.) 25.5% 24.2% 21.4% 26.1% 35.8%
Côte d'Ivoire 18.4% 19.9% 22.0% 25.9% 24.3%
Djibouti 32.6% 36.8% 36.0% 35.2% 37.2%
Egypt ... 33.2% 33.4% 31.8% 33.4%
Eritrea 74.2% 57.5% 34.6% 33.6% 30.7%
Ethiopia 25.8% 23.1% 18.6% 18.4% 17.1%
Gabon 21.2% 22.5% 22.8% 24.7% 27.0%
Gambia 15.9% 21.7% 24.3% 26.0% 30.2%
Ghana 20.1% 19.5% 24.0% 23.6% 31.6%
Guinea 16.4% 16.9% 29.7% 21.5% 26.1%
Guinea-Bissau 26.5% 23.5% 22.5% 21.2% 15.5%
Kenya 20.5% 24.2% 30.1% 29.1% 30.5%
Lesotho 44.8% 48.8% 57.7% 63.1% 61.7%
Liberia 14.4% 11.5% 33.0% 31.4% 29.3%
Libya 28.2% 29.8% 54.7% 66.6% 51.4%
Madagascar 20.3% 21.4% 13.8% 16.0% 15.0%
Malawi ... 34.6% 37.6% 35.1% 43.2%
Mali 21.6% 24.6% 22.8% 24.7% 18.7%
Mauritania ... ... 27.9% 28.4% 34.6%
Mauritius 23.5% 24.4% 25.1% 24.7% 23.3%
Morocco 25.8% 32.5% 31.9% 34.6% 35.2%
Mozambique 23.7% 22.9% 33.4% 34.4% 32.7%
The economy
Namibia 29.4% 26.8% 32.8% 37.0% 37.8%

Niger 18.3% 20.2% 20.7% 19.6% 25.7%
Nigeria 36.2% 23.3% 26.7% 29.2% 27.1%
Rwanda 19.4% 23.4% 26.2% 27.0% 27.2%
Senegal 17.9% 23.6% 27.2% 28.6% 28.7%
Seychelles 56.0% 39.7% 35.8% 35.7% 40.9%
Sierra Leone 27.9% 18.3% 20.6% 21.9% 16.2%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 25.9% 26.8% 32.5% 32.1% 32.7%
South Sudan ... ... ... 20.1% 29.0%
Sudan 11.1% 26.2% 19.0% 17.9% 15.1%
Swaziland 27.7% 35.2% 36.4% 31.2% 34.3%
Tanzania 15.6% 22.2% 27.5% 26.9% 26.8%
Togo 18.5% 19.3% 22.5% 24.2% 29.7%
Tunisia 29.0% 29.3% 30.9% 34.8% 35.4%
Uganda 23.0% 20.8% 22.4% 20.6% 19.2%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 23.7% 26.1% 22.6% 23.9% 25.8%
Zimbabwe ... 23.4% 28.7% 34.6% 36.6%
government expenditure and general government revenue are used as indications of the size of the government in the economy.

Share of government spending on education, health and military, latest year
Share of total government expenditure

Country
Latest yeara Education Health Military
Algeria 2008 20.3% 7.8% 13.0%
Angola 2010 8.5% 6.3% …
Benin 2008 19.3% 9.3% 6.5%
Botswana 2009 16.2% 7.2% 8.3%
Burkina Faso 2011 18.0% 12.8% 10.5%
Burundi 2011 24.1% 8.1% …
Cameroon 2011 16.3% 8.5% …
Cape Verde 2009 15.9% 9.9% 1.9%
Central African Republic 2010 12.0% 10.4% …
Chad 2011 11.8% 3.3% …
Comoros 2011 … 13.4% …
Congo (DRC) 2010 8.9% 10.0% 10.2%
Congo (Rep.) 2005 8.1% 6.2% 8.8%
Côte d'Ivoire 2008 24.6% 6.5% …
Djibouti 2007 22.8% 14.1% …
Egypt 2008 11.9% 5.9% 7.6%
Equatorial Guinea 2011 … 7.0% …
Eritrea 2011 … 3.6% …
Ethiopia 2010 25.4% 13.7% 9.1%
Gabon 2011 … 6.6% …
Gambia 2011 19.7% 11.3% …
Ghana 2010 24.4% 12.1% 1.9%
Guinea 2011 19.0% 6.8% …
Guinea-Bissau 2011 … 7.8% …
Kenya 2010 17.2% 5.9% 8.6%
Lesotho 2008 23.7% 9.9% 3.3%
Liberia 2008 12.1% 17.2% …
Libya 2011 … 7.9% …
Madagascar 2008 13.4% 10.5% 9.3%
Malawi 2011 14.7% 18.5% …
Mali 2010 16.4% 12.3% 10.8%
Mauritania 2011 14.7% 10.9% …
Mauritius 2010 13.7% 10.8% 0.7%
Morocco 2011 … 6.5% 10.2%
Mozambique 2006 21.0% 15.2% …
the economy
Namibia 2008 22.4% 6.5% …
Niger 2011 21.7% 11.1% …
Nigeria 2008 … 7.6% 10.8%
Rwanda 2011 17.2% 23.7% …
São Tomé and Príncipe 2011 … 5.6% …
Senegal 2009 24.0% 12.0% …
Seychelles 2011 … 9.3% 3.1%
Sierra Leone 2011 13.7% 11.7% 3.7%
South Africa 2010 19.2% 12.4% 3.5%
South Sudan 2011 … 4.0% …
Sudan 2011 … 10.6% …
Swaziland 2011 21.0% 14.9% …
Tanzania 2010 18.3% 11.1% …
Togo 2011 14.3% 15.4% 10.1%
Tunisia 2010 21.5% 10.8% 4.6%
Uganda 2011 17.2% 10.8% 19.7%
Zambia 2011 … 16.0% …
Zimbabwe 2010 8.3% … …
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 18 October 2013
a Data before 2004 excluded

a
, 1995-2012
Share of GDP
Country
1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012
Algeria 0.6% 9.7% 13.6% -0.4% -0.4% -2.7%
Angola ... 2.8% 9.4% 5.5% 10.2% 8.5%
Benin -7.0% -5.5% -2.3% -0.4% -1.4% -0.8%
Botswana ... 8.5% 8.3% -6.8% -2.8% 0.3%
Burkina Faso -3.0% -3.4% -5.5% -4.7% -2.5% -3.1%
Burundi -2.3% -1.5% -3.6% -3.6% -4.0% -1.7%
Cameroon ... 1.8% 3.2% -1.1% -2.8% -0.9%
Cape Verde ... ... -6.7% -10.8% -7.3% -7.5%
Central African Republic -1.6% -2.0% -4.6% -1.4% -2.4% -0.1%
Chad -4.6% -6.9% -0.1% -5.2% 2.8% -1.4%
Comoros -7.3% -1.9% 0.1% 7.0% 1.4% 3.4%
Congo (DRC) ... -5.9% -4.3% 4.9% -1.8% -2.4%
Congo (Rep.) -8.2% 1.1% 14.6% 16.1% 16.4% 6.1%
Côte d'Ivoire ... -1.3% -1.7% -2.3% -5.7% -3.4%
Djibouti -8.5% -1.8% 0.3% -0.5% -0.7% -2.7%
Egypt ... ... -8.4% -8.3% -9.8% -10.7%
Equatorial Guinea -3.6% -3.1% 22.8% -6.1% 1.0% -2.0%
Eritrea -17.7% -28.2% -22.2% -16.0% -16.2% -13.5%
Ethiopia -2.7% -8.9% -4.2% -1.3% -1.6% -1.2%
Gabon 2.8% 11.6% 8.6% 2.7% 3.2% -0.2%
Gambia ... -0.2% -5.9% -5.4% -4.7% -4.4%
Ghana -8.4% -6.7% -2.8% -7.2% -4.1% -11.5%
Guinea -3.3% -3.2% -1.6% -14.0% -1.3% -3.3%
Guinea-Bissau ... -4.1% -7.6% -2.1% -2.1% -1.8%
Kenya 0.0% -0.4% -1.8% -5.5% -5.1% -5.3%
Lesotho 8.4% -1.1% 4.5% -5.0% -10.5% 5.9%
Liberia ... 0.6% 0.0% -6.2% -5.4% -0.5%
Libya 3.9% 13.5% 30.6% 10.2% -16.3% 20.9%
Madagascar -8.3% -5.0% -3.0% -1.5% -4.8% -3.1%
Malawi ... ... -2.5% 2.6% -5.3% -4.6%
Mali ... -2.9% -3.1% -2.7% -3.7% -1.1%
Mauritania ... ... ... -1.9% -1.4% 2.6%
Mauritius ... -4.7% -4.7% -3.2% -3.2% -1.8%
Morocco -3.3% -2.2% -6.2% -4.4% -6.8% -7.5%
Mozambique -3.3% -1.7% -2.8% -3.9% -4.3% -3.0%
The economy
Namibia -2.1% -1.0% -0.5% -4.6% -6.7% -4.1%

Niger -4.8% -4.0% -2.0% -2.4% -1.5% -3.5%
Nigeria ... 5.9% 13.0% -6.7% 0.7% 0.9%
Rwanda -2.5% 0.8% 0.9% 0.4% -2.2% -1.7%
São Tomé and Príncipe ... 51.4% 27.2% -11.0% -12.0% -6.2%
Senegal ... 0.9% -2.8% -5.2% -6.3% -5.7%
Seychelles -3.4% -15.3% -0.3% -0.8% 2.5% 1.9%
Sierra Leone ... -8.5% -2.0% -5.1% -4.6% -2.8%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa ... -1.6% 0.0% -5.1% -4.0% -4.8%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... 4.4% -14.9%
Sudan -3.2% -0.7% -2.5% 0.3% 0.2% -5.0%
Swaziland -0.1% -1.3% -2.0% -11.5% -5.6% 3.7%
Tanzania -3.5% -1.8% -4.0% -6.5% -5.0% -5.0%
Togo -4.6% -5.4% -2.4% -1.6% -2.9% -6.8%
Tunisia -3.2% -2.3% -2.8% -0.9% -3.4% -4.9%
Uganda ... -4.8% -0.3% -6.7% -3.2% -3.6%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia ... 1.3% -2.8% -3.0% -2.2% -4.5%
Zimbabwe ... ... -8.1% 0.9% -1.7% -0.9%
total expenditure.

General government gross debta, 2000-2012
Share of GDP
Country
2000 2005 2010 2011 2012
Algeria 62.8% 27.2% 11.1% 11.1% 9.9%
Angola 110.2% 44.8% 37.6% 31.5% 29.3%
Benin 58.9% 40.6% 30.2% 31.2% 32.5%
Botswana 8.0% 7.0% 17.6% 16.7% 14.9%
Burkina Faso ... 44.1% 27.1% 29.3% 27.7%
Burundi 136.4% 137.0% 39.4% 36.2% 32.0%
Cameroon 83.0% 51.5% 12.1% 13.9% 14.9%
Cape Verde ... 95.7% 75.0% 92.6% 103.4%
Chad 74.8% 30.1% 32.8% 36.1% 34.5%
Comoros 101.9% 67.5% 50.3% 46.1% 42.6%
Congo (DRC) 237.3% 147.9% 38.4% 33.0% 36.0%
Congo (Rep.) 163.2% 108.3% 23.9% 22.5% 21.1%
Côte d'Ivoire 105.2% 86.3% 66.4% 94.9% 49.1%
Djibouti ... 32.9% 41.4% 36.7% 38.6%
Egypt ... 103.3% 73.2% 76.6% 80.2%
Eritrea 159.4% 156.2% 143.8% 133.0% 125.8%
Ethiopia 97.4% 76.0% 27.6% 25.9% 21.6%
Gabon 75.9% 53.4% 20.3% 17.3% 22.0%
Gambia 121.7% 131.9% 67.4% 75.0% 77.2%
Ghana 123.3% 48.2% 46.3% 43.4% 56.5%
Guinea 118.7% 150.2% 105.5% 86.0% 43.0%
Guinea-Bissau 234.1% 227.3% 51.7% 50.8% 59.8%
Kenya 52.8% 50.8% 49.9% 48.5% 48.2%
Lesotho 103.6% 61.6% 35.4% 39.1% 41.9%
Liberia 755.3% 734.8% 31.6% 27.3% 29.1%
Libya 39.0% 0.6% ... ... ...
Madagascar 105.6% 82.2% 36.2% 37.4% 38.3%
Malawi ... 141.2% 37.4% 42.1% 54.9%
Mali 103.7% 53.1% 28.7% 32.9% 32.0%
Mauritania 280.5% 182.1% 97.6% 92.5% 79.7%
Mauritius 45.3% 53.5% 50.6% 51.0% 50.3%
Morocco 73.7% 64.6% 51.3% 54.4% 59.6%
Mozambique 131.9% 81.0% 49.3% 45.1% 46.6%
the economy
Namibia 19.9% 26.0% 15.7% 23.5% 26.6%
Niger 114.0% 66.3% 24.0% 27.7% 31.1%
Nigeria 84.2% 28.6% 15.5% 17.2% 17.8%
Rwanda 102.5% 70.7% 23.1% 23.9% 28.0%
São Tomé and Príncipe ... 300.6% 77.8% 73.3% 75.5%
Senegal 73.7% 45.7% 35.7% 40.0% 45.0%
Seychelles 172.6% 144.1% 81.6% 74.3% 82.5%
Sierra Leone 160.5% 132.7% 49.3% 53.7% 44.5%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 43.3% 34.7% 35.8% 39.6% 42.3%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 153.6% 94.9% 73.1% 71.0% 97.6%
Swaziland 21.7% 16.5% 17.1% 18.3% 19.0%
Tanzania ... 56.0% 37.7% 40.0% 41.4%
Togo ... 82.2% 48.6% 47.2% 46.7%
Tunisia 65.9% 52.5% 40.5% 44.2% 44.5%
Uganda 82.9% 77.2% 27.0% 32.2% 34.5%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia ... 19.4% 25.8% 25.1% 26.9%
Zimbabwe ... 49.5% 77.6% 65.3% 60.5%
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database April 2013, http://www.imf.org, accessed 21 May 2013
a Gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future.
This includes debt liabilities in the form of special drawing rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and
standardised guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable.
In 1996, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) launched the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative to provide
poor countries with debt burdens they could not manage with debt relief. In 2005 this initiative was supplemented by the Multilateral Debt
Relief Initiative to allow up to 100% debt relief on debts to the IMF, World Bank and African Development Bank for countries qualifying as

General government gross debta, 2000 and 2011 % of GDP
0% 100% 200% 300% 400% 500% 600% 700% 800%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
2000
Madagascar
Malawi 2012
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
The economy
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
a Gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future.
This includes debt liabilities in the form of special drawing rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and
standardised guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable.
In 1996, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) launched the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative to provide
poor countries with debt burdens they could not manage with debt relief. In 2005 this initiative was supplemented by the Multilateral Debt
Relief Initiative to allow up to 100% debt relief on debts to the IMF, World Bank and African Development Bank for countries qualifying as

Interest payments on government debta, 2000-2011
Share of government revenue

Countryb
2000 2005 2010 2011
Algeria ... ... 0.7% 0.6%
Benin ... 1.6% 2.7% 2.2%
Botswana ... ... 1.6% 1.5%
Burkina Faso ... 3.6% 2.4% 2.7%
Congo (DRC) ... 8.8% 1.3% ...
Congo (Rep.) 24.1% 6.5% ... ...
Egypt ... 22.4% 20.5% 25.3%
Ethiopia ... 6.5% 2.6% 2.6%
Ghana ... 12.1% 16.2% 12.5%
Kenya 15.2% 8.9% 10.4% 10.7%
Lesotho 10.0% 4.8% ... ...
Liberia ... 1.0% 4.7% 4.7%
Madagascar 9.3% 15.8% ... ...
Mali 5.0% 3.0% 2.0% ...
Mauritius ... ... 10.6% 8.5%
Morocco ... 7.5% 3.8% 3.1%
Namibia 6.2% 8.9% ... ...
Niger ... 3.2% ... ...
Nigeria ... 4.7% ... ...
Senegal 7.4% ... ... ...
Seychelles 18.6% 11.7% 14.8% 7.7%
Sierra Leone 32.5% 16.5% 10.3% 11.5%
South Africa 19.1% 10.8% 8.9% 9.1%
Swaziland 1.9% ... ... ...
Togo ... 7.1% 4.5% 2.9%
Tunisia 11.3% 9.6% 6.3% 5.8%
Uganda 4.7% 7.7% 7.1% 5.8%
Zambia ... 17.9% 9.0% ...
Interest payments on government debta, 2005 and 2010 % of government revenue
30%
the economy
25%
2005
2011
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
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a Interest payments on government debt include interest on long-term bonds, long-term loans and other debt instruments to domestic and
foreign creditors.

Primary balancea, 2000-2011
Share of GDP
Country
2000 2005 2010 2011
Algeria 12.7% 13.4% -0.8% -1.7%
Angola ... ... ... ...
Benin -4.7% -2.0% 0.1% -1.0%
Botswana 8.8% -5.7% -14.9% -9.8%
Burkina Faso -2.5% -4.9% -4.2% -1.9%
Burundi 0.8% -1.0% -3.1% -3.1%
Cameroon ... ... ... ...
Cape Verde ... -4.9% -9.4% -6.1%
Central African Republic -0.1% -3.7% -0.4% -1.7%
Chad -5.8% 0.3% -4.5% 3.5%
Comoros ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) -3.9% 1.8% 7.1% 0.9%
Congo (Rep.) 8.1% 19.6% 17.0% 16.5%
Côte d'Ivoire 2.9% 0.3% -0.6% -3.1%
Djibouti ... ... ... ...
Egypt ... -3.8% -3.8% -4.7%
Eritrea ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia ... ... ... ...
Gabon ... ... ... ...
Gambia 3.0% 0.5% -2.5% -1.1%
Ghana ... ... ... ...
Guinea -1.5% 1.4% -12.0% 0.7%
Guinea-Bissau -0.7% -5.5% -1.9% -2.0%
Kenya ... 0.6% -3.2% -2.8%
Lesotho 1.0% 6.8% -4.4% -9.8%
Liberia 1.4% 0.2% -5.5% -5.1%
Libya 13.5% 30.6% 10.2% -16.3%
Madagascar ... ... ... ...
Malawi ... ... ... ...
Mali -2.1% -2.5% -2.3% -3.0%
Mauritania ... ... 0.0% 0.1%
Mauritius ... ... 0.1% -0.3%
Morocco ... -2.9% -2.1% -4.5%
Mozambique ... ... ... ...
The economy
Namibia 0.8% 1.7% -3.5% -5.6%

Niger ... ... ... ...
Nigeria 11.9% 15.8% -5.6% 2.1%
Rwanda ... ... 0.9% -1.8%
Senegal 2.2% -1.9% -4.3% -4.7%
Seychelles -7.9% 6.1% 5.2% 5.4%
Sierra Leone -2.2% 1.5% -3.5% -2.6%
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 3.4% 3.2% -2.5% -1.2%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ...
Swaziland ... ... ... ...
Tanzania ... ... ... ...
Togo ... -1.4% -0.7% -2.2%
Tunisia 0.7% -0.3% 0.9% -1.6%
Uganda ... ... -5.7% -2.1%
Zambia ... ... ... ...
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ...

monetary indicators
Lending interest ratea, 2000-2011
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria 10.0% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0%
Angola 103.2% 67.7% 22.5% 18.8%
Benin ... ... ... ...
Botswana 15.5% 15.7% 11.5% 11.0%
Burkina Faso ... ... ... ...
Burundi 15.8% 18.4% 12.4% 13.2%
Cameroon 22.0% 17.7% ... ...
Cape Verde 11.9% 12.3% 11.0% 9.8%
Central African Republic 22.0% 17.7% ... ...
Chad 22.0% 17.7% ... ...
Comoros 12.0% 11.0% 7.0% 7.3%
Congo (DRC) ... ... 56.5% 43.8%
Congo (Rep.) 22.0% 17.7% ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire ... ... ... ...
Djibouti ... 11.2% 10.3% 10.6%
Egypt 13.2% 13.1% 11.0% 11.0%
Equatorial Guinea 22.0% 17.7% ... ...
Eritrea ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 10.9% 7.0% ... ...
Gabon 22.0% 17.7% ... ...
Gambia 24.0% 34.9% 27.0% 28.0%
Ghana ... ... ... ...
Guinea 19.4% ... ... ...
Kenya 22.3% 12.9% 14.4% 15.0%
Lesotho 17.1% 11.7% 11.2% 10.4%
Liberia 20.5% 17.0% 14.2% 13.8%
Libya 7.0% 6.1% 6.0% 6.0%
Madagascar 26.5% 27.0% 49.0% 52.5%
Malawi 53.1% 33.1% 24.6% 23.8%
Mali ... ... ... ...
Mauritania 25.6% 23.1% 17.0% 17.0%
Mauritius 20.8% 21.0% 8.9% 8.9%
Morocco 13.3% 11.5% ... ...
Mozambique 19.0% 19.5% 16.3% 19.1%
Namibia 15.3% 10.6% 9.7% 8.7%
Niger ... ... ... ...
the economy
Nigeria 21.3% 17.9% 17.6% 16.0%
Rwanda 17.0% 16.1% 16.7% ...
Senegal ... ... ... ...
Seychelles 10.7% 9.8% 12.7% 11.2%
Sierra Leone 26.3% 24.6% 21.3% 21.0%
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 14.5% 10.6% 9.8% 9.0%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ...
Swaziland 14.0% 10.6% 9.8% 9.0%
Tanzania 21.6% 15.2% 14.5% 15.0%
Togo ... ... ... ...
Tunisia ... ... ... ...
Uganda 22.9% 19.6% 20.2% 21.8%
Zambia 38.8% 28.2% 20.9% 18.8%
Zimbabwe 68.2% 235.7% ... ...
conditions attached to this rate differ by country, therefore their comparability is limited.

Deposit interest ratea, 2000-2011
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria 7.5% 1.9% 1.8% 1.8%
Angola 39.6% 13.4% 12.8% 6.3%
Benin 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%
Botswana 9.4% 9.3% 5.6% 5.1%
Burkina Faso 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%
Burundi ... ... ... ...
Cameroon 5.0% 4.9% 3.3% 3.3%
Cape Verde 4.3% 3.4% 3.1% 3.4%
Chad 5.0% 4.9% 3.3% 3.3%
Comoros 3.0% 3.0% 1.8% 1.8%
Congo (DRC) ... ... 16.8% 13.4%
Congo (Rep.) 5.0% 4.9% 3.3% 3.3%
Côte d'Ivoire 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%
Djibouti ... 0.8% 1.0% 1.5%
Egypt 9.5% 7.2% 6.2% 6.7%
Eritrea ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 6.0% 3.5% ... ...
Gabon 5.0% 4.9% 3.3% 3.3%
Gambia 12.5% 17.3% 14.6% 11.8%
Ghana 28.6% 10.2% ... 8.9%
Guinea 7.5% 14.4% ... ...
Guinea-Bissau 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%
Kenya 8.1% 5.1% 4.6% 5.6%
Lesotho 4.9% 4.0% 3.7% 2.7%
Liberia 6.2% 3.4% 3.5% 3.0%
Libya 3.0% 2.1% 2.5% 2.5%
Madagascar 15.0% 18.8% 10.5% 10.7%
Malawi 33.3% 10.9% 3.6% 4.1%
Mali 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%
Mauritania 9.4% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0%
Mauritius 9.6% 7.3% 8.4% 7.1%
Morocco 5.2% 3.5% 3.7% 3.8%
Mozambique 9.7% 7.8% 9.7% 13.0%
Namibia 7.4% 6.2% 5.0% 4.3%
Niger 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%
The economy
Nigeria 11.7% 10.5% 6.5% 5.7%

Rwanda 10.1% 8.0% 7.1% ...
Senegal 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%
Seychelles 4.8% 3.7% 2.9% 2.1%
Sierra Leone 9.2% 11.1% 8.9% 9.8%
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 9.2% 6.0% 6.5% 5.7%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ...
Swaziland 6.5% 4.0% 3.9% 2.9%
Tanzania 7.4% 4.7% 6.6% 6.8%
Togo 3.5% 3.5% 3.5% 3.5%
Tunisia ... ... ... ...
Uganda 9.8% 8.8% 7.7% 13.0%
Zambia 20.2% 11.2% 7.4% 7.0%
Zimbabwe 50.2% 91.1% ... ...
a The deposit interest rate is the rate paid by commercial or similar banks on deposits. The terms and conditions attached to these rates differ
by country, limiting their comparability.

Risk premium on lendinga, 2000-2011
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria 0.5% 7.2% 7.7% 7.8%
Angola ... ... ... ...
Benin ... ... ... ...
Botswana ... ... ... ...
Burkina Faso ... ... ... ...
Burundi 4.0% 10.5% ... ...
Cameroon ... ... ... ...
Cape Verde 3.4% 8.2% 7.2% 5.9%
Chad ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire ... ... ... ...
Djibouti ... ... ... ...
Egypt 4.1% 4.6% 1.7% -2.9%
Eritrea ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 8.2% 6.8% ... ...
Gabon ... ... ... ...
Gambia 11.9% 12.4% 13.8% 16.2%
Ghana ... ... ... ...
Guinea 4.7% ... ... ...
Kenya 10.3% 4.4% 10.8% 6.3%
Lesotho 8.1% 4.5% 5.0% 5.1%
Liberia ... ... ... ...
Libya 1.5% ... ... ...
Madagascar … 8.2% 39.7% 42.9%
Malawi 13.6% 8.7% 17.5% 17.2%
Mali ... ... ... ...
Mauritania 14.7% 11.2% 8.5% 14.3%
Mauritius ... ... ... ...
Morocco ... ... ... ...
Mozambique 2.1% 10.4% 4.3% 3.9%
Namibia 5.0% 3.5% 3.3% 3.1%
Niger ... ... ... ...
the economy
Nigeria 5.8% 10.3% 13.7% 6.3%
Rwanda ... 7.7% 9.2% ...
Senegal ... ... ... ...
Seychelles 5.7% 6.4% 9.7% 7.0%
Sierra Leone 0.0% 1.6% 4.0% -3.1%
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 4.4% 3.7% 3.4% 3.5%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ...
Swaziland 5.7% 3.6% 3.1% 2.9%
Tanzania 11.8% 4.6% 10.7% 8.6%
Togo ... ... ... ...
Tunisia ... ... ... ...
Uganda 9.7% 11.1% 15.2% 7.2%
Zambia 7.4% 11.9% 14.6% 9.3%
Zimbabwe 3.4% 50.6% ... ...
a The risk premium on lending is the interest rate charged by banks on loans to the private sector minus the “risk free” treasury bill interest rate
lower risk than the government. The terms and conditions attached to lending rates differ by country, however, limiting their comparability.

Interest on treasury billsa, 2000-2012
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012

Algeria 9.54% 0.75% 0.31% 0.21% 0.49%
Angola ... ... ... ... ...
Benin ... ... ... ... ...
Botswana ... ... ... ... ...
Burkina Faso ... ... ... ... ...
Burundi 11.74% 7.92% ... ... ...
Cameroon ... ... ... ... ...
Cape Verde 8.53% 4.07% 3.89% 3.96% ...
Central African Republic ... ... ... ... ...
Chad ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire ... ... ... ... ...
Djibouti ... ... ... ... ...
Egypt 9.10% 8.57% 9.28% 13.95% 12.96%
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 2.74% 0.25% ... ... ...
Gabon ... ... ... ... ...
Gambia 12.08% 22.50% 13.16% 11.81% 12.46%
Ghana 36.28% 14.89% … 10.41% ...
Guinea ... ... ... ... ...
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya 12.07% 8.44% 3.60% 8.72% 12.58%
Lesotho 9.06% 7.23% 6.24% 5.35% ...
Liberia ... ... ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar ... 18.84% 9.33% 9.58% 6.92%
Malawi 39.52% 24.40% 7.16% 6.56% 14.33%
Mali ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritania 10.93% 11.84% 8.55% 2.68% 3.33%
Mauritius ... ... ... ... ...
Morocco ... ... ... ... ...
Mozambique 16.97% 9.10% 11.99% 15.24% 5.27%
Namibia 10.26% 7.09% 6.46% 5.62% ...
Niger ... ... ... ... ...
The economy
Nigeria 15.50% 7.63% 3.85% 9.70% 13.64%

Rwanda ... 8.35% 7.44% ... ...
Senegal ... ... ... ... ...
Seychelles 5.00% 3.34% 3.04% 4.23% 10.74%
Sierra Leone ... 22.98% 17.21% 24.45% 22.40%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 10.11% 6.91% 6.42% 5.49% 5.29%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Swaziland 8.30% 7.08% 6.60% 6.07% 6.87%
Tanzania 9.78% 10.67% 3.87% 6.37% 12.71%
Togo ... ... ... ... ...
Tunisia ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda 13.19% 8.50% 5.01% 14.61% 15.70%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 31.37% 16.32% 6.28% 9.55% 10.13%
Zimbabwe 64.78% 185.11% ... ... ...
Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics, http://www.imf.org, accessed 29 April 2013

Domestic credit to the private sectora, 2000-2011
Share of GDP
Country
2000 2005 2009 2010 2011
Algeria 6.0% 12.1% 16.5% 15.6% 14.8%
Angola 2.0% 5.6% 21.2% 20.9% 21.1%
Benin 11.6% 16.3% 22.5% 23.3% 24.5%
Botswana 15.1% 19.1% 25.7% 23.3% 24.3%
Burkina Faso 11.7% 16.5% 17.0% 16.9% 19.4%
Burundi 21.2% 15.9% 15.9% 18.7% 21.1%
Cameroon 8.2% 9.9% 12.1% 13.2% 14.9%
Cape Verde 40.1% 39.1% 62.0% 62.1% 64.5%
Chad 3.5% 3.2% 5.1% 5.3% 5.6%
Comoros 11.9% 9.5% 16.0% 19.0% 17.8%
Congo (DRC) 3.4% 1.8% 7.2% 6.6% 6.3%
Congo (Rep.) 4.8% 2.4% 4.9% 6.5% 7.8%
Côte d'Ivoire 15.5% 13.8% 17.3% 18.0% 18.1%
Djibouti 32.1% 20.1% 29.3% ... ...
Egypt 52.0% 51.2% 36.1% 33.1% 31.3%
Eritrea 32.5% 27.6% 16.8% 16.0% 13.9%
Ethiopia 23.1% 23.0% … … …
Gabon 8.7% 9.4% 11.1% 8.9% 10.2%
Gambia 6.7% 9.6% 14.8% 15.4% 16.3%
Ghana 14.0% 15.5% 15.7% 15.3% 15.2%
Guinea 4.0% 5.7% 3.9% 5.7% 9.1%
Guinea-Bissau 7.9% 1.1% 5.6% 6.2% 11.8%
Kenya 28.4% 25.9% 30.3% 33.8% 38.1%
Lesotho 15.8% 8.9% 12.8% 13.7% 15.3%
Liberia 3.3% 6.7% 12.2% 14.8% 16.4%
Libya 23.1% 7.7% 10.9% ... ...
Madagascar 8.8% 9.9% 11.6% 11.6% 11.0%
Malawi 9.1% 7.9% 13.4% 17.8% 19.8%
Mali 16.5% 17.2% 17.5% 18.0% 20.5%
Mauritania ... 23.9% 30.4% 27.4% 26.0%
Mauritius 57.5% 75.3% 82.7% 88.0% 91.4%
Morocco 51.0% 46.2% 64.7% 68.6% 71.2%
Mozambique 16.7% 11.8% 24.8% 26.8% 24.0%
the economy
Namibia 39.8% 51.8% 48.7% 50.1% 48.9%
Niger 4.8% 6.8% 12.5% 13.0% 14.2%
Nigeria 12.5% 13.2% 38.6% 24.9% 21.1%
Rwanda 10.4% 11.2% ... ... ...
Senegal 18.7% 23.3% 24.7% 25.9% 29.0%
Seychelles 22.3% 30.8% 22.7% 27.6% 26.0%
Sierra Leone 2.1% 3.4% 7.3% 7.8% 7.7%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 133.7% 144.2% 152.6% 153.8% 142.2%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 2.3% 10.4% 12.8% 12.0% 11.4%
Swaziland 12.5% 21.1% 23.3% 21.8% 26.4%
Tanzania 4.1% 10.2% 15.3% 16.2% 17.8%
Togo 16.0% 17.5% 19.8% 22.7% 29.6%
Tunisia 60.0% 58.3% 62.0% 68.6% 75.5%
Uganda 6.2% 8.6% 13.3% 15.7% 17.9%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 8.5% 7.7% 12.0% 11.5% 12.3%
Zimbabwe 27.1% 15.8% ... ... ...
accounts receivable to the private sector.

Money supply and income velocity of money, 2010-2012
Broad money supply (M2)a national currency, billions Income velocity of moneyb
Country
2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
Algeria 8,280.7 9,929.2 11,445.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
Angola 2,728.4 3,656.1 4,193.2 2.8 2.7 2.6
Benin 1,446.1 1,576.6 1,693.8 2.2 2.2 2.3
Botswana 43.5 45.4 50.5 2.2 2.4 2.3
Burkina Faso 1,319.5 1,459.6 1,618.8 3.4 3.5 3.5
Burundi 633.5 672.1 796.0 3.9 4.4 4.4
Cameroon 2,741.1 3,032.9 3,210.5 4.3 4.1 4.2
Cape Verde 111.0 113.5 117.1 1.2 1.3 1.3
Central African Republic 179.2 206.1 234.6 5.5 5 4.4
Chad 414.0 465.7 766.7 12.9 12.6 8.5
Comoros 68.7 75.3 76.1 2.9 2.8 3.2
Congo (DRC) 1,964.6 2,447.7 2,875.5 6.1 5.9 5.8
Congo (Rep.) 1,414.5 1,902.0 2,794.5 4.1 3.6 2.6
Côte d'Ivoire 4,172.7 4,596.8 5,305.7 2.7 2.5 2.1
Djibouti 187.6 179.2 191.8 1.1 1.2 1.2
Egypt 917.5 1,010.3 1,094.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
Equatorial Guinea 1,035.1 1,098.3 1,376.9 6.9 8.4 8.9
Eritrea 39.8 47.7 56.9 0.8 0.8 0.8
Ethiopia 104.1 144.9 193.4 3.7 3.6 3.7
Gabon 1,389.2 1,757.2 1,519.8 5.3 5 6.5
Gambia 13.3 14.8 15.8 2 1.8 1.8
Ghana 13.7 18.2 24.5 3.4 3.3 2.8
Guinea 10,366.4 11,337.9 11,937.0 2.6 2.9 3.4
Guinea-Bissau 123.6 144.2 135.5 3.4 3.3 3.5
Kenya 1,271.6 1,516.2 1,817.0 2 2 1.9
Lesotho 6.6 6.7 7.0 2.5 2.7 3.1
Liberia 0.4 0.6 0.6 3 2.7 2.7
Libya 46.4 57.9 49.2 2 0.8 1.9
Madagascar 3,801.6 4,493.9 5,013.7 4.8 4.5 4.1
Malawi 231.7 314.3 369.8 3.4 2.6 3.1
Mali 1,294.5 1,492.0 1,484.9 3.6 3.5 3.7
Mauritania 312.1 274.2 423.2 3.3 3.2 2.6
Mauritius 319.1 333.9 355.7 0.9 1 1.1
Morocco 904.5 964.1 1,023.9 0.8 0.8 0.9
Mozambique 85.3 104.0 131.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
The economy
Namibia 53.2 56.1 62.3 1.5 1.6 1.6

Niger 579.1 626.3 749.2 4.9 4.8 4.6
Nigeria 11,525.5 13,303.5 14,988.9 3 2.9 3
Rwanda 615.9 780.7 919.5 5.3 4.2 4.5
São Tomé and Príncipe 1,414.6 1,527.3 1,781.9 2.6 2.9 2.7
Senegal 2,540.2 2,711.4 2,908.7 2.5 2.5 2.2
Seychelles 7.3 7.6 7.9 1.6 1.7 1.5
Sierra Leone 2,413.9 2,958.3 3,562.8 4.2 4.3 5
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 2,083.1 2,255.3 2,435.6 1.3 1.3 1.2
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 35.6 41.9 58.0 4.3 4.1 3.1
Swaziland 8.3 8.4 8.8 3.4 3.6 3.5
Tanzania 11,012.6 13,021.3 14,830.1 2.9 2.9 3.2
Togo 717.0 831.3 929.3 2.2 2.1 1.9
Tunisia 43.3 47.3 52.4 1.5 1.4 1.3
Uganda 9,427.6 10,426.6 11,873.8 4.1 4.4 5
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 17,916.5 21,804.8 23,247.3 4.3 4.3 6.3
Zimbabwe 2.3 3.1 4.2 3.3 2.9 2
Source: African Development Bank, African Statistical Yearbook 2013
a Broad money supply, or M2, is the total of all coins and banknotes in circulation, all cheque account deposits, other demand deposits, and all
medium-term deposits of the country's private sector held with banks.
b Income velocity of money is an indicator of the extent of economic activity within an economy. Income velocity of money is equal to GDP
divided by M2, and indicates the frequency with which a unit of money is spent within a given period of time (above, a year).

a
, 2000-2011
Consumer price index (CPI)
2005=100
Country
2000 2006 2010 2011
Algeria 86.1 102.3 122.2 127.7
Angola 5.4 113.3 186.2 211.3
Benin 87.0 103.8 118.6 121.8
Botswana 68.5 111.6 155.5 169.4
Burkina Faso 86.2 102.3 115.0 118.2
Burundi 68.4 102.8 163.2 179.1
Cameroon 90.5 105.1 116.6 120.0
Cape Verde 95.3 105.4 121.1 126.5
Chad 84.3 108.0 116.8 111.1
Comoros 81.9 103.4 118.5 119.5
Congo (DRC) 11.6 113.1 ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 91.3 106.5 129.8 131.5
Côte d'Ivoire 85.4 102.5 114.0 119.6
Djibouti 90.1 103.5 128.5 134.2
Egypt 78.0 107.6 173.1 190.5
Eritrea ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 79.0 112.3 223.0 297.1
Gabon 91.9 98.6 112.7 114.1
Gambia 62.9 102.1 123.4 129.3
Ghana 39.9 110.9 188.9 205.4
Guinea 134.7 236.8 287.3
Guinea-Bissau 93.1 102.0 118.8 124.8
Kenya 68.6 114.5 180.1 205.3
Lesotho 71.4 106.1 141.1 148.2
Liberia ... 107.3 161.9 175.7
Libya 123.8 101.5 124.9 ...
Madagascar 60.5 110.8 158.9 173.9
Malawi 50.4 114.0 155.8 167.6
Mali 89.0 101.5 116.2 119.5
Mauritania 70.6 106.2 132.9 140.4
Mauritius 78.0 108.9 137.2 146.2
Morocco 93.2 103.3 111.5 112.5
the economy
Mozambique 57.3 113.2 157.2 173.5
Namibia ... 105.1 140.6 147.7
Niger 88.1 100.0 117.1 120.6
Nigeria 48.2 108.2 161.4 178.9
Rwanda 72.2 108.9 154.8 163.6
Senegal 92.9 102.1 114.5 118.4
Seychelles 87.0 99.6 184.8 189.6
Sierra Leone ... 100.0 163.4 189.8
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 78.1 104.6 139.6 146.6
South Sudan ... ... 101.2 149.0
Sudan 69.5 107.2 166.3 ...
Swaziland 72.5 105.3 144.0 152.8
Tanzania 78.0 107.3 150.8 169.9
Togo 87.9 102.2 116.5 120.6
Tunisia 87.9 104.5 122.6 127.0
Uganda 80.5 107.3 150.0 178.0
Zambia 39.8 109.0 166.9 177.6
Zimbabwe 0.3 1196.7 ... ...
Source: World Bank, World Develeopment Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 23 May 2013
a The consumer price index shows the change in the price of a basket of consumer goods from one time period to the next.

a
, 1995-2011
Annual average
Country
1995 2000 2005 2010 2011
Algeria 29.8% 0.3% 1.4% 3.9% 4.5%
Angola 2673.3% 325.0% 23.0% 14.5% 13.5%
Benin 14.5% 4.2% 5.4% 2.3% 2.7%
Botswana 10.5% 8.6% 8.6% 6.9% 8.9%
Burkina Faso 7.5% -0.3% 6.4% -0.8% 2.8%
Burundi 19.3% 24.3% 13.5% 6.4% 9.7%
Cameroon 9.1% 1.2% 2.0% 1.3% 2.9%
Cape Verde 8.4% -2.5% 0.4% 2.1% 4.5%
Chad 9.2% 3.8% 7.9% -2.1% -4.9%
Comoros ... ... 3.0% 3.4% 0.9%
Congo (DRC) 541.9% 513.9% 21.3% ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 9.4% -0.9% 3.1% 5.0% 1.3%
Côte d'Ivoire 14.3% 2.5% 3.9% 1.7% 4.9%
Djibouti ... ... 3.1% 4.0% 4.4%
Egypt 15.7% 2.7% 4.9% 11.3% 10.1%
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 10.0% 0.7% 11.6% 8.1% 33.2%
Gabon 9.6% 0.5% 3.7% 1.5% 1.3%
Gambia 7.0% 0.8% 4.8% 5.0% 4.8%
Ghana 59.5% 25.2% 15.1% 10.7% 8.7%
Guinea ... ... 31.4% 15.5% 21.4%
Guinea-Bissau 45.4% 8.6% 3.3% 2.5% 5.0%
Kenya 1.6% 10.0% 10.3% 4.0% 14.0%
Lesotho 9.3% 6.1% 3.4% 3.6% 5.0%
Liberia 0.0% 0.0% 10.8% 7.3% 8.5%
Libya 7.2% -2.9% 2.7% 2.5% ...
Madagascar 49.1% 11.9% 18.5% 9.2% 9.5%
Malawi 83.3% 29.6% 15.4% 7.4% 7.6%
Mali 13.4% -0.7% 6.4% 1.1% 2.9%
Mauritania 6.5% 3.3% 12.1% 6.3% 5.7%
Mauritius 6.0% 4.2% 4.9% 2.9% 6.5%
Morocco 6.1% 1.9% 1.0% 1.0% 0.9%
Mozambique 54.4% 12.7% 7.2% 12.7% 10.4%
The economy
Namibia ... ... 2.3% 4.5% 5.0%

Niger 10.6% 2.9% 7.8% 0.8% 2.9%
Nigeria 72.8% 6.9% 17.9% 13.7% 10.8%
Rwanda ... 3.9% 9.0% 2.3% 5.7%
São Tomé and Príncipe ... 9.6% 17.2% 12.9% 11.9%
Senegal 7.9% 0.7% 1.7% 1.3% 3.4%
Seychelles -0.2% 6.3% 0.9% -2.4% 2.6%
Sierra Leone ... ... ... 16.6% 16.2%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 8.7% 5.3% 3.4% 4.3% 5.0%
South Sudan ... ... ... 1.2% 47.3%
Sudan 68.4% 8.0% 8.5% 13.0% ...
Swaziland 12.3% 12.2% 4.8% 4.5% 6.1%
Tanzania 27.4% 5.9% 5.0% 6.2% 12.7%
Togo 16.4% 1.9% 6.8% 1.8% 3.6%
Tunisia 6.2% 3.0% 2.0% 4.4% 3.6%
Uganda 6.6% 3.4% 8.4% 4.0% 18.7%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 34.9% 26.0% 18.3% 8.5% 6.4%
Zimbabwe 22.6% 55.9% 302.1% ... ...

Exchange ratesa, 2000-2012
National currency units per US$

Country
2000 2005 2010 2011 2012
Algeria 75.26 73.28 74.39 72.94 77.54
Angola 10.04 87.16 91.91 93.93 95.43
Beninb 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Botswana 5.10 5.11 6.79 6.84 7.62
Burkina Fasob 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Burundi 720.67 1,081.58 1,230.75 1,261.07 1,442.51
Cameroonc 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Cape Verde 119.69 88.67 83.26 79.32 85.82
Central African Republicc 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Chadc 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Comoros 533.98 395.60 371.46 353.90 382.90
Congo (DRC) 21.83 473.91 905.91 919.49 919.76
Congo (Rep.)c 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Côte d'Ivoireb 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Djiboutid 177.72 177.72 177.72 177.72 177.72
Egypt 3.47 5.78 5.62 5.93 6.06
Equatorial Guineac 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Eritrea 9.63 15.37 15.38 15.38 15.38
Ethiopia 8.22 8.67 14.41 16.90 17.70
Gabonc 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Gambia 12.79 28.58 28.01 29.46 32.08
Ghana 0.54 0.91 1.43 1.51 1.80
Guinea 1,746.87 3,644.33 5,726.07 6,658.03 ...
Guinea-Bissaub 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Kenya 76.18 75.55 79.23 88.81 84.53
Lesotho 6.94 6.36 7.32 7.26 8.21
Liberia 40.95 57.10 71.40 72.23 73.51
Libya 0.51 1.31 1.27 1.22 ...
Madagascar 1,353.50 2,003.03 2,089.95 2,025.12 2,194.97
Malawi 59.54 118.42 150.49 156.52 249.11
Malib 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Mauritania 238.92 265.53 275.89 281.12 296.62
Mauritius 26.25 29.50 30.78 28.71 30.05
Morocco 10.63 8.87 8.42 8.09 8.63
Mozambique 15.23 23.06 33.96 29.07 28.37
the economy
Namibia 6.94 6.36 7.32 7.26 8.21
Nigerb 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Nigeria 101.70 131.27 150.30 154.74 156.81
Rwanda 389.70 557.82 583.13 600.31 614.30
São Tomé and Príncipe 7,978.17 10,557.97 18,498.60 17,622.94 19,068.42
Senegalb 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Seychelles 5.71 5.50 12.07 12.38 13.70
Sierra Leone 2,092.13 2,889.59 3,978.09 4,349.16 4,344.04
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 6.94 6.36 7.32 7.26 8.21
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 2.57 2.44 2.31 2.67 3.57
Swaziland 6.94 6.36 7.32 7.26 8.21
Tanzania 800.41 1,128.93 1,409.27 1,572.12 1,583.00
Togob 711.98 527.47 495.28 471.87 510.53
Tunisia 1.37 1.30 1.43 1.41 1.56
Uganda 1,644.48 1,780.67 2,177.56 2,522.75 2,504.56
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 3.11 4.46 4.80 4.86 5.15
Zimbabwe 0.04 22.39 ... ... ...
Source: IMF, International Finance Statistics, http://www.imf.org, accessed 24 May 2013
a This table shows annual average exchange rates.

b Countries belong to the West African Economic and Monetary Union and use the West African CFA franc, which is pegged to the Euro and is
equal in value to the Central African CFA franc.
c Countries belong to the Central African Economic and Monetary Union and use the Central African CFA franc, which is pegged to the Euro
and is equal in value to the West African CFA franc.
d The Djiboutian franc is pegged to the US dollar.

Purchasing power parity adjusted exchange ratesa, 2000-2012
PPP adjusted national currency units per current international $b

Country
2000 2005 2010 2011 2012
Algeria 30.45 37.93 48.12 55.39 59.06
Angola 2.62 44.49 69.20 84.13 88.31
Benin 223.77 219.59 232.91 233.60 243.09
Botswana 1.98 2.42 3.64 4.04 4.41
Burkina Faso 187.36 200.23 210.43 217.56 223.13
Burundi 239.80 342.97 512.07 573.05 649.75
Cameroon 250.31 251.02 248.65 250.88 251.16
Cape Verde 72.06 69.36 72.23 73.50 74.76
Chad 148.73 208.00 224.72 257.16 266.74
Comoros 204.86 226.20 251.70 258.00 260.91
Congo (DRC) 25.80 214.27 513.68 569.45 589.48
Congo (Rep.) 273.19 268.76 347.68 376.74 365.68
Côte d'Ivoire 276.95 287.49 306.09 314.78 311.29
Djibouti 85.86 84.69 95.98 98.77 101.11
Egypt 1.37 1.62 2.42 2.64 2.86
Eritrea 2.43 4.96 8.95 9.94 10.81
Ethiopia 2.14 2.25 4.43 5.39 7.03
Gabon 245.25 256.23 333.89 375.99 373.45
Gambia 4.18 7.56 8.10 8.23 8.46
Ghana 0.15 0.37 0.71 0.78 0.86
Guinea 748.91 1,219.35 2,501.79 2,932.93 3,252.83
Guinea-Bissau 213.34 217.30 231.20 237.18 229.85
Kenya 25.78 29.52 38.17 42.48 45.80
Lesotho 2.85 3.49 4.57 4.76 4.92
Liberia 0.43 0.49 0.59 0.64 0.65
Libya 0.39 0.87 0.99 1.14 1.34
Madagascar 425.01 649.57 919.63 971.23 1,026.91
Malawi 15.41 39.46 62.95 64.04 74.05
Mali 255.90 240.09 273.84 281.23 292.64
Mauritania 70.72 98.84 151.15 168.93 161.57
Mauritius 12.45 14.68 16.49 16.80 17.06
Morocco 5.18 4.88 5.02 4.91 4.91
Mozambique 7.81 10.91 14.39 15.23 15.78
The economy
Namibia 3.65 4.27 5.49 5.74 6.02

Niger 225.20 226.66 254.37 257.97 255.41
Nigeria 35.10 60.23 91.00 91.19 96.27
Rwanda 148.73 186.18 256.68 270.79 286.51
São Tomé and Príncipe 3,908.13 5,558.10 10,503.89 11,530.52 12,518.58
Senegal 252.92 251.67 264.70 270.38 270.25
Seychelles 3.07 3.39 5.69 5.92 6.10
Sierra Leone 621.68 1,074.12 1,609.47 1,854.18 2,032.81
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 3.12 3.87 5.04 5.23 5.42
South Sudan ... ... ... 2.49 3.45
Sudan 0.79 1.08 1.73 2.03 2.60
Swaziland 2.73 3.29 4.45 4.63 4.93
Tanzania 310.82 395.63 517.04 552.74 605.45
Togo 250.35 240.38 260.38 269.70 271.98
Tunisia 0.58 0.58 0.64 0.65 0.68
Uganda 527.18 619.64 834.31 919.79 1,044.21
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 1,063.64 2,414.81 3,863.12 4,255.17 4,393.10
Zimbabwe 0.69 1.03 1.23 1.30 1.35
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook database April 2013, http://www.imf.org, accessed 27 March 2013
a The purchasing power parity (PPP) between two countries is the rate at which the currency of one country needs to be converted into that of
b International dollars have the same purchasing power in the country in question as the US$ has in the US.

Real effective exchange rate indexa, 1998-2012
2000=100
Country
1998 2005 2010 2011 2012
Algeria ... ... ... ... ...
Angola ... ... ... ... ...
Benin ... ... ... ... ...
Botswana 95.3 107.9 124.4 124.5 119.5
Burkina Faso 110.8 119.5 122.2 117.5 118.6
Burundi 112.9 71.9 84.1 80.2 84.6
Cameroon 103.6 101.9 108.7 109.2 107.0
Cape Verde 104.7 92.0 101.6 103.6 102.3
Chad 113.2 121.5 131.9 125.9 125.8
Comoros ... 124.0 128.7 127.4 135.4
Congo (DRC) 52.2 28.5 ... ... 45.8
Congo (Rep.) 119.4 117.5 131.0 130.6 123.3
Côte d'Ivoire 103.9 113.8 114.9 118.3 112.9
Djibouti ... 77.6 73.4 70.0 74.5
Egypt ... ... ... ... ...
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia ... 94.6 101.6 127.9 ...
Gabon 122.7 121.4 121.7 122.5 115.6
Gambia 102.2 51.0 50.9 47.2 55.3
Ghana 154.4 109.4 109.4 105.1 99.4
Guinea ... ... ... ... ...
Guinea-Bissau ... 134.4 121.9 126.0 153.2
Kenya 100.4 115.3 168.0 182.6 213.7
Lesotho ... 129.4 139.1 141.3 131.8
Liberia ... ... ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 90.4 82.5 108.1 114.9 116.0
Malawi 94.9 73.8 74.1 72.0 59.7
Mali 115.7 120.7 113.7 113.0 111.1
Mauritania 110.6 94.6 98.3 94.0 97.2
Mauritius 90.5 84.8 102.3 108.9 109.9
Morocco 97.7 94.0 92.3 91.0 90.3
Mozambique 103.3 86.3 78.9 94.7 105.0
the economy
Namibia ... ... ... ... ...
Niger 110.2 108.8 110.3 111.9 103.5
Nigeria 107.4 127.1 148.8 151.2 172.3
Rwanda 109.8 73.7 76.6 73.0 77.4
Senegal 107.7 103.3 100.0 113.1 120.5
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone ... ... 52.9 52.1 61.4
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 110.1 106.8 103.8 102.6 97.4
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... 132.8 169.9 ... ...
Swaziland 97.5 111.8 115.9 115.3 115.2
Tanzania 99.9 70.1 67.0 62.7 75.8
Togo ... ... ... ... ...
Tunisia 98.7 87.5 82.5 102.7 80.3
Uganda 108.2 78.1 73.3 120.7 139.8
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 100.2 139.7 182.1 172.1 184.5
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ... ...
Source: UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTADSTAT Database, http://www.unctadstat.unctad.org, accessed 27 May 2013
a The real effective exchange rate is the trade weighted average exchange rate for each country adjusted for relative consumer prices. It is
expressed as an index and shows the strength of a currency over time against those of its trading partners. An increase in the index is an
appreciation, and a decrease a depreciation of the currency in terms of the real effective exchange rate.

Treasury billsa, 2011b
US$m
Country Total amount Less than 3 Total amount
3-6 months 6-9 months 9-12 months
issued in bills months outstanding
Algeria 3,290.5 2,056.5 1,233.9 0.0 0.0 15,900.6
Angola 2,875.6 539.4 160.8 0.0 2,175.4 27,373.6
Benin 503.8 0.0 0.0 64.8 439.0 4,741.6
Botswana 373.3 0.0 373.3 0.0 0.0 1,933.5
Burkina Faso 340.8 340.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 905.0
Burundi 291.5 246.1 26.1 0.0 19.3 1,075.8
Cameroon 106.0 53.0 53.0 0.0 0.0 116.5
Cape Verde 72.3 49.5 17.7 0.0 5.1 178.0
Central African Republic 33.0 0.0 33.0 0.0 0.0 31.0
Chad ... ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 5,580.2 3,897.0 778.9 5.7 898.6 15,205.6
Djibouti ... ... ... ... ... ...
Egypt 70,326.1 0.0 14,411.3 23,523.7 32,391.0 449,094.6
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia ... ... ... ... ... ...
Gabon ... ... ... ... ... ...
Gambia 198.7 66.4 51.3 0.0 81.0 1,607.6
Ghana 6,103.9 4,154.5 1,949.4 0.0 0.0 23,139.2
Guinea 364.8 45.3 78.5 0.0 240.9 1,500.0
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya 3,237.8 2,452.2 533.4 0.0 252.2 16,613.9
Lesotho 119.4 38.3 38.3 21.3 21.5 493.5
Liberia ... ... ... ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 655.7 94.7 273.1 0.0 288.2 4,717.7
Malawi 617.1 240.2 209.5 164.1 3.4 3,311.9
Mali 253.5 0.0 46.6 0.0 206.8 2,154.4
Mauritania 1,695.9 1145.9 464.7 49.5 35.7 ...
Mauritius 1,337.1 275.9 328.9 109.8 622.4 10,815.9
Morocco 2,637.9 1,049.5 148.3 0.0 1,440.1 37,617.4
Mozambique 1,508.6 607.2 374.5 0.0 526.9 8,139.7
The economy
Namibia 1,559.7 341.5 428.3 303.0 485.0 8,832.2

Niger 136.7 0.0 136.7 0.0 0.0 676.6
Nigeria 29,595.7 8,746.5 10,931.2 3,046.4 6,871.7 136,068.4
Rwanda 473.4 260.4 122.5 0.0 90.6 1,849.8
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ... ... ... ...
Senegal 458.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 458.7 4,773.7
Seychelles 154.9 53.3 56.7 0.0 44.8 828.4
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... ... ...
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 48,615.5 1,053.6 526.8 135.0 46,900.2 214,304.6
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Swaziland ... ... ... ... ... ...
Tanzania 1,406.6 389.0 84.7 0.0 932.9 10,948.6
Togo 127.2 42.4 84.8 0.0 0.0 442.0
Tunisia 225.2 0.0 0.0 1.1 224.2 1,877.0
Uganda 925.3 96.3 195.0 0.0 634.0 7,754.0
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 1,550.4 242.6 272.5 315.3 719.9 11,805.0
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ... ... ...
Africac 187,725.2 28,582.0 34,394.2 27,739.6 97,009.4 1,026,796.8
Source: African Development Bank, African Financial Markets Initiative, http://www.dataportal.africanbondmarkets.org, accessed 21 June 2013
b Data for issued bills in 2011 were incomplete and only available for the following months in these countries: Angola=February to December;
Benin=February to November; Botswana=March and September; Cameroon=November and December; Central African Republic=December;
Mali: March, October and December; Niger=June and December

Medium- and long-term treasury bonds issueda, latest year
US$m
Country Total amount
5-10 year > 10 year Total amount
issued in 1-5 year bonds Year
bonds bonds outstanding
bonds
Algeria 867.1 531.0 100.8 235.3 4,991.4 2010
Angola 837.2 113.8 723.4 0.0 4,583.7 2011
Benin 13.5 0.0 13.5 0.0 223.4 2011
Botswana 240.1 63.3 53.8 123.0 709.7 2011
Burkina Faso 128.4 0.0 128.4 0.0 453.9 2011
Burundi 7.9 7.8 0.0 0.0 18.5 2010
Cameroon 403.8 0.0 403.8 0.0 403.0 2010
Cape Verde 78.1 12.7 57.2 8.2 333.3 2011
Chad 211.9 211.9 0.0 0.0 200.9 2011
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 719.6 359.8 359.8 0.0 904.7 2011
Djibouti ... ... ... ... ... ...
Egypt 6,792.7 5,225.2 1,483.3 84.3 38,486.1 2011
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia ... ... ... ... ... ...
Gabon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 54.6 2011
Gambia 1.8 1.8 0.0 0.0 1.8 2010
Ghana 2,492.9 2,492.9 0.0 0.0 4,018.8 2011
Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ...
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya 1,901.6 1,181.4 130.2 590.0 7,237.1 2011
Lesotho 57.9 11.0 29.7 17.1 66.7 2011
Liberia ... ... ... ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar ... ... ... ... ... ...
Malawi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1 2011
Mali 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 158.4 2011
Mauritania ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritius 911.4 499.7 198.6 213.1 3,177.2 2011
Morocco 9,654.4 4,994.0 2,454.6 2,205.8 34,107.9 2011
the economy
Mozambique 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 196.1 2011
Namibia 297.3 110.2 44.7 142.4 996.7 2011
Niger 35.2 0.0 35.2 0.0 36.95 2009
Nigeria 5,141.4 1,913.5 1,706.7 1,521.1 21,162.4 2011
Rwanda 8.3 8.3 0.0 0.0 25.0 2011
Senegal 263.3 263.3 0.0 0.0 808.9 2011
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... ... ...
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 25,401.8 0.0 519.4 24,882.4 118,074.0 2011
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Swaziland 61.2 30.2 31.0 0.0 111.7 2011
Tanzania 359.9 109.1 147.3 103.5 1,236.3 2011
Togo 127.2 0.0 127.2 0.0 195.1 2011
Tunisia 683.3 119.0 397.1 167.2 4,451.3 2011
Uganda 465.8 445.9 19.8 0.0 1,082.4 2011
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 412.8 201.9 200.1 10.8 909.6 2011
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ... ... ...
Africab 57,261.9 18,367.0 8,825.9 30,068.9 248,410.6 2011
Source: African Development Bank, African Financial Markets Initiative, http://www.dataportal.africanbondmarkets.org, accessed 19 June 2013
a A treasury bond is an interest-bearing security issed by governments to raise capital. Once issued, bonds may be traded on the open market.

African sovereign wealth fundsa
Country Name Assets (US$m) Year established Type

Algeria Revenue Regulation Fund 77,200 2000 Oil and gas
Angola Fundo Soberano de Angola 5,000 2012 Oil
Diamonds and
Botswana Pula Fund 6,900 1994
minerals
Equatorial Guinea Fund for Future Generations 80 2002 Oil
Gabon Gabon Sovereign Wealth Fund 400 1998 Oil
Ghana Ghana Petroleum Funds 70 2002 Oil
Libya Libyan Investment Authority 65,000 2006 Oil
Mauritania National Fund for Hydrocarbon Reserves 300 2006 Oil and gas
Nigeria Nigerian Sovereign Investment Authority 1,000 2011 Oil
African sovereign wealth fundsa by value of assets
Fundo Soberano de
Angola (Angola) All others
Pula Fund (Botswana)

The economy
Libyan Investment
Authority (Libya)
Revenue Regulation
Fund (Algeria)
set up with balance of payments or public budget surpluses, revenue generated from the export of natural resources, or the proceeds of
privatisations, among other sources.

Economic freedom rankings, 2011 and 2013
Economic Freedom of the World Indexa rankings, 2011 Index of Economic Freedomb rankings, 2013
Change in Change in
World rank Rank in Africa World rank Rank in Africa
Country rankd, rankd,
(out of 152) (out of 42) (out of 177) (out of 51)c
2010-2011 2012-2013
Algeria 143 35 -6 145 35 -5
Angola 147 39 -7 158 44 +2
Benin 130 24 -15 101 16 +17
Botswana 52 3 +15 30 2 +3
Burkina Faso 132 26 -14 86 10 -1
Burundi 145 37 -11 148 38 +9
Cameroon 132 26 -26 133 30 +2
Cape Verde 121 21 … 65 4 +1
Central African Republic 145 37 -15 142 34 +3
Chad 148 40 -12 164 45 +2
Comoros … … … 157 43 +8
Congo (DRC) 144 36 -5 171 48 +1
Congo (Rep.) 150 42 -9 167 46 +0
Côte d'Ivoire 135 28 -6 126 27 +0
Djibouti … … … 127 28 +0
Egypt 108 17 -9 125 26 -25
Equatorial Guinea … … … 170 47 +0
Eritrea … … … 173 49 +2
Ethiopia 142 34 -11 146 36 -12
Gabon 136 29 -13 99 15 +14
Gambia 76 6 … 92 12 +2
Ghana 90 10 -19 77 7 +7
Guinea … … … 137 32 +4
Guinea-Bissau 138 30 +0 138 33 +11
Kenya 87 8 -9 114 20 -11
Lesotho 110 18 +15 155 42 +6
Liberia … … … 147 37 +7
Libya … … … … … …
Madagascar 107 16 -6 73 5 +2
Malawi 117 20 -29 118 22 -4
Mali 130 24 -13 111 19 +6
Mauritania 105 14 +27 134 31 -3
Mauritius 6 1 +2 8 1 +0
Morocco 98 12 +4 90 11 -3
Mozambique 139 31 -5 123 24 -15
the economy
Namibia 106 15 -12 84 9 -8
Niger 140 32 -12 128 29 -3
Nigeria 124 22 -4 120 23 -4
Rwanda 36 2 +9 63 3 -4
São Tomé and Príncipe … … … 153 41 -5
Senegal 129 23 -6 116 21 +4
Seychelles … … … 124 25 +8
Sierra Leone 115 19 +6 151 40 +1
Somalia … … … … … …
South Africa 88 9 -3 74 6 -4
Sudan … … … … … …
Swaziland 98 12 104 17 +2
Tanzania 93 11 +14 98 14 +12
Togo 141 33 -8 150 39 +5
Tunisia 81 7 -1 107 18 -12
Uganda 64 4 -14 79 8 -1
Zambia 64 4 -16 93 13 +3
Zimbabwe 149 41 -7 175 50 +3
a Source: The Fraser Institute, Economic Freedom of the World 2013 and 2012 Annual Report
rank, the greater the economic freedom.

b Source: The Heritage Foundation in partnership with The Wall Street Journal, 2013 Index of Economic Freedom and 2012 Index of Economic
Freedom. The Index of Economic Freedom ranks 177 countries according to their performance in four categories of economic freedom: rule of
c Ranking within Africa is independent of source ranking by region, which provides rankings for sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East and
North Africa.
d As calculated by the author

The economy

4
bUSInESS
business
AFRICAn RATIngS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Credit ratings, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
AFRICAn bUSInESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Africa’s top 50 banks, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
African stock exchanges, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
New businesses registered, 2008-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Total value of stocks traded, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Market capitalisation of listed companies, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Firm characteristics, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
bUSInESS EnVIRonmEnT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Ease of doing business index, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Costs of starting a business, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Procedures and time required to start a business, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Access to banking services (individuals), 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Registering property, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Construction permits and procedures, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Construction costs, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Enforcing contracts, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Business telephones, 2005-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Business electricity infrastructure, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Labour regulations, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Business tax administration, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Business tax, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
International trade requirements, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
International trade, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Resolving insolvency, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Global competitiveness index 2013-2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Economic freedom index, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
bUSInESS SECToRS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Manufacturing, value added, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Services, value added, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Agriculture, value added, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
International tourists, 2009-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Industrial, mining and manufacturing production indices, 2009-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Mining policy indices, 2008/09-2012/13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Agricultural production index, 2008-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Area under cereal production, 1990-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Cereal yield, 2000-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Food production index, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Business
Livestock production index, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

bUSInESS
Business

African Ratings
Credit ratingsa, 2013
bUSInESS
Standard & Poor's Fitch Moody's Dagong
Local Foreign
currency currency
Country Rating Outlook Rating Outlook Rating Outlook Outlook Outlook
reserve reserve
rating rating
Algeria ... ... ... BA3 Positive BBB- Stable BBB- Stable
Angola BB- Stable BB- Positive ... ... BB- Stable BB- Stable
Benin B ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Botswana A- Stable ... ... A2 Stable A Stable A Stable
Burkina Faso B Stable ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Burundi ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Cameroon B Stable B Stable ... ... ... ... ... ...
Cape Verde B+ B+ ... ... ... ... ... ...
Central African
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Republic
Chad ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... B3 Stable CCC Stable CCC Stable
Congo (Rep.) B+ Stable B+ Stable ... ... ... ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Djibouti ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Egypt CCC+ Stable B- CAA1 Negative B- Stable B- Stable
Equatorial
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Guinea
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia ... ... ... ... ... CCC Stable CCC
Gabon BB- Stable BB- Stable ... ... ... ... ... ...
Gambia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ghana B Stable B Stable B1 Stable B Stable B Stable
Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya B+ Stable B+ Stable B1 Stable B Negative B
Lesotho ... BB- Stable ... ... ... ... ... ...
Liberia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar ... ... ... ... ... CCC Stable CCC Stable
Malawi ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mali ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritania ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritius ... ... ... BAA1 Stable BBB Stable BBB Stable
Morocco BBB- BBB- Stable BA1 Negative BBB Negative BBB
Mozambique B+ B+ Stable B1 Stable ... ... ... ...
Namibia ... BBB- Stable BAA3 Stable ... ... ... ...
Niger ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Nigeria BB- Stable BB- Stable BA3 Stable BB+ Stable BB+ Stable
Rwanda BB+ Stable B Positive ... ... ... ... ... ...
São Tomé and
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Príncipe
Senegal B+ ... ... B1 Stable ... ... ... ...
Seychelles ... B Positive ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa BBB BBB Stable BAA1 Negative A Negative A
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... CC Stable CC Stable
Sudan ... ... ... ... ... C Stable C Stable
Swaziland ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Tanzania ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Togo ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Tunisia B BB+ BA2 Negative BBB- Negative BB+
Uganda B+ B Positive ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia B+ Stable B+ B1 Stable ... ... ... ...
Business
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/country-list/rating, accessed 28 October 2013
a Rating agencies express their opinion about the ability and willingness of a bond issuer, in this case a national government, to meet its

Credit ratings, 2013 (continued)
bUSInESS
Rating terminology
Standard & Poor's Moody's Fitch Dagong

Prime AAA Aaa AAA AAA
High grade AA+ Aa1 AA+ AA
AA Aa2 AA
AA- Aa3 AA-
Upper medium grade A+ A1 A+ A
A A2 A
A- A3 A-
Lower medium grade BBB+ Baa1 BBB+ BBB
BBB Baa2 BBB
BBB- Baa3 BBB-
Non-investment grade BB+ Ba1 BB+ BB
BB Ba2 BB
BB- Ba3 BB-
Highly speculative B+ B1 B+ B
B B2 B
B- B3 B-
Substantial risks CCC+ Caa1 CCC CCC
Extremely speculative CCC Caa2
In default with little
CCC- Caa3 CC
prospect for recovery
CC Ca
C C
In default D DDD C
DD
D
Africa’s top 100 companies, 2011 Country of origin
Zambia (2) Algeria (5)

Angola (2)
Tunisia (2) Cameroon (1)
Côte d'Ivoire (1)
Egypt (12)
Morocco (8)
Nigeria (2)
South Africa (65)

Business
Source: The Africa Report, “Top 500 Companies in Africa”, February 2012

African businesses
Africa’s top 100 companies, 2011
bUSInESS
Rank Company Country Sector Turnover (US$ ‘000)
1 Sonatrach Algeria Petroleum 58,793,251
2 Sonangol Angola Petroleum 22,244,664
3 Sasol South Africa Chemicals 18,393,415
4 MTN Group South Africa Telecommunications 17,254,208
5 Bidvest Group South Africa 16,517,786
6 Eskom South Africa Electricity 13,758,201
7 Shoprite Holdings South Africa Retail 10,140,697
8 Sanlam South Africa Insurance 10,123,028
9 Vodacom Group South Africa Telecommunications 9,207,089
10 Imperial Holdings South Africa 8,039,747
11 Pick 'n Pay Stores holdings South Africa Retail 7,815,246
12 Steinhoff International Holdings South Africa 7,227,618
13 Massmart Holdings South Africa Retail 7,139,003
14 Vodacom South Africa South Africa Telecommunications 6,979,676
15 Anglo Platinum Corp. South Africa Mining 6,924,461
16 SAPPI South Africa Paper 6,572,000
17 Barloworld South Africa 6,142,874
18 De Beers Consolidated Mines South Africa Mining 5,887,000
19 Anglogold Ashanti South Africa Mining 5,842,425
20 Kumba Iron Ore South Africa Mining 5,823,017
21 Transnet South Africa Transport 5,709,878
22 MTN South Africa South Africa Telecommunications 5,389,420
23 Spar Group South Africa Retail 5,242,310
24 Morocco Mining 5,128,650
25 Aveng South Africa 5,112,457
26 MTN Nigeria Nigeria Telecommunications 5,038,871
27 Telkom South Africa Telecommunications 5,033,154
28 Naspers South Africa Media 4,977,638
29 Murray and Roberts Holdings South Africa Construction 4,808,743
30 SAB Miller South Africa South Africa Beverages 4,777,000
31 Gold Fields South Africa Mining 4,748,999
32 Orascom Construction Industries Egypt Construction 4,719,726
33 Groupe ONA Morocco 4,684,968
34 Arcelor Mittal South Africa South Africa Metal, steel 4,547,201
35 Grindrod South Africa Sea transport 4,544,024
36 Suez Canal Authority Egypt Ports 4,542,000
37 Samir Morocco 4,365,837
38 Datatec South Africa ICT 4,302,972
39 Edgars Consolidated Stores South Africa Retail 3,849,414
40 Impala Platinum Holdings South Africa Mining 3,828,351
41 Old Mutual Life Assurance Co. South Africa Insurance 3,775,543
42 Maroc Telecom Morocco Telecommunications 3,733,304
43 Orascom Telecom Egypt Telecommunications 3,693,228
44 Woolworths Holdings South Africa Retail 3,519,477
45 Liberty Group South Africa Insurance 3,432,065
46 Allied Electronics Corp. South Africa Electrical equipment 3,431,765
47 The Arab Contractors Egypt Construction 3,428,433
48 Transnet Freight Rail South Africa Transport 3,401,223
49 Network Healthcare Holdings South Africa Healthcare 3,381,213
50 Naftal Algeria Petroleum services 3,367,077
51 South African Airways South Africa Air transport 3,182,000
Business
continues >

Africa’s top 100 companies, 2011 (continued)
bUSInESS
Rank Company Country Sector Turnover (US$ ‘000)

52 Angola Petroleum 3,095,712
53 Tiger Brands South Africa Agribusiness 2,906,092
54 EZZ Steel Co. Egypt Metal, steel 2,847,251
55 Medi Clinic Corp. South Africa Healthcare 2,802,131
56 Nampak South Africa Packaging 2,790,170
57 Masscash South Africa Retail 2,620,538
58 Akwa Group Morocco 2,593,800
59 Exxaro Resources South Africa Mining 2,580,970
60 Lonmin South Africa Mining 2,506,850
61 Oando Nigeria Petroleum services 2,470,624
62 Morocco Electricity 2,461,163
63 Santam South Africa Insurance 2,385,385
64 Pioneer Foods Group South Africa Agribusiness 2,366,777
65 EgyptAir Holdings Egypt 2,314,141
66 Wilson Bayly Holmes-ovcon South Africa Construction 2,287,005
67 Cetival Algeria Agribusiness 2,259,263
68 Soc. Nat. De L'electricite Et Du Gaz Algeria Electricity, gas 2,254,237
69 McCarthy Retail South Africa Auto dealer 2,219,676
70 El Sewedy Cables Egypt Electric cables 2,210,116
71 New Clicks Holdings South Africa Retail 1,997,416
72 JD Group South Africa Retail 1,989,551
73 Côte d'Ivoire 1,948,523
Soc.Tunisienne Des Ind. De
74 Tunisia 1,854,141
75 Remgro South Africa 1,838,800
76 Massdiscounters South Africa Retail 1,830,209
77 Konkola Copper Mines Zambia Mining 1,825,000
78 Mobinil Egypt Telecommunications 1,811,645
79 Orascom Telecom Algerie Algeria Telecommunications 1,793,840
80 Distell Group South Africa Beverages 1,776,647
81 Telecom Egypt Egypt Telecommunications 1,767,461
82 Mondi Group South Africa South Africa Paper and packaging 1,762,823
83 Egyptair Airlines Egypt Air transport 1,745,319
84 AECI South Africa Chemicals 1,740,556
85 Masswarehouse South Africa Services 1,730,356
86 Societe Nationale Des Hydrocarbures Cameroon Petroleum 1,713,011
87 Group Five Holdings South Africa Construction 1,705,740
88 Harmony Gold Mining Co. South Africa Mining 1,697,678
89 Al Ezz Dekheila Steel Co. Egypt Metal, steel 1,695,870
90 African Rainbow Minerals South Africa Mining 1,658,260
91 Kansanshi Mining Zambia Mining 1,658,000
92 Altaids Maroc Morocco Tobacco 1,650,600
93 Mr Price Group South Africa Retail 1,641,875
94 Reunert South Africa Electrical equipment 1,606,791
95 PetroSA South Africa Petroleum 1,589,562
Soc.Tunisienne De L'electricite
96 Tunisia Electricity, gas 1,585,221
Et Du Gaz
97 Aspen Pharmacare Holdings South Africa Pharmaceuticals 1,526,556
98 Royal Air Maroc Morocco Air transport 1,525,942
99 Egypt 1,518,093
100 Grinaker-LTA South Africa Construction 1,507,629
Business

Africa’s top 50 banks, 2011
bUSInESS
US$ ‘000
Net interest
Rank Bank Country Total assets Loans Deposits
income
1 Standard Bank Group South Africa 181,940,000 4,007,647 95,572,167 108,221,558
2 Standard Bank of South Africa South Africa 115,347,312 5,688,467 77,702,290 84,588,162
3 ABSA Group South Africa 95,191,373 5,520,103 62,231,464 56,250,449
4 FirstRand Banking Group South Africa 90,693,712 1,981,379 61,797,415 71,432,027
5 Nedbank Group South Africa 80,468,586 2,318,698 62,110,698 64,904,446
6 National Bank of Egypt Egypt 51,189,290 1,562,463 15,169,521 44,397,227
7 Attijariwafa Bank Morocco 43,680,958 2,022,004 29,368,692 26,924,459
8 Groupe BCP Morocco 32,192,191 1,364,493 21,846,120 23,946,882
9 Banque Misr Egypt 29,912,080 634,541 6,920,466 25,880,259
10 Banque Extérieure D'Algérie Algeria 29,548,000 570,000 16,386,000 22,832,000
11 Banque Marocaine du Commerce Extérieur Morrocco 27,383,435 1,069,535 17,155,609 16,462,747
12 First National Bank South Africa South Africa 27,019,543 982,383 ... ...
13 Banque Nationale D'Algérie Algeria 25,792,198 803,164 14,199,759 16,591,485
14 Ecobank Transnational Inc. Togo 19,950,335 855,013 9,440,945 14,620,478
15 First Bank of Nigeria Nigeria 17,704,607 1,652,160 8,411,841 13,877,847
16 Zenith International Bank Nigeria 16,642,781 1,001,677 6,482,821 12,327,869
17 Zenith Bank of Nigeria Nigeria 15,571,702 1,337,395 5,721,312 11,514,831
18 Commercial International Bank Egypt 14,970,861 623,206 6,480,800 12,536,825
19 United Bank for Africa Group Nigeria 14,523,978 585,433 4,210,512 10,990,851
Caisse Nationale D'épargne et de
20 Algeria 13,125,028 138,862 4,538,146 12,046,989
Prévoyancea
21 Crédit Populaire D'Algérie Algeria 12,339,320 337,489 5,834,570 9,053,988
22 Banque de L'Agriculture et du Dév. Rurala Algeria 12,074,310 ... ... ...
23 Access Bank Group Nigeria 11,151,683 615,854 3,860,029 7,677,470
24 Guaranty Trust Bank Nigeria 11,085,870 1,149,586 5,009,216 7,489,447
25 Banco Angolano de Inv. Angola 10,763,890 579,146 2,678,636 8,486,270
26 National Société Générale Bank Egypt 10,653,799 ... ... ...
27 United Bank for Africa Nigeriaa Nigeria 10,081,782 377,105 3,632,423 7,408,266
28 Société Générale Maroc Morocco 9,407,471 480,804 7,629,538 6,030,336
29 Fonds National D'investissementa Algeria 9,185,836 54,446 6,467,360 ...
30 Banco Espirito Santo Angolaa Angola 8,895,678 ... ... ...
31 HSBC Bank Egypt Egypt 8,590,114 486,436 3,119,956 7,522,132
32 Banque Marocaine Pour le Comm. Et L'ind. Morocco 8,392,255 347,831 6,714,877 6,229,935
33 Arabian African Inter Egypt 8,197,044 202,299 3,412,043 5,970,838
34 Banque du Cairea Egypt 8,144,360 ... ... ...
35 Banco de Femento Angola Angola 7,924,446 392,873 1,423,846 6,955,060
36 Diamond Bank Nigeria 7,528,083 570,765 3,739,429 5,816,398
37 African Bank South Africa 6,962,859 1,124,455 6,495,034 2,852,491
38 Banco BIC Angola 6,914,226 176,552 2,578,540 5,473,426
39 Ecobank Nigeriaa Nigeria 6,890,767 335,174 2,512,426 5,462,030
40 Skye Bank Nigeria 6,861,761 284,368 3,453,028 5,048,688
41 Union Bank of Nigeria Nigeria 6,601,170 429,964 1,053,909 3,338,411
42 Bank of Alexandria Egypt 6,546,693 328,258 3,092,471 5,329,245
43 Faisal Islamic Bank of Egypt Egypt 6,541,611 264,492 3,237,946 5,936,868
44 Commercial Bank of Ethiopiaa Ethiopia 6,535,620 ... ... ...
45 BGFI Bank Holding Corp. Gabon 6,081,146 383,058 3,459,425 5,025,145
46 Fidelity Bank Nigeria 5,842,761 486,713 2,293,267 4,580,026
47 First City Monument Bank Nigeria 5,805,607 276,938 2,286,334 4,129,325
48 Access Bank Nigeriaa Nigeria 5,760,937 294,307 2,820,474 3,182,623
49 Crédit du Maroc Morocco 5,669,025 249,901 4,227,676 4,023,468
50 The Mauritius Commercial Bank Mauritius 5,503,007 301,602 4,038,483 4,375,636
Source: The Africa Report, “Top 500 Companies in Africa”, February 2012
Business

African stock exchanges, 2013
bUSInESS
Exchange Acronym Country Listings

Johannesburg Stock Exchange JSE South Africa 410
Nigerian Stock Exchange NSE Nigeria 223
Casablanca Stock Exchange Casa SE Morocco 81
Zimbabwe Stock Exchange ZS Zimbabwe 81
Bourse des Valeurs Mobilières de Tunis BVMT Tunisia 56
Nairobi Stock Exchange NSE Kenya 50
Botswana Stock Exchange BSE Botswana 44
Stock Exchange of Mauritius SEM Mauritius 40
Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau,
Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières BRVM 39
Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo
Ghana Stock Exchange GSE Ghana 28
Lusaka Stock Exchange LuSE Zambia 16
Uganda Securities Exchange USE Uganda 14
Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange DSE Tanzania 11
Swaziland Stock Exchange SSX Swaziland 10
Malawi Stock Exchange MSE Malawi 8
Libyan Stock Market LSM Libya 7
Rwanda
Rwanda Stock Exchange RSE 4
Bourse d'Alger SGBV Algeria 3
Douala Stock Exchange BSE Cameroon 2
Abuja Securities and Commodities Exchange ASCE Nigeria …
Agricultural Commodities Exchange of
ZAMACE Zambia …
Zambia
Bolsa de Valores de Cabo Verde BVC Cape Verde …
Bolsa de Valores de Moçambique BVM Mozambique …
Egyptian Exchange EGX Egypt …
Khartoum Stock Exchange KSE Sudan …
Namibia Stock Exchange NSX Namibia …
Source: Globaltrend Investment, http://www.globetrendinvestment.com/list-of-exchanges.php, accessed 28 October 2013
New businesses registered, 2008-2011
Countrya 2008 2009 2010 2011

Algeria 4,651 4,574 4,122 4,711
Botswana 8,050 10,852 11,639 12,217
Burkina Faso 678 702 1,002 1,021
Egypt 6,291 6,308 … …
Ethiopia 1,211 1,327 … …
Gabon 4,318 3,490 … …
Ghana 14,485 15,324 13,760 15,649
Kenya 17,896 … … …
Lesotho 1,395 1,500 1,725 1,573
Madagascar … … … 944
Malawi 797 619
Mauritius 9,012 6,631 5,442 7,239
Morocco 26,280 26,166 … …
Niger 36 24 … …
Nigeria 64,017 65,089 65,074 72,396
Rwanda 1,136 3,028 4,619 4,627
São Tomé and Príncipe … … 57 243
Senegal 1,343 1,728 1,285 1,306
Sierra Leone 843 1,045 747 1,271
South Africa 29,563 24,700 25,184 …
South Sudan 3,221 2,505 1,596 …
Togo 53 400 388 398
Business
Tunisia 4,651 4,574 4,122 4,711

Uganda 9,509 11,152 … …
Zambia 6,284 5,505 6,941 8,540
Source: World Bank, Jobs Database, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 24 October 2013
a Countries shown are those for which data are available.

Total value of stocks traded, 2000-2011
bUSInESS
Proportion of GDP
Countrya 2000 2005 2010 2011

Botswana 0.8% 0.4% 0.9% 0.8%
Côte d'Ivoire 0.3% 0.2% 0.6% 0.5%
Egypt 11.1% 28.3% 17.0% 9.6%
Ghana 0.2% 0.6% 0.3% 0.3%
Kenya 0.4% 2.7% 3.4% 2.6%
Malawi ... 0.3% 0.4% 0.9%
Mauritius 1.6% 2.4% 3.7% 4.6%
Morocco 3.0% 7.0% 11.8% 6.3%
Namibia 0.6% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1%
Nigeria 0.6% 1.7% 2.3% 1.7%
South Africa 58.3% 81.2% 93.5% 91.2%
Tanzania 0.4% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%
Tunisia 2.9% 1.4% 3.8% 2.4%
Uganda ... 0.0% 0.1% 0.1%
Zambia 0.2% 0.2% 0.8% 0.5%
Zimbabwe 4.2% 5.8% 15.4% 18.9%
Market capitalisation of listed companiesa, 2000-2011
Proportion of GDP
Countyb 2000 2005 2010 2011

Botswana 17.4% 23.8% 27.3% 23.7%
Côte d'Ivoire 11.4% 14.2% 31.0% 26.1%
Egypt 28.8% 88.8% 37.7% 21.2%
Ghana 10.1% 15.5% 11.0% 7.9%
Kenya 10.1% 34.1% 44.9% 30.3%
Malawi ... 8.4% 25.2% 24.6%
Mauritius 29.0% 41.7% 76.7% 68.1%
Morocco 29.4% 45.7% 76.2% 60.0%
Namibia 8.0% 5.7% 10.6% 9.2%
Nigeria 9.2% 17.2% 22.3% 16.1%
South Africa 154.2% 228.9% 174.8% 128.1%
Swaziland 4.8% 7.6% ... ...
Tanzania 2.3% 4.2% 5.5% 6.4%
Tunisia 13.2% 8.9% 24.1% 20.8%
Uganda ... 1.1% 10.4% 46.0%
Zambia 7.2% 13.8% 17.4% 20.9%
Zimbabwe 36.4% 41.7% 154.4% 112.9%
a The market capitalisation of listed companies is the share price times the number of shares outstanding as a percentage of GDP and
shows the overall size of the stock market.
Business

Firm characteristics, latest year
bUSInESS
Share of ...
domestic
foreign private government/
Age private legal status of
Country Year ownership in a state ownership
(years) ownership in a largest owner(s) a publicly listed
company
Algeria 2007 15.4 97.4% 1.5% 0.2% 73.0% 3.0%
Angola 2010 9.9 59.2% 14.8% 1.1% 87.8% 9.5%
Benin 2009 10.8 85.6% 11.4% 0.1% 90.0% 5.2%
Botswana 2010 15.7 58.0% 41.3% 0.2% 70.3% 4.5%
Burkina Faso 2009 12.7 83.3% 7.6% 0.2% 91.1% 3.1%
Burundi 2006 9 84.0% 14.7% 1.0% 89.5% 0.0%
Cameroon 2009 16.4 87.6% 8.1% 0.4% 90.6% 1.1%
Cape Verde 2009 19 70.5% 8.3% 0.3% 84.7% 11.0%
Central African
2011 11.7 65.0% 31.3% 2.1% 84.6% 0.8%
Republic
Chad 2009 14.7 79.4% 18.7% 0.4% 85.8% 5.5%
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 2010 16.1 74.8% 7.7% 1.6% 97.0% 1.3%
Congo (Rep.) 2009 13.2 61.2% 19.1% 0.9% 92.1% 4.6%
Côte d'Ivoire 2009 7.3 74.1% 13.6% 0.0% 93.7% 1.1%
Djibouti ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Egypt 2008 23.6 92.2% 2.0% 2.4% 67.0% 26.6%
Equatorial
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Guinea
Eritrea 2009 16 98.6% 1.4% 0.0% 86.0% 0.7%
Ethiopia 2011 9.8 96.0% 4.0% 0.0% 91.5% 1.1%
Gabon 2009 13.8 42.4% 54.8% 2.7% 85.9% 9.5%
Gambia 2006 9.4 74.2% 24.6% 1.1% 88.6% 0.6%
Ghana 2007 15.3 94.7% 4.8% 0.5% 91.1% 0.5%
Guinea 2006 8.4 90.8% 8.7% 0.4% 89.8% 0.0%
Guinea-Bissau 2006 10.4 91.0% 7.6% 1.2% 93.3% 0.0%
Kenya 2007 11.5 93.5% 6.1% 0.3% 78.0% 1.2%
Lesotho 2009 14.2 68.2% 25.4% 1.2% 79.0% 3.0%
Liberia 2009 8.5 88.9% 9.3% 0.3% 89.6% 0.8%
Libya ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 2009 18.9 67.5% 32.1% 0.3% 80.5% 0.0%
Malawi 2009 14.9 78.9% 20.9% 0.2% 89.7% 6.0%
Mali 2010 11.8 90.2% 6.3% 0.4% 93.1% 6.6%
Mauritania 2006 9.8 92.3% 7.7% 0.0% 87.5% 0.0%
Mauritius 2009 15.7 81.5% 8.3% 0.0% 85.4% 0.9%
Morocco 2007 22.7 81.2% 17.6% 1.0% 66.4% 23.4%
Mozambique 2007 15 77.3% 18.3% 0.1% 84.5% 0.0%
Namibia 2006 10.9 79.6% 20.3% 0.1% 78.1% 1.8%
Niger 2009 14.4 85.8% 14.1% 0.0% 88.2% 0.8%
Nigeria 2007 9.6 98.9% 0.6% 0.2% 96.6% 0.1%
Rwanda 2011 9.3 84.4% 15.0% 0.3% 76.8% 1.1%
São Tomé and
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Príncipe
Senegal 2007 11.1 95.4% 4.3% 0.2% 91.9% 0.0%
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 2009 16.4 96.7% 3.1% 0.1% 89.2% 1.1%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 2007 15.7 89.7% 8.9% 0.1% 78.2% 0.4%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Swaziland 2006 9.9 63.8% 35.1% 0.9% 82.1% 6.5%
Tanzania 2006 11 89.1% 9.1% 1.1% 83.2% 0.4%
Togo 2009 10.2 85.9% 11.0% 1.0% 92.1% 3.3%
Tunisia ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda 2006 11.7 82.7% 15.5% 0.3% 83.2% 1.2%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Business
Zambia 2007 15.4 74.9% 23.1% 0.7% 82.3% 1.1%

Zimbabwe 2011 33.3 94.2% 5.1% 0.5% 61.7% 5.5%
Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurveys.org, accessed 25 October 2013
indicated.

business Environment
Ease of doing business indexa, 2013
bUSInESS
2012 2013 2013
Change in rank,
2012-13 Rank in Africa
Country Rank (out of 183)
(out of 51)
Algeria 150 152 -2 27
Angola 174 172 +2 40
Benin 176 175 +1 42
Botswana 58 59 -1 5
Burkina Faso 149 153 -4 28
Burundi 172 159 +13 32
Cameroon 156 161 -5 34
Cape Verde 121 122 -1 14
Central African Republic 183 185 -2 51
Chad 185 184 +1 50
Comoros 158 158 +0 31
Congo (DRC) 180 181 -1 47
Congo (Rep.) 184 183 +1 49
Côte d'Ivoire 177 177 +0 44
Djibouti 171 171 +0 39
Egypt 110 109 +1 11
Equatorial Guinea 159 162 -3 35
Eritrea 182 182 +0 48
Ethiopia 125 127 -2 16
Gabon 165 170 -5 38
Gambia 143 147 -4 24
Ghana 63 64 -1 6
Guinea 181 178 +3 45
Guinea-Bissau 178 179 -1 46
Kenya 117 121 -4 13
Lesotho 153 136 +17 19
Liberia 154 149 +5 25
Libya ... … … …
Madagascar 138 142 -4 21
Malawi 151 157 -6 30
Mali 145 151 -6 26
Mauritania 164 167 -3 37
Mauritius 24 19 +5 1
Morocco 93 97 -4 10
Mozambique 139 146 -7 23
Namibia 81 87 -6 8
Niger 175 176 -1 43
Nigeria 131 131 +0 17
Rwanda 48 52 -4 4
São Tomé and Príncipe 157 160 -3 33
Senegal 162 166 -4 36
Seychelles 76 74 +2 7
Sierra Leone 148 140 +8 20
Somalia ... … … …
South Africa 41 39 +2 2
South Sudan ... … … …
Sudan 140 143 -3 22
Swaziland 123 123 +0 15
Tanzania 133 134 -1 18
Togo 161 156 +5 29
Tunisia 45 50 -5 3
Uganda 119 120 -1 12
Western Sahara ... … … …
Zambia 90 94 -4 9
Zimbabwe 170 172 -2 41
Business
Source: Doing Business, Historical Data Sets and Trends Data, http://www.doingbusiness.org, accessed 28 October 2013
a The ease of doing business index rank is derived from the simple average of the ten doing business indicators which measure the ease of
starting a business, dealing with contruction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes,
trading across borders, enforcing contracts and ease of resolving insolvency. The doing business indicators measure business regulations
affecting small and medium-sized companies operating in the largest business city of the economy. Data are based on an evaluation of laws
city sampled in each country.

Perceptions of the business environment, latest year
bUSInESS
Share of...
Time senior
required management's
identifying
to obtain time spent expected to
business identifying the identifying
operating dealing give gifts to
Country Year licencing courts system corruption
licence with the
and permits as a major as a major
(days) requirements "to get things
as a major constraint constraint
of government done"
constraint
regulation
Algeria 2007 19.3 25.1% 25.9% 29.3% 66.6% 64.3%
Angola 2010 34.7 12.2% 41.8% 23.6% 48.9% 75.6%
Benin 2009 64.3 24.5% 20.6% 32.9% 52.0% 64.0%
Botswana 2010 27.2 10.2% 29.3% 6.4% 7.3% 27.4%
Burkina Faso 2009 35.8 22.2% 17.6% 25.7% 8.5% 70.5%
Burundi 2006 27.3 5.7% 9.9% 7.1% 56.5% 19.7%
Cameroon 2009 30.0 7.0% 28.1% 31.0% 51.2% 61.3%
Cape Verde 2009 39.2 3.9% 11.9% 17.6% 6.0% 29.8%
Central African
2011 14.5 9.2% 18.7% 8.9% 41.8% 41.4%
Republic
Chad 2009 24.3 20.8% 36.6% 36.2% 41.8% 67.2%
Comoros … ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 2010 40.0 29.4% 31.9% 33.0% 65.7% 72.7%
Congo (Rep.) 2009 ... 6.0% 28.7% 37.0% 81.8% 65.0%
Côte d'Ivoire 2009 44.1 1.6% 8.4% 28.4% 38.5% 75.0%
Djibouti ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Egypt 2008 42.7 8.8% 13.6% 6.5% 15.2% 45.2%
Eritrea 2009 ... 0.5% 6.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Ethiopia 2006 11.4 3.0% 3.0% 2.8% 4.0% 7.1%
Gabon 2009 12.1 2.8% 21.3% 14.6% 41.8% 41.4%
Gambia 2006 8.4 7.3% 18.1% 4.6% 52.4% 9.8%
Ghana 2007 6.4 3.2% 5.0% 1.7% 38.8% 9.9%
Guinea 2006 13.0 2.6% 19.1% 2.1% 84.8% 47.7%
Guinea-Bissau 2006 30.4 2.9% 14.3% 25.2% 63.1% 44.0%
Kenya 2007 23.4 5.1% 28.3% 13.0% 79.2% 38.4%
Lesotho 2009 16.4 5.6% 16.5% 25.2% 28.1% 46.7%
Liberia 2009 16.0 7.5% 17.5% 18.3% 55.4% 31.2%
Libya ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 2009 41.3 17.1% 9.2% 20.0% 21.8% 42.7%
Malawi 2009 15.0 3.5% 9.0% 4.1% 10.8% 12.8%
Mali 2010 41.0 2.0% 12.4% 15.9% 19.4% 24.8%
Mauritania 2006 10.7 5.8% 4.3% 10.8% 82.1% 17.1%
Mauritius 2009 19.1 9.4% 18.6% 12.7% 5.9% 50.7%
Morocco 2007 3.4 11.4% 9.3% 30.1% 13.4% 27.3%
Mozambique 2007 35.2 3.3% 13.7% 5.4% 14.8% 25.4%
Namibia 2006 9.6 2.9% 2.8% 6.1% 11.4% 19.1%
Niger 2009 39.7 22.9% 11.7% 14.2% 35.2% 83.7%
Nigeria 2007 12.1 6.1% 12.2% … 40.9% 24.7%
Rwanda 2006 6.5 5.2% 7.7% 10.3% 6.2% 15.4%
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Senegal 2007 21.4 2.9% 17.9% 3.8% 18.1% 23.8%
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 2009 12.6 7.3% 17.7% 15.5% 20.4% 36.9%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 2007 36.2 6.0% 3.0% 1.6% 15.1% 16.9%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Swaziland 2006 24.0 4.4% 22.5% 7.8% 40.6% 24.9%
Tanzania 2006 15.9 4.0% 18.3% 6.0% 49.5% 19.7%
Togo 2009 56.4 2.7% 16.1% 33.5% 16.7% 70.2%
Business
Tunisia ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Uganda 2006 9.3 5.2% 14.6% 4.2% 51.7% 23.6%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 2007 48.3 4.6% 5.0% 2.3% 14.3% 12.1%
Zimbabwe 2011 5.9 2.5% 12.9% 7.0% 7.2% 32.5%
Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurverys.org, accessed 25 October 2013
indicated.

Perceptions of the business environment, latest year
bUSInESS
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Algeria (2007)
Angola(2010)
Benin (2009)
Botswana (2010)
Burkina Faso (2009)
Burundi (2006)
Cameroon (2009)
Cape Verde (2009)
Central African Republic (2011)
Chad (2009)
Comoros ( )
Congo (DRC) (2010)
Congo (Rep.) (2009)
Côte d'Ivoire (2009)
Djibouti ( )
Egypt (2008)
Equatorial Guinea ( )
Eritrea (2009)
Ethiopia (2011)
Gabon (2009)
Gambia (2006)
Ghana (2007) Firms identifying business
Guinea (2006) licencing and permits as a
Guinea-Bissau (2006) major constraint
Kenya (2007)
Lesotho (2009) Firms identifying corruption
Liberia (2009) as a major constraint
Libya ( )
Madagascar (2009)
Malawi (2009)
Mali (2010)
Mauritania (2006)
Mauritius (2009)
Morocco (2007)
Mozambique (2007)
Namibia (2006)
Niger (2009)
Nigeria (2007)
Rwanda (2011)
São Tomé and Príncipe ( )
Senegal (2007)
Seychelles ( )
Sierra Leone (2009)
Somalia ( )
South Africa (2007)
South Sudan ( )
Sudan ( )
Swaziland (2006)
Tanzania (2006)
Togo (2009)
Tunisia ( )
Uganda (2006)
Western Sahara ( )
Zambia (2007)
Zimbabwe (2011)
Business
Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurverys.org, accessed 25 October 2013

Costs of starting a business, 2005-2012
bUSInESS
Share of income per capita

a
Country Cost to start a business Minimum capital required b
2005 2008 2012 2005 2008 2012
Algeria 12.4% 10.8% 12.1% 55.1% 36.6% 27.2%
Angola 653.8% 196.8% 105.4% 485.4% 39.1% 24.6%
Benin 168.2% 198.1% 126.8% 323.1% 347.0% 264.5%
Botswana 10.9% 2.3% 1.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Burkina Faso 149.9% 62.3% 46.8% 483.8% 458.8% 353.9%
Burundi 190.2% 206.7% 18.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Cameroon 172.1% 151.5% 35.8% 216.5% 188.0% 168.3%
Cape Verde 44.0% 35.7% 14.9% 58.6% 47.5% 34.2%
Chad 478.4% 253.1% 202.0% 619.1% 365.1% 289.4%
Comoros 192.6% 192.3% 150.0% 259.1% 280.8% 261.9%
Congo (DRC) 1,190.0% 935.4% 284.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Congo (Rep.) 158.1% 106.4% 55.3% 220.1% 131.2% 80.5%
Côte d'Ivoire 134.9% 135.1% 130.0% 225.2% 215.9% 184.6%
Djibouti 234.9% 200.2% 150.7% 604.6% 514.0% 383.6%
Egypt 104.9% 22.4% 10.2% 739.8% 2.0% 0.0%
Equatorial Guinea 2,051.5% 99.3% 98.2% 266.9% 15.4% 11.7%
Eritrea 130.4% 102.2% 52.3% 535.2% 396.7% 203.1%
Ethiopia 64.9% 29.8% 135.3% 1,532.0% 693.6% 249.1%
Gabon 27.8% 20.3% 14.5% 41.5% 30.2% 22.3%
Gambia 318.1% 254.9% 158.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Ghana 55.8% 30.7% 18.5% 27.9% 16.6% 4.3%
Guinea 178.6% 135.5% 96.9% 620.0% 477.6% 324.7%
Guinea-Bissau 505.6% 465.7% 42.2% 1,101.8% 1,015.0% 338.0%
Kenya 47.9% 39.6% 40.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Lesotho 41.8% 37.9% 13.0% 16.4% 14.5% 0.0%
Liberia … 100.2% 52.7% … 0.0% 0.0%
Libya … … … … … …
Madagascar 51.2% 11.0% 10.8% 2,157.9% 289.8% 0.0%
Malawi 139.6% 125.9% 83.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Mali 190.7% 103.2% 86.2% 490.8% 390.4% 331.9%
Mauritania 143.6% 56.4% 47.6% 877.5% 422.6% 327.9%
Mauritius 8.8% 5.0% 3.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Morocco 13.4% 20.0% 15.5% 700.3% 13.1% 0.0%
Mozambique 94.7% 22.9% 19.7% 12.0% 122.5% 0.0%
Namibia 18.8% 22.1% 18.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Niger 465.4% 170.1% 112.8% 760.8% 702.1% 572.8%
Nigeria 73.8% 90.1% 60.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Rwanda 200.1% 108.9% 4.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Senegal 108.7% 72.7% 64.4% 260.4% 236.2% 192.3%
Seychelles 31.7% 26.8% 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Sierra Leone 983.4% 145.8% 80.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Somalia … … … … … …
South Africa 8.6% 6.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Sudan 68.1% 50.8% 20.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Swaziland 43.2% 35.1% 24.1% 0.7% 0.6% 0.4%
Tanzania 168.7% 46.6% 28.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Togo 218.3% 251.3% 119.4% 459.9% 559.9% 365.6%
Tunisia 10.0% 7.9% 4.1% 29.8% 0.0% 0.0%
Uganda 99.2% 100.7% 76.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Zambia 30.3% 28.6% 26.6% 2.1% 1.5% 0.0%
Zimbabwe 20.2% 432.7% 107.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Africac … … … 295.0% 167.4% 112.7%
Business
a Source: World Bank, Doing Business Database, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 24 October 2013
The Doing Business indicators measure business regulations affecting small and medium-sized companies operating in the largest business
represent the average for those companies in the largest business city sampled in each country.
if these are required by law.

b Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 23 October 2013
This is the minimum amount an entrepreneur needs to deposit in a bank before and up to three months after registering a business.

Procedures and time required to start a business, 2005-2012
bUSInESS
Number of procedures Time required (days)
Country 2005 2008 2012 2005 2008 2012

Algeria 14 14 14 25 25 25
Angola 12 8 8 119 68 68
Benin 7 7 5 31 31 26
Botswana 11 10 10 108 78 61
Burkina Faso 12 5 3 40 16 13
Burundi 8 8 4 13 13 8
Cameroon 11 11 5 45 38 15
Cape Verde 12 12 8 52 52 11
Central African Republic 11 11 8 22 22 22
Chad 13 13 9 64 64 62
Comoros 11 10 9 24 22 20
Congo (DRC) 14 14 10 133 133 58
Congo (Rep.) 11 11 11 37 161 161
Côte d'Ivoire 11 10 10 45 40 32
Djibouti 11 11 11 37 37 37
Egypt 10 6 6 22 7 7
Equatorial Guinea 20 18 18 137 135 135
Eritrea 13 13 13 76 84 84
Ethiopia 9 9 9 34 18 15
Gabon 9 9 9 58 58 58
Gambia 8 8 8 27 27 27
Ghana 11 8 7 18 13 12
Guinea 12 12 6 40 40 35
Guinea-Bissau 17 17 9 259 259 9
Kenya 13 12 10 54 30 32
Lesotho 9 7 7 93 40 24
Liberia … 6 4 31 6
Libya … … … … … …
Madagascar 11 5 2 38 7 8
Malawi 10 10 10 39 39 39
Mali 12 10 4 41 25 8
Mauritania 11 9 9 82 19 19
Mauritius 6 5 5 46 6 6
Morocco 6 6 6 12 12 12
Mozambique 14 10 9 153 26 13
Namibia 10 10 10 95 66 66
Niger 13 11 9 35 19 17
Nigeria 9 8 8 43 31 34
Rwanda 9 8 2 18 14 3
São Tomé and Príncipe 10 10 4 144 144 7
Senegal 10 4 3 58 8 5
Seychelles 10 10 10 39 39 39
Sierra Leone 8 6 6 26 17 12
Somalia … … … … … …
South Africa 9 6 5 35 22 19
Sudan 10 10 10 39 39 36
Swaziland 12 12 12 60 60 56
Tanzania 11 10 9 28 26 26
Togo 13 13 6 65 62 38
Tunisia 10 10 10 11 11 11
Uganda 18 18 15 34 25 33
Zambia 6 6 6 35 18 17
Zimbabwe 9 9 9 97 97 90
Source: World Bank, Doing Business Database, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 24 October 2013
Business
The Doing Business indicators measure business regulations affecting small and medium-sized companies operating in the largest business city
average for those companies in the largest business city sampled in each country.

Access to banking services (individuals), 2011
bUSInESS
Share of adultsa...
Bank branches per
with a bank account who took out a loan from a
Country 100,000 adultsa with a bank account who make 1-2 deposits
in a typical month past year
Algeria 5.2 33% 78% 1%
Angola 1.3 39% 64% 8%
Benin ... 10% 72% 4%
Botswana 8.6 30% 82% 6%
Burkina Faso ... 13% 57% 3%
Burundi ... 7% 74% 2%
Cameroon 1.4 15% 69% 4%
Cape Verde ... … … …
Central African Republic 0.6 3% 75% 1%
Chad 0.6 9% 72% 6%
Comoros 1.5 22% 77% 7%
Congo (DRC) ... 4% 61% 2%
Congo (Rep.) 2.4 9% 69% 3%
Côte d'Ivoire ... … … …
Djibouti ... 12% 38% 4%
Egypt ... 10% 39% 4%
Gabon 18.9 19% 86% 2%
Gambia ... … … …
Ghana 4.5 29% 64% 6%
Guinea ... 4% 80% 2%
Guinea-Bissau ... … … …
Kenya 4.4 42% 63% 10%
Lesotho 3.5 18% 70% 3%
Liberia ... 19% 71% 6%
Libya ... … … …
Madagascar 1.6 6% 84% 2%
Malawi ... 17% 74% 9%
Mali ... 8% 68% 4%
Mauritania 4.3 17% 62% 8%
Mauritius 23 80% 80% 14%
Morocco 20.1 39% 40% 4%
Mozambique 3.4 40% 54% 6%
Niger ... 2% 67% 1%
Nigeria ... 30% 73% 2%
Rwanda 2.2 33% 71% 8%
São Tomé and Príncipe ... … … …
Senegal ... 6% 93% 4%
Seychelles ... … … …
Sierra Leone ... 15% 65% 6%
Somalia ... 31% 41% 2%
South Africa 10 54% 79% 9%
South Sudan ... … … …
Sudan ... 7% 63% 2%
Swaziland 5.7 29% 64% 12%
Tanzania 1.8 17% 73% 7%
Togo 3.7 10% 69% 4%
Tunisia 16.6 32% 76% 3%
Uganda 2.5 20% 75% 9%
Western Sahara ... … … …
Zambia ... 21% 65% 6%
Zimbabwe ... 40% 70% 5%
Source: World Bank, Global Financial Inclusion Database, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 25 October 2013
a Individuals older than 15 years

Business

bUSInESS
identifying
with a checking with a bank using banks using banks to
access to
Country Year or savings loan/line of
account credit investments capitala
major constraint
Algeria 2007 83.8% 31.1% 8.9% 28.6% 50.1%
Angola 2010 86.4% 9.5% 13.1% 13.4% 38.5%
Benin 2009 97.4% 45.6% 3.8% 39.4% 66.6%
Botswana 2010 99.0% 50.0% 32.8% 32.1% 25.5%
Burkina Faso 2009 96.8% 28.4% 25.6% 33.1% 75.0%
Burundi 2006 90.5% 35.3% 12.3% 25.5% 50.9%
Cameroon 2009 92.5% 30.3% 31.4% 41.6% 55.1%
Cape Verde 2009 96.5% 41.5% 35.3% 49.8% 36.7%
Central African Republic 2011 98.5% 26.0% 25.3% 25.3% 46.0%
Chad 2009 95.9% 20.6% 4.2% 16.1% 46.5%
Comoros … … … … … …
Congo (DRC) 2010 71.3% 10.7% 6.7% 8.8% 73.3%
Congo (Rep.) 2009 86.7% 12.8% 7.7% 9.7% 44.8%
Côte d'Ivoire 2009 67.4% 11.5% 13.9% 8.3% 66.6%
Djibouti … … … … … …
Egypt 2008 74.3% 17.4% 5.6% 7.5% 31.0%
Equatorial Guinea … … … … … …
Eritrea 2009 98.2% 10.9% 11.9% 5.7% 0.9%
Ethiopia 2011 94.7% 15.8% 16.6% 13.6% 31.1%
Gabon 2009 83.6% 9.0% 6.3% 8.5% 30.4%
Gambia 2006 72.8% 16.6% 7.6% 14.3% 40.3%
Ghana 2007 83.5% 22.2% 16.0% 21.4% 66.2%
Guinea 2006 53.9% 6.0% 0.9% 2.6% 58.3%
Guinea-Bissau 2006 59.0% 2.8% 0.7% 1.1% 71.6%
Kenya 2007 89.1% 25.4% 22.9% 26.0% 41.8%
Lesotho 2009 89.7% 32.2% 32.7% 31.9% 28.6%
Liberia 2009 67.8% 14.0% 10.1% 12.8% 35.0%
Libya … … … … … …
Madagascar 2009 94.1% 20.6% 12.2% 20.2% 39.4%
Malawi 2009 96.9% 40.1% 20.6% 31.0% 51.0%
Mali 2010 85.6% 16.6% 29.3% 21.4% 48.1%
Mauritania 2006 76.3% 16.0% 3.2% 13.5% 43.6%
Mauritius 2009 97.2% 47.4% 37.5% 39.5% 46.3%
Morocco 2007 86.8% 33.4% 12.3% 30.2% 31.6%
Mozambique 2007 75.7% 14.2% 10.5% 8.5% 50.1%
Namibia 2006 97.5% 24.0% 8.1% 19.6% 18.4%
Niger 2009 94.0% 29.7% 9.3% 33.4% 62.0%
Nigeria 2007 … 3.8% 2.7% 4.3% 53.1%
Rwanda 2011 71.2% 45.5% 23.3% 43.9% 35.1%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … … … … …
Senegal 2007 83.4% 15.3% 19.8% 9.6% 49.2%
Seychelles ... … … … … …
Sierra Leone 2009 67.8% 17.4% 6.9% 24.6% 34.6%
Somalia … … … … … …
South Africa 2007 97.9% 30.1% 34.8% 21.1% 15.5%
Sudan … … … … … …
Swaziland 2006 97.8% 21.9% 7.7% 16.0% 32.9%
Tanzania 2006 86.2% 16.3% 6.8% 17.3% 40.6%
Togo 2009 94.2% 21.6% 16.9% 16.9% 58.6%
Tunisia … … … … … …
Uganda 2006 85.8% 17.2% 7.7% 14.0% 47.8%
Zambia 2007 95.0% 16.0% 10.2% 15.0% 20.1%
Zimbabwe 2011 93.5% 12.5% 13.0% 12.7% 63.5%
Business
indicated.
a Working capital is the money available for the day-to-day operations of a company and is equivalent to current assets less current liabilities.

bUSInESS
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Algeria (2007)
Angola(2010)
Benin (2009)
Botswana (2010)
Burkina Faso (2009)
Burundi (2006)
Cameroon (2009)
Cape Verde (2009)
Chad (2009)
Comoros ( )
Congo (DRC) (2010)
Congo (Rep.) (2009)
Djibouti ( )
Egypt (2008)
Eritrea (2009)
Ethiopia (2011)
Gabon (2009)
Gambia (2006)
Ghana (2007)
Guinea (2006)
Guinea-Bissau (2006)
Kenya (2007)
Lesotho (2009)
Share of firms
Liberia (2009)
using banks to
Libya ( ) finance
Madagascar (2009) investments
Malawi (2009)
Mali (2010) Share of firms
identifying access
Mauritania (2006)
to finance as a
Mauritius (2009)
major constraint
Morocco (2007)
Mozambique (2007)
Namibia (2006)
Niger (2009)
Nigeria (2007)
Rwanda (2011)
Senegal (2007)
Seychelles ( )
Sierra Leone (2009)
Somalia ( )
South Africa (2007)
South Sudan ( )
Sudan ( )
Swaziland (2006)
Tanzania (2006)
Togo (2009)
Tunisia ( )
Uganda (2006)
Western Sahara ( )
Zambia (2007)
Zimbabwe (2011)
Business

Registering propertya, 2005-2012
bUSInESS
Cost (% of property value) Number of procedures Time required (days)
Country 2005 2008 2012 2005 2008 2012 2005 2008 2012
Algeria 7.5% 7.5% 7.1% 14 14 10 65 65 63
Angola 11.5% 11.6% 3.1% 7 7 7 334 334 184
Benin 15.9% 11.9% 11.8% 4 4 4 120 120 120
Botswana 4.9% 5.0% 5.1% 4 4 5 18 11 16
Burkina Faso 20.6% 12.4% 12.6% 8 6 4 182 136 59
Burundi 14.5% 4.0% 3.3% 8 8 8 104 94 64
Cameroon 19.4% 19.2% 19.1% 5 5 5 93 93 93
Cape Verde 7.9% 7.7% 3.7% 6 6 6 83 73 31
Central African Republic 19.1% 18.6% 11.0% 5 5 5 75 75 75
Chad 18.9% 18.7% 17.9% 6 6 6 44 44 44
Comoros 13.3% 16.6% 10.5% 4 4 4 30 30 30
Congo (DRC) 9.6% 9.2% 6.7% 6 6 6 54 54 47
Congo (Rep.) 22.3% 13.5% 21.3% 6 6 6 76 55 55
Côte d'Ivoire 14.0% 13.9% 13.9% 7 6 6 397 62 62
Djibouti 13.3% 13.2% 12.9% 7 7 7 49 40 40
Egypt 5.1% 0.9% 0.7% 7 7 7 193 72 72
Equatorial Guinea 12.5% 12.5% 12.5% 6 6 6 23 23 23
Eritrea 9.2% 9.2% 9.1% 11 11 11 78 78 78
Ethiopia 4.2% 3.0% 2.1% 12 12 10 43 43 41
Gabon 10.5% 10.5% 10.5% 7 7 7 39 39 104
Gambia 7.6% 7.6% 7.6% 5 5 5 66 66 66
Ghana 1.6% 1.2% 1.2% 6 5 5 169 34 34
Guinea 14.8% 13.9% 14.2% 6 6 6 59 59 59
Guinea-Bissau 11.8% 11.6% 10.5% 8 8 8 210 210 210
Kenya 4.1% 4.2% 4.3% 8 9 9 73 64 73
Lesotho 8.5% 8.2% 7.9% 6 6 6 101 101 101
Liberia 0.0% 13.3% 13.1% 10 10 50 50
Libya … … … … … … … … …
Madagascar 11.6% 7.5% 10.5% 6 6 6 134 74 74
Malawi 3.4% 3.3% 3.6% 6 6 6 88 88 69
Mali 21.4% 20.3% 12.0% 5 5 5 44 29 29
Mauritania 6.8% 5.2% 4.7% 4 4 4 49 49 49
Mauritius 15.7% 10.8% 10.6% 6 4 4 210 210 15
Morocco 7.0% 4.9% 5.9% 5 8 8 76 75 75
Mozambique 16.0% 12.9% 8.0% 8 8 8 42 42 42
Namibia 10.0% 10.0% 13.8% 7 7 8 39 39 46
Niger 16.1% 11.1% 11.0% 4 4 4 35 35 35
Nigeria 27.1% 20.9% 20.8% 14 13 13 112 82 86
Rwanda 9.8% 0.6% 5.6% 5 4 5 371 315 25
São Tomé and Príncipe 12.6% 10.9% 9.0% 7 7 7 62 62 62
Senegal 19.5% 20.6% 20.2% 6 6 6 145 124 122
Seychelles 11.9% 7.0% 7.0% 4 4 4 33 33 33
Sierra Leone 14.7% 12.9% 11.6% 7 7 7 236 86 67
Somalia … … … … … … … … …
South Africa 11.0% 8.8% 5.9% 6 6 6 24 24 23
South Sudan … … … … … … … … …
Sudan 3.6% 3.1% 2.8% 6 6 6 9 9 9
Swaziland 7.1% 7.1% 7.1% 9 9 9 44 44 21
Tanzania 7.4% 4.4% 4.4% 9 9 8 77 73 68
Togo 13.9% 13.4% 12.5% 5 5 5 295 295 295
Tunisia 6.1% 6.1% 6.1% 4 4 4 47 39 39
Uganda 4.7% 2.5% 1.9% 13 13 12 74 74 52
Zambia 9.6% 6.6% 8.2% 6 6 5 70 39 40
Zimbabwe 22.6% 25.0% 7.8% 4 4 5 30 30 31
Business
the average for those companies in the largest business city sampled in each country.
a Cost, procedures and time to register immovable property such as land or buildings

Cost to register property, 2005 and 2012 % of property value
bUSInESS
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
2005
Liberia
Libya 2012
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Business

Construction permits and procedures, 2005-2012
bUSInESS
Days to Number of procedures to build a Time required to build a warehouse
obtain a warehouseb (days)b
construction-
Country Year related 2005 2008 2012 2005 2008 2012
permita
Algeria 2007 97.2 19 19 19 281 281 281
Angola 2010 11.5 13 11 12 321 321 348
Benin 2009 … 12 12 11 384 462 282
Botswana 2010 125.5 21 22 22 115 145 145
Burkina Faso 2009 60.5 29 12 12 207 214 98
Burundi 2006 82.6 22 22 21 135 135 99
Cameroon 2009 22.1 11 11 11 168 153 147
Cape Verde 2009 43.3 17 17 17 122 122 122
Central African Republic 2011 55.5 18 18 18 203 203 203
Chad 2009 36.5 13 13 13 154 154 154
Comoros … … 13 13 13 143 143 143
Congo (DRC) 2010 36 11 11 11 254 254 117
Congo (Rep.) 2009 60.6 14 14 14 201 201 201
Côte d'Ivoire 2009 91.2 17 17 17 534 534 475
Djibouti … … 14 14 15 171 171 172
Egypt 2008 141.3 25 25 22 249 249 218
Equatorial Guinea … … 15 15 15 166 166 166
Eritrea 2009 ... … … … … … …
Ethiopia 2011 108.7 9 9 9 128 128 128
Gabon 2009 ... 13 13 13 243 243 243
Gambia 2006 30.6 14 14 14 109 109 143
Ghana 2007 41.5 16 16 16 218 218 218
Guinea 2006 41.1 29 29 29 197 197 197
Guinea-Bissau 2006 33.4 12 12 12 163 163 163
Kenya 2007 35.1 7 7 9 163 105 125
Lesotho 2009 79.9 11 11 11 419 419 330
Liberia 2009 17.2 … 24 23 … 347 75
Libya … … … … … … … …
Madagascar 2009 171.2 16 16 16 289 172 172
Malawi 2009 57.5 18 18 18 200 200 200
Mali 2010 42.9 12 11 11 280 238 179
Mauritania 2006 18.1 22 22 16 162 162 82
Mauritius 2009 72 17 16 16 185 143 143
Morocco 2007 61 16 16 15 114 104 97
Mozambique 2007 41.7 14 14 14 377 377 377
Namibia 2006 27.6 12 12 12 151 139 139
Niger 2009 45.6 21 12 12 335 326 326
Nigeria 2007 10.7 19 15 15 303 251 85
Rwanda 2011 58 13 12 12 307 208 164
São Tomé and Príncipe … … 13 13 13 255 255 118
Senegal 2007 38.5 13 13 13 220 220 210
Seychelles … … 17 17 17 126 126 126
Sierra Leone 2009 97.5 45 20 20 235 269 238
Somalia … … … … … … … …
South Africa 2007 55 12 13 13 127 127 127
South Sudan … … … … … … … …
Sudan … … 16 16 16 270 270 270
Swaziland 2006 34 13 13 13 95 95 95
Tanzania 2006 40 18 18 19 186 186 206
Togo 2009 61.6 12 12 12 309 309 309
Tunisia … … 17 17 17 90 81 88
Uganda 2006 41.1 15 15 15 129 129 125
Western Sahara … … … … … … … …
Zambia 2007 34.2 14 14 14 225 196 196
Zimbabwe 2011 63.3 12 12 12 333 614 614
Business
a Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurveys.org, accessed 25 October 2013
indicated.
b Source: World Bank, Doing Business Database, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 24 October 2013

Construction costs, 2005-2012
bUSInESS
Cost to build a warehouse (% of income per capita)
Country 2005 2008 2012

Algeria 41.6% 27.6% 54.6%
Angola 625.2% 310.0% 153.6%
Benin 158.9% 202.3% 167.4%
Botswana 234.0% 289.4% 172.7%
Burkina Faso 982.7% 785.9% 380.7%
Burundi 13,205.2% 10,470.0% 1,911.9%
Cameroon 1,297.4% 1,126.8% 1,008.7%
Cape Verde 788.4% 639.1% 459.4%
Central African Republic 134.5% 121.6% 194.0%
Chad 10,923.8% 6,441.5% 5,106.8%
Comoros 85.8% 82.5% 74.5%
Congo (DRC) 5,756.6% 4,934.3% 1,582.7%
Congo (Rep.) 6,121.1% 3,649.5% 1,151.4%
Côte d'Ivoire 193.7% 185.7% 155.1%
Djibouti 2,567.7% 2,186.3% 2,023.6%
Egypt 932.3% 223.4% 135.0%
Equatorial Guinea 2,749.6% 158.7% 120.4%
Eritrea … … …
Ethiopia 1,695.4% 767.6% 275.6%
Gabon 116.5% 84.9% 79.3%
Gambia 259.9% 259.4% 124.7%
Ghana 1,449.7% 1,281.6% 481.2%
Guinea 354.9% 180.7% 94.8%
Guinea-Bissau 2,559.9% 2,358.2% 785.2%
Kenya 65.5% 42.5% 211.9%
Lesotho 673.1% 596.0% 950.4%
Liberia … 4,988.7% 559.7%
Libya … … …
Madagascar 451.7% 1,516.6% 1,116.9%
Malawi 3,181.7% 1,530.0% 1,198.3%
Mali 1,178.4% 808.7% 418.6%
Mauritania 3,157.0% 1,520.3% 2,796.6%
Mauritius 14.7% 41.0% 28.5%
Morocco 383.3% 286.3% 220.2%
Mozambique 274.8% 209.9% 113.3%
Namibia 177.1% 181.8% 110.9%
Niger 2,141.9% 1,976.7% 1,612.8%
Nigeria 1,450.2% 661.7% 417.7%
Rwanda 918.2% 601.2% 278.4%
São Tomé and Príncipe 1,741.1% 740.5% 386.7%
Senegal 558.1% 506.2% 529.1%
Seychelles 40.2% 40.7% 25.3%
Sierra Leone 716.8% 428.3% 265.9%
Somalia … … …
South Africa 37.5% 27.5% 33.4%
Sudan 867.6% 54,522.9% 240.3%
Swaziland 161.9% 138.4% 94.9%
Tanzania 1,062.9% 718.8% 564.6%
Togo 529.2% 644.2% 431.5%
Tunisia 430.6% 488.5% 256.0%
Uganda 1,878.5% 1,503.3% 853.1%
Zambia 4,418.8% 3,040.7% 1,679.1%
Zimbabwe 3,560.0% 8,794.5% 4,423.4%
Business
The Doing Business indicators measure business regulations affecting small- and medium-sized companies operating in the largest business city

Enforcing contracts, 2012
bUSInESS
Cost to enforce a contract
Country Number of procedures required Time to enforce a contract (days)
(% of claim)
Algeria 21.9% 45 630
Angola 44.4% 46 1,011
Benin 64.7% 42 795
Botswana 28.1% 28 625
Burkina Faso 81.7% 37 446
Burundi 38.6% 44 832
Cameroon 46.6% 42 800
Cape Verde 19.8% 37 425
Central African Republic 82.0% 43 660
Chad 45.7% 41 743
Comoros 89.4% 43 506
Congo (DRC) 147.6% 43 610
Congo (Rep.) 53.2% 44 560
Côte d'Ivoire 41.7% 33 770
Djibouti 34.0% 40 1,225
Egypt 26.2% 42 1,010
Equatorial Guinea 18.5% 40 475
Eritrea 22.6% 39 405
Ethiopia 15.2% 38 530
Gabon 34.3% 38 1,070
Gambia 37.9% 33 407
Ghana 23.0% 36 487
Guinea 45.0% 49 276
Guinea-Bissau 25.0% 40 1,715
Kenya 47.2% 44 465
Lesotho 31.3% 41 615
Liberia 35.0% 40 1,280
Libya 27.0% 43 690
Madagascar 42.4% 38 871
Malawi 94.1% 42 432
Mali 52.0% 36 620
Mauritania 23.2% 46 370
Mauritius 16.3% 36 645
Morocco 25.2% 40 510
Mozambique 142.5% 30 730
Namibia 35.8% 33 270
Niger 59.6% 39 545
Nigeria 32.0% 40 457
Rwanda 78.7% 23 230
São Tomé and Príncipe 50.5% 43 1,185
Senegal 26.5% 43 780
Seychelles 15.4% 37 915
Sierra Leone 149.5% 39 515
Somalia … … …
South Africa 33.2% 29 600
Sudan 19.8% 53 810
Swaziland 56.1% 40 956
Tanzania 14.3% 38 462
Togo 47.5% 41 588
Tunisia 21.8% 39 565
Uganda 44.9% 38 490
Zambia 38.7% 35 471
Zimbabwe 113.1% 38 410
Business

Business telephones, 2005-2011
bUSInESS
Business telephones, current US$
Country Connection cost Monthly subscription cost
2005 2008 2011 2005 2008 2011

Algeria 40.94 46.45 5.48 2.05 2.32 2.06
Angola … 59.97 … … 11.99 …
Benin 333.09 392.34 … 5.57 6.03 …
Botswana 66.05 54.38 55.28 11.71 20.17 20.47
Burkina Faso 55.93 65.88 62.52 5.59 6.59 6.25
Burundi 55.47 … … 0.39 … …
Cameroon 75.83 106.52 63.58 3.32 7.99 …
Cape Verde 33.83 29.11 … 2.82 6.30 …
Central African Republic 67.11 79.05 … 5.21 6.14 …
Chad 100.67 118.58 … 6.71 6.70 …
Comoros 102.38 120.59 … 5.69 6.70 6.36
Congo (DRC) 278.34 … 9.13 … …
Congo (Rep.) … … 176.38 … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 37.92 22.33 … 11.38 15.81 …
Djibouti 56.27 56.27 … 5.63 5.63 …
Egypt 173.04 92.03 92.70 2.25 4.42 4.45
Eritrea 65.07 71.54 2.17 2.86
Ethiopia 35.20 25.21 16.76 1.96 1.77 1.16
Gabon 103.23 … … 17.97 39.53 …
Gambia … … 28.81 … … 1.64
Ghana 101.40 … 29.76 3.17 … …
Guinea … … … … … …
Guinea-Bissau … … … … … …
Kenya 37.69 56.93 38.23 7.68 8.38 6.53
Lesotho 52.95 … … 8.40 … …
Liberia … … 0.35 … … 0.76
Libya … … … … … …
Madagascar 24.76 34.54 … 5.00 7.02 …
Malawi 10.13 … 15.63 0.84 … 5.75
Mali 37.99 86.31 42.17 8.53 … 9.85
Mauritania 18.83 20.99 20.28 5.58 6.22 8.52
Mauritius 67.81 80.84 120.18 7.63 7.91 7.84
Morocco 135.36 154.84 12.36 16.24 18.58 17.80
Mozambique 18.00 20.00 16.72 8.33 9.26 7.74
Namibia 41.92 … 40.39 9.45 … 10.92
Niger 67.68 33.50 31.79 6.35 8.00 7.60
Nigeria 68.56 … … 5.33 … …
Rwanda 53.78 … 49.97 1.79 … …
São Tomé and Príncipe … 23.83 9.47 … 5.96
Senegal 44.36 22.33 48.76 5.94 … 6.64
Seychelles 95.30 … 51.73 14.27 … 7.75
Sierra Leone … … … … …
Somalia … … … 2.06 … …
South Africa 39.62 … 71.68 18.19 … 26.42
Sudan 20.52 … … 2.40 … 15.00
Swaziland 55.99 43.10 49.03 6.68 5.14 5.85
Tanzania 35.43 22.07 … 3.76 5.52 …
Togo 111.85 111.66 … 6.60 8.37 …
Tunisia 15.42 16.23 14.20 2.06 2.17 35.51
Uganda 67.39 … 58.51 5.62 … 4.88
Zambia 33.61 … … 8.96 … …
Zimbabwe … … … … … …
Business
Africaa 55.93 56.27 39.31 5.63 … 6.53

Business electricity infrastructure, latest year
bUSInESS
Procedures Time required
required to to connect Cost to get electricity (% of Days to obtain
Year an electrical identifying
get electric- to electricity income per capita)a
ity (number) a
(days)a connection (upon electricity as a
application)b major constraintb
Country 2012 2010 2011 2012
Algeria 6 159 1,775% 1,579% 1,490% 2007 49.1 48.1
Angola 7 55 1,279% 891% 755% 2010 7.7 35.7
Benin 4 158 15,452% 15,205% 14,343% 2009 86.6 56.4
Botswana 5 121 495% 409% 354% 2010 39.2 34.8
Burkina Faso 4 158 14,901% 13,357% 12,662% 2009 23.1 53.9
Burundi 5 188 36,697% 34,477% 21,482% 2006 24.1 72.3
Cameroon 4 64 1,846% 1,855% 1,773% 2009 17.6 58.6
Cape Verde 6 58 1,218% 1,121% 981% 2009 30.5 53.1
Central African
7 102 13,298% 12,852% 12,604% 2011 11.8 76.1
Republic
Chad 6 67 14,720% 13,124% 11,018% 2009 10.6 74.6
Comoros 3 120 2,354% 2,384% 2,477% ... … …
Congo (DRC) 6 58 32,434% 28,802% 27,212% 2010 48 51.6
Congo (Rep.) 6 135 7,700% 5,224% 4,775% 2009 8.4 71.1
Côte d'Ivoire 8 55 4,137% 4,002% 3,686% 2009 20.9 39.8
Djibouti 4 180 8,817% 8,799% 7,777% ... … …
Egypt 7 54 510% 456% 396% 2008 77.2 14
Equatorial
5 106 833% 571% 457% ... … …
Guinea
Eritrea 5 59 4,157% 4,437% 3,508% 2009 … 0.2
Ethiopia 4 95 3,662% 3,321% 2,544% 2011 111.8 23.1
Gabon 6 141 520% 420% 354% 2009 34.5 58
Gambia 5 78 6,526% 6,071% 3,977% 2006 63.9 78.1
Ghana 4 78 1,426% 1,219% 957% 2007 24.4 86.2
Guinea 4 69 13,275% 10,422% 8,378% 2006 16.1 83.6
Guinea-Bissau 7 455 2,134% 2,050% 1,737% 2006 20.5 74.1
Kenya 6 146 1,462% 1,432% 1,208% 2007 40.5 27.6
Lesotho 5 125 2,664% 2,457% 2,276% 2009 13.9 44.3
Liberia 4 465 5,294% 4,455% 3,529% 2009 … 59.1
Libya … … … … … ... … …
Madagascar 6 450 9,236% 8,391% 9,057% 2009 92.1 54.6
Malawi 6 222 11,704% 9,666% 8,855% 2009 59.2 37.6
Mali 4 120 3,878% 4,398% 4,188% 2010 32.9 33.5
Mauritania 5 75 8,997% 7,311% 7,517% 2006 7.5 28.9
Mauritius 4 84 348% 329% 295% 2009 18.6 42.9
Morocco 5 62 2,726% 2,589% 2,515% 2007 18.8 37
Mozambique 9 117 2,524% 2,558% 2,395% 2007 12.7 24.8
Namibia 7 38 577% 526% 482% 2006 9.2 6.5
Niger 4 115 7,887% 6,662% 6,562% 2009 37.1 63.2
Nigeria 8 260 1,180% 1,056% 874% 2007 7.5 75.9
Rwanda 4 30 5,514% 4,697% 3,948% 2011 31.4 15.4
São Tomé and
4 89 1,437% 1,253% 1,067% ... … …
Príncipe
Senegal 8 125 5,998% 5,939% 5,625% 2007 9.4 57.7
Seychelles 6 147 566% 505% 430% ... … …
Sierra Leone 8 137 2,914% 2,466% 2,124% 2009 14.8 53.4
Somalia … … … … … ... … …
South Africa 5 226 1,780% 1,652% 1,506% 2007 15.8 20.8
South Sudan … … … … … ... … …
Sudan 5 70 4,091% 3,949% 2,527% ... … …
Swaziland 6 137 1,472% 1,302% 1,072% 2006 16.9 12.4
Tanzania 4 109 2,403% 2,224% 1,944% 2006 44.3 88.4
Togo 4 74 6,021% 6,023% 4,733% 2009 53.9 50.9
Tunisia 4 65 1,063% 894% 879% ... … …
Uganda 5 91 5,765% 5,130% 4,623% 2006 33 84.2
Western Sahara … … … … … ... … …
Zambia 6 117 1,251% 1,318% 1,110% 2007 97 11.9
Zimbabwe 6 106 6,512% 5,306% 3,917% 2011 30 47
Business
Time required to connect to electricity is the median duration necessary to complete the procedures to obtain electricity, assuming that
procedures can take place simultaneously, but they cannot start on the same day.
b Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurveys.org, accessed 25 October 2013
Days to obtain an electrical connection upon application is the average wait experienced from the day of application to the day the service
was received.

Labour regulationsa, latest year
bUSInESS
Country Year educated workforce as a major

major constraint
constraint
Algeria 2007 13.8% 36.8%
Angola 2010 26.1% 25.9%
Benin 2009 15.6% 25.8%
Botswana 2010 14.0% 32.2%
Burkina Faso 2009 26.0% 37.5%
Burundi 2006 3.9% 11.8%
Cameroon 2009 21.5% 37.8%
Cape Verde 2009 5.7% 49.2%
Central African Republic 2011 8.5% 24.3%
Chad 2009 28.4% 53.1%
Comoros … … …
Congo (DRC) 2010 20.0% 65.0%
Congo (Rep.) 2009 24.5% 51.5%
Côte d'Ivoire 2009 6.1% 26.7%
Djibouti … … …
Egypt 2008 27.0% 50.1%
Equatorial Guinea … … …
Eritrea 2009 0.2% 1.2%
Ethiopia 2011 1.6% 4.3%
Gabon 2009 16.4% 42.7%
Gambia 2006 3.5% 11.7%
Ghana 2007 1.7% 4.5%
Guinea 2006 2.5% 11.7%
Guinea-Bissau 2006 3.5% 12.3%
Kenya 2007 4.3% 3.3%
Lesotho 2009 11.3% 16.5%
Liberia 2009 2.6% 5.1%
Libya … … …
Madagascar 2009 2.2% 17.0%
Malawi 2009 2.7% 21.8%
Mali 2010 6.4% 12.2%
Mauritania 2006 2.8% 22.9%
Mauritius 2009 8.8% 45.7%
Morocco 2007 15.8% 30.9%
Mozambique 2007 6.0% 18.8%
Namibia 2006 6.8% 19.6%
Niger 2009 5.3% 37.1%
Nigeria 2007 4.0% 6.3%
Rwanda 2011 8.9% 28.4%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … …
Senegal 2007 4.8% 9.5%
Sierra Leone 2009 11.4% 15.9%
Somalia … … …
South Africa 2007 5.9% 8.7%
Sudan … … …
Swaziland 2006 9.9% 12.7%
Tanzania 2006 4.8% 19.7%
Togo 2009 3.1% 17.2%
Tunisia … … …
Uganda 2006 1.3% 10.2%
Zambia 2007 5.9% 8.0%
Zimbabwe 2011 9.6% 5.0%
Business
indicated.
a For more detail on labour regulations, see the Employment and Incomes chapter.

Labour constraints, latest year %
bUSInESS
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Algeria (2007)
Angola(2010)
Benin (2009)
Botswana (2010)
Burkina Faso (2009)
Burundi (2006)
Cameroon (2009)
Cape Verde (2009)
Chad (2009)
Comoros ( )
Congo (DRC) (2010)
Congo (Rep.) (2009)
Djibouti ( )
Egypt (2008)
Eritrea (2009)
Ethiopia (2011)
Gabon (2009)
Gambia (2006)
Ghana (2007)
Guinea (2006)
Kenya (2007)
Lesotho (2009)
Liberia (2009) Share of firms
Libya ( ) identifying labour
Madagascar (2009) regulation as a major
Malawi (2009) constraint
Mali (2010)
Mauritania (2006) Share of firms
Mauritius (2009) identifying an
Morocco (2007) inadequately educated
Mozambique (2007) workforce as a major
Namibia (2006) constraint
Niger (2009)
Nigeria (2007)
Rwanda (2011)
Senegal (2007)
Seychelles ( )
Sierra Leone (2009)
Somalia ( )
South Africa (2007)
South Sudan ( )
Sudan ( )
Swaziland (2006)
Tanzania (2006)
Togo (2009)
Tunisia ( )
Uganda (2006)
Western Sahara ( )
Zambia (2007)
Zimbabwe (2011)
Business

Business tax administration, 2005-2012
bUSInESS
Time to prepare and pay Proportion

Tax payments (number)a Number of visits
taxes (hours)a
or required identifying tax
meetings with administration
Country 2005 2008 2012 2005 2008 2012 Year b as a major
constraintb
Algeria 41 29 29 451 451 451 2007 2.3 30.4%
Angola 31 31 31 272 272 282 2010 2.5 30.0%
Benin 58 55 55 270 270 270 2009 1.2 60.9%
Botswana 32 32 32 140 140 152 2010 1.0 17.6%
Burkina Faso 45 45 46 270 270 270 2009 1.5 59.0%
Burundi 32 32 25 140 140 274 2006 1.8 22.7%
Cameroon 45 45 44 654 654 654 2009 4.4 68.9%
Cape Verde 55 55 41 186 186 186 2009 ... 26.6%
Central African Republic 66 54 55 504 504 504 2011 ... 28.2%
Chad 54 54 54 732 732 732 2009 3.4 52.9%
Comoros 33 33 33 100 100 100 ... ... …
Congo (DRC) 32 32 32 308 308 336 2010 8.0 56.8%
Congo (Rep.) 61 61 61 606 606 606 2009 2.7 47.3%
Côte d'Ivoire 66 66 62 270 270 270 2009 3.7 27.4%
Djibouti 23 23 35 66 66 82 ... ... …
Egypt 42 29 29 504 711 392 2008 3.4 28.8%
Equatorial Guinea 46 46 46 492 492 492 ... ... …
Eritrea 30 30 30 216 216 216 2009 0.2 0.4%
Ethiopia 31 31 31 212 198 306 2011 1.1 22.6%
Gabon 26 26 26 488 488 488 2009 15.2 37.3%
Gambia 50 50 50 376 376 376 2006 2.5 16.5%
Ghana 36 32 32 304 224 224 2007 4.3 14.1%
Guinea 58 58 58 416 416 416 2006 2.8 30.8%
Guinea-Bissau 46 46 46 208 208 208 2006 3.4 32.9%
Kenya 42 41 41 372 417 340 2007 6.7 32.0%
Lesotho 33 33 33 564 324 324 2009 1.8 25.9%
Liberia ... 33 33 ... 158 158 2009 6.5 13.0%
Libya ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... …
Madagascar 27 25 23 400 238 201 2009 0.9 30.4%
Malawi 19 19 26 370 292 175 2009 2.6 9.1%
Mali 59 59 45 270 270 270 2010 1.2 23.2%
Mauritania 37 37 37 696 696 696 2006 1.8 26.4%
Mauritius 7 7 7 161 161 161 2009 0.5 16.2%
Morocco 28 28 17 358 358 238 2007 0.9 17.0%
Mozambique 37 37 37 230 230 230 2007 1.9 15.8%
Namibia 37 37 37 375 375 350 2006 0.3 4.4%
Niger 41 42 41 270 270 270 2009 1.2 30.3%
Nigeria 35 35 41 1120 938 956 2007 3.0 13.7%
Rwanda 25 25 17 168 160 134 2011 3.3 29.5%
São Tomé and Príncipe 42 42 42 424 424 424 ... ... …
Senegal 59 59 59 696 666 666 2007 1.3 27.8%
Seychelles 27 27 27 76 76 76 ... ... …
Sierra Leone 29 29 33 399 399 357 2009 1.9 11.3%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... …
South Africa 12 9 9 350 200 200 2007 0.8 2.0%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... …
Sudan 42 42 42 180 180 180 ... ... …
Swaziland 33 33 33 104 104 104 2006 1.4 18.9%
Tanzania 47 48 48 172 172 172 2006 2.7 19.1%
Togo 53 53 53 270 270 270 2009 1.2 41.9%
Tunisia 22 22 8 268 228 144 ... ... …
Uganda 32 31 31 237 222 213 2006 2.4 23.6%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... …
Zambia 37 37 37 132 132 132 2007 1.9 8.6%
Zimbabwe 48 51 49 216 256 242 2011 ... 8.9%
Business
b Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurveys.org, accessed 25 October 2013
otherwise indicated.

Tax payments, 2005 and 2012 Number per year
bUSInESS
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
2005
Liberia
Libya 2012
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Business

Business tax, 2012
bUSInESS
Percentage
point change
identifying tax
in total tax
Labour tax and Other Total tax rates as a major
Country a rateb, Year
contributionsa taxesa ratea constraintc
2005-2012
Algeria 6.6% 29.7% 35.7% 72.0% -4.9% 2007 46.7%
Angola 24.6% 9.0% 19.5% 53.2% 0.0% 2010 26.4%
Benin 14.8% 27.3% 23.9% 65.9% -9.9% 2009 61.4%
Botswana 21.7% 0.0% 3.6% 25.3% +8.1% 2010 16.9%
Burkina Faso 14.8% 22.6% 6.2% 43.6% -4.1% 2009 75.7%
Burundi 40.0% 10.2% 2.8% 53.0% -226.7% 2006 36.1%
Cameroon 29.9% 18.3% 0.9% 49.1% -1.8% 2009 45.9%
Cape Verde 18.0% 18.5% 0.7% 37.2% -15.9% 2009 51.8%
Central African Republic 0.0% 19.8% 45.4% 65.2% -0.5% 2011 31.9%
Chad 31.3% 28.4% 5.7% 65.4% +1.7% 2009 59.7%
Comoros 31.4% 0.0% 186.5% 217.9% 0.0% ... …
Congo (DRC) 58.9% 7.9% 272.8% 339.7% +52.6% 2010 39.5%
Congo (Rep.) 15.1% 32.5% 15.4% 62.9% -2.5% 2009 40.9%
Côte d'Ivoire 9.8% 20.1% 9.6% 39.5% -8.9% 2009 30.5%
Djibouti 17.7% 17.7% 3.3% 38.7% 0.0% ... ...
Egypt 13.2% 25.8% 3.6% 42.6% -11.7% 2008 46.3%
Equatorial Guinea 0.0% 25.4% 20.6% 46.0% 0.0% ... …
Eritrea 8.8% 0.0% 75.8% 84.5% 0.0% 2009 1.1%
Ethiopia 27.0% 2.0% 4.3% 33.3% +2.2% 2011 23.4%
Gabon 18.4% 22.7% 2.3% 43.5% -1.6% 2009 30.9%
Gambia 6.1% 12.8% 264.6% 283.5% -2.8% 2006 30.7%
Ghana 18.5% 14.7% 0.4% 33.5% -6.5% 2007 30.6%
Guinea 23.5% 9.6% 40.1% 73.2% -7.9% 2006 39.4%
Guinea-Bissau 14.9% 24.8% 6.1% 45.9% -8.4% 2006 44.0%
Kenya 28.1% 6.8% 9.5% 44.4% -5.8% 2007 58.2%
Lesotho 13.1% 0.0% 3.0% 16.0% -10.2% 2009 47.1%
Liberia 18.3% 5.4% 3.7% 27.4% … 2009 19.0%
Libya … … … … … ... …
Madagascar 14.0% 20.3% 1.6% 36.0% -10.9% 2009 40.8%
Malawi 23.6% 7.7% 3.5% 34.7% +2.1% 2009 15.6%
Mali 10.9% 34.3% 6.6% 51.7% -0.5% 2010 26.3%
Mauritania 0.0% 17.6% 50.6% 68.2% -26.6% 2006 35.2%
Mauritius 11.6% 9.6% 7.3% 28.5% +2.3% 2009 25.1%
Morocco 25.2% 22.7% 1.8% 49.6% -2.1% 2007 55.7%
Mozambique 27.7% 4.5% 2.1% 34.3% 0.0% 2007 30.8%
Namibia 17.2% 1.0% 4.5% 22.7% -4.3% 2006 20.4%
Niger 17.3% 20.1% 6.3% 43.8% +1.5% 2009 60.4%
Nigeria 22.3% 10.8% 0.7% 33.8% +2.3% 2007 20.9%
Rwanda 21.2% 5.6% 4.4% 31.3% -15.9% 2011 31.4%
São Tomé and Príncipe 22.1% 6.8% 3.6% 32.5% -14.4% ... …
Senegal 14.8% 24.1% 7.0% 46.0% -4.7% 2007 40.5%
Seychelles 23.3% 1.7% 0.7% 25.7% -22.7% ... …
Sierra Leone 17.6% 11.3% 3.3% 32.1% -240.3% 2009 42.5%
Somalia … … … … … ... …
South Africa 24.3% 4.1% 4.9% 33.3% -4.8% 2007 4.6%
South Sudan … … … … … ... …
Sudan 13.8% 19.2% 3.1% 36.1% -13.6% ... …
Swaziland 28.1% 4.0% 4.7% 36.8% +0.2% 2006 28.5%
Tanzania 20.2% 18.0% 7.1% 45.3% +1.5% 2006 36.7%
Togo 9.3% 26.5% 13.7% 49.5% -3.3% 2009 43.5%
Tunisia 15.2% 25.2% 22.5% 62.9% +1.8% ... …
Uganda 25.0% 11.3% 0.8% 37.1% -0.4% 2006 62.6%
Western Sahara … … … … … ... …
Zambia 1.1% 10.4% 3.7% 15.2% -1.3% 2007 25.5%
Zimbabwe 20.5% 5.1% 10.1% 35.8% +2.4% 2011 41.2%
Business
279.7% for Burundi and 272.4% for Sierra Leone in 2005 indicated by the source.
c Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurveys.org, accessed 25 October 2013
indicated.

Business tax rates, 2012
bUSInESS
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia Profit tax
Libya
Labour tax and contributions
Madagascar
Malawi Other taxes
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Business

International trade requirements, 2012
bUSInESS
Documents Documents
Cost to export Cost to import
required Time to export required Time to import
Country (US$ per (US$ per
to export (days)b to import (days)b
container)c container)c
(number)a (number)a
Algeria 8 17 1,260 9 27 1,330
Angola 11 48 1,850 8 45 2,690
Benin 7 29 1,079 8 30 1,549
Botswana 6 27 2,945 7 37 3,445
Burkina Faso 10 41 2,412 10 47 4,030
Burundi 10 32 2,965 11 46 5,005
Cameroon 11 23 1,379 12 25 2,167
Cape Verde 5 19 1,200 5 18 1,000
Central African Republic 9 54 5,491 17 62 5,554
Chad 8 75 5,902 11 101 8,525
Comoros 9 31 1,295 10 26 1,295
Congo (DRC) 8 44 3,155 9 63 3,435
Congo (Rep.) 11 50 3,818 10 62 7,709
Côte d'Ivoire 10 25 1,999 10 34 2,710
Djibouti 5 18 836 5 18 911
Egypt 8 12 625 9 13 755
Equatorial Guinea 7 29 1,390 7 44 1,600
Eritrea 10 50 1,460 12 59 1,600
Ethiopia 7 42 2,160 9 44 2,660
Gabon 7 20 1,945 8 22 1,955
Gambia 6 23 1,180 7 21 885
Ghana 7 19 815 7 34 1,315
Guinea 7 35 855 9 32 1,391
Guinea-Bissau 6 23 1,448 6 22 2,006
Kenya 8 26 2,255 7 26 2,350
Lesotho 7 31 1,695 7 35 1,945
Liberia 10 15 1,220 11 28 1,320
Libya … … … … … …
Madagascar 4 21 1,197 9 24 1,555
Malawi 10 34 2,175 9 43 2,870
Mali 6 26 2,202 9 31 3,067
Mauritania 8 34 1,520 8 38 1,523
Mauritius 5 10 660 6 10 695
Morocco 6 11 577 8 16 950
Mozambique 7 23 1,100 10 28 1,545
Namibia 9 25 1,800 7 20 1,905
Niger 8 59 3,676 11 64 3,711
Nigeria 10 24 1,380 10 39 1,540
Rwanda 8 29 3,245 8 31 4,990
São Tomé and Príncipe 8 26 690 7 28 577
Senegal 6 11 1,098 5 14 1,740
Seychelles 5 16 876 5 17 876
Sierra Leone 7 24 1,385 7 27 1,780
Somalia … … … … … …
South Africa 6 16 1,620 7 23 1,940
Sudan 7 32 2,050 7 46 2,900
Swaziland 8 18 1,880 8 27 2,085
Tanzania 6 18 1,040 10 31 1,565
Togo 6 24 940 8 28 1,109
Tunisia 4 13 773 7 17 858
Uganda 7 33 3,050 9 33 3,215
Zambia 6 44 2,765 8 56 3,560
Zimbabwe 8 53 3,280 8 73 5,200
Business
Source: Doing Business, http://www.doingbusiness.org, accessed 28 October 2013

a The total number of documents required by regulatory authorities per shipment of goods
b The time necessary to comply with all procedures required to export or import goods
c The cost associated with all procedures required to export or import goods. Includes the costs for documents, administrative fees for customs
clearance and technical control, customs broker fees, terminal handling charges and inland transport.

International trade, latest year
bUSInESS
Share of...
exporting total inputs total inputs customs

total sales that material
directly or that are of that are and trade
Country Year are domestic inputs and/
indirectly (at domestic of foreign regulations
sales or supplies of
least 1% of originb originb as a major
foreign originb
sales)a constraint
Algeria 2007 5.2% 98.5% 71.8% 53.3% 46.8% 36.1%
Angola 2010 5.8% 98.6% 60.7% 74.7% 25.3% 35.8%
Benin 2009 12.8% 91.9% 55.8% 59.3% 40.7% 56.2%
Botswana 2010 9.6% 96.6% 86.3% 38.4% 61.6% 15.8%
Burkina Faso 2009 8.7% 97.2% 76.5% 48.0% 52.0% 42.6%
Burundi 2006 2.1% 99.2% 78.5% 57.2% 42.8% 20.9%
Cameroon 2009 9.3% 96.5% 63.2% 64.7% 35.3% 26.3%
Cape Verde 2009 4.0% 97.0% 59.5% 53.1% 46.9% 27.2%
Central African Republic 2011 15.1% 94.7% 85.1% 38.7% 61.3% 31.9%
Chad 2009 11.8% 94.0% 67.6% 53.4% 46.6% 57.4%
Comoros ... … … … … … …
Congo (DRC) 2010 5.0% 97.3% 47.4% 74.8% 25.3% 54.0%
Congo (Rep.) 2009 9.0% 96.7% 60.9% 52.6% 47.4% 45.9%
Côte d'Ivoire 2009 3.4% 98.7% 30.3% 80.7% 19.3% 19.4%
Djibouti ... … … … … … …
Egypt 2008 25.3% 89.9% 48.4% 75.2% 24.8% 22.5%
Equatorial Guinea ... … … … … … …
Eritrea 2009 5.4% 96.9% 42.5% 76.0% 24.0% 2.0%
Ethiopia 2011 6.5% 95.7% 55.3% 69.1% 30.9% 19.7%
Gabon 2009 11.8% 95.1% 81.0% 41.3% 58.7% 35.1%
Gambia 2006 8.6% 98.4% 63.2% 47.8% 52.2% 12.8%
Ghana 2007 24.4% 91.8% 51.1% 73.4% 26.6% 9.8%
Guinea 2006 14.7% 96.5% 66.1% 56.6% 43.4% 12.4%
Guinea-Bissau 2006 6.4% 97.1% 68.4% 54.2% 45.8% 25.6%
Kenya 2007 10.3% 97.2% 60.0% 66.1% 33.9% 23.6%
Lesotho 2009 12.5% 93.0% 68.9% 41.5% 58.5% 21.7%
Liberia 2009 1.0% 99.4% 56.8% 58.3% 41.7% 15.6%
Libya ... … … … … … …
Madagascar 2009 15.6% 89.0% 67.0% 54.0% 46.0% 18.7%
Malawi 2009 6.4% 97.3% 51.7% 66.9% 33.1% 11.0%
Mali 2010 10.5% 95.5% 59.0% 69.1% 30.9% 16.9%
Mauritania 2006 8.8% 95.5% 66.8% 47.4% 52.6% 25.9%
Mauritius 2009 14.6% 92.3% 56.0% 57.2% 42.8% 17.6%
Morocco 2007 37.5% 72.9% 73.4% 48.3% 51.7% 14.3%
Mozambique 2007 6.1% 97.8% 29.2% 80.5% 19.5% 12.2%
Namibia 2006 9.2% 97.5% 83.0% 41.0% 59.0% 7.1%
Niger 2009 10.6% 97.3% 96.4% 6.8% 93.2% 31.6%
Nigeria 2007 2.0% 99.5% 28.1% 90.1% 9.9% 5.0%
Rwanda 2011 6.0% 98.5% 74.6% 55.9% 44.1% 18.1%
São Tomé and Príncipe ... … … … … … …
Senegal 2007 13.4% 96.0% 45.8% 70.5% 29.5% 15.1%
Seychelles ... … … … … … …
Sierra Leone 2009 3.2% 97.8% … … … 26.9%
Somalia ... … … … … … …
South Africa 2007 18.4% 96.1% 37.8% 85.4% 14.6% 1.9%
South Sudan ... … … … … … …
Sudan ... … … … … … …
Swaziland 2006 11.0% 94.1% 62.9% 56.7% 43.3% 16.5%
Tanzania 2006 4.8% 98.0% 48.3% 73.8% 26.2% 11.6%
Togo 2009 24.6% 84.2% 72.3% 39.6% 60.4% 27.5%
Tunisia ... … … … … … …
Uganda 2006 10.1% 96.4% 41.1% 78.3% 21.6% 9.8%
Western Sahara ... … … … … … …
Business
Zambia 2007 14.9% 95.8% 76.6% 59.6% 40.4% 9.8%

Zimbabwe 2011 11.0% 97.7% 63.3% 67.3% 32.7% 7.1%
indicated.
a Indirect exports are products sold domestically to a third party that exports them.

Resolving insolvency, 2005-2012
bUSInESS
Cost (% of estate) Time (years) Recovery rate (cents on the dollar)a
Country 2012 2012 2005 2008 2012

Algeria 7% 2.5 42 42 42
Angola 22% 6.2 1 10 8
Benin 22% 4.0 5 17 20
Botswana 15% 1.7 54 60 65
Burkina Faso 9% 4.0 6 22 27
Burundi 30% 5.0 6 7 8
Cameroon 34% 3.2 12 13 14
Cape Verde … … … … …
Central African Republic 76% 4.8 0 0 0
Chad 60% 4.0 0 0 0
Comoros … … … … …
Congo (DRC) 29% 5.2 1 5 2
Congo (Rep.) 25% 3.3 17 18 18
Côte d'Ivoire 18% 2.2 15 34 38
Djibouti 18% 5.0 16 16 17
Egypt 22% 4.2 16 17 18
Equatorial Guinea … … … … …
Eritrea … … … … …
Ethiopia 15% 3.0 33 32 26
Gabon 15% 5.0 14 15 15
Gambia 15% 2.0 27 28 28
Ghana 22% 1.9 24 24 27
Guinea 8% 3.8 23 22 17
Guinea-Bissau … … … … …
Kenya 22% 4.5 33 32 30
Lesotho 8% 2.6 36 34 38
Liberia 43% 3.0 … 8 9
Libya … … … … …
Madagascar 30% 2.0 19 14 13
Malawi 25% 2.6 12 15 19
Mali 18% 3.6 6 21 25
Mauritania 9% 8.0 8 7 10
Mauritius 15% 1.7 34 34 41
Morocco 18% 1.8 35 35 35
Mozambique 9% 5.0 13 15 15
Namibia 15% 1.5 41 40 42
Niger 18% 5.0 3 14 22
Nigeria 22% 2.0 27 28 28
Rwanda 50% 3.0 3 3 3
São Tomé and Príncipe 22% 6.2 5 4 5
Senegal 7% 3.0 12 32 32
Seychelles 11% 2.0 41 40 40
Sierra Leone 42% 2.6 9 9 9
South Africa 18% 2.0 34 32 35
South Sudan … … … … …
Sudan 20% 2.0 32 32 33
Swaziland 15% 2.0 37 35 38
Tanzania 22% 3.0 22 21 22
Togo 15% 3.0 16 27 31
Tunisia 7% 1.3 52 52 52
Uganda 30% 2.2 40 41 39
Zambia 9% 2.7 23 30 30
Zimbabwe 22% 3.3 0 0 0
Business
The Doing Business indicators measure business regulations affecting small- and medium-sized companies operating in the largest business city
a The amount recouped by creditors takes into account the cost of insolvency proceedings.

Global competitiveness index 2013-2014 (For all categories, scores 1-7, where 7=best)
bUSInESS
Selected pillars
Rank
Goods Labour Financial
(out of Technological Market Business
Country market market market Innovation
148) readiness size sophistication
development
Algeria 100 3.20 2.91 2.61 2.48 4.35 2.89 2.38
Angola 142 3.03 3.66 2.4 2.47 3.84 2.89 2.15
Benin 130 3.47 4.11 3.33 2.55 2.51 3.23 2.84
Botswana 74 4.20 4.51 4.34 3.11 3.03 3.61 2.99
Burkina Faso 140 3.73 4.19 3.17 2.41 2.79 2.97 2.86
Burundi 146 3.39 3.84 2.33 2.20 1.71 2.80 2.31
Cameroon 115 4.03 4.19 3.59 2.80 3.26 3.60 3.11
Cape Verde 122 3.91 3.74 3.32 3.34 1.30 3.44 2.83
Central African
… … … … … … … …
Republic
Chad 148 2.83 3.76 2.78 2.09 2.77 2.81 2.41
Comoros … … … … … … … …
Congo (DRC) … … … … … … … …
Congo (Rep.) … … … … … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 126 3.91 4.32 3.76 3.03 3.17 3.37 3.00
Djibouti … … … … … … … …
Egypt 118 3.88 3.00 3.41 3.21 4.82 3.83 2.79
Equatorial Guinea … … … … … … … …
Eritrea … … … … … … … …
Ethiopia 127 3.56 3.99 3.32 2.47 3.74 3.21 2.76
Gabon 112 3.65 4.31 3.58 2.97 2.72 3.04 2.51
Gambia 116 4.07 4.53 3.86 3.09 1.55 4.00 3.22
Ghana 114 4.28 4.14 4.36 3.21 3.67 3.85 3.27
Guinea 147 3.54 4.28 2.97 2.43 2.44 2.97 2.40
Guinea-Bissau … … … … … … … …
Kenya 96 4.21 4.62 4.68 3.36 3.58 4.09 3.56
Lesotho 123 4.22 4.17 3.43 2.45 1.94 3.20 2.47
Liberia 128 4.42 4.37 3.60 2.43 1.55 3.56 2.88
Libya 108 3.13 3.53 2.30 2.68 3.51 3.23 2.19
Madagascar 132 4.07 4.60 2.93 2.63 2.73 3.53 3.09
Malawi 136 3.90 4.59 3.96 2.40 2.50 3.50 2.90
Mali 135 3.93 3.96 3.38 2.91 2.63 3.52 3.00
Mauritania 141 3.38 3.23 2.71 2.71 2.16 3.18 2.50
Mauritius 45 4.85 4.45 4.73 3.90 2.80 4.4 3.11
Morocco 77 4.28 3.86 4.01 3.53 4.16 3.75 2.94
Mozambique 137 3.80 3.80 3.13 2.77 2.96 3.20 2.63
Namibia 90 4.10 4.39 4.51 3.34 2.66 3.65 3.02
Niger … … … … … … … …
Nigeria 120 4.09 4.48 4.04 3.08 4.66 3.89 3.00
Rwanda 66 4.52 5.06 4.23 3.10 2.46 3.86 3.44
São Tomé and Príncipe … … … … … … … …
Senegal 113 4.33 4.33 3.72 3.26 2.94 3.85 3.18
Seychelles 80 4.36 4.69 3.87 3.87 1.46 4.06 3.32
Sierra Leone 144 3.97 4.09 3.46 2.65 2.19 3.30 2.56
Somalia … … … … … … … …
South Africa 53 4.75 3.93 5.80 3.92 4.89 4.49 3.64
South Sudan … … … … … … … …
Sudan … … … … … … … …
Swaziland 124 4.05 4.01 4.03 2.72 2.03 3.72 2.83
Tanzania 125 3.89 4.49 3.72 2.70 3.59 3.50 3.06
Togo … … … … … … … …
Tunisia 83 4.1 3.67 3.56 3.47 3.86 3.89 3.06
Uganda 129 3.88 4.69 3.90 2.82 3.28 3.55 3.04
Western Sahara … … … … … … … …
Zambia 93 4.61 4.12 4.45 2.97 2.80 4.05 3.36
Zimbabwe 131 3.66 3.40 3.56 2.98 2.12 3.30 2.68
Business
Source: World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014
a The Global Competitiveness Index consists of 12 pillars: institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, health and primary
ranked highest at 45.

Economic freedom indexa, 2013 (For all categories, scores 0-100, where 100=best)
bUSInESS
Rule of law Open markets

Rank Freedom
Country Business Labour Monetary Trade Investment Financial
(out of 177) from
freedom freedom freedom freedom freedom freedom
corruption
Algeria 145 29.0 65.2 52.6 76.6 67.8 20.0 30.0
Angola 158 20.0 43.1 44.8 61.5 70.2 35.0 40.0
Benin 101 30.0 45.4 49.7 79.9 59.3 70.0 50.0
Botswana 30 61.0 69.0 69.8 72.0 79.7 70.0 70.0
Burkina Faso 56 30.0 61.2 56.4 80.6 72.5 55.0 50.0
Burundi 148 19.0 58.4 66.4 68.7 78.9 55.0 30.0
Cameroon 133 25.0 46.8 55.5 69.9 54.9 35.0 50.0
Cape Verde 65 55.0 58.9 40.3 78.0 66.9 65.0 60.0
Central African Republic 142 22.0 35.2 47.9 78.1 57.8 55.0 30.0
Chad 164 20.0 25.2 40.5 74.6 55.6 50.0 40.0
Comoros 157 24.0 44.7 51.2 74.6 68.8 15.0 20.0
Congo (DRC) 171 20.0 38.7 36.3 56.5 63.0 20.0 20.0
Congo (Rep.) 167 22.0 31.5 44.8 74.3 60.7 20.0 30.0
Côte d'Ivoire 126 22.0 43.3 54.6 77.8 70.3 40.0 50.0
Djibouti 127 30.0 30.0 59.6 76.6 59.6 65.0 60.0
Egypt 125 29.0 63.3 43.3 58.4 73.8 50.0 40.0
Equatorial Guinea 170 19.0 44.4 43.1 72.8 58.8 25.0 30.0
Eritrea 173 25.0 17.3 54.6 55.5 69.1 0.0 20.0
Ethiopia 146 27.0 52.4 46.9 64.7 64.0 25.0 20.0
Gabon 99 30.0 56.5 63.1 77.5 61.1 55.0 40.0
Gambia 92 35.0 59.5 59.3 71.1 60.5 65.0 50.0
Ghana 77 39.0 61.5 61.6 64.8 67.8 70.0 60.0
Guinea 137 21.0 46.1 63.8 62.8 61.2 45.0 40.0
Guinea-Bissau 138 22.0 41.3 54.0 72.7 65.3 35.0 30.0
Kenya 114 22.0 58.0 57.1 73.8 66.7 50.0 50.0
Lesotho 155 35.0 63.7 62.8 75.7 69.1 45.0 40.0
Liberia 147 32.0 56.5 47.2 72.0 61.4 20.0 20.0
Libya NA 20.0 … … 64.8 85.0 10.0 20.0
Madagascar 73 30.0 63.5 47.4 74.9 74.6 55.0 50.0
Malawi 118 30.0 41.1 58.8 72.5 71.8 50.0 50.0
Mali 111 28.0 50.1 64.6 79.9 73.2 45.0 40.0
Mauritania 134 24.0 43.3 51.1 75.1 64.8 45.0 40.0
Mauritius 8 51.0 78.2 72.3 75.4 87.9 90.0 70.0
Morocco 90 34.0 76.4 30.1 78.9 70.8 70.0 60.0
Mozambique 123 27.0 63.9 37.9 74.7 75.4 50.0 50.0
Namibia 84 44.0 68.4 76.7 74.9 81.5 50.0 40.0
Niger 128 25.0 35.2 39.3 85.4 71.7 55.0 40.0
Nigeria 120 24.0 55.7 67.2 73.3 63.9 40.0 40.0
Rwanda 63 50.0 65.6 80.3 75.5 78.0 65.0 40.0
São Tomé and Príncipe 153 30.0 53.5 38.6 66.0 60.0 50.0 30.0
Senegal 116 29.0 56.7 41.3 79.6 72.2 55.0 40.0
Seychelles 124 48.0 69.2 63.5 75.6 33.4 45.0 30.0
Sierra Leone 151 25.0 51.5 68.5 70.2 55.0 20.0 …
Somalia … … … … … … … …
South Africa 74 41.0 74.7 55.6 75.8 76.3 45.0 60.0
South Sudan … … … … … … … …
Sudan … 16.0 57.4 65.4 64.5 … 15.0 …
Swaziland 104 31.0 66.0 70.3 74.7 69.7 55.0 40.0
Tanzania 98 30.0 48.6 61.9 71.8 73.5 55.0 50.0
Togo 150 24.0 39.9 44.2 78.5 56.7 35.0 30.0
Tunisia 107 38.0 82.8 70.1 77.8 58.1 35.0 30.0
Uganda 79 24.0 48.4 87.9 77.2 73.6 55.0 50.0
Western Sahara … 10.0 … … … … … …
Zambia 93 32.0 60.4 58.4 66.0 82.3 55.0 50.0
Zimbabwe 175 22.0 33.4 21.9 0.0 50.4 0.0 10.0
Business
Source: The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal, 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, http://www.heritage.org, accessed 29 October
2013
a The Index of Economic Freedom ranks 177 countries according to their performance in four categories of economic freedom: limited

business sectors
Manufacturing, value addeda, 1990-2011
bUSInESS
Share of GDP
Changeb,
Country 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011 1990-2011
Algeria 11.4% 11.5% 7.5% 5.9% … ...

Angola 5.0% 4.0% 2.9% 4.1% 6.0% 19%
Benin 7.4% 8.1% 8.2% 7.8% ... ...
Botswana 5.1% 5.5% 4.5% 3.6% 4.2% -18%
Burkina Faso 15.4% 15.2% 16.3% 11.7% 6.7% -56%
Burundi 12.9% 9.5% 15.6% 12.9% 10.0% -23%
Cameroon 14.5% 21.7% 20.8% 17.7% ... ...
Cape Verde 9.0% 10.1% ... ... ... ...
Central African Republic 11.3% 10.2% 7.3% ... ... ...
Chad 14.4% 11.2% 8.9% 5.3% ... ...
Comoros 4.2% 4.2% 4.5% 4.4% ... ...
Congo (DRC) 11.3% ... 4.8% 5.4% 4.6% -60%
Congo (Rep.) 8.3% 8.1% 3.5% 4.0% 3.6% -56%
Côte d'Ivoire 20.9% 15.0% 21.7% 19.3% 21.0% 1%
Djibouti 3.6% 2.8% 2.6% 2.6% ... ...
Egypt 17.8% 17.4% 19.4% 17.0% 15.2% -14%
Equatorial Guinea ... ... 1.4% 6.2% ... ...
Eritrea ... 9.0% 11.2% 7.3% ... ...
Ethiopia 4.8% 4.8% 5.5% 4.8% 3.6% -26%
Gabon 5.6% 4.5% 3.7% 4.1% 3.3% -41%
Gambia 5.5% 8.2% 6.8% 6.6% 5.2% -7%
Ghana 9.8% 10.3% 10.1% 9.5% 6.7% -32%
Guinea 4.6% 4.0% 4.0% 6.6% 7.3% 59%
Guinea-Bissau 8.4% 7.9% 10.5% ... ... ...
Kenya 11.7% 9.9% 11.6% 11.8% 11.0% -6%
Lesotho 14.5% 16.3% 13.5% 19.4% 11.7% -19%
Liberia ... 2.7% 4.1% 7.2% 3.5% ...
Libya ... ... ... 4.7% ... ...
Madagascar 11.2% 7.9% 12.2% 14.0% ... ...
Malawi 19.5% 15.8% 12.9% 9.2% 11.9% -39%
Mali 8.5% 8.0% 3.8% 3.2% ... ...
Mauritania 10.3% 8.3% 13.2% 10.0% 3.4% -67%
Mauritius 24.4% 23.0% 23.5% 19.8% 17.7% -27%
Morocco 19.0% 19.0% 17.5% 16.3% 15.5% -18%
Mozambique 10.2% 7.6% 12.2% 15.1% 13.3% 31%
Namibia 13.8% 13.0% 12.8% 13.6% 13.5% -2%
Niger 6.6% 6.4% 6.8% ... ... ...
Nigeria ... ... ... 2.8% ... ...
Rwanda 18.3% 10.2% 7.0% 7.0% 6.6% -64%
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ... 6.4% ... ...
Senegal 15.3% 16.6% 14.7% 15.2% 14.1% -8%
Seychelles 10.1% 12.7% 19.2% 8.7% 7.2% -29%
Sierra Leone 4.6% 9.3% 3.5% 2.6% 2.4% -48%
Somalia 4.6% ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 23.6% 21.2% 19.0% 18.5% 13.4% -43%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 8.7% 4.8% 8.6% 6.9% 6.9% -21%
Swaziland 36.8% 39.1% 38.7% 38.9% 42.2% 15%
Tanzania 9.3% 7.2% 9.4% 8.7% 10.2% 10%
Togo 9.9% 9.9% 8.6% 8.5% 8.4% -16%
Tunisia 19.1% 21.8% 18.5% 17.3% 18.1% -5%
Uganda 5.7% 6.8% 7.6% 7.5% 8.2% 45%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 36.1% 11.2% 11.3% 11.6% 8.4% -77%
Zimbabwe 22.8% 21.8% 15.6% 16.4% 17.1% -25%
Business
a Manufacturing includes physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products, whether by power-driven machines
or by hand. Included are assembly of component parts of manufactured products and recycling of waste materials. Value added is the net
output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs.

Manufacturing, value addeda, 1990, 2000 and 2011 % of GDP
bUSInESS
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho 1990
Liberia 2000
Libya 2011
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Business
a Manufacturing includes physical or chemical transformation of materials or components into new products, whether by power-driven machines
or by hand. Included are assembly of component parts of manufactured products and recycling of waste materials. Value added is the net

Services, value addeda, 1990-2011
bUSInESS
Share of GDP
Changeb,
Country 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011 1990-2011
Algeria 40.5% 39.1% 32.5% 30.5% … …

Angola 41.2% 26.4% 22.2% 24.4% 28.6% -30.6%
Benin 52.9% 53.5% 52.2% 54.4% … …
Botswana 34.1% 44.7% 44.7% 48.0% 51.7% 51.4%
Burkina Faso 49.6% 42.6% 46.1% 43.0% 41.9% -15.5%
Burundi 25.2% 32.6% 36.4% 37.1% 46.3% 83.8%
Cameroon 46.0% 45.0% 41.8% 50.1% … …
Cape Verde 64.1% 67.1% 71.8% 75.3% 71.8% 11.9%
Chad 53.0% 50.5% 46.3% 27.3% … …
Comoros 50.3% 47.2% 39.9% 38.0% … …
Congo (DRC) 40.0% 26.0% 29.7% 29.0% 32.6% -18.7%
Congo (Rep.) 46.5% 44.7% 22.5% 23.6% 20.0% -57.0%
Côte d'Ivoire 44.3% 54.5% 50.9% 51.3% 45.4% 2.3%
Djibouti 74.9% 81.3% 81.1% 79.9% … …
Egypt 52.0% 50.9% 50.1% 49.2% 49.3% -5.1%
Eritrea 0.0% 62.3% 61.9% 53.9% … …
Ethiopia 34.5% 32.6% 37.8% 40.3% 43.1% 24.8%
Gabon 49.7% 39.6% 37.5% 33.8% 32.2% -35.2%
Gambia 64.6% 63.8% 60.6% 58.9% 67.7% 4.6%
Ghana 38.1% 30.6% 32.2% 31.6% 48.5% 27.5%
Guinea 42.9% 51.6% 44.2% 41.1% 33.0% -23.0%
Guinea-Bissau 20.6% 32.7% 30.6% … … …
Kenya 51.4% 52.8% 50.7% 53.7% 53.9% 4.9%
Lesotho 41.1% 41.8% 57.6% 57.9% 58.5% 42.3%
Liberia 28.8% 12.9% 19.7% 25.7% 36.7% 27.3%
Libya … … … 22.2% … …
Madagascar 58.6% 64.1% 56.6% 55.9% 0.0% -100.0%
Malawi 26.1% 50.0% 42.5% 50.3% 50.5% 93.4%
Mali 38.6% 31.8% 37.9% 39.3% 0.0% -100.0%
Mauritania 41.6% 37.4% 35.3% 36.3% 36.9% -11.3%
Mauritius 54.4% 57.6% 62.1% 66.4% 70.2% 29.2%
Morocco 48.3% 50.9% 56.0% 57.1% 55.1% 13.9%
Mozambique 44.5% 50.7% 51.5% 48.9% 47.2% 6.2%
Namibia 50.2% 60.0% 60.2% 59.5% 61.1% 21.6%
Niger 48.6% 42.5% 44.4% … … …
Nigeria … … … 23.7% … …
Rwanda 42.8% 40.0% 49.2% 47.6% 51.7% 20.8%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … 77.4% 62.7% … …
Senegal 57.9% 55.2% 57.6% 59.6% 60.9% 5.3%
Seychelles 78.9% 73.2% 68.2% 80.3% 84.2% 6.6%
Sierra Leone 33.9% 18.4% 13.3% 35.6% 33.9% 0.1%
Somalia … … … … … …
South Africa 55.3% 61.3% 64.9% 66.2% 67.0% 21.2%
Sudan 44.2% 50.8% 37.0% 40.8% 47.4% 7.3%
Swaziland 46.5% 43.0% 43.9% 46.5% 46.9% 1.0%
Tanzania 36.4% 38.4% 47.3% 45.5% 47.2% 29.8%
Togo 43.7% 40.1% 46.5% 43.4% 52.0% 18.9%
Tunisia 48.7% 53.2% 58.3% 60.7% 59.8% 23.0%
Uganda 32.4% 36.3% 47.7% 48.3% 51.1% 58.0%
Zambia 28.1% 45.8% 52.7% 48.0% 43.2% 53.8%
Zimbabwe 50.4% 55.7% … 52.7% 47.4% -5.9%
Business
and personal services such as education, healthcare, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties,
and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net output of
a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs.

Services, value addeda, 1990, 2000 and 2011 % of GDP
bUSInESS
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho 1990
Liberia 2000
Libya 2011
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Business
and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import
duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net

Agriculture, value addeda, 1990-2011
bUSInESS
Share of GDP
Changeb,
Country 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011 1990 - 2011
Algeria 11.4% 10.5% 8.9% 8.2% … …

Angola 17.9% 7.3% 5.7% 8.5% 9.3% -48%
Benin 34.7% 33.1% 34.9% 32.3% … …
Botswana 4.9% 4.4% 2.7% 1.8% 2.5% -48%
Burkina Faso 29.1% 35.8% 29.3% 39.0% 33.8% 16%
Burundi 55.9% 48.1% 46.0% 44.5% 35.2% -37%
Cameroon 24.6% 23.6% 22.1% 19.5% … …
Cape Verde 14.4% 13.7% 12.9% 9.0% 10.4% -28%
Chad 29.3% 35.8% 42.3% 12.3% … …
Comoros 41.4% 40.9% 48.6% 51.0% … …
Congo (DRC) 31.0% 57.0% 50.0% 48.4% 45.6% 47%
Congo (Rep.) 12.9% 10.5% 5.3% 4.5% 3.4% -74%
Côte d'Ivoire 32.5% 24.7% 24.2% 22.8% 24.3% -25%
Djibouti 3.1% 3.2% 3.5% 3.5% … …
Egypt 19.4% 16.8% 16.7% 14.9% 13.9% -28%
Eritrea 0.0% 20.9% 15.1% 24.2% … …
Ethiopia 54.3% 57.5% 49.9% 46.7% 46.4% -15%
Gabon 7.3% 8.0% 6.2% 4.9% 3.8% -48%
Gambia 24.3% 21.4% 24.5% 27.1% 18.9% -22%
Ghana 45.1% 42.7% 39.4% 40.9% 25.6% -43%
Guinea 23.8% 19.2% 22.4% 24.2% 22.1% -7%
Guinea-Bissau 60.8% 55.1% 56.4% … … …
Kenya 29.5% 31.1% 32.4% 27.2% 28.5% -4%
Lesotho 24.7% 18.0% 11.9% 9.0% 7.8% -69%
Liberia 54.4% 81.8% 76.1% 67.0% 53.1% -2%
Libya … … … 2.3% … …
Madagascar 28.6% 26.7% 29.2% 28.3% … …
Malawi 45.0% 30.4% 39.5% 32.6% 30.2% -33%
Mali 45.5% 49.5% 41.6% 36.6% … …
Mauritania 29.6% 37.4% 36.7% 30.5% 13.3% -55%
Mauritius 12.9% 10.4% 7.0% 6.0% 3.7% -72%
Morocco 18.3% 15.1% 14.9% 14.7% 15.1% -17%
Mozambique 37.1% 34.8% 24.0% 26.4% 29.8% -20%
Namibia 11.7% 12.1% 11.8% 11.3% 7.9% -33%
Niger 35.3% 40.2% 37.8% … … …
Nigeria … … … 32.8% … …
Rwanda 32.5% 44.0% 37.2% 38.4% 31.9% -2%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … 12.1% 17.3% … …
Senegal 19.9% 21.0% 19.1% 16.7% 15.0% -25%
Seychelles 4.8% 4.2% 2.8% 3.3% 2.2% -54%
Sierra Leone 46.9% 42.9% 58.4% 52.5% 57.6% 23%
Somalia 65.5% … … … … …
South Africa 4.6% 3.9% 3.3% 2.7% 2.4% -48%
Sudan 40.6% 38.7% 42.2% 31.5% 24.5% -40%
Swaziland 10.4% 12.0% 12.2% 8.8% 7.2% -31%
Tanzania 46.0% 47.1% 33.5% 31.8% 27.7% -40%
Togo 33.8% 37.8% 35.1% 39.4% 31.9% -5%
Tunisia 17.7% 13.0% 11.3% 10.1% 8.9% -50%
Uganda 56.6% 49.4% 29.4% 26.7% 23.4% -59%
Zambia 20.6% 18.4% 22.2% 22.8% 19.5% -5%
Zimbabwe 16.5% 15.2% 18.3% 18.6% 15.7% -5%
Business
adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs.


Agriculture, value addeda, 1990, 2000 and 2011 % of GDP
bUSInESS
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar 1990
Malawi 2000
Mali 2011
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Business
adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs.

International touristsa, 2009-2011
bUSInESS
Number of arrivals Receiptsb (current US$m)
Country 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011

Algeria 1,912,000 2,070,000 2,395,000 381 323 302
Angola 366,000 425,000 481,000 554 726 653
Benin 190,000 199,000 209,000 131 149 188
Botswana 2,103,000 2,145,000 … 230 222 …
Burkina Faso 269,000 274,000 238,000 99 105 …
Burundi 212,000 142,000 … 2 2 4
Cameroon 498,000 573,000 … 271 171 …
Cape Verde 287,000 336,000 428,000 349 387 438
Central African Republic 52,000 54,000 … 6 7 …
Chad 70,000 71,000 … … … …
Comoros 11,000 … … 34 … …
Congo (DRC) 53,000 81,000 186,000 24 11 11
Congo (Rep.) 94,000 101,000 … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 231,000 260,000 270,000 164 213 …
Djibouti … … 16 18 19
Egypt 11,914,000 14,051,000 9,497,000 11,757 13,633 9,333
Eritrea 79,000 84,000 107,000 26 … …
Ethiopia 427,000 468,000 523,000 1,119 1,434 1,998
Gabon … … … … …
Gambia 142,000 91,000 106,000 64 38 102
Ghana 803,000 931,000 … 849 706 797
Guinea … … 5 2 2
Guinea-Bissau … … 12 14 …
Kenya 1,392,000 1,470,000 … 1,124 1,620 1,844
Lesotho 320,000 414,000 397,000 30 25 26
Liberia … … 123 12 232
Libya … … 159 170 …
Madagascar 163,000 196,000 225,000 518 633 …
Malawi 755,000 746,000 767,000 46 45 43
Mali 160,000 169,000 160,000 290 296 274
Mauritania … … … … …
Mauritius 871,000 935,000 965,000 1,390 1,585 1,813
Morocco 8,341,000 9,288,000 9,342,000 7,980 8,176 9,101
Mozambique 1,461,000 1,718,000 … 217 224 270
Namibia 980,000 984,000 … 511 560 645
Niger 66,000 74,000 82,000 69 86 86
Nigeria 1,414,000 1,555,000 715,000 791 738 688
Rwanda 646,000 619,000 … 218 218 …
São Tomé and Príncipe 15,000 8,000 … 8 11 16
Senegal 810,000 900,000 1,001,000 474 464 …
Seychelles 158,000 175,000 194,000 349 352 378
Sierra Leone 37,000 39,000 52,000 25 26 44
South Africa 7,012,000 8,074,000 8,339,000 8,684 10,308 10,707
Sudan 420,000 495,000 536,000 304 94 91
Swaziland 908,000 868,000 879,000 40 51 …
Tanzania 695,000 754,000 795,000 1,192 1,279 1,487
Togo 150,000 202,000 300,000 73 105 …
Tunisia 6,901,000 6,903,000 4,785,000 3,526 3,477 2,529
Uganda 807,000 946,000 1,151,000 683 802 974
Zambia 710,000 815,000 … 98 125 146
Zimbabwe 2,017,000 2,239,000 2,423,000 523 634 664
Africac 60,229,518 66,612,190 59,411,311 46,022 50,878 48,754
Business
Source World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 29 October 2013
a International inbound tourists who visit a country for a period shorter than 12 months and whose main purpose in visiting is not for an activity
remunerated from within the country visited
b Spending by visiting international tourists, including payments to national carriers

Industrial, mining and manufacturing production indices, 2009-2011
bUSInESS
2005=100
Country Industrial productiona Manufacturing productionb Mining productionc
2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011 2009 2010 2011

Algeria 126.6 133.7 144.6 90.3 85.4 84.3 143.0 138.3 125.2
Benin 121.8 129.4 138.8 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Burkina Faso 113.7 134.1 124.1 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Burundia 103.3 125.1 137.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Cameroon 111.8 115.7 119.7 102.9 101.4 103.5 ... ... ...
Central African Republic 143.7 126.9 136.7 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Chad 77.0 78.9 75.9 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 113.2 109.2 101.1 97.7 99.4 89.6 ... ... 144.9
Egypt 129.7 141.2 143.9 120.5 129.8 129.4 ... ... ...
Gabon 113.7 116.6 125.8 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Guineab 98.9 130.5 115.3 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mali 133.0 146.4 157.6 69.0 51.9 49.9 69.0 51.9 49.9
Mauritaniac 102.4 100.4 100.0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritius 114.2 118.5 123.3 111.3 113.6 116.1 106.3 105.7 100.8
Morocco 106.1 117.6 125.2 112.6 114.8 117.6 96.3 111.5 116.1
Niger 125.6 148.4 155.7 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Senegal 107.0 116.8 115.8 100.0 102.1 109.4 88.3 94.4 111.5
South Africa 101.9 106.0 107.2 96.2 100.9 103.5 86.2 91.8 90.8
Togo 108.9 130.8 101.0 110.6 103.1 115.9 157.6 175.8 180.6
Uganda 69.7 66.3 66.5 138.2 142.8 148.4 ... ... ...
Zambia 120.5 131.1 144.3 113.9 121.5 134.4 144.7 162.4 163.8
Source: African Development Bank, African Statistical Yearbook 2013
a According to the OECD, the industrial production index covers production in mining, manufacturing and public utilities (electricity, gas, water),
but excludes construction.
b The manufacturing production index measures changes in the production of manufactured goods, which is the physical or chemical
transformation of materials, substances or components into new products, excluding the processing of waste.
c The mining production index measures changes in the production of materials derived from mining and quarrying, such as the extraction of
minerals, coal, ores, liquids and gases, including activities aimed at preparing the crude materials for marketing, such as crushing or grinding.
Business

Mining policy indices, 2008/09-2012/13 (Scores 0-100, where 100=best in terms of encouraging investment)
bUSInESS
Policy potential indexa
Score Rank (out of 96)
Country 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2012/13
Botswana 64.9 66.5 74.0 76.9 78.1 17
Burkina Faso 45.1 49.6 66.3 57.5 46.0 55
Congo (DRC) 24.1 18.9 7.8 19.9 12.3 93
Egypt … … … 19.9 32.4 69
Ghana 51.3 53.3 45.1 52.9 48.2 54
Guinea … … 40.2 16.6 26.4 76
Madagascar … … 15.6 42.0 16.5 85
Mali 53.6 58.2 58.2 52.9 24.9 79
Mauritania … … … 45.5 61.6 36
Morocco … … … 60.3 65.6 25
Namibia 52.5 49.2 57.9 51.6 63.7 30
Niger … … 47.9 30.7 32.2 70
South Africa 40.4 26.2 23.4 44.5 35.0 64
Tanzania 41.8 44.9 32.4 38.8 28.0 74
Zambia 44.4 36.5 34.9 46.1 41.7 59
Zimbabwe 19.1 14.7 22.4 21.8 13.4 91
Best practices mineral potential indexb

Country 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2012/13
Botswana 68 72 77 78 75 8
Burkina Faso 70 74 81 76 55 58
Congo (DRC) 89 89 90 87 70 23
Egypt … … … 45 54 60
Ghana 76 71 75 81 58 47
Guinea … … 73 66 43 82
Madagascar … … 68 62 58 47
Mali 60 79 79 71 48 71
Mauritania … … … 61 50 64
Morocco … … … 50 33 93
Namibia 51 71 69 50 62 40
Niger … … 58 57 35 91
South Africa 70 66 72 64 57 50
Tanzania 76 70 79 67 67 32
Zambia 74 68 78 61 60 43
Zimbabwe 58 58 74 64 52 62
Current mineral potential indexc

Country 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2012/13
Botswana 59 68 68 75 60 16
Burkina Faso 57 70 71 63 55 27
Congo (DRC) 44 30 21 38 23 83
Egypt … … … 33 12 89
Ghana 55 60 57 60 56 23
Guinea … … 36 36 29 74
Madagascar … … 41 38 12 90
Mali 58 64 59 55 33 65
Mauritania … … … 46 42 48
Morocco … … … 50 40 51
Namibia 47 58 55 45 50 35
Niger … … 42 38 40 52
South Africa 45 39 28 33 28 77
Tanzania 55 47 58 55 42 47
Zambia 51 53 46 47 38 58
Business
Zimbabwe 15 21 16 21 10 92
Source: Fraser Institute, Survey of Mining Companies 2012/13
a The policy potential index measures the attractiveness of a country's mining policies to mining companies.
b The best practices mineral potential index measures the mineral potential of countries assuming their policies are based on best practices
(world-class regulatory environment, highly competitive taxation, no political risk or uncertainty and so on).
c The current mineral potential index measures whether a country's mineral potential under the current policy environment (taking into account
regulations and land use restrictions) encourages or discourages exploration.

Agricultural production indexa, 2008-2011
bUSInESS
2004-2006=100
Changeb,
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011 2000-2011
Algeria 69.4 99.1 124.0 134.9 94.5%

Angola 64.4 105.1 171.2 187.6 191.4%
Benin 88.2 101.3 119.0 116.8 32.3%
Botswana 89.3 101.4 123.6 141.6 58.7%
Burkina Faso 66.1 103.2 115.0 102.5 55.1%
Burundi 90.4 98.4 110.2 111.5 23.3%
Cameroon 79.0 102.8 140.1 147.1 86.1%
Cape Verde 91.8 98.0 124.9 128.3 39.8%
Central African Republic 94.6 99.5 113.1 118.4 25.2%
Chad 78.4 104.0 105.4 97.3 24.1%
Comoros 95.5 95.8 113.5 109.4 14.5%
Congo (DRC) 102.2 100.1 104.9 112.3 9.9%
Congo (Rep.) 81.9 100.4 124.7 127.1 55.2%
Côte d'Ivoire 101.8 99.3 106.3 112.8 10.7%
Djibouti 84.9 95.3 118.7 132.8 56.4%
Egypt 85.4 98.5 109.4 113.3 32.8%
Equatorial Guinea 93.2 100.4 110.9 113.4 21.7%
Eritrea 79.6 107.0 107.5 109.9 38.0%
Ethiopia 72.2 101.6 125.1 139.9 93.9%
Gabon 100.1 100.4 122.2 118.2 18.1%
Gambia 97.9 94.0 132.8 85.8 -12.4%
Ghana 79.7 100.0 124.7 128.5 61.2%
Guinea 84.2 100.6 113.0 117.4 39.5%
Guinea-Bissau 87.2 99.4 125.6 133.1 52.6%
Kenya 75.5 100.8 125.0 121.6 61.0%
Lesotho 101.8 102.3 110.4 105.7 3.9%
Liberia 100.2 104.6 100.7 102.6 2.3%
Libya 94.8 101.4 110.1 112.4 18.5%
Madagascar 87.8 103.1 124.5 122.6 39.6%
Malawi 98.2 85.1 155.0 159.2 62.1%
Mali 70.8 102.5 141.8 143.2 102.3%
Mauritania 89.4 100.4 112.5 111.3 24.4%
Mauritius 95.1 98.5 98.6 98.2 3.3%
Morocco 72.1 93.0 126.5 131.0 81.6%
Mozambique 80.9 95.7 145.6 158.3 95.7%
Namibia 85.4 103.6 90.4 89.9 5.2%
Niger 71.7 101.8 153.2 131.3 83.1%
Nigeria 80.1 100.0 101.7 102.6 28.1%
Rwanda 82.4 100.5 144.9 156.1 89.4%
São Tomé and Príncipe 94.5 99.4 112.9 115.8 22.5%
Senegal 107.3 109.6 150.4 108.3 0.9%
Seychelles 145.9 96.3 85.4 94.7 -35.1%
Sierra Leone 52.9 98.3 123.5 128.3 142.5%
Somalia 89.6 100.4 108.0 113.8 27.0%
South Africa 96.7 102.4 116.7 116.2 20.1%
Sudan 78.7 101.4 95.3 … -100.0%
Swaziland 88.7 102.9 103.7 105.8 19.3%
Tanzania 69.2 97.4 122.1 130.5 88.5%
Togo 89.3 96.9 121.3 128.5 44.0%
Tunisia 84.1 101.0 104.2 104.0 23.7%
Uganda 89.1 100.1 109.8 111.7 25.4%
Western Sahara 95.9 100.0 102.2 102.1 6.5%
Zambia 78.5 100.6 141.2 153.6 95.7%
Zimbabwe 132.3 93.1 95.7 104.4 -21.1%
Africac 82.7 99.8 115.3 117.7 42.3%
Business
Source: Food and Agriculture Organisation, FAOSTAT, http://www.faostat.fao.org, accessed 30 October 2013
a The agricultural production index illustrates the relative level of the aggregate volume of agricultural production for each year in comparison to
the base year period 2004-2006. The aggregate includes disposable production for any use except as seed and feed.

Area under cereal productiona, 1990-2007
bUSInESS
Hectares (‘000)
Country Changeb,
1990 1995 2000 2005 2011 1990-2011
Algeria 2,366 2,580 1,058 2,351 2,825 19.4%

Angola 774 736 891 1,479 1,945 151.2%
Benin 644 676 901 1,014 1,049 62.9%
Botswana 205 137 190 83 174 -15.2%
Burkina Faso 2,529 2,712 2,661 3,238 3,684 45.7%
Burundi 218 202 197 209 248 14.0%
Cameroon 648 1,004 723 1,122 1,780 174.7%
Cape Verde 34 31 31 15 31 -8.2%
Central African Republic 110 131 171 247 170 54.5%
Chad 1,075 1,550 1,760 2,433 2,501 132.6%
Comoros 15 16 18 17 24 60.3%
Congo (DRC) 1,864 1,931 1,998 1,974 2,301 23.5%
Congo (Rep.) 10 15 13 30 33 245.1%
Côte d'Ivoire 1,116 1,157 764 776 854 -23.4%
Djiboutic 0 0 0 0 0 16.7%
Egypt 2,283 2,727 2,762 2,969 3,038 33.0%
Eritrea … 298 330 443 447 …
Ethiopia 4,957 6,532 7,184 9,812 10,087 103.5%
Gabon 15 19 17 23 27 78.6%
Gambia 90 96 136 198 211 134.4%
Ghana 853 1,327 1,307 1,360 1,643 92.6%
Guinea 730 929 1,207 1,531 2,011 175.6%
Guinea-Bissau 109 143 162 139 178 62.8%
Kenya 1,785 1,842 1,885 2,178 2,680 50.1%
Lesotho 234 105 208 162 157 -32.9%
Liberia 175 50 144 120 250 42.9%
Libya 404 215 344 375 359 -11.2%
Madagascar 1,327 1,343 1,408 1,510 2,217 67.1%
Malawi 1,425 1,354 1,570 1,675 1,874 31.5%
Mali 2,439 2,702 2,295 3,119 5,800 137.8%
Mauritania 119 287 208 204 145 21.8%
Mauritiusc 1 0 0 0 0 -92.1%
Morocco 5,603 3,992 5,444 5,461 4,291 -23.4%
Mozambique 1,548 1,728 1,828 1,538 2,563 65.6%
Namibia 214 321 324 277 286 33.5%
Niger 6,882 7,194 7,346 8,399 9,977 45.0%
Nigeria 15,400 18,598 18,242 18,310 16,566 7.6%
Rwanda 254 124 283 349 440 73.0%
São Tomé and Príncipec 1 2 1 1 1 -7.1%
Senegal 1,229 1,212 1,169 1,195 1,139 -7.3%
Sierra Leone 469 341 206 738 718 53.1%
Somalia 733 576 535 765 583 -20.5%
South Africa 6,157 5,279 5,272 4,278 3,210 -47.9%
Sudan 3,735 7,780 6,451 12,293 … …
Swaziland 86 70 70 58 49 -43.2%
Tanzania 2,629 2,736 2,515 4,897 5,716 117.5%
Togo 648 696 700 736 863 33.2%
Tunisia 1,446 582 1,134 1,487 1,368 -5.4%
Uganda 1,055 1,292 1,372 1,605 2,014 90.9%
Zambia 895 654 718 561 1,171 30.9%
Zimbabwe 1,576 1,815 1,794 2,138 1,942 23.2%
Africac 79,112 87,840 87,946 105,887 101,640 28.5%
Business
a Land under cereal production refers to harvested area, although some countries report only sown or cultivated area. Cereals include wheat,
rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat and mixed grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain
only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded.
c Years for which the area under cereal production is “0” indicate fewer than 1,000 hectares are under cereal production. Years for which the

Cereal yielda, 2000-2012
bUSInESS
Kilograms per hectare

Changeb,
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2000-12
Algeria 883 1,501 1,401 1,442 1,678 89.9%

Angola 572 598 663 694 617 7.8%
Benin 1,102 1,136 1,201 1,478 1,478 34.1%
Botswana 131 443 374 388 359 174.9%
Burkina Faso 859 1,127 1,063 995 1,230 43.2%
Burundi 1,243 1,328 1,321 1,332 1,124 -9.6%
Cameroon 1,764 1,727 1,669 1,681 1,720 -2.5%
Cape Verde 795 243 220 178 188 -76.4%
Central African Republic 969 962 1,447 1,522 1,684 73.9%
Chad 528 762 843 772 1,282 142.5%
Comoros 1,197 1,285 1,418 1,411 1,390 16.1%
Congo (DRC) 787 772 771 771 799 1.5%
Congo (Rep.) 767 752 780 814 848 10.6%
Côte d'Ivoire 1,682 1,836 1,710 1,682 1,723 2.4%
Djibouti 1,833 1,500 1,444 2,000 2,000 9.1%
Egypt 7,280 7,548 6,506 7,247 7,693 5.7%
Eritrea 377 758 536 578 605 60.3%
Ethiopia 1,116 1,361 1,682 1,833 1,970 76.5%
Gabon 1,630 1,600 1,687 1,698 1,685 3.4%
Gambia 1,296 1,040 1,127 869 1,024 -21.0%
Ghana 1,309 1,432 1,814 1,594 1,768 35.1%
Guinea 1,492 1,496 1,390 1,482 1,522 2.0%
Guinea-Bissau 1,097 1,534 1,618 1,489 1,510 37.6%
Kenya 1,375 1,646 1,710 1,515 1,660 20.7%
Lesotho 718 690 909 664 603 -16.0%
Liberia 1,278 1,290 1,179 1,200 1,210 -5.3%
Libya 644 623 610 754 815 26.5%
Madagascar 1,890 2,516 2,698 2,674 2,663 40.9%
Malawi 1,675 778 1,907 2,094 2,087 24.6%
Mali 1,006 1,090 1,624 996 1,667 65.7%
Mauritania 864 844 946 1,395 1,727 99.8%
Mauritius 8,900 7,540 6,833 3,902 3,390 -61.9%
Morocco 367 784 1,548 1,614 1,017 177.3%
Mozambique 868 529 945 1,041 694 -20.1%
Namibia 374 377 390 495 460 23.1%
Niger 290 437 490 379 470 62.1%
Nigeria 1,171 1,422 1,528 1,333 1,363 16.3%
Rwanda 848 1,184 1,930 2,106 2,169 155.7%
São Tomé and Príncipe 2,230 2,385 3,000 3,000 3,077 38.0%
Senegal 879 1,200 1,196 966 1,310 49.1%
Sierra Leone 1,078 1,118 1,771 1,677 1,768 64.0%
Somalia 733 472 453 489 528 -28.0%
South Africa 2,755 3,314 4,143 4,024 3,650 32.5%
Sudan 505 504 452 564 472 -6.5%
Swaziland 1,628 1,307 1,226 1,243 1,083 -33.5%
Tanzania 1,442 1,100 1,647 1,379 1,314 -8.9%
Togo 1,058 1,133 1,187 1,226 1,313 24.0%
Tunisia 977 1,436 1,699 1,712 1,674 71.4%
Uganda 1,539 1,574 1,978 2,078 2,029 31.8%
Zambia 1,682 1,902 2,537 2,731 2,693 60.1%
Zimbabwe 1,404 588 756 910 855 -39.1%
Business
a Cereal yield includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Crops harvested for hay or
harvested green for food, feed or silage and those used for grazing are excluded.

Food production indexa, 1990-2011
bUSInESS
2004-2006=100
Changeb,
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011 2000-2011
Algeria 69.2 99.0 124.1 135.1 95.1%

Angola 63.5 105.1 170.0 186.6 193.6%
Benin 84.7 101.7 125.3 122.8 45.1%
Botswana 89.1 101.4 124.0 142.2 59.5%
Burkina Faso 69.8 102.8 121.5 107.8 54.5%
Burundi 91.0 100.2 112.6 111.9 23.1%
Cameroon 76.6 102.2 144.0 151.2 97.4%
Cape Verde 91.8 98.0 124.9 128.4 39.9%
Chad 77.7 103.5 110.1 101.2 30.2%
Comoros 95.5 95.7 113.5 109.3 14.5%
Congo (DRC) 101.9 100.0 105.0 112.4 10.3%
Congo (Rep.) 82.3 100.3 125.1 127.4 54.9%
Côte d'Ivoire 95.1 98.3 106.1 113.1 18.9%
Djibouti 84.9 95.3 118.7 132.8 56.4%
Egypt 85.1 98.7 110.2 114.3 34.2%
Eritrea 79.4 107.1 107.4 109.8 38.3%
Ethiopia 70.2 102.1 124.2 138.3 97.0%
Gabon 100.0 100.3 121.9 117.7 17.8%
Gambia 98.0 94.0 132.9 85.7 -12.5%
Ghana 79.5 100.0 124.5 128.3 61.5%
Guinea 82.4 100.7 112.9 117.3 42.4%
Guinea-Bissau 87.2 99.3 125.9 133.5 53.1%
Kenya 74.1 100.7 126.3 123.0 65.9%
Lesotho 103.4 102.1 110.9 105.9 2.3%
Liberia 100.6 104.5 120.9 123.1 22.4%
Libya 94.7 101.4 110.2 112.7 19.0%
Madagascar 87.1 103.4 124.5 123.5 41.9%
Malawi 99.2 84.8 156.6 160.6 62.0%
Mali 72.7 102.7 153.2 150.6 107.3%
Mauritania 89.4 100.4 112.5 111.3 24.4%
Mauritius 95.0 98.5 98.6 98.1 3.3%
Morocco 71.9 92.8 126.7 131.3 82.6%
Mozambique 86.6 95.2 150.7 163.4 88.8%
Namibia 85.3 103.9 91.0 90.5 6.1%
Niger 71.4 101.8 153.5 131.4 84.1%
Nigeria 80.1 99.9 101.7 103.0 28.6%
Rwanda 82.3 100.5 145.9 157.2 91.1%
Senegal 108.4 110.1 152.0 108.6 0.2%
Seychelles 147.2 95.9 88.2 98.1 -33.3%
Sierra Leone 51.9 98.1 122.5 127.0 144.6%
Somalia 89.6 100.4 108.0 113.8 27.0%
South Africa 96.2 102.4 117.3 116.6 21.2%
Sudan 79.0 101.0 96.4 … …
Swaziland 87.4 102.7 104.1 106.2 21.5%
Tanzania 69.7 95.9 123.2 130.8 87.7%
Togo 84.9 98.9 128.5 132.8 56.3%
Tunisia 84.0 100.9 104.2 104.1 23.9%
Uganda 89.0 99.9 109.7 110.8 24.6%
Western Sahara 95.9 100.0 102.2 102.1 6.5%
Zambia 84.7 98.2 147.6 159.1 87.9%
Zimbabwe 113.9 90.8 94.9 99.4 -12.7%
Africac 82.1 99.7 116.0 118.2 44.0%
Business
a The food production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because,
although edible, they have practically no nutritive value.

Livestock production indexa, 2000-2011
2004-2006=100
Changeb,
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011 2000-2011
Algeria 89.8 99.3 118.8 129.2 43.9%

Angola 96.9 102.6 120.2 124.5 28.5%
Benin 82.7 99.2 114.3 126.1 52.5%
Botswana 88.7 101.9 131.1 150.6 69.8%
Burkina Faso 76.4 100.5 105.4 107.9 41.2%
Burundi 88.2 101.7 102.8 130.7 48.2%
Cameroon 86.5 99.8 119.3 120.8 39.7%
Cape Verde 83.1 101.3 130.6 134.5 61.9%
Chad 90.1 99.8 113.0 113.2 25.5%
Comoros 99.0 99.5 113.5 109.4 10.6%
Congo (DRC) 101.4 100.2 115.2 117.3 15.6%
Congo (Rep.) 67.2 101.2 157.3 162.6 142.0%
Cote d'Ivoire 89.5 99.7 118.7 115.3 28.8%
Djibouti 81.9 93.3 116.4 133.1 62.5%
Egypt 81.5 98.0 125.5 127.3 56.1%
Eritrea 85.4 101.7 121.9 123.4 44.4%
Ethiopia 64.1 96.6 119.1 139.3 117.3%
Gabon 101.6 100.9 114.5 114.3 12.4%
Gambia 84.6 101.5 107.2 103.6 22.4%
Ghana 92.4 100.3 125.8 127.5 38.0%
Guinea 77.8 99.9 130.5 136.8 75.9%
Guinea-Bissau 89.8 99.7 120.7 126.7 41.0%
Kenya 73.4 95.9 123.0 123.4 68.2%
Lesotho 95.3 104.0 101.8 105.3 10.5%
Liberia 101.4 101.6 133.3 140.8 38.9%
Libya 92.3 100.3 112.4 112.9 22.4%
Madagascar 102.1 103.6 118.1 120.7 18.3%
Malawi 91.8 95.3 158.2 180.7 96.9%
Mali 71.8 99.8 147.0 151.6 111.3%
Mauritania 86.5 99.5 105.8 107.4 24.2%
Mauritius 72.8 97.5 123.3 128.1 76.0%
Morocco 87.8 101.0 132.7 140.8 60.5%
Mozambique 107.4 108.0 111.1 116.8 8.7%
Namibia 87.0 106.2 83.8 80.9 -7.0%
Niger 79.6 100.3 126.3 107.4 34.9%
Nigeria 86.3 102.0 119.2 123.0 42.6%
Rwanda 72.4 96.8 135.1 132.9 83.6%
Senegal 92.3 100.9 126.0 125.5 35.9%
Seychelles 169.6 97.3 86.0 96.6 -43.0%
Sierra Leone 71.9 99.3 126.7 125.6 74.6%
Somalia 89.9 100.0 107.5 113.6 26.3%
South Africa 89.6 98.7 132.8 130.9 46.1%
Sudan 82.8 101.5 97.1 … …
Swaziland 88.3 102.4 111.0 113.8 28.8%
Tanzania 77.0 101.4 103.0 108.5 40.8%
Togo 82.3 102.8 135.5 139.5 69.5%
Tunisia 101.0 100.1 111.3 111.8 10.7%
Uganda 72.4 100.8 114.5 115.7 59.9%
Western Sahara 95.1 100.3 101.7 101.7 6.9%
Zambia 90.7 103.9 121.1 117.3 29.3%
Zimbabwe 96.7 99.7 102.8 99.3 2.6%
Africac 84.1 99.8 118.8 118.7 41.2%
Business
Source: Food and Agriculture Organisation, FAOSTAT, http://www.faostat.fao.org, accessed 30 October 2013
a The livestock production index includes meat and milk from all sources, dairy products such as cheese, eggs, honey, raw silk, wool, hides and
skins.

EmploymEnt and IncomEs
Employment and incomes
EmPloYmEnT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
5
Labour force, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Labour force participation rate, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Labour force participation rate by sex, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Unemployment, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Unemployment by sex, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Employed youths as share of total youth population, 1995-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Self-employed and vulnerable employment, 1995-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Formal and informal employment in non-agricultural activities, total and by sex, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Employment in agriculture as a share of total employment, 1995-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Employment in industry as a share of total employment, 1995-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Employment in services as a share of total employment, 1995-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Working conditions and rights, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Workforce training and labour-related constraints, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
InComE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
GDP per person employed, 1990-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Growth in GDP per person employed, 1990-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Monthly earnings (US$) by economic activity and sex, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Monthly earnings (US$) by sex and occupation, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Gender pay gap by occupation, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Workers’ remittances received per capita, 2000-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Income inequality and distribution of income, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
African billionaires, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

employment and incomes
Employment
Labour forcea, 1990-2011
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 Changea,

Country Thousands 1990-2011
Algeria 5,947 7,477 10,259 11,696 13,213 13,508 127%

Angola 3,716 4,406 5,842 6,834 8,027 8,315 124%
Benin 1,756 2,133 2,826 3,385 4,014 4,140 136%
Botswana 546 670 927 1,057 1,195 1,216 123%
Burkina Faso 3,954 4,587 6,185 7,281 8,537 8,789 122%
Burundi 2,674 2,759 3,172 3,908 4,899 5,042 89%
Cameroon 4,249 5,048 6,832 7,926 9,177 9,430 122%
Cape Verde 112 132 179 216 254 262 134%
Central African Republic 1,216 1,401 1,800 1,981 2,245 2,303 89%
Chad 2,220 2,583 3,490 4,190 4,873 5,015 126%
Comoros 120 143 200 236 276 283 136%
Congo (DRC) 13,095 15,711 20,500 23,873 28,212 29,157 123%
Congo (Rep.) 843 1,000 1,387 1,605 1,887 1,934 129%
Côte d'Ivoire 4,436 5,321 6,973 7,643 8,516 8,751 97%
Djibouti 145 167 240 284 336 347 139%
Egypt 16,353 17,311 22,543 27,352 31,222 32,016 96%
Equatorial Guinea 192 214 283 335 403 417 117%
Eritrea 1,355 1,333 1,895 2,552 2,969 3,056 126%
Ethiopia 20,947 24,337 32,263 38,477 45,107 46,644 123%
Gabon 317 363 482 556 652 672 112%
Gambia 383 443 601 719 846 872 128%
Ghana 5,648 6,754 9,326 10,196 11,609 11,932 111%
Guinea 2,191 2,859 3,659 4,028 4,564 4,694 114%
Guinea-Bissau 379 418 567 631 727 745 97%
Kenya 8,501 9,985 13,262 14,954 17,608 18,174 114%
Lesotho 639 711 918 948 1,024 1,045 64%
Liberia 665 668 1,072 1,214 1,534 1,591 139%
Libya 1,147 1,412 2,105 2,488 2,796 2,778 142%
Madagascar 5,141 6,024 8,092 9,515 11,109 11,491 124%
Malawi 3,737 3,957 5,246 6,333 7,355 7,576 103%
Mali 2,266 2,575 3,505 4,166 4,960 5,122 126%
Mauritania 505 601 863 1,060 1,261 1,297 157%
Mauritius 439 486 596 636 668 676 54%
Morocco 7,642 8,777 11,378 12,273 12,753 12,963 70%
Mozambique 5,664 7,059 9,552 10,839 12,148 12,445 120%
Namibia 431 521 734 902 1,070 1,099 155%
Niger 2,217 2,729 3,860 4,706 5,597 5,803 162%
Nigeria 29,238 33,199 42,436 47,067 54,149 55,639 90%
Rwanda 3,107 2,434 4,223 5,052 5,960 6,140 98%
São Tomé and Príncipe 34 38 51 60 69 71 110%
Senegal 2,804 3,313 4,417 5,187 6,064 6,249 123%
Seychelles … … … … … … …
Sierra Leone 1,477 1,442 1,755 2,247 2,579 2,637 79%
Somalia 2,012 2,039 2,690 3,044 3,307 3,383 68%
South Africa 10,802 13,302 18,076 20,356 21,351 21,689 101%
South Sudan … … … … … … …
Sudan 7,499 8,465 11,549 13,364 15,676 16,168 116%
Swaziland 242 276 370 406 475 490 102%
Tanzania 11,802 14,029 18,508 21,441 24,599 25,286 114%
Togo 1,429 1,676 2,386 2,821 3,272 3,365 135%
Tunisia 2,376 2,742 3,562 3,882 4,340 4,418 86%
Uganda 7,246 8,433 11,359 12,780 15,030 15,518 114%
Zambia 3,236 3,718 4,930 5,474 6,157 6,307 95%
Zimbabwe 3,934 4,563 5,990 7,185 7,396 7,620 94%
Africac 219,026 252,744 335,913 387,362 444,072 456,577 108%
a The labour force is the supply of labour available for producing goods and services in an economy. It includes people who are currently
workers, family workers, and students are often omitted, and some countries do not count members of the armed forces. Labour force size
tends to vary during the year as seasonal workers enter and leave.

Labour force participation ratea, 1990-2011
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 Changeb,

Country Share of total working-age population (15-64) 1990-2011
Algeria 44.1% 46.7% 46.4% 45.8% 45.9% 46.2% 5%

Angola 72.1% 73.0% 72.5% 71.3% 70.8% 70.9% -2%
Benin 73.0% 73.5% 73.0% 73.0% 73.4% 73.5% 1%
Botswana 75.1% 75.9% 76.7% 77.8% 78.9% 79.0% 5%
Burkina Faso 85.4% 85.2% 85.1% 85.2% 85.3% 85.3% 0%
Burundi 91.3% 88.9% 86.0% 84.2% 83.8% 83.9% -8%
Cameroon 68.1% 69.6% 70.0% 70.5% 71.5% 71.7% 5%
Cape Verde 64.5% 66.1% 67.2% 68.9% 70.5% 70.8% 10%
Central African Republic 78.4% 78.7% 78.6% 78.7% 79.1% 79.1% 1%
Chad 72.8% 72.7% 72.6% 72.5% 72.6% 72.6% 0%
Comoros 54.0% 54.4% 54.8% 56.6% 58.2% 58.4% 8%
Congo (DRC) 71.7% 72.2% 72.1% 71.7% 71.7% 71.8% 0%
Congo (Rep.) 67.2% 68.1% 69.3% 70.7% 71.8% 71.9% 7%
Côte d'Ivoire 67.9% 67.2% 66.6% 67.2% 67.5% 67.6% 0%
Djibouti 48.4% 49.4% 50.6% 51.9% 53.4% 53.8% 11%
Egypt 52.1% 48.8% 48.9% 51.1% 51.8% 52.0% 0%
Equatorial Guinea 88.6% 89.6% 89.2% 88.5% 88.3% 88.3% 0%
Eritrea 84.0% 82.2% 83.8% 85.3% 86.3% 86.4% 3%
Ethiopia 83.2% 83.3% 83.7% 86.3% 85.8% 85.8% 3%
Gabon 64.4% 63.2% 61.9% 61.2% 61.7% 62.0% -4%
Gambia 77.5% 77.4% 77.2% 77.5% 77.8% 77.8% 0%
Ghana 72.1% 73.4% 75.5% 70.8% 70.4% 70.6% -2%
Guinea 72.8% 72.5% 72.3% 72.4% 73.2% 73.3% 1%
Guinea-Bissau 70.7% 70.6% 72.0% 73.5% 74.4% 74.5% 5%
Kenya 75.1% 71.7% 68.3% 65.3% 66.8% 67.1% -11%
Lesotho 75.5% 75.5% 74.7% 69.4% 67.1% 67.3% -11%
Liberia 60.4% 60.3% 60.5% 60.9% 61.5% 61.8% 2%
Libya 49.1% 50.3% 52.6% 55.2% 56.2% 55.8% 14%
Madagascar 87.4% 87.6% 88.1% 88.0% 87.5% 87.4% 0%
Malawi 77.4% 76.7% 78.8% 83.2% 82.6% 82.6% 7%
Mali 52.8% 52.6% 52.7% 53.1% 54.2% 54.4% 3%
Mauritania 48.2% 49.2% 51.1% 53.0% 54.6% 54.8% 14%
Mauritius 63.0% 63.6% 64.9% 63.3% 64.3% 64.5% 2%
Morocco 54.6% 55.9% 55.6% 54.4% 51.6% 51.7% -5%
Mozambique 83.4% 84.1% 85.6% 85.6% 84.9% 84.7% 2%
Namibia 57.5% 57.7% 57.8% 63.2% 66.0% 66.2% 15%
Niger 57.3% 59.9% 63.2% 65.2% 65.4% 65.5% 14%
Nigeria 57.6% 57.1% 56.0% 54.7% 55.5% 55.7% -3%
Rwanda 89.7% 88.7% 87.4% 86.1% 87.2% 87.4% -3%
São Tomé and Príncipe 60.1% 58.7% 58.4% 60.8% 62.1% 62.4% 4%
Senegal 76.8% 77.1% 77.2% 77.5% 78.0% 78.1% 2%
Seychelles … … … … … … …
Sierra Leone 67.4% 66.9% 66.4% 68.2% 68.7% 68.7% 2%
Somalia 57.9% 57.9% 58.5% 58.7% 58.7% 58.7% 1%
South Africa 50.7% 53.0% 54.7% 56.4% 55.2% 55.6% 10%
Sudan 53.4% 52.3% 53.1% 53.9% 54.6% 54.7% 2%
Swaziland 57.1% 57.8% 57.5% 57.5% 58.0% 58.2% 2%
Tanzania 90.4% 90.3% 90.2% 90.8% 90.6% 90.6% 0%
Togo 76.6% 78.7% 80.3% 81.6% 82.2% 82.4% 8%
Tunisia 50.5% 51.2% 50.6% 49.4% 50.7% 51.0% 1%
Uganda 83.0% 83.0% 82.7% 79.2% 78.5% 78.3% -6%
Zambia 80.1% 80.4% 80.4% 80.1% 79.8% 79.7% 0%
Zimbabwe 73.8% 74.4% 75.5% 87.6% 87.3% 87.4% 18%
Africac 66.0% 65.9% 66.0% 66.3% 66.7% 66.9% 1%
population that engages actively in the labour market, either by working or looking for work.

Labour force participation ratea, 2000 and 2011 % of total working working-age population
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia 2000
Libya
2011
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Western Sahara
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa

Labour force participation ratea by sex, 2000-2011
Share of total working-age population (15-64)
2000 2005 2011
Country Female Male Female Male Female Male

Algeria 12.8% 79.4% 14.0% 77.0% 16.0% 75.6%
Angola 68.8% 76.3% 65.6% 77.2% 64.1% 78.0%
Benin 65.2% 81.5% 67.4% 78.8% 68.7% 78.5%
Botswana 72.1% 81.3% 73.7% 81.8% 75.0% 82.9%
Burkina Faso 79.5% 91.2% 79.6% 91.2% 79.7% 91.0%
Burundi 86.8% 85.0% 85.3% 83.0% 85.0% 82.8%
Cameroon 63.2% 76.8% 64.2% 76.9% 65.9% 77.6%
Cape Verde 49.8% 86.4% 52.4% 85.9% 55.3% 86.2%
Chad 65.2% 80.1% 65.2% 80.1% 65.2% 80.3%
Comoros 30.8% 78.7% 33.1% 79.9% 35.8% 80.8%
Congo (DRC) 71.3% 73.0% 71.2% 72.3% 70.9% 72.7%
Congo (Rep.) 66.1% 72.5% 68.8% 72.7% 69.8% 74.0%
Côte d'Ivoire 49.5% 82.2% 51.0% 82.2% 52.7% 81.9%
Djibouti 32.9% 68.4% 35.1% 68.6% 37.9% 69.6%
Egypt 21.3% 76.2% 22.3% 79.7% 25.5% 78.3%
Eritrea 77.0% 91.0% 80.3% 90.5% 82.2% 90.8%
Ethiopia 75.5% 92.2% 80.8% 91.9% 81.0% 90.6%
Gabon 55.2% 68.7% 56.0% 66.5% 57.4% 66.5%
Gambia 71.5% 83.2% 72.2% 83.2% 72.8% 83.0%
Ghana 73.9% 77.2% 69.0% 72.5% 68.5% 72.5%
Guinea 64.9% 79.5% 65.3% 79.5% 67.0% 79.5%
Guinea-Bissau 64.6% 79.7% 67.7% 79.5% 69.6% 79.4%
Kenya 63.3% 73.3% 60.4% 70.2% 62.0% 72.2%
Lesotho 69.0% 81.0% 62.9% 76.4% 60.2% 74.7%
Liberia 59.1% 61.8% 59.3% 62.5% 59.1% 64.5%
Libya 28.6% 75.2% 31.6% 77.8% 31.8% 79.9%
Madagascar 85.9% 90.5% 86.0% 90.0% 85.3% 89.4%
Malawi 77.0% 80.6% 79.9% 86.5% 84.7% 80.5%
Mali 38.5% 67.7% 37.6% 69.3% 38.0% 71.2%
Mauritania 23.6% 79.0% 26.5% 79.5% 29.3% 80.0%
Mauritius 44.8% 85.2% 45.3% 81.5% 48.7% 80.4%
Morocco 30.5% 82.0% 29.3% 80.8% 26.7% 78.3%
Mozambique 88.3% 82.5% 88.0% 83.0% 86.6% 82.7%
Namibia 50.2% 65.8% 57.0% 69.6% 60.7% 71.7%
Niger 38.4% 89.0% 39.6% 91.6% 40.4% 91.0%
Nigeria 44.9% 67.0% 47.6% 61.7% 48.1% 63.2%
Rwanda 88.3% 86.4% 87.5% 84.7% 88.3% 86.4%
Senegal 65.0% 89.8% 65.9% 89.7% 67.1% 89.7%
Sierra Leone 68.7% 63.9% 67.9% 68.4% 67.8% 69.8%
Somalia 37.9% 79.7% 38.5% 79.5% 39.1% 78.7%
South Africa 46.5% 63.2% 48.9% 64.1% 47.6% 63.6%
Sudan 30.2% 75.9% 31.2% 76.4% 32.3% 76.9%
Swaziland 43.9% 72.8% 44.2% 71.9% 45.1% 72.0%
Tanzania 89.1% 91.4% 90.3% 91.3% 89.9% 91.2%
Togo 77.8% 82.9% 81.4% 81.8% 82.2% 82.5%
Tunisia 25.6% 75.7% 26.4% 72.6% 27.7% 74.4%
Uganda 82.3% 83.1% 78.0% 80.4% 76.9% 79.8%
Zambia 75.2% 85.7% 74.0% 86.3% 73.4% 86.0%
Zimbabwe 69.2% 81.8% 84.3% 90.9% 84.4% 90.4%
Africab 54.5% 77.6% 55.8% 77.0% 56.8% 77.0%

Labour force participation ratea by sex, 2011 % of total working working-age population
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Female
Lesotho
Liberia Male
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa

Unemploymenta, latest year
Total Youth
Total population
Country Latest year unemployment Latest year Latest Year unemployment
unemployedc
rateb rated
Algeria 2010 10% 2010 1,076,000 2010 21.5%
Angola 2006 25.2% … … … …
Benin 2002 0.7% 2002 17,704 2002 0.8%
Botswana 2006 17.6% 2006 114,422 2006 13%
Burkina Faso 2007 3.3% … … 2006 3.7%
Burundi 1990 0.5% … … 1990 0.6%
Cameroon 2010 3.8% 2010 347,400 … …
Cape Verde 2008 17.8% … … 1990 41%
Central African Republic ... ... … … … …
Chad 1993 0.7% … … … …
Comoros 1991 20.0% … … … …
Congo (DRC) ... ... … … … …
Congo (Rep.) ... ... … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 1998 4.1% 1998 298,440 … …
Djibouti 2002 59.5% … … … ...
Egypt 2010 9.0% 2010 2,350,800 2010 24.7%
Equatorial Guinea 1983 24.2% … … … …
Eritrea ... ... … … … …
Ethiopia 2006 17.0% 2012 1,218,600 2006 24.9%
Gabon 1993 17.8% 2010 100,700 1993 41%
Gambia ... ... … … … …
Ghana 2006 3.6% … … 2000 17%
Guinea 1994 3.1% … … … …
Guinea-Bissau ... ... … … … …
Kenya 1999 9.8% 1999 1,275,800 … …
Lesotho 2008 25.3% 2008 192,119 2008 34.4%
Liberia 2010 3.7% 2010 42,095 2010 5%
Libya 2007 13.5% … … … …
Madagascar 2005 2.6% 2010 410,000 2005 2.3%
Malawi 2004 7.8% 2004 263,169 … ….
Mali 2004 8.8% 2010 402,000 … ….
Mauritania 2008 31.2% 2000 158,200 … ….
Mauritius 2011 7.9% 2012 48,300 2011 21.7%
Morocco 2011 8.9% 2009 1,029,372 2011 17.9%
Mozambique 1997 2.2% 2012 2,147,100 … …
Namibia 2008 37.6% 2004 108,100 2008 58.9%
Niger 2001 1.5% 2001 53,321 2001 3.2%
Nigeria 1986 3.9% … … … …
Rwanda 1996 0.6% 1996 15,013 1996 0.69%
São Tomé and Príncipe 2006 16.7% 2007 8,869 2006 8.2%
Senegal 2006 10.0% 2007 351,370 2006 14.8%
Seychelles 2005 5.5% 2005 2,544 2005 20.3%
Sierra Leone 2004 3.4% 2005 68,300 2004 5.2%
Somalia ... ... … … … …
South Africa 2011 24.7% 2012 4,541,000 2011 49.8%
South Sudan ... ... … … … …
Sudan ... ... 2008 2,300,000 … …
Swaziland 1997 22.5% 2008 876,790 1997 44.8%
Tanzania 2006 4.3% 2011 769,500 2006 8.8%
Togo ... ... … … … …
Tunisia 2010 13.0% 2012 691,700 2010 30.7%
Uganda 2009 4.2% 2004 346,000 2009 5.4%
Zambia 2005 15.9% 2010 690,000 2005 23.4%
Zimbabwe 2004 4.2% 2011 308,100 2004 7.8%
a The unemployed are persons “without work”. They were not in paid employment or self-employment; they were available for paid employment
b Source: African Economic Outlook, http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/data-statistics, accessed 9 November 2013

c Source: International Labour Organisation, ILOSTAT Database, http://www.ilo.org/ilostat, accessed 9 November 2013
d Source: World Bank, Jobs Database, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 9 November 2013
Unemployed youth comprise all persons between the ages of 15 and 24 who, during the reference period, were: (a) without work; i.e. had
not worked for even one hour in any economic activity (paid employment, self-employment, or unpaid work for a family business or farm); (b)
the past four weeks).

Unemploymenta by sex, latest year
Women Men
Country
Latest year Rate Number Rate Number
Algeria 2010 20.0% … 10.0% …
Angola … … … … …
Benin 2002 0.4% 5,484 0.9% 1,222
Botswana 2006 19.9% 63,546 15.3% 50,876
Burkina Faso 2006 1.7% … 2.9% …
Burundi … … … … …
Cameroon 2007 3.3% … 2.5% …
Central African Republic … … … … …
Chad … … … … …
Congo (DRC) … … … … …
Congo (Rep.) … … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire … … … … …
Djibouti 2002 68.6% … 54.6% …
Egypt 2009 22.9% … 5.2% 19,232
Ethiopia 2006 22.6% … 11.7% …
Gabon … … … … …
Gambia … … … … …
Ghana 2006 3.6% … 3.5% …
Guinea … … … … …
Kenya … … … … …
Lesotho 2008 28.0% 97,797 23.0% 94,322
Liberia 2010 4.1% … 3.4% …
Libya … … … … …
Madagascar 2005 3.5% 1,541 1.7% 778
Malawi 2004 10.0% 163,131 5.4% 100,038
Mali 2004 10.9% 1,205 7.2% 107
Mauritania 2000 41.2% 115 8.9% 432
Mauritius 2010 12.8% 28,025 4.6% 16,675
Morocco 2009 10.5% 284,017 9.8% 745,355
Mozambique 1997 1.3% 622 3.4% 1,298
Namibia 2008 43.0% 109,791 32.5% 89,778
Niger 2001 0.9% … 1.7% …
Nigeria … … … … …
Rwanda 1996 0.4% 5,218 0.9% 9,795
São Tomé and Príncipe 2006 24.5% 5,432 11.0% 3,437
Senegal 2006 13.6% 174,518 7.9% 17,685
Seychelles 2005 4.9% 1,204 6.1% 134
Sierra Leone 2004 2.3% … 4.5% …
South Africa 2009 25.9% … 22.0% …
Sudan … … … … …
Swaziland 1997 26.0% 2,619 20.0% 26,912
Tanzania 2006 5.8% … 2.8% …
Togo … … … … …
Tunisia 2005 17.3% 1,575 13.1% 3,288
Uganda 2009 5.1% 309,433 3.1% 167,867
Zambia 2000 11.3% 1,478 14.1% 2,624
Zimbabwe 2004 4.1% 1,175 4.2% 118,506
Source: International Labour Organisation, Key Indicators of the Labour Market, 7th edition, http://www.kilm.ilo.org/kilmnet/, accessed 13 March
2013
a The unemployed are persons “without work”. They were not in paid employment or self-employment; they were available for paid employment

Employed youthsa as share of total youth population, 1995-2011
Country 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria 20.2% 17.8% 22.6% 22.3% 21.3%
Angola 48.9% 48.5% 47.9% 47.4% 47.5%
Benin 64.1% 59.6% 57.3% 56.5% 56.4%
Botswana 36.6% 36.4% 39.1% 41.3% 41.3%
Burkina Faso 75.8% 74.3% 74.3% 73.0% 72.8%
Burundi 67.7% 63.3% 60.7% 58.4% 58.3%
Cameroon 42.4% 41.0% 43.4% 43.4% 43.2%
Cape Verde 55.9% 54.4% 54.1% 53.7% 53.6%
Chad 51.0% 50.9% 51.0% 50.9% 50.7%
Comoros 35.9% 35.5% 36.4% 35.5% 35.3%
Congo (DRC) 41.4% 41.4% 41.1% 40.8% 40.8%
Congo (Rep.) 40.6% 40.3% 40.3% 40.4% 40.2%
Côte d'Ivoire 49.6% 48.0% 48.3% 47.9% 47.9%
Djibouti … … … … …
Egypt 22.6% 23.6% 25.1% 25.0% 21.9%
Eritrea 71.6% 71.0% 69.5% 69.4% 69.2%
Ethiopia 69.7% 70.0% 73.3% 71.2% 70.8%
Gabon 19.2% 16.8% 14.9% 14.7% 15.0%
Gambia 59.2% 58.8% 58.6% 57.8% 57.6%
Ghana 42.5% 45.1% 38.5% 36.2% 35.9%
Guinea 50.9% 50.9% 51.1% 51.7% 51.8%
Guinea-Bissau 48.0% 47.7% 49.2% 49.5% 49.7%
Kenya 41.4% 36.5% 32.6% 32.7% 32.5%
Lesotho 39.7% 35.9% 28.3% 30.4% 29.2%
Liberia 33.8% 33.2% 33.1% 33.3% 33.4%
Libya 25.8% 27.7% 30.3% 29.4% 24.3%
Madagascar 70.9% 72.5% 72.0% 71.2% 70.6%
Malawi 46.3% 50.8% 61.6% 51.5% 51.7%
Mali 35.4% 35.3% 35.5% 35.7% 35.6%
Mauritania 17.9% 18.2% 18.6% 18.9% 18.9%
Mauritius 39.0% 38.3% 31.6% 31.4% 31.9%
Morocco 40.7% 37.0% 35.5% 29.9% 29.4%
Mozambique 67.1% 64.2% 60.8% 59.4% 59.1%
Namibia 23.3% 17.3% 20.7% 11.1% 13.6%
Niger 48.6% 49.7% 52.0% 52.8% 53.0%
Nigeria 30.7% 32.0% 33.1% 33.6% 33.7%
Rwanda 79.2% 75.4% 72.6% 73.0% 72.9%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … … … …
Senegal 58.3% 57.9% 57.5% 57.1% 57.0%
Seychelles … … … … …
Sierra Leone 38.3% 38.5% 42.0% 41.9% 42.0%
Somalia 42.9% 42.5% 41.1% 40.4% 40.2%
South Africa 20.3% 15.6% 14.1% 13.0% 13.1%
Sudan 28.9% 28.1% 27.9% 27.5% 27.1%
Swaziland 26.9% 26.1% 25.8% 25.8% 25.5%
Tanzania 69.4% 68.2% 70.0% 69.1% 68.9%
Togo 58.7% 59.1% 59.4% 59.4% 59.4%
Tunisia 27.0% 24.6% 22.8% 22.7% 22.0%
Uganda 62.5% 61.2% 59.1% 55.5% 55.4%
Zambia 47.7% 53.4% 52.0% 51.2% 51.3%
Zimbabwe 47.8% 51.3% 73.7% 73.2% 72.6%
Africab 42.7% 42.3% 43.3% 43.3% ...
a Youth are aged from 15-24 years.


Employed youthsa, 2000 and 2011 % of total youth population
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya 2000
Lesotho
Liberia 2011
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa
a Youth are aged 15-24 years.

Self-employed and vulnerable employment, 1995-2011
Countrya 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011
Self-employedb (share of total employed)

Algeria ... ... 34% 67% ...
Cameroon ... ... 84% 80% ...
Cape Verde ... 42% ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... 76% ... ...
Egypt 43% 40% 40% 38% ...
Ethiopia ... ... 92% ... ...
Gabon ... ... 54% ... ...
Liberia ... ... ... 82% ...
Madagascar ... ... 86% ... ...
Mauritius 19% 17% 20% 20% 19%
Morocco ... ... 63% 53% 54%
Namibia ... 36% ... ... ...
Niger ... ... 85% ... ...
South Africa ... ... ... 15% 15%
Tunisia ... 31% ... ... ...
Uganda ... ... 81% ... ...
Zambia ... 82% 82% ... ...
Self-employed women (share of employed women)

Algeria ... ... 34.0% 64.1% ...
Cameroon ... ... ... 88.8% ...
Cape Verde ... 45.7% ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... 89.9% ... ...
Egypt 47.1% 42.8% 49.2% ... ...
Ethiopia ... ... 93.5% ... ...
Gabon ... ... 64.6% ... ...
Liberia ... ... ... 91.1% ...
Madagascar ... ... 89.1% ... ...
Mauritius 14.5% 8.9% 15.8% 16.2% 14.5%
Morocco ... ... 68.2% ... ...
Namibia ... 42.2% ... ... ...
Niger ... ... 89.5% ... ...
South Africa ... ... ... 13.2% 12.9%
Zambia ... 91.0% ... ... ...
Women in vulnerable employmentc (share of employed women)

Algeria ... ... 34% ... ...
Cameroon ... ... ... 87% ...
Cape Verde ... 44% ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... 89% ... ...
Egypt 42% 38% 45% ... ...
Ethiopia ... ... 93% ... ...
Gabon ... ... 64% ... ...
Liberia ... ... ... 89% ...
Madagascar ... ... 89% ... ...
Mauritius ... 7% 15% 14% 13%
Morocco ... ... 67% ... ...
Namibia ... 36% ... ... ...
Niger ... ... 89% ... ...
South Africa ... ... ... 12% 11%
Zambia ... 91% ... ... ...
Source: World Bank, Jobs Database, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 30 March 2013

b Self-employed workers are those who, working on their own account or with one or a few partners or in cooperative, hold jobs where the
subcategories: employers, own-account workers, and members of producers’ cooperatives.

c Those in vulnerable employment are less likely to have formal work arrangements, and are therefore more likely to lack decent working
conditions, adequate social security and “voice” through effective representation by trade unions and similar organisations. Vulnerable
fundamental rights.

Formal and informal employmenta in non-agricultural activities, total and by sex, latest year
Formal and informal employment
Persons in informal Persons employed in the Persons in informal employ-

employmentb informal sectorc ment in the formal sector
% of all non- % of all non- % of all non-
Countryd Latest year Thousands agricultural Thousands agricultural Thousands agricultural
employment employment employment
Côte d'Ivoire 2008 ... ... 2,434 69.7% ... ...
Egypt 2009 8,247 51.2% ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 2004 ... ... 1089 41.4% ... ...
Lesotho 2008 160 34.9% 225 49.1% 99 21.6%
Liberia 2010 343 60.0% 284 49.5% 62 10.8%
Madagascar 2005 1,271 73.6% 893 51.8% 378 21.9%
Mali 2004 1,180 81.8% 1,029 71.4% 163 11.3%
Mauritius 2009 ... ... 57 9.3% ... ...
Namibia 2008 121 43.9% ... ... ... ...
South Africa 2010 4,089 32.7% 2,225 17.8% 1,864 14.9%
Tanzania 2005/2006 3,467 76.2% 2,353 51.7% 1,137 25.0%
Uganda 2010 2,720 69.4% 2,344 59.8% 537 13.7%
Zambia 2008 920 69.5% 854 64.6% 155 117.5%
Zimbabwe 2004 909 51.6% 698 39.6% ... ...
Formal and informal employment by sex

Persons in informal
Persons in informal Persons employed in the
employment in the formal
employmentb informal sectorc
sector
% of all non- % of all non- % of all non-
Latest
Countryd year
Sex Thousands agricultural Thousands agricultural Thousands agricultural
employment employment employment
Côte d'Ivoire 2008 Female ... ... 1,194 82.8% ... ...
Male ... ... 1,240 60.5% ... ...
Egypt 2009 Female 572 23.1% ... ... ... ...
Male 7,675 56.3% ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 2004 Female ... ... 561 47.9% ... ...
Male ... ... 528 36.3% ... ...
Lesotho 2008 Female 70 36.1% 94 48.1% 46 23.7%
Male 90 34.1% 131 49.9% 53 20.0%
Liberia 2010 Female 206 72.0% 188 65.4% 19 6.6%
Male 136 47.4% 96 33.4% 42 14.6%
Madagascar 2005 Female 671 81.0% 528 63.8% 143 17.2%
Male 600 66.8% 365 40.7% 235 26.2%
Mali 2004 Female 652 89.2% 582 79.6% 74 10.1%
Male 528 74.2% 447 62.9% 89 12.6%
Mauritius 2009 Female ... ... 14 6.7% ... ...
Male ... ... 43 10.6% ... ...
Namibia 2008 Female 62 47.0% ... ... ... ...
Male 59 41.4% ... ... ... ...
South Africa 2010 Female 2,018 36.8% 922 16.8% 1096 20%
Male 2,071 29.5% 1,303 18.6% 768 10.9%
Tanzania 2005/2006 Female 1,672 82.8% 1,006 49.8% 672 33.3%
Male 1,795 70.9% 1,347 53.2% 465 1.4%
Uganda 2010 Female 1,232 71.9% 1,066 62.2% 209 12.2%
Male 1,488 67.5% 1,277 57.9% 328 14.9%
Zambia 2008 Female 407 80.1% 357 70.3% 63 12.4%
Male 513 62.9% 497 60.9% 92 11.3%
Zimbabwe 2004 Female 447 65.9% 360 53.1% ... ...
Male 462 42.7% 338 31.2% ... ...
Source: International Labour Organisation, Statistical update on employment in the informal economy, June 2012
a The informal sector or informal economy is that part of an economy that is not taxed, monitored by any form of government, or included in
any gross domestic product (GDP), unlike the formal economy. A job is informal when it lacks basic social or legal protections or employment
example, he or she is hired without a formal employment contract.

b All persons holding an informal job, be it in formal sector enterprises or in the informal sector
c All persons employed in the informal sector, whether in formal or informal employment
d Countries shown are those for which data are available.

Employment in agriculturea as a share of total employment, 1995-2011
Countryb 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria ... ... ... 11.7% ...
Botswana ... 19.7% ... ... ...
Burkina Faso ... ... 84.8% ... ...
Cameroon ... ... 55.7% 53.3% ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... 35.4% ... ...
Egypt 34.0% 29.6% 30.9% 28.2% ...
Ethiopia ... ... 79.3% ... ...
Gabon ... ... 24.2% ... ...
Kenya ... ... 61.1% ... ...
Liberia ... ... ... 48.9% ...
Madagascar ... ... 80.4% ... ...
Mauritius 13.4% 12.1% 10% 8.7% 8.4%
Morocco 6.3% 5.1% 45.4% 40.2% 39.8%
Namibia ... 31.1% ... ... ...
Niger ... ... 56.9% ... ...
Rwanda ... ... 78.8% ... ...
São Tomé and Príncipe ... 27.9% ... ... ...
South Africa ... 15.6% 7.5% 4.9% 4.6%
Tunisia ... ... 18.7% 17.7% ...
Uganda ... ... 71.6% ... ...
Zambia ... 71.6% 72.2% ... ...
a Those who work in farming or husbandry that produces tangible goods

Employment in industrya as a share of total employment, 1995-2011
Countryb 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria ... ... ... 33.1% ...
Benin ... 20.9% ... ... ...
Botswana ... ... 3.1% ... ...
Burundi ... ... 14.1% 12.6% ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... 20.6% ... ...
Djibouti 21.9% 21.3% 21.5% 25.3% ...
Eritrea ... ... 6.6% ... ...
Ethiopia ... ... 11.8% ... ...
Guinea-Bissau ... ... 6.7% ... ...
Lesotho ... ... ... 9.2% ...
Libya ... ... 3.7% ... ...
Mauritania 38.3% 38.8% 32.4% 28.2% 27.6%
Mauritius 34.3% 31.9% 19.5% 22.1% 21.9%
Mozambique ... 12.2% ... ... ...
Namibia ... ... 11.1% ... ...
Nigeria ... ... 3.8% ... ...
Rwanda ... 19.2% ... ... ...
Somalia ... 24.2% 25.6% 24.5% 24.3%
Togo ... ... 32.3% 33.0% ...
Tunisia ... ... 4.5% ... ...
Uganda ... 5.8% 7.1% ... ...
a Those who work in the manufacturing sector that produces tangible goods

Employment in servicesa as a share of total employment, 1995-2011
Countryb 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria ... ... ... 55.2% ...
Botswana ... 58.2% ... ... ...
Burkina Faso ... ... 12.2% ... ...
Cameroon ... ... 30.2% 34.1% ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... 42.2% ... ...
Egypt 44.1% 49.1% 47.5% 46.3% ...
Ethiopia ... ... 13.0% ... ...
Gabon ... ... 64.0% ... ...
Kenya ... ... 32.2% ... ...
Liberia ... ... ... 41.9% ...
Madagascar ... ... 15.8% ... ...
Mauritius 47.6% 49.0% 57.5% 63.1% 64.0%
Morocco 58.9% 62.8% 35.0% 37.6% 38.2%
Namibia ... 56.1% ... ... ...
Niger ... ... 31.1% ... ...
Rwanda ... ... 16.6% ... ...
São Tomé and Príncipe ... 52.4% ... ... ...
South Africa ... 59.4% 66.6% 61.9% 62.7%
Tunisia ... ... 49.0% 49.3% ...
Uganda ... ... 23.2% ... ...
Zambia ... 22.6% 20.6% ... ...
Employment in agriculture, industry and services, 2010 % of total employment
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Algeria Cameroon Egypt Liberia Mauritius Morocco South Africa Tunisia
Industry Services Agriculture
a Those who work in a sector of the economy that produces intangible goods

Working conditions and rights, 2013
apprentice (US$/
for a 19-year old
in salary weeks)
for redundancyd
years of tenure,
for redundancy
a worker with 5
minimum wage
Minimum wage
to value added
Severance pay
dismissal (for
working days
Notice period
Equal pay for
worker or an
Leave daysb
equal worka
per workerc
Maximum
per week
Ratio of
month)
Country
Algeria Yes 6 204.8 4.33 22 0.38 13.0

Angola Yes 6 126.9 4.29 22 0.20 10.8
Benin Yes 6 66.5 4.33 24 0.57 6.5
Botswana No 6 100.6 4.33 15 0.11 12.0
Burkina Faso Yes 6 63.0 4.33 22 0.71 5.4
Burundi Yes 6 3.0 8.67 21 0.13 8.7
Cameroon Yes 6 59.9 8.67 27 0.34 7.6
Cape Verde No 6 … 6.43 22 … 21.7
Central African Republic … 5 39.3 4.33 25 0.57 17.3
Chad Yes 6 124.2 8.67 24 1.28 5.4
Comoros Yes 6 60.8 13.00 22 0.52 21.7
Congo (DRC) Yes 5 65.0 9.80 13 2.20 …
Congo (Rep.) Yes 6 102.5 4.33 30 0.30 6.1
Côte d'Ivoire Yes 6 0.0 4.33 27.4 … 6.5
Djibouti … 6 0.0 4.33 30 … …
Egypt Yes 6 31.8 8.67 21 0.10 21.7
Equatorial Guinea Yes 6 236.0 4.33 22 0.11 32.1
Eritrea Yes 6 0.0 3.00 19 … 10.0
Ethiopia Yes 6 0.0 8.67 18 … 10.0
Gabon Yes 6 41.0 13.00 24 0.04 4.3
Gambia Yes 5 0.0 26.00 21 … …
Ghana Yes 5 27.6 4.33 15 0.15 43.3
Guinea Yes 6 0.0 2.14 30 … 5.4
Guinea-Bissau Yes 6 0.0 0.00 21 … 21.7
Kenya Yes 6 78.9 4.33 21 0.66 10.7
Lesotho Yes 6 93.7 4.33 12 0.59 10.0
Liberia Yes 6 52.0 4.33 24 1.78 20.0
Libya … … … … … … …
Madagascar Yes 6 37.9 4.33 24 0.56 8.3
Malawi Yes 6 30.4 4.33 15 0.56 10.0
Mali Yes 6 14.9 4.33 22 0.16 8.7
Mauritania Yes 6 74.5 4.33 18 0.49 5.4
Mauritius Yes 6 170.5 4.29 22 0.19 4.3
Morocco Yes 6 246.5 8.67 19.5 0.69 10.9
Mozambique Yes 6 80.5 4.29 30 1.16 32.5
Namibia Yes 6 0.0 4.33 20 … 5.0
Niger Yes 6 59.6 4.33 22 0.96 8.7
Nigeria Yes 6 126.5 4.00 20 0.70 11.4
Rwanda Yes 6 18.5 4.29 19 0.23 8.7
São Tomé and Príncipe Yes 6 0.0 4.33 26 … 21.7
Senegal Yes 6 77.3 4.33 24 0.48 9.8
Seychelles Yes 6 337.2 4.33 21 0.27 8.6
Sierra Leone No 5 10.7 8.67 22 0.21 28.0
Somalia … … … … … …
South Africa No 6 543.1 4.00 15 0.69 5.0
Sudan Yes 6 79.4 4.33 25 0.43 21.7
Swaziland Yes 5.5 83.7 5.71 11 0.22 8.0
Tanzania Yes 6 58.9 4.00 20 0.70 5.0
Togo Yes 6 59.7 4.33 30 0.92 6.5
Tunisia No 6 115.9 4.33 13 0.24 8.6
Uganda Yes 6 2.9 8.67 21 0.03 …
Zambia No 5.5 91.5 4.33 24 0.52 43.3
Zimbabwe Yes 6 74.9 13.00 22 1.09 65.0
a “Equal pay for equal work” means equal pay for work that is substantially the same, requiring the same skill, effort, similar working conditions
and responsibility regardless of sex.
b Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (in working days)
c The ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker is calculated by dividing the value added per worker by the lowest remuneration that
employers may legally pay to workers.
worker with 5 years of tenure, in number of weekly salaries).

Workforce training and labour-related constraints, latest year
identifying an Percentage of
Latest identifying where all
Country inadequately offering workers offered
Year labour regula- production
educated formal formal training
tions as a major workers are
workforce as a training
constraint unskilled
major constraint
Algeria 2007 14% 37% 42.3% 17% 27%
Angola 2010 26% 26% 32.5% 27% 55%
Benin 2009 16% 26% ... 27% ...
Botswana 2010 14% 32% 38.6% 52% 55%
Burkina Faso 2009 26% 38% 32.8% 25% 37%
Burundi 2006 4% 12% 67.5% 22% 47%
Cameroon 2009 22% 38% 36.9% 25% 43%
Cape Verde 2009 6% 49% ... 24% ...
Central African Republic 2011 9% 24% ... 39% ...
Chad 2009 28% 53% ... 43% ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 2010 20% 65% 24.9% 16% 50%
Congo (Rep.) 2009 25% 52% ... 53% ...
Côte d'Ivoire 2009 6% 27% 11.7% 21% 43%
Djibouti ... ... ... ... ... ...
Egypt 2008 27% 50% 33.6% 22% ...
Equatorial Guniea ... ... ... ... ... ...
Eritrea 2009 0% 1% ... 27% ...
Ethiopia 2011 2% 4% 23.5% 23% 61%
Gabon 2009 16% 43% ... 25% ...
Gambia 2006 4% 12% 22.3% 26% 61%
Ghana 2007 2% 5% 29.6% 31% 55%
Guinea 2006 3% 12% 38.7% 21% 56%
Guinea-Bissau 2006 4% 12% 52.2% 12% 41%
Kenya 2007 4% 3% 39.7% ... 63%
Lesotho 2009 11% 17% ... 54% ...
Liberia 2009 3% 5% ... 29% ...
Libya ... ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 2009 2% 17% 30.7% 27% 32%
Malawi 2009 3% 22% ... 48% ...
Mali 2010 6% 12% 28.3% 37% 48%
Mauritania 2006 3% 23% 46.8% 26% 54%
Mauritius 2009 9% 46% 30.5% 29% 36%
Morocco 2007 16% 31% 47.1% 25% 35%
Mozambique 2007 6% 19% 29.5% 22% 63%
Namibia 2006 7% 20% 45.3% 45% 66%
Niger 2009 5% 37% ... 36% ...
Nigeria 2007 4% 6% 37.9% 26% 44%
Rwanda 2011 9% 28% ... 52% ...
Senegal 2007 5% 10% 27.8% 20% 52%
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 2009 11% 16% ... 24% ...
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 2007 6% 9% 37.5% 39% 64%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Swaziland 2006 10% 13% 51.0% 51% 55%
Tanzania 2006 5% 20% 29.6% 37% 56%
Togo 2009 3% 17% ... 32% ...
Tunisia ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda 2006 1% 10% ... 35% 57%
Western Sahara … … … ... … …
Zambia 2007 6% 8% 41.4% 31% 52%
Zimbabwe 2011 10% 5% 46.0% 33% 30%
Sub-Saharan Africaa ... 9% 22% 16.7% 32% 51%
Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/data, accessed 30 September 2013
indicated.

Income
GDPa per person employed, 1990-2010
PPP adjusted constant 1990 US$

Country Changeb,
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1990-2010
Algeria 10,519 8,343 7,831 8,372 8,334 -21%

Angola 1,572 1,119 1,310 1,825 2,744 75%
Benin … … … … … …
Botswana … … … … … …
Burkina Faso 1,734 1,822 2,170 2,455 2,581 49%
Burundi … … … … … …
Cameroon 3,306 2,553 2,754 2,862 2,872 -13%
Cape Verde … … … … … …
Central African Republic … … … … … …
Chad … … … … … …
Comoros … … … … … …
Congo (DRC) 1,482 839 602 633 690 -53%
Congo (Rep.) … … … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 3,490 3,415 3,356 3,008 2,955 -15%
Egypt 8,493 8,605 10,119 10,641 12,897 52%
Eritrea … … … … … …
Ethiopia 1,303 1,272 1,385 1,543 2,184 68%
Gabon … … … … … …
Gambia … … … … … …
Ghana 2,746 2,787 2,880 3,205 3,711 35%
Guinea … … … … … …
Kenya 2,650 2,315 2,165 2,216 2,380 -10%
Lesotho … … … … … …
Liberia … … … … … …
Libya … … … … … …
Madagascar 1,718 1,442 1,500 1,439 1,379 -20%
Malawi 1,314 1,349 1,449 1,417 1,742 33%
Mali 2,421 2,598 2,862 3,409 3,761 55%
Mauritania … … … … … …
Mauritius … … … … … …
Morocco 8,173 7,401 7,925 9,281 10,794 32%
Mozambique 2,253 2,148 2,959 4,058 5,007 122%
Namibia … … … … … …
Niger 1,856 1,427 1,335 1,479 1,531 -18%
Nigeria 3,661 3,257 3,293 4,851 5,908 61%
Rwanda … … … … … …
Senegal 3,301 3,163 3,324 3,576 3,610 9%
Sierra Leone … … … … … …
Somalia … … … … … …
South Africa 14,174 12,150 11,562 12,439 13,109 -8%
Sudan 2,466 2,578 3,044 3,565 4,429 80%
Swaziland … … … … … …
Tanzania 1,130 1,036 1,101 1,355 1,636 45%
Togo … … … … … …
Tunisia 11,279 11,640 13,494 15,127 17,246 53%
Uganda 1,288 1,497 1,776 2,094 2,622 104%
Zambia 2,154 1,561 1,566 1,811 2,174 1%
Zimbabwe 3,324 3,033 2,847 2,230 1,902 -43%
Africac … 3,535 3,685 4,184 4,803 36%
a Gross domestic product is shown in constant 1990 purchasing power parity (PPP) US dollars. PPP adjusts exchange rates of countries to
account for different costs of the same basket of goods. It shows each country’s GDP as if all countries were at the same price level.

Growth in GDP per person employed, 1990-2010
Annual % growth
Country
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Algeria -6.4% -0.9% -1.9% 1.9% 1.5%
Angola 0.6% 11.7% 0.0% 17.1% 3.4%
Benin … … … … …
Botswana … … … … …
Burkina Faso -3.6% 2.9% -0.7% 4.8% 0.9%
Burundi … … … … …
Cameroon -5.1% 0.2% 1.0% -0.7% 0.0%
Central African Republic … … … … …
Chad … … … … …
Congo (DRC) -5.8% -2.4% -9.7% 4.3% 1.6%
Congo (Rep.) … … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire -10.7% 1.7% -7.5% -0.3% 0.3%
Egypt 0.0% 2.0% 2.7% 2.1% 2.9%
Ethiopia -4.5% 3.3% 2.0% 8.5% 4.8%
Gabon … … … … …
Gambia … … … … …
Ghana 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 3.0% 2.3%
Guinea … … … … …
Kenya 0.2% 0.4% -2.8% 3.0% 1.4%
Lesotho … … … … …
Liberia … … … … …
Libya … … … … …
Madagascar 0.7% -1.3% 1.4% 1.3% -5.3%
Malawi 0.1% 11.8% -2.0% -0.2% 2.9%
Mali -0.9% 0.7% -5.5% 3.3% 2.2%
Mauritania … … … … …
Mauritius … … … … …
Morocco 0.9% -10.2% 0.9% 1.7% 2.3%
Mozambique 0.3% -2.0% 6.4% 6.2% 4.2%
Namibia … … … … …
Niger -5.6% -10.5% -6.8% 5.3% -0.2%
Nigeria 2.7% -3.1% 2.3% 2.6% 4.9%
Rwanda … … … … …
Senegal 1.4% 2.5% 0.0% 2.3% 0.8%
Sierra Leone … … … … …
South Africa -4.2% -0.8% 0.4% 3.1% 2.0%
Sudan -9.1% -0.9% 5.5% 3.3% 2.2%
Swaziland … … … … …
Tanzania 0.1% 0.3% 2.2% 4.5% 3.5%
Togo … … … … …
Tunisia 4.4% -0.5% 2.0% 1.9% 2.1%
Uganda 0.7% 8.4% 2.4% 2.9% 2.4%
Zambia 5.2% -5.8% 1.3% 3.4% 3.7%
Zimbabwe -1.9% -2.3% -8.1% -3.5% 5.5%
Africaa 0.0% -0.8% 0.2% 2.7% 2.2%

Monthly earningsa (US$) by economic activity and sex, latest year
Latest Total (male

Countryb year
Sector Female Male
and female)
Botswana 2008 Agriculture, hunting and forestry 641 1,218 …
Mining and quarrying 6,479 5,371 …
Manufacturing 1,538 2,814 …
Electricity, gas and water supply 12,956 11,605 …
Construction 1,846 3,561 …
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motor-
2,068 2,922 …
cycles and personal and household goods
Hotels and restaurants 1,317 2,421 …
Transport, storage and communications 2,837 3,590 …
Financial intermediation 8,149 12,192 …
Education 4,328 5,842 …
Health and social work 2,831 7,501 …
Other community, social and personal service activities 1,525 2,394 …
Egypt 2007 Agriculture, hunting and forestry 151 145 …
Fishing 186 143 …
Mining and quarrying 203 593 …
Manufacturing 153 231 …
Electricity, gas and water supply 347 339 …
Construction 339 281 …
220 247 …
Hotels and restaurants 205 176 …
Transport, storage and communications 365 295 …
Financial intermediation 520 469 …
Real estate, renting and business activities 245 246 …
Education 109 115 …
Health and social work 113 157 …
Other community, social and personal service activities 129 138 …
Ethiopia 2012 Agriculture, hunting and forestry 518 963 …
Fishing 800 510 …
Manufacturing 849 1,106 …
Construction 869 1,478 …
630 1,032 …
Hotels and restaurants 504 1,123 …
Transport, storage and communications 1,898 1,486 …
Financial intermediation 1,813 2,171 …
Real estate, renting and business activities 1,415 2,150 …
Public administration and defence; compulsory social
1,293 1,751 …
security
Education 1,252 1,932 …
Other community, social and personal service activities 640 1,015 …
Activities of private households as employers and undiffer-
263 319 …
entiated production activities of private households
Extraterritorial organisations and bodies 1,757 3,034 …
Madagascar 2005 Agriculture, hunting and forestry 924 1,025 …
Fishing 1,533 1,291 …
Manufacturing 1,794 2,106 …
Construction 1,839 3,021 …
2,216 1,689 …
Hotels and restaurants 2,550 1,882 …
continues >

Monthly earningsa by economic activity and sex, latest year (continued)
Latest Total (male

Countryb year
Sector Female Male
and female)
Madagascar Transport, storage and communications 2,971 2,178 …
(continued) Financial intermediation 3,913 7,404 …
3,738 5,245 …
security
Education 2,438 2,225 …
Other community, social and personal service activities 1,380 1,819 …
Mauritius Agriculture, hunting and forestry … … 3,417
Fishing … … 3,739
Mining and quarrying … … 5,469
Manufacturing … … 3,306
Electricity, gas and water supply … … 4,316
Construction … … 2,953
… … 3,073
Hotels and restaurants … … 3,972
Transport, storage and communications … … 5,688
Financial intermediation … … 5,768
Real estate, renting and business activities … … 3,907
… … 4,228
security
Education … … 4,390
Health and social work … … 4,749
Other community, social and personal service activities … … 3,855
Seychelles Agriculture, hunting and forestry … … 3,498
Fishing … … 4,612
Mining and quarrying … … 7,086
Manufacturing … … 4,100
Electricity, gas and water supply … … 4,747
Construction … … 3,554
… … 3,527
Hotels and restaurants … … 4,838
Transport, storage and communications … … 6,510
Financial intermediation … … 6,513
Real estate, renting and business activities … … 4,874
… … 4,696
security
Education … … 4,771
Health and social work … … 5,132
Other community, social and personal service activities … … 4,517
Source: International Labour Organisation, ILOSTAT Database, http://www.ilo.org/ilostat, accessed 24 October 2013
a Data on earnings are presented on the basis of the mean of monthly earnings of all employees. The earnings of employees relate to the gross
remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration
for time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. Earnings exclude employers’ contributions in respect of
also exclude severance and termination pay. Statistics of earnings relate to the gross remuneration of employees, i.e. the total before any
deductions are made by the employer.

Monthly earningsa (US$) by sex and occupation, latest year
Latest
Countryb Profession Female Male
year
Ethiopia 2010 Armed forces ... ...
Managers 1,613 1,819
Professionals 1,224 1,692
Technicians and associate professionals 974 1,272
Clerical support workers 871 1,056
Service and sales workers 406 763
395 583
Craft and related trades workers 407 906
Plant and machine operators, and assemblers 657 969
Elementary occupations 249 507
... 800
Mauritius 2012 Managers 51,900 62,200
Technicians and associate professionals 20,200 26,300
Clerical support workers 13,600 16,800
Service and sales workers 8,500 14,400
5,100 9,800
Craft and related trades workers 7,600 11,000
Plant and machine operators, and assemblers 6,200 13,600
Elementary occupations 5,000 11,000
Seychelles 2011 Armed forces occupations 30 42
Managers 63 83
Professionals 46 55
Technicians and associate professionals 40 45
Clerical support workers 34 38
Service and sales workers 22 35
35 27
Craft and related trades workers 23 34
Plant and machine operators, and assemblers 26 36
Elementary occupations 23 30
South Africa 2012 Managers 16,336 19,679
Technicians and associate professionals 9,185 10,783
Clerical support workers 6,747 7,596
Service and sales workers 4,167 5,519
2,191 3,127
Craft and related trades workers 3,401 6,063
Plant and machine operators, and assemblers 3,426 4,633
Elementary occupations 2,410 3,156
1,596 1,772
a Data on earnings are presented on the basis of the mean of monthly earnings of all employees. The earnings of employees relate to the gross
remuneration in cash and in kind paid to employees, as a rule at regular intervals, for time worked or work done together with remuneration for
time not worked, such as annual vacation, other type of paid leave or holidays. Earnings exclude employers’ contributions in respect of their
exclude severance and termination pay. Statistics of earnings relate to the gross remuneration of employees, i.e. the total before any deductions
are made by the employer. Data only available for countries listed above, by latest year. Elementary occupations include cleaners and helpers,
labourers and assistants.

Gender pay gapa by occupation, latest year
Latest
Countryb Profession(s) Gap
year
Ethiopia 2010 Managers 11%
Professionals 28%
Technicians and associate professionals 23%
Clerical support workers 18%
Service and sales workers 47%
32%
Craft and related trades workers 55%
Plant and machine operators, and assemblers 32%
Elementary occupations 51%
Total 43%
Mauritius 2012 Managers 17%
Professionals 33%
48%
Total 30%
Seychelles 2011 Armed forces occupations 29%
Managers 24%
Professionals 15%
-30%
Total 21%
South Africa 2012 Managers 17%
Professionals 17%
30%
Total 19%
10%
a The gender pay gap corresponds to the difference between average male and female earnings, expressed as a percentage of average male
earnings. For example, in Ethiopia male managers earn $100 for every $89 that female managers earn.

Workers’ remittances received per capitaa, 2000-2011
Per capita (US$)

Country
2000 2005 2010 2011
Algeria 0.04 0.20 0.19 0.18
Angola ... ... 1.09 95.73
Benin 0.08 0.06 0.07 ...
Botswana 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.15
Burkina Faso 0.17 0.24 0.18 0.17
Burundi ... ... ... ...
Cameroon 0.53 0.24 0.18 0.17
Cape Verde 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
Chad ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... 6.07 3.96 0.59
Congo (Rep.) 0.30 0.31 ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 0.14 0.11 0.05 ...
Djibouti 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03
Egypt 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01
Eritrea 1.20 ... ... ...
Ethiopia 1.24 0.44 0.25 0.17
Gabon 0.20 0.13 ... ...
Gambia ... 0.02 0.01 0.02
Ghana 0.58 0.22 0.18 0.16
Guinea 7.15 0.22 0.22 0.16
Guinea-Bissau 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.03
Kenya 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.04
Lesotho 0.00 0.00 0.00 ...
Liberia ... 0.10 0.13 0.01
Libya 0.58 0.38 ... ...
Madagascar ... ... ... ...
Malawi 15.03 0.57 0.89 0.91
Mali 0.15 0.07 0.03 0.03
Mauritania ... ... ... ...
Mauritius 0.01 2.06 1.60 2.43
Morocco 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
Mozambique 0.49 0.35 0.18 ...
Namibia 0.20 0.12 0.15 1.49
Niger 0.76 0.20 0.15 0.16
Nigeria 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01
Rwanda 1.22 0.44 0.10 ...
Senegal 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01
Seychelles 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.00
Sierra Leone 0.58 2.12 0.13 0.09
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 0.13 0.08 0.05 ...
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan 0.05 0.04 0.03 ...
Swaziland 0.02 0.01 0.02 ...
Tanzania 4.25 2.01 0.81 0.61
Togo 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.02
Tunisia 0.01 0.01 0.01 ...
Uganda 0.10 0.09 0.04 0.04
Zambia ... 0.22 0.30 0.29
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ...
Sources: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 25 June 2013; Population Division of the
Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, http://esa.un.org
unpd/wpp/index.htm; Population Reference Bureau, World Population Data Sheet 2011
a Workers’ remittances are current transfers by migrants who are employed or intend to remain employed for more than a year in another
economy in which they are considered residents. This item shows receipts by the reporting country. Per capita remittances are calculated by
dividing gross remittances per country by total population in each year.

Cost of sending remittances, ten most expensive corridors, 2013a
Corridor Cost of transfer as % of total

South Africa to Malawi 26.61%
South Africa to Botswana 23.08%
South Africa to Mozambique 22.34%
Tanzania to Rwanda 21.29%
Tanzania to Uganda 21.17%
South Africa to Zambia 21.04%
South Africa to Angola 20.25%
Tanzania to Kenya 20.03%
Ghana to Nigeria 19.62%
South Africa to Zimbabwe 19.26%
Cost of sending remittances, ten most expensive corridors, 2013a Cost of transfer as % of total
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
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Source: World Bank, Send Money Africa, http://www.sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org, accessed 12 April 2013

Income inequality and distribution of income, latest year
Share of income held by top

Country Latest yeara b
10% of the populationc
Algeria … … …
Angola 2000 58.6 45%
Benin 2003 38.6 31%
Botswana … … …
Burkina Faso 2009 39.8 32%
Burundi 2006 33.3 28%
Cameroon 2007 38.9 30%
Cape Verde 2002 50.5 41%
Central African Republic 2008 56.3 46%
Chad 2003 39.8 31%
Comoros 2004 64.3 55%
Congo (DRC) 2005/2006 47.3 35%
Congo (Rep.) 2006/2005 44.4 37%
Côte d'Ivoire 2008 41.5 32%
Djibouti 2004/2002 39.0 31%
Egypt 2008 30.8 27%
Eritrea … … …
Ethiopia 2005 29.8 26%
Gabon …/2005 … 33%
Gambia 2005/2003 41.5 37%
Ghana 2000/2006 28.3 33%
Guinea 2007 39.4 30%
Guinea-Bissau 2002 35.5 28%
Kenya 2005 47.7 38%
Lesotho 2004/2003 52.5 39%
Liberia 2007 38.2 30%
Libya … … …
Madagascar 2010 44.1 35%
Malawi 2004 39.0 32%
Mali 2010 33.0 26%
Mauritania 2008 40.5 32%
Mauritius … … …
Morocco 2007 40.9 33%
Mozambique 2008 45.7 37%
Namibia 2004 63.9 55%
Niger 2008 34.6 29%
Nigeria 2010 48.8 38%
Rwanda 2011 50.8 43%
São Tomé and Príncipe …/2001 … 44%
Senegal 2005 39.2 30%
Seychelles 2007 65.8 60%
Sierra Leone 2003 42.5 34%
Somalia … … …
South Africa 2009 63.1 52%
South Sudan 2009/… 45.5 …
Sudan 2009 35.3 27%
Swaziland 2010 51.5 40%
Tanzania 2007 37.6 30%
Togo 2006 34.4 27%
Tunisia 2005 41.4 32%
Uganda 2009 44.3 36%
Zambia 2006 54.6 43%
Zimbabwe … … …
population.
b Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2013
inequality.
c Source: Global Finance magazine, Wealth Distribution and Income Inequality by Country, http://www.gfmag.com/tools/global-database,
accessed 21 October 2013

African billionairesa, 2013
Worth
Rank and name (country) (US$ Industry/Industries Holdingsb
billion)
1. Aliko Dangote (Nigeria) 20.2 Manufacturing Dangote Cement, Dangote Group
2. Allan Gray (South Africa) 8.5 Financial services Allan Gray Limited, Orbis
3. Mike Adenuga (Nigeria) 8 Oil, telecoms Conoil Producing, Globacom, Conoil PLC
4. Folorunsho Alakija (Nigeria) 7.3 Oil, real estate Famfa Oil, Supreme Stitches, OML
5. Nicky Oppenheimer (South
6.5 Mining, investments
Africa)
6. Johan Rupert (South Africa) 6.1 Luxury goods, retail

Rothschild, L'Ormarins
7. Nassef Sawiris (Egypt) 5.2 Construction Orascom Construction Industries
Construction,
8. Gilbert Chagoury and family
4.2 manufacturing, real Chagoury Group
(Nigeria)
estate, healthcare
Kirsh Holding Group, Minerva, Jetro Holdings, Magal
9. Nathan Kirsh (Swaziland) 3.6 Real estate, distribution
Security Systems
Pepkor, Shoprite, Invicta Holdings, PSG Holdings, Trade-
10. Christoffel Wiese (South Africa) 3.4 Retail, investments
hold, Brait, Lourensford Wine Estate
11. Prince Arthur Eze (Nigeria) 3.3 Oil Atlas Oranto Petroleum
12. Issad Rebrab (Algeria) 3.2 Cevital Groupe
RMA Watanya, Banque Marocaine du Commerce Exterieur
13. Othman Benjelloun (Morocco) 3.1 Financial services
(BMCE Bank), FinanceCom
14. Patrice Motsepe (South Africa) 2.7 Mining African Rainbow Minerals, Sanlam
15. Naguib Sawiris (Egypt) 2.5 Telecoms, investments WIND Telecom, Orascom Telecom, VimpelCom
16. Miloud Chaabi (Morocco) 2.5 YNNA Holding Company, Ryad Mogador, Aswak Assalam
Trans Africa Investment Services, Zon Multimedia, Banco
17. Isabel Dos Santos (Angola) 2.4 Investments
Espirito Santo, Banco Português de Investimento
18. Mohammed Mansour (Egypt) 2.3 Mansour Group, Metro, McDonald's Egypt
19. Onsi Sawiris (Egypt) 2.3 Orascom Group, Orascom Construction
20. Yasseen Mansour (Egypt) 1.9 Mansour Group
21. Youssef Mansour (Egypt) 1.8 Mansour Group, Al Mansour Holding Company
Oil, real estate,
22. Theophilus Danjuma (Nigeria) 1.8 South Atlantic Petroleum (SAPETRO), NAL Comet
shipping
Ritz Hotel, Harrods, Fulham FC, Cocosa, Rockefeller Plaza
23. Mohammed Al-Fayed (Egypt) 1.7 Real estate
New York
24. Desmond Sacco (South Africa) 1.68 Mining Assore Group
25. Manu Chandaria (Kenya) 1.65 Manufacturing Comcraft Group
26. Stephen Saad (South Africa) 1.61 Pharmaceuticals
27. Anas Sefrioui (Morocco) 1.6 Real estate Douja Promotion Groupe Addoha SA
28. Mohammed Ibrahim (Sudan) 1.58 Telecoms Celtel International, Mo Ibrahim Foundation, Satya Capital
1.56 Artoc Group

(Egypt)
Financial services,
30. Jim Ovia (Nigeria) 1.5 Zenith Bank, Visafone, Lagos Marriott Hotel
telecoms, real estate
31. Strive Masiyiwa (Zimbabwe) 1.46 Telecoms
32. Abdulsamad Rabiu (Nigeria) 1.4 Manufacturing BUA International Limited
Energy, telecoms,
33. Aziz Akhannouch (Morocco) 1.39
hospitality, real estate
34. Jide Omokore (Nigeria) 1.32 Energy Energy Resources Group
Naspers, Mail.ru, Tencent, MWEB, Media 24, DSTV,
35. Koos Bekker (South Africa) 1.3 Media
Babylonstoren
36. Laurie Dippenaar (South Africa) 1.2 Financial services RMB Holdings, RMI Holdings, FirstRand
37. Bode Akindele (Nigeria) 1.19 Modandola Group, Fairgate Group
38. Amirali Karmali (Uganda) 1.17 Manufacturing Mukwano Group
39. Emmanuel Ojei (Nigeria) 1.15 Energy Nuel Ojei Holdings, ATECO, Glantre Nigeria Limited
Taleveras Group, Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution
40. Igho Sanomi (Nigeria) 1.12 Energy
Company
41. Mohammed Dewji (Tanzania) 1.1 Mohammed Enterprises Tanzania Limited (METL)
42. Mohammed Indimi (Nigeria) 1.1 Oil Oriental Energy Resources (OER)
43. Said Salim Bakhresa (Tanzania) 1.1 Manufacturing Bakhresa Group
continues >

African billionairesa, 2013 (continued)
Worth
Rank and name (country) (US$ Industry/Industries Holdingsb
billion)
44. OB Lulu-Briggs (Nigeria) 1.09 Oil Moni Pulo Petroleum Development Company
45. Rostam Aziz (Tanzania) 1.08 Telecoms, mining Vodacom Tanzania, Caspian, Dar es Salaam Port
46. Sani Bello (Nigeria) 1.02 Oil AMNI Petroloeum, MTN Nigeria
47. Nicholas Biwott (Kenya) 1 The Yaya Center, Kenol Kobil, Air Kenya
48. Naushad Merali (Kenya) 1 Sameer Group, Kencell, Bharti Airtel Kenya
49. ABC Orjiakor (Nigeria) 1 Oil
50. Tunde Folawiyo and family
1 Yinka Folawiyo Group, MTN Nigeria, Access Bank
(Nigeria)
Alhassan Dantata and Sons Limited, SCOA Motors,
51. Aminu Dantata (Nigeria) 1 Oil, trading Northern Nigerian Flour Mills, Kano State Oil Mills,
Mentholatum, Nigerian Pipes
52. Oba Otudeko (Nigeria) 1 Manufacturing Honeywell Group, First Bank
Ibru Organisation, The Guardian Nigeria, Aero Contractors,
53. Michael Ibru and family (Nigeria) 1 Manufacturing
Federal Palace Hotels
54. Sudhir Ruparelia and family
1 Real estate Ruparelia Group, Crane Bank
(Uganda)
55. Mama Ngina Kenyatta and Brookside, other Kenyan companies, 500 000 acres of
1 Real estate
family (Kenya) prime land in Kenya
African billionaires by country, 2013
Source: Ventures Africa magazine, The Richest People in Africa, Volume 5, 2013
privately-held companies, as well as information supplied by investment bankers and analysts.

b Some holdings listed were an initial source of the individual's wealth and may have been sold. Other holdings are either minority or
majority stakes in other companies listed and others are subsidiaries.


Infrastructure
oVERVIEw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Quality of infrastructure (World Economic Forum), 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6
Quality of infrastructure (World Bank), 2012
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
TRAnSPoRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Road network length and density, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Paved roads as a share of total, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Condition of paved roads, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
infrastructure
Road freight and passengers, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Length and gauges of rail lines, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Rail freight and passengers, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Airports and share with paved runways, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Direct airline connections, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Air freight and passengers, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Port calls, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Port performance (containers), 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
ElECTRICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Electricity generating capacity, 2005 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Electricity production, 2005 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Electricity consumption, 2005 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Electricity generation by source, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Power transmission and distribution losses, 2005 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Trade in electricity, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Impact of power outages, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Origins and destinations of electricity, 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Access to piped water, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
CommUnICATIonS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Fixed telephone subscriptions, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Mobile phone subscriptions, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Personal computers, 2000 and 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Internet users, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Household access to computers, the internet and broadband, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Business use of the internet, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Fixed broadband, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Mobile broadband, 2007-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
International internet bandwidth, 2002-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Submarine cables with landing points in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

overview
Quality of infrastructure (World Economic Forum), 2012 (Scores 1-7, where 7=best)
Overall
Country Roads Railroads Ports Air transport Electricity supply
infrastructurea
Algeria 3.4 2 2.7 3.3 4.5 3.5
Angola ... ... ... ... ... ...
Benin 3.1 1.6 3.7 3.4 2.5 3.2
Botswana 4.4 3.1 3.7 4.1 3.6 4.4
Burkina Faso 2.6 2 3.6 3.3 2.3 2.7
Burundib 2.7 ... 2.6 2.8 1.9 2.3
Cameroon 2.9 2.5 3.7 3.7 2.8 3.2
Cape Verdeb 4.1 ... 3.9 4.3 1.8 3.7
Chad 3.1 ... 2.8 2.9 1.5 2.8
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Côte d’Ivoire 3 2.1 4.6 4.3 3.8 3.6
Djibouti ... ... ... ... ... ...
infrastructure
Egypt 2.9 3.1 4 5 4.4 3.8

Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 4.1 1.4 3.5 5.1 3.2 3.6
Gabon 2.3 2.6 2.6 3.7 2.5 3.3
Gambiab 4.5 ... 4.8 4.9 4.1 4.5
Ghana 3.5 1.7 4 4.1 3 3.9
Guinea 2 1.6 3.5 3.6 1.5 2.1
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya 3.9 2.5 3.8 4.8 3.6 4
Lesotho 2.9 1.6 3.4 2.5 3.7 3.4
Liberia 3.8 2.9 4.1 4 3 4.2
Libyab 3.1 ... 3.5 3.3 4.3 2.9
Madagascar 2.5 1.9 3.2 3.6 2.2 3
Malawi 3.4 2.2 3.7 3.1 2.2 3.2
Mali 3.6 2.7 4.1 4.2 3.5 3.8
Mauritania 2.7 2 3.7 2.8 3.7 2.8
Mauritiusb 4.3 ... 4.8 5.2 5 4.7
Morocco 4 3.9 4.8 5.1 5.2 4.8
Mozambique 2.4 2 3.4 3.9 3.2 3
Namibia 5.1 3.7 5.4 4.9 5.4 5.1
Niger ... ... ... ... ... ...
Nigeria 2.8 1.9 3.6 4 1.7 3.2
Rwandab 5 ... 3.5 4.3 4.2 4.9
Senegal 3.2 1.7 4.5 4.4 1.8 3.4
Seychellesb 4.3 ... 5 5 5.3 4.7
Sierra Leone 2.8 1.3 3.3 2.7 2.6 2.9
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 4.9 3.4 4.7 6.1 3.9 4.5
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Swaziland 4.6 3.2 4.2 3.5 3.9 4.2
Tanzania 3.2 2.3 3.3 3.5 1.9 3.1
Togo ... ... ... ... ... ...
Tunisia ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda 2.9 1.4 3.8 3.8 2.2 3.4
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 3.2 2.3 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.9
Zimbabwe 3.2 2.4 4.4 3.4 1.7 3.2
Source: World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2012-2013
a The overall infrastructure score is not equal to the average of the other scores because it includes other indicators not shown here, such as
b No score is given for railroads because the countries’ total railroad network is less than 50 kilometres.

Quality of infrastructure (World Bank)a, 2012
b
, latest year (Scores 1-5, where 5=best)
Firms that identify

Country Score Rank (out of 155) Latest year transportation as a
major constraint, %b
Algeria 2.02 139 2007 24.7%
Angola 2.48 92 2010 25.3%
Benin 2.57 83 2009 46.7%
Botswana 2.82 60 2010 20.1%
Burkina Faso 2.4 107 2009 40.3%
Burundi 1.68 153 2006 21.1%
Cameroon 2.24 121 2009 27.7%
Cape Verde ... ... 2009 24.0%
Central African Republic 2.09 134 2011 33.4%
Chad 2 142 2009 45.5%
Comoros 1.94 145 ... ...
Congo (DRC) 1.96 144 2010 38.8%
Congo (Rep.) 1.27 155 2009 48.4%
infrastructure
Côte d’Ivoire 2.31 114 2009 38.2%
Djibouti 1.51 154 ... ...
Egypt 3.07 45 2008 14.9%
Eritrea 1.83 150 2009 2.2%
Ethiopia 2.22 124 2011 10.2%
Gabon 2 143 2009 48.8%
Gambia 1.9 147 2006 11.1%
Ghana 2.05 136 2007 17.6%
Guinea 2.34 112 2006 51.5%
Guinea-Bissau 2.68 73 2006 24.8%
Kenya 2.16 130 2007 30.6%
Lesotho 2.13 132 2009 19.8%
Liberia 2.41 104 2009 39.3%
Libya 1.75 152 ... ...
Madagascar 2.4 108 2009 26.6%
Malawi 2.78 64 2009 24.6%
Mali ... ... 2010 21.4%
Mauritania 2.34 113 2006 16.2%
Mauritius 2.83 59 2009 45.8%
Morocco 3.14 39 2007 8.2%
Mozambique ... ... 2007 23.0%
Namibia 2.72 69 2006 7.9%
Niger 2.45 96 2009 50.0%
Nigeria 2.27 118 2007 28.1%
Rwanda 1.88 148 2011 28.0%
São Tomé and Príncipe 2.24 122 ... ...
Senegal 2.31 115 2007 27.4%
Seychelles ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 2.5 88 2009 29.9%
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 3.79 19 2007 3.9%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan 2.01 140 ... ...
Swaziland ... ... 2006 14.2%
Tanzania 2.41 105 2006 14.1%
Togo 2.46 94 2009 32.0%
Tunisia 2.88 54 ... ...
Uganda ... ... 2006 22.2%
Zambia ... ... 2007 10.6%
Zimbabwe 2.2 127 2011 10.1%
a Source: World Bank, Connecting to Compete 2012: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy. Quality of trade- and transport-related infrastructure
refers to quality of ports, railroads, roads and information technology. Scores are calculated from survey data.
b Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurveys.org, accessed 19 February 2013

Transport
Road network length and densitya, latest year
Left (L)- or Right

Total road lengthb Road densityb
(R)-hand drivingc
km of road per
Country Latest year km Latest year
100km2
Algeria 2009 112,039 2010 5 R
Angola 2000 51,429 2001 4 R
Benin 2004 19,000 2004 17 L
Botswana 2005 25,798 2005 4 R
Burkina Faso 2004 92,495 2010 6 R
Burundi 2004 12,322 2004 44 R
Cameroon 2008 28,857 2008 6 R
Cape Verde 2000 1,350 2001 33 R
Central African Republic 2000 24,307 2010 3 R
Chad 2006 40,000 2006 3 R
Comoros 2000 880 2001 39 R
Congo (DRC) 2004 153,497 2004 7 R
Congo (Rep.) 2006 17,000 2006 5 R
infrastructure
Côte d’Ivoire 2007 81,996 2007 25 R

Djibouti 2000 3,065 2001 14 R
Egypt 2009 100,472 2010 14 R
Equatorial Guinea 2000 2,880 2001 10 R
Eritrea 2000 4,010 2001 3 R
Ethiopia 2007 44,359 2007 4 R
Gabon 2007 9,170 2007 2 R
Gambia 2004 3,742 2004 33 R
Ghana 2009 109,515 2009 46 R
Guinea 2000 44,348 2003 18 R
Guinea-Bissau 2002 3,455 2002 12 R
Kenya 2009 61,945 2010 11 L
Lesotho 2000 5,940 2001 20 L
Liberia 2000 10,600 2001 10 R
Libya 2000 83,200 2001 5 R
Madagascar 2000 49,827 2010 6 R
Malawi 2003 15,451 2003 13 L
Mali 2009 22,474 2009 2 R
Mauritania 2007 11,066 2010 1 R
Mauritius 2009 2,066 2009 101 L
Morocco 2009 58,216 2010 13 R
Mozambique 2009 30,331 2009 4 L
Namibia 2009 42,100 2010 5 L
Niger 2008 18,948 2010 2 R
Nigeria 2004 193,200 2004 21 R
Rwanda 2004 14,008 2004 53 R
São Tomé and Príncipe 2000 320 2001 33 R
Senegal 2009 14,825 2010 8 R
Seychelles 2009 508 2010 110 L
Sierra Leone 2002 11,300 ... ... R
Somalia 2000 22,100 2001 3 R
South Africa 2000 362,099 2001 30 L
South Sudan ... ... ... ... R
Sudan 2000 11,900 2001 1 R
Swaziland 2002 3,594 2002 21 L
Tanzania 2009 103,706 2009 10 L
Togo 2007 11,652 2007 21 R
Tunisia 2009 19,371 2010 12 R
Uganda 2003 70,746 2003 29 L
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... R
Zambia 2000 66,781 2003 29 L
Zimbabwe 2002 97,267 2002 25 L
a Total road network comprised of paved and unpaved roads

b Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 05 February 2013
c Source: http://www.worldstandards.eu, accessed 18 July 2013

Paved roads as a share of total, latest year
World Banka African Statistical Yearbookb
Country Latest year Share of roads paved Latest year Share of roads paved
Algeria 2010 77.1% 2009 74.0%
Angola 2001 10.4% 2001 10.4%
Benin 2004 9.5% 2010 35.7%
Botswana 2005 32.6% 2010 85.5%
Burkina Faso 2004 4.2% 2007 15.3%
Burundi 2004 10.4% 2010 15.5%
Cameroon 2008 17.0% 2010 5.5%
Cape Verde 2001 69.0% 2000 69.0%
Central African Republic 2010 6.8% 2009 20.3%
Chad 2000 0.8% 2006 0.8%
Comoros 2001 76.5% 2009 77.0%
Congo (DRC) 2004 1.8% 2004 1.8%
Congo (Rep.) 2006 7.1% 2009 6.0%
Côte d’Ivoire 2007 7.9% 2009 7.9%
infrastructure
Djibouti 2001 45.0% 2009 16.0%
Egypt 2010 92.2% 2010 90.1%
Eritrea 2001 21.8% 2000 21.8%
Ethiopia 2007 13.7% 2007 13.7%
Gabon 2007 12.0% 2007 12.0%
Gambia 2004 19.3% 2007 20.7%
Ghana 2009 12.6% 2010 5.5%
Guinea 2003 9.8% 2010 10.4%
Guinea-Bissau 2002 27.9% 2009 37.8%
Kenya 2009 14.3% 2009 13.6%
Lesotho 2001 18.3% 2009 19.8%
Liberia 2001 6.2% 2001 6.2%
Libya 2001 57.2% 2009 44.0%
Madagascar 2010 16.3% 2004 20.3%
Malawi 2003 45.0% 2009 26.0%
Mali 2009 24.6% 2009 32.0%
Mauritania 2010 29.7% 2007 58.5%
Mauritius 2009 98.0% 2010 98.0%
Morocco 2010 70.4% 2009 61.6%
Mozambique 2009 20.8% 2010 5.5%
Namibia 2010 14.5% 2002 12.8%
Niger 2008 20.6% 2010 20.9%
Nigeria 2004 15.0% 2007 71.8%
Rwanda 2004 19.0% 2004 19.0%
São Tomé and Príncipe 2001 68.1% 2009 75.0%
Senegal 2010 35.5% 2008 16.0%
Seychelles 2010 96.5% 2009 96.5%
Sierra Leone 2002 8.0% 2010 9.9%
Somalia 2001 11.8% 2000 11.8%
South Africa 2001 17.3% 2001 17.3%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan 2001 36.3% 2010 51.6%
Swaziland 2002 30.0% 2010 37.6%
Tanzania 2009 14.9% 2010 7.9%
Togo 2007 21.0% 2000 31.6%
Tunisia 2010 76.0% 2008 75.2%
Uganda 2003 23.0% 2003 23.0%
Zambia 2001 22.0% 2009 11.2%
Zimbabwe 2002 19.0% 2002 19.0%
a Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 16 July 2013
b Source: African Development Bank, African Statistical Yearbook 2013

Paved roads, latest year % of total roads
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria (2010)
Angola (2001)
Benin (2004)
Botswana (2005)
Burkina Faso (2004)
Burundi (2004)
Cameroon (2008)
Cape Verde (2001)
Chad (2000)
Comoros (2001)
Congo (DRC) (2004)
Congo (Rep.) (2006)
infrastructure
Djibouti (2001)
Egypt (2010)
Eritrea (2001)
Ethiopia (2007)
Gabon (2007)
Gambia (2004)
Ghana (2009)
Guinea (2003)
Kenya (2009)
Lesotho (2001)
Liberia (2001)
Libya (2001)
Madagascar (2010)
Malawi (2003)
Mali (2009)
Mauritania (2010)
Mauritius (2009)
Morocco (2010)
Mozambique (2009)
Namibia (2010)
Niger (2008)
Nigeria (2004)
Rwanda (2004)
São Tomé and Príncipe (2001)
Senegal (2010)
Seychelles (2010)
Sierra Leone (2002)
Somalia (2001)
South Africa (2001)
South Sudan ( )
Sudan (2001)
Swaziland (2002)
Tanzania (2009)
Togo (2007)
Tunisia (2010)
Uganda (2003)
Western Sahara ( )
Zambia (2010)
Zimbabwe (2002)

Condition of paved roads, 2008
Share of paved roadsa in...
Countryb good condition fair condition poor condition

Benin 33.4% 16.7% 50.0%
Burkina Faso 66.6% 29.5% 3.9%
Cameroon 36.5% 15.7% 47.8%
Chad 80.9% 6.5% 12.5%
Côte d’Ivoire 17.3% 62.6% 20.1%
Ethiopia 65.6% 22.2% 12.3%
Ghana 66.4% 28.6% 5.0%
Kenya 46.7% 36.7% 16.6%
Lesotho 23.3% 41.7% 35.0%
Madagascar 52.5% 22.9% 24.6%
Malawi 47.0% 38.5% 14.5%
Mozambique 51.3% 33.1% 15.6%
Namibia 56.8% 35.9% 7.3%
Niger 48.6% 40.5% 10.9%
infrastructure
Nigeria 36.5% 30.9% 32.6%
Rwanda 41.4% 47.9% 10.8%
Senegal 34.0% 18.5% 47.5%
South Africa 60.9% 19.1% 20.0%
Tanzania 69.8% 24.9% 5.3%
Uganda 18.3% 72.6% 9.1%
Zambia 47.4% 14.4% 38.2%
Source: World Bank, Africa Infrastructure National Data, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 18 July 2013
companies that construct roads to gain access to their sites.

Road freight and passengersa, 2008
Countryb Freight, million tonne-km per yearc Passengers, million passenger-km per yeard
Benin 2,876 7,097
Burkina Faso 1,707 4,342
Cameroon 4,615 11,556
Chad 814 2,094
Côte d’Ivoire 3,859 9,727
Ethiopia 2,592 6,612
Ghana 6,938 17,274
Kenya 7,306 18,269
Lesotho 2,068 5,072
Madagascar 3,173 7,874
Malawi 1,497 3,805
Mozambique 4,236 10,674
Namibia 5,949 14,807
Niger 1,162 2,977
Nigeria 51,674 127,536
Rwanda 750 1,893
Senegal 2,907 7,284
South Africa 158,175 383,141
Tanzania 8,427 21,005
Uganda 5,410 13,474
Zambia 3,676 9,128
Source: World Bank, Africa Infrastructure: National Data, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 26 July 2013
gain access to their sites.

c Tonne-kilometres are the volume of goods transported (in metric tons) multiplied by the kilometres travelled.
d Passenger-kilometres are the number of passengers who travelled by road multiplied by the total kilometres travelled.

Country Estimated total Rate (per 100,000 population)
Algeria ... ...
Angola 4,407 23.1
Benin 2,119 23.9
Botswana 417 20.8
Burkina Faso 4,566 27.7
Burundi 1,788 21.3
Cameroon 3,933 20.1
Cape Verde 111 22.4
Central African Republic 644 14.6
Chad 3,339 29.7
Comoros 160 21.8
Congo (DRC) 13,764 20.9
Congo (Rep.) 692 17.1
Côte d’Ivoire 4,121 20.9
Djibouti ... ...
Egypt 10,729 13.2
infrastructure
Equatorial Guinea 80 11.4

Eritrea ... ...
Ethiopia 14,606 17.6
Gabon 338 22.5
Gambia 325 18.8
Ghana 5,407 22.2
Guinea 1,956 19.6
Guinea-Bissau 472 31.2
Kenya 8,484 20.9
Lesotho 616 28.4
Liberia 760 19
Libya ... ...
Madagascar 3,805 18.4
Malawi 2,904 19.5
Mali 3,544 23.1
Mauritania 970 28
Mauritius 158 12.2
Morocco 5,759 18
Mozambique 4,315 18.5
Namibia 571 25
Niger 3,673 23.7
Nigeria 53,339 33.7
Rwanda 2,118 19.9
São Tomé and Príncipe 34 20.6
Senegal 2,421 19.5
Seychelles 13 15
Sierra Leone 1,323 22.6
Somalia ... ...
South Africa 15,995 31.9
South Sudan ... ...
Sudan 10,935 25.1
Swaziland 277 23.4
Tanzania 10,162 22.7
Togo 1,037 17.2
Tunisia 1,974 18.8
Uganda 9,655 28.9
Western Sahara ... ...
Zambia 3,117 23.8
Zimbabwe 1,832 14.6
Source: World Health Organisation, Global Health Observatory Data Repository, http://www.who.int, accessed 19 July 2013

Length and gauges of rail linesa, 2008
Country Rail lines, km Narrow gauges Standard
Standard
Narrow
1.055m
1.065m
1.067m
1.435m
gauge
gauge
gauge
Broad
0.61m
0.75m
0.95m
Total
0.6m
1m
Algeria 1,085 2,888 0 3,973 x
Angola 2,764 0 0 2,764 x
Benin 438 0 0 438 x
Botswana 888 0 0 888 x
Burkina Faso 0 0 0 622 x
Burundi ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Cameroon 1,245 0 0 1,245 x
Cape Verde ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Central African Republic ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Chad ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
infrastructure
Congo (DRC) 4,007 0 0 4,007 x x
Congo (Rep.) 886 0 0 886 x
Côte d’Ivoire 660 0 0 660 x
Djibouti 100 0 0 100 x
Egyptb 0 5,083 0 5,083 x
Equatorial Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Eritrea 306 0 0 306 x
Ethiopia 681 0 0 681 x
Gabon 0 649 0 649 x
Gambia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ghana 947 0 0 947 x
Guinea 947 238 1,185 x x
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya 2,066 0 0 2,066 x
Lesotho ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Liberia 84 345 0 429 x x
Libya ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 854 0 0 854 x
Malawi 797 0 0 797 x
Mali 593 0 0 593 x
Mauritania 0 728 0 728 x
Mauritius ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Morocco 0 2,067 0 2,067 x
Mozambique 4,787 0 0 4,787 x
Namibia 2,626 0 0 2,626 x
Niger ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Nigeria 3,505 0 0 3,505 x
Rwanda ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Senegal 906 0 0 906 x
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africac 20,192 80 0 20,272 x x x x
South Sudan ... ... ... 236 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 5,978 0 0 5,978 x x
Swaziland 301 0 0 301 x
Tanzania 3,689 0 0 3,689 x x
Togo 568 0 0 568 x
Tunisia 1,694 471 0 2,165 x x
Uganda 1,244 0 0 1,244 x
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 2,157 0 0 2,157 x
Zimbabwe 3,427 0 0 3,427 x
Source: CIA World Factbook, http://www.http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook, accessed 06 February 2013
a Rail gauges are the distances between the inner sides of the rails. They vary by country and sometimes within countries. Narrow-gauge
railways can negotiate sharper curves, while broad-gauge railways afford greater stability and higher speeds. Trains may travel easily only
across railways with the same gauges.
b Data are from 2009
c Data for standard gauge rail lines taken from Gautrain website (Project Information, http://www.gautrain.co.za, accessed 29 October 2013).
The Gautrain covers 80 km between Pretoria, Johannesburg and O.R. Tambo International Airport.
Rail freight and passengers, latest year
Goods transported Passengers carried

Country Latest year Latest year
(million tonne-km)a (million passenger-km)b
Algeria 2010 1,281 2010 1,045
Angola ... ... ... ...
Benin 2008 36 ... ...
Botswana 2010 674 2008 94
Burkina Faso ... ... ... ...
Burundi ... ... ... ...
Cameroon 2010 978 2010 377
Cape Verde ... ... ... ...
Chad ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 2010 193 2010 37
Congo (Rep.) 2008 234 2008 211
Côte d’Ivoire 2007 675 2003 10
Djibouti 2005 97 ... ...
infrastructure
Egypt 2010 3,840 2010 40,837

Eritrea ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia ... ... ... ...
Gabon 2010 2,238 2010 111
Gambia ... ... ... ...
Ghana 2008 181 2008 85
Guinea ... ... ... ...
Kenya 2006 1,399 2006 226
Lesotho ... ... ... ...
Liberia ... ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 2002 12 2008 10
Malawi 2008 33 2008 44
Mali ... ... ... ...
Mauritania 2010 7,566 2010 47
Mauritius ... ... ... ...
Morocco 2010 5,572 2010 4,398
Mozambique 2010 695 2010 114
Namibia ... ... ... ...
Niger ... ... ... ...
Nigeria 2007 77 2007 174
Rwanda ... ... ... ...
Senegal 2007 384 2007 129
Seychelles ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ...
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 2010 113,342 2010 18,865
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan 2008 766 2008 34
Swaziland 2010 776 2010 0
Tanzania 2006 728 2007 475
Togo ... ... ... ...
Tunisia 2010 2,073 ... ...
Uganda 2004 218 ... ...
Zambia ... ... 2000 183
Zimbabwe 2008 1,580 ... ...
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators and Africa Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 6 February
2013
a Tonne-kilometres are the volume of goods (in metric tonnes) multiplied by the kilometres travelled.
b Passenger-kilometres are the number of passengers who travelled by rail multiplied by the total kilometres travelled.

Airports and share with paved runways, 2012
Country Total airportsa Airports with paved runways % paved b

Algeria 142 60 42.3%
Angola 176 30 17.0%
Benin 5 1 20.0%
Botswana 76 10 13.2%
Burkina Faso 24 2 8.3%
Burundi 7 1 14.3%
Cameroon 34 11 32.4%
Cape Verde 9 9 100.0%
Central African Republic 40 2 5.0%
Chad 58 9 15.5%
Comoros 4 4 100.0%
Congo (DRC) 201 26 12.9%
Congo (Rep.) 25 7 28.0%
Côte d’Ivoire 27 7 25.9%
Djibouti 13 3 23.1%
Egypt 84 72 85.7%
infrastructure
Equatorial Guinea 7 6 85.7%
Eritrea 13 4 30.8%
Ethiopia 58 17 29.3%
Gabon 45 14 31.1%
Gambia 1 1 100.0%
Ghana 10 7 70.0%
Guinea 16 4 25.0%
Guinea-Bissau 8 2 25.0%
Kenya 194 15 7.7%
Lesotho 24 3 12.5%
Liberia 29 2 6.9%
Libya 144 64 44.4%
Madagascar 82 26 31.7%
Malawi 31 7 22.6%
Mali 21 8 38.1%
Mauritania 28 10 35.7%
Mauritius 5 2 40.0%
Morocco 56 31 55.4%
Mozambique 100 21 21.0%
Namibia 112 19 17.0%
Niger 30 10 33.3%
Nigeria 53 40 75.5%
Rwanda 7 4 57.1%
São Tomé and Príncipe 2 2 100.0%
Senegal 20 9 45.0%
Seychelles 14 7 50.0%
Sierra Leone 8 1 12.5%
Somalia 62 7 11.3%
South Africa 567 145 25.6%
South Sudan 84 3 3.6%
Sudan 72 15 20.8%
Swaziland 15 2 13.3%
Tanzania 106 11 10.4%
Togo 8 2 25.0%
Tunisia 29 15 51.7%
Uganda 46 5 10.9%
Western Sahara 6 3 50.0%
Zambia 88 8 9.1%
Zimbabwe 202 17 8.4%
Africab 3,328 823 24.7%
Source: CIA World Factbook, http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook, accessed 8 February 2013

Share of airports with paved runways, 2012 % of total airports
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
infrastructure
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa
Source: CIA World Factbook, http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook, accessed 8 February 2013

Direct airline connections, 2007
Contry Number of city pairs served a
Domestic International
Algeria 45 77
Angola 21 21
Benin ... 20
Botswana 4 8
Burkina Faso 1 13
Burundi ... 5
Cameroon 3 25
Cape Verde 10 29
Central African Republic ... 3
Chad ... 8
Comoros 7 19
Congo (DRC) 25 24
Congo (Rep.) 1 21
Côte d’Ivoire ... 29
infrastructure
Djibouti ... 16
Egypt 19 233
Eritrea 3 14
Ethiopia 45 52
Gabon 9 13
Gambia ... 14
Ghana 5 30
Guinea ... 10
Guinea-Bissau ... 3
Kenya 15 77
Lesotho ... 1
Liberia ... 11
Libya 12 57
Madagascar 63 32
Malawi 3 12
Mali ... 18
Mauritania 1 10
Mauritius 1 34
Morocco 24 167
Mozambique 30 32
Namibia 8 14
Niger ... 9
Nigeria 22 51
Rwanda ... 7
São Tomé and Príncipe ... 5
Senegal 4 43
Seychelles 1 12
Sierra Leone ... 11
Somalia 9 19
South Africa 36 115
South Sudan ... ...
Sudan 13 32
Swaziland ... 4
Tanzania 19 38
Togo ... 12
Tunisia 11 113
Uganda 4 19
Zambia 9 16
Zimbabwe 5 23
Source: African Development Bank, Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Database, http://www.infrastructureafrica.org, accessed 12 February
2013
a The number of city pairs served is an indication of how many airline connections exist between cities in that country and other domestic or
international cities. The number is not limited to a country’s national airline. Examples of international city pairs are Johannesburg, South Africa/
London, England; and Nairobi, Kenya/Bamako, Mali. An example of a domestic city pair is Johannesburg-Cape Town, South Africa.

a
, 2007
Country Seats Domestic Internationalb

Algeria 10,316,200 42.1% 57.9%
Angola 2,272,170 52.8% 47.2%
Benin 422,400 … …
Botswana 677,404 35.7% 64.3%
Burkina Faso 412,061 4.9% 95.1%
Burundi 270,227 … …
Cameroon 975,865 10.8% 89.2%
Cape Verde 1,168,760 49.2% 50.8%
Central African Republic 44,503 … …
Chad 197,682 … …
Comoros 571,897 19.5% 80.5%
Congo (DRC) 989,619 33.1% 66.9%
Congo (Rep.) 913478 48.6% 51.4%
Côte d’Ivoire 1,148,890 … …
Djibouti 576,086 … …
Egypt 23,637,700 25.2% 74.8%
infrastructure
Equatorial Guinea 321,585 5.4% 94.6%

Eritrea 451,588 20.8% 79.2%
Ethiopia 4,570,650 15.9% 84.1%
Gabon 769,912 48.6% 51.4%
Gambia 252,270 … …
Ghana 1,886,900 7.6% 92.4%
Guinea 317,378 … …
Guinea-Bissau 66,846 … …
Kenya 7,993,550 26.2% 73.8%
Lesotho 85,592 … …
Liberia 161,485 … …
Libya 5,540,860 44.3% 55.7%
Madagascar 2,147,010 60.1% 39.9%
Malawi 605,880 27.6% 72.4%
Mali 730,231 … …
Mauritania 404,257 5.1% 94.9%
Mauritius 3,282,800 15.3% 84.7%
Morocco 15,809,200 22.0% 78.0%
Mozambique 1,819,120 62.9% 37.1%
Namibia 1,204,710 7.0% 93.0%
Niger 170,131 … …
Nigeria 13,116,000 70.9% 29.1%
Rwanda 485,507 … …
São Tomé and Príncipe 45,725 … …
Senegal 2,618,010 4.9% 95.1%
Seychelles 1,277,560 55.8% 44.2%
Sierra Leone 228,522 … …
Somalia 350,701 36.1% 63.9%
South Africa 45,789,200 69.4% 30.6%
Sudan 3,099,330 19.7% 80.3%
Swaziland 141,388 … …
Tanzania 3,728,170 50.2% 49.8%
Togo 296,361 … …
Tunisia 6,887,870 9.6% 90.4%
Uganda 1,543,060 4.6% 95.4%
Zambia 2,010,640 21.8% 78.2%
Zimbabwe 1,530,410 15.5% 84.5%
Source: African Development Bank, Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Programme National Database, http://www.infrastructureafrica.org,
accessed 13 February 2013
passengers carried.

Air freight and passengers, 2012
Registered carrier
Country Passengers, number Air freight (million tonne-km)b
departures worldwidea
Algeria 54,292 4,082,595 14.89
Angola 13,320 1,116,427 63.62
Benin … … …
Botswana 8,422 415,130 0.13
Burkina Faso 3,856 125,694 0.07
Burundi … … …
Cameroon 4938 248,027 …
Cape Verde 10,555 597,983 2.18
Central African Republic … … …
Chad … … …
Comoros … … …
Congo (DRC) 1,460 160,571 …
Congo (Rep.) 4,859 477,143 1.60
Côte d’Ivoire 415 39,485 0.00
infrastructure
Egypt 85,307 8,365,687 346.26
Eritrea … … …
Ethiopia 61,620 4,944,135 677.35
Gabon 209 8,298 …
Gambia … … …
Ghana 11,538 532,748 0.95
Guinea … … …
Guinea-Bissau … … …
Kenya 82,576 4,653,460 334.05
Lesotho … … …
Liberia … … …
Libya 13,599 1,084,174 …
Madagascar 12,277 657,169 6.95
Malawi 1,841 46,890 0.32
Mali 2,753 181,743 5.45
Mauritania 3077 325,240 …
Mauritius 12,258 1,313,976 172.01
Morocco 62,213 6,943,920 40.94
Mozambique 13,263 559,609 4.92
Namibia 11,711 632,330 0.89
Niger … … …
Nigeria 65,632 4,716,148 …
Rwanda 10,410 593,198 17.45
Senegal 7,730 543,988 4.58
Seychelles 11,878 247,000 2.57
Sierra Leone 2145 50,193 …
Somalia … … …
South Africa 191,730 17,082,453 1,173.45
Sudan 13,525 777,346 23.54
Swaziland … … …
Tanzania 27,378 972,396 1.42
Togo 10,264 745,782 53.72
Tunisia 36,024 3,283,597 18.80
Uganda 5,816 181,309 0.80
Zambia 8,288 127,297 …
Zimbabwe 11,560 320,946 47.29
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 29 August 2013
a Registered carrier departures worldwide are domestic and international takeoffs of airlines registered in the country.
b Tonne-kilometres are the volume of goods (in metric tonnes) transported by carriers registered in the country multiplied by the
kilometres travelled.

Port callsa, 2006
Portsb All vessels Container vessels

Luanda, Angola 3,457 272
Cotonou, Benin 1,555 410
Kribi, Cameroon ... ...
Mindelo, Cape Verde 796 ...
Boma, Congo (DRC) ... ...
Matadi, Congo (DRC) ... ...
Pointe Noire, Congo (Rep.) ... ...
Takoradi, Ghana 600 ...
Tema, Ghana 2,000 ...
Mombasa, Kenya 1,731 491
Majajanga, Madagascar ... ...
Toamasina, Madagascar ... 308
Port St Louis, Mauritius ... ...
Beira, Mozambique 288 50
Maputo, Mozambique 1,000 ...
Walvis Bay, Namibia 1,052 145
infrastructure
Apapa, Nigeria 882 ...

Calabar, Nigeria ... ...
Port Harcourt, Nigeria 303 ...
Onne, Nigeria 554 ...
Dakar, Senegal 2,833 856
Cape Town, South Africa 3,451 1,037
Durban, South Africa 4,388 1,174
East London, South Africa 383 56
Port Elizabeth, South Africa 1,354 549
Richards Bay, South Africa 1,728 4
Saldanha, South Africa 492 ...
Suakin, Sudan 1,234 ...
Port Sudan, Sudan 1,234 406
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 1,616 478
Port calls, all vessels, 2006 Number
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000
Luanda, Angola
Cotonou, Benin
Mindelo, Cape Verde
Takoradi, Ghana
Tema, Ghana
Mombasa, Kenya
Beira, Mozambique
Maputo, Mozambique
Walvis Bay, Namibia
Apapa, Nigeria
Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Onne, Nigeria
Dakar, Senegal
Cape Town, South Africa
Durban, South Africa
East London, South Africa
Port Elizabeth, South Africa
Richards Bay, South Africa
Saldanha, South Africa
Suakin, Sudan
Port Sudan, Sudan
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Source: World Bank, Africa Infrastructure: Ports Database, accessed 14 February 2013
b The ports shown here are considered major access ports. They handle more than eight million tonnes of cargo per year.

Port performance (containers), 2006
Pre-berth waiting Vessel turnaround Container handling Container cargo

Portsa
time, days (average) time, hours (average) capacity, TEUb per year handledc,TEUb per year
Luanda, Angola 96 48 400,000 377,208
Cotonou, Benin 24 36 400,000 158201
Kribi, Cameroon ... ... ... ...
Mindelo, Cape Verde 24 48 50,000 150,000
Boma, Congo (DRC) ... ... ... 10,000
Matadi, Congo (DRC) ... 48 200,000 ...
Pointe Noire, Congo (Rep.) 38 48 150,000 ...
Takoradi, Ghana ... ... ... 51,000
Tema, Ghana 12 32 375,000 420,000
Mombasa, Kenya 12 36 600,000 436,671
Majajanga, Madagascar ... ... ... ...
Toamasina, Madagascar 12 12 500,000 92,529
Port St Louis, Mauritius ... ... ... ...
Beira, Mozambique 7 24 100,000 50,000
Maputo, Mozambique 3 24 100,000 44,000
infrastructure
Walvis Bay, Namibia 0 48 100,000 71,456
Apapa, Nigeria 12 24 500,000 336,308
Calabar, Nigeria ... ... ... ...
Port Harcourt, Nigeria ... ... ... 7,900
Onne, Nigeria 4 32 100,000 86,290
Dakar, Senegal 18 24 400,000 331,191
Cape Town, South Africa 3 24 950,000 690,895
Durban, South Africa 5 32 1,450,000 1,899,065
East London, South Africa 0 24 90,000 49,338
Port Elizabeth, South Africa 3 24 500,000 369,759
Richards Bay, South Africa 0 24 ... 5,179
Saldanha, South Africa ... ... ... ...
Suakin, Sudan ... ... ... ...
Port Sudan, Sudan 2 46 400,000 328,690
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 24 24 400,000 198,472
Port performance, 2006 days, hours
100
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60 Vessel turnaround time, hours (average)
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Source: World Bank, Africa Infrastructure Ports Database, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 29 October 2013
a The ports shown here are considered major access ports. They handle more than eight million tonnes of cargo per year.
b TEUs refer to twenty-foot equivalent units, based on standard twenty-foot containers that are 20 ft (6,10 m) in length, 8 ft (2,44 m) in width,
one year. One forty-foot container would be counted as two TEUs.

c In some instances the source indicates that the port handled volumes greater than its capacity. The source was not able to clarify this
discrepancy.

Containers (TEU)a
Countryb 2009 2010 2011

Algeria 250,095 279,785 295,733
Angola … … …
Benin 272,820 316,744 334,798
Cameroon 245,538 285,070 301,319
Cape Verde … … …
Comoros … … …
Congo (DRC) … … …
Congo (Rep.) 291,917 338,916 358,234
Côte d’Ivoire 677,029 607,730 642,371
Djibouti 519,500 600,000 634,200
Egypt 6,250,443 6,709,053 6,565,502
Eritrea … … …
Gabon 132,349 153,657 162,415
infrastructure
Gambia … … …
Ghana 557,323 647,052 683,934
Guinea … … …
Kenya 618,816 696,000 735,672
Liberia
Libya 158,988 184,585 195,106
Madagascar 132,278 141,093 149,135
Mauritania 62,269 65,705 69,450
Mauritius 406,862 444,778 439,695
Morocco 1,222,000 2,058,430 2,175,761
Mozambique 219,381 254,701 269,219
Namibia 265,663 256,319 107,606
Nigeria 87,000 101,007 106,764
Senegal 331,076 349,231 369,137
Sierra Leone … … …
Somalia … … …
South Africa 3,726,313 3,806,427 3,932,999
Sudan 431,232 439,100 464,129
Tanzania 370,765 429,285 453,754
Togo … … …
Tunisia 418,884 466,398 492,983
a TEUs refer to twenty-foot equivalent units, based on standard twenty-foot containers that are 20 ft (6,10 m) in length, 8 ft (2,44 m) in width, and
forty-foot container would be counted as two TEUs.

b The list includes all African countries that have a coastline.

a
, 2009-2011
Containers (TEU)b, thousands

Rank (out
Country 2009 2010 2011c Changed, 2009-2011
of 75)
1 China 107,963 128,930 138,391 28%
2 Singapore 26,593 29,179 30,722 16%
3 China, Hong Kong SAR 21,040 23,699 24,404 16%
4 Republic of Korea 15,699 18,538 20,809 33%
5 Malaysia 15,860 18,245 19,809 25%
6 United Arab Emirates 14,425 15,174 16,753 16%
7 Taiwan 11,352 12,501 13,464 19%
8 India 8,012 9,753 9,951 24%
9 Indonesia 7,244 8,371 8,885 23%
10 Brazil 6,575 8,121 8,598 31%
... ... ... ... ... ...
12 Egypt 6,250 6,709 6,556 5%
20 South Africa 3,726 3,806 3,924 5%
27 Morocco 1,222 2,058 2,161 77%
infrastructure
40 Kenya 619 696 731 18%
46 Côte d’Ivoire 677 608 638 -6%
47 Djibouti 520 600 630 21%
49 Ghana 494 514 539 9%
50 Tunisia 419 466 490 17%
51 Sudan 431 439 461 7%
52 Tanzania 370 427 448 21%
53 Mauritius 407 445 440 8%
55 Senegal 331 349 367 11%
57 Congo (Rep.) 286 297 312 9%
59 Benin 267 278 292 9%
61 Algeria 248 266 279 12%
62 Cameroon 240 250 262 9%
66 Mozambique 215 223 234 9%
69 Libya 156 162 170 9%
71 Madagascar 132 141 148 12%
73 Gabon 131 136 143 9%
75 Namibia 266 256 108 -59%
TEUb, ‘000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
China Singapore China, Hong Kong SAR Top 5 in Africa: Egypt, South
Africa, Morocco, Kenya and
Côte d'Ivoire (total)
Source: UN Conference on Trade and Development, Review of Maritime Transport 2012
a The source lists 75 developing countries, this table shows the top 10 and all African countries listed.
b TEUs refer to twenty-foot equivalent units, based on standard twenty-foot containers that are 20 ft (6,10 m) in length, 8 ft (2,44 m) in width, and
One forty-foot container would be counted as two TEUs.

c Figures for 2011 are preliminary.

Electricity
Electricity generating capacity, 2005 and 2010
Megawatts (MW)a
% of total African
Country 2005 2010 Changeb, 2005-2010
capacity in 2010b
Algeria 7,497 11,332 51.2% 8.47%
Angola 831 1,155 39.1% 0.86%
Benin 59 61 3.4% 0.05%
Botswana 132 132 0.0% 0.10%
Burkina Faso 236 252 6.8% 0.19%
Burundi 33 52 57.6% 0.04%
Cameroon 1,080 1,115 3.2% 0.83%
Cape Verde 80 90 12.5% 0.07%
Central African Republic 38 44 15.8% 0.03%
Chad 31 31 0.0% 0.02%
Comoros 6 6 0.0% 0.00%
Congo (DRC) 2,443 2,437 -0.2% 1.82%
Congo (Rep.) 121 148 22.3% 0.11%
Côte d’Ivoire 1,177 1,222 3.8% 0.91%
infrastructure
Djibouti 118 130 10.2% 0.10%

Egypt 20,462 26,912 31.5% 20.12%
Equatorial Guinea 26 38 46.2% 0.03%
Eritrea 151 141 -6.8% 0.11%
Ethiopia 819 2,061 151.7% 1.54%
Gabon 415 415 0.0% 0.31%
Gambia 44 62 40.9% 0.05%
Ghana 1,748 1,985 13.6% 1.48%
Guinea 337 395 17.2% 0.30%
Guinea-Bissau 22 26 18.2% 0.02%
Kenya 1,417 1,698 19.8% 1.27%
Lesotho 76 76 0.0% 0.06%
Liberia 195 197 1.0% 0.15%
Libya 5,125 6,766 32.0% 5.06%
Madagascar 303 430 41.9% 0.32%
Malawi 302 287 -5.0% 0.21%
Mali 280 304 8.6% 0.23%
Mauritania 242 263 8.7% 0.20%
Mauritius 849 900 6.1% 0.67%
Morocco 5,487 6,620 20.6% 4.95%
Mozambique 2,369 2,428 2.5% 1.81%
Namibia 393 393 0.1% 0.29%
Niger 133 134 0.8% 0.10%
Nigeria 5,898 5,900 0.0% 4.41%
Rwanda 57 57 0.4% 0.04%
São Tomé and Príncipe 14 14 0.0% 0.01%
Senegal 509 638 25.3% 0.48%
Seychelles 89 89 0.0% 0.07%
Sierra Leone 40 102 155.0% 0.08%
Somalia 65 80 23.1% 0.06%
South Africa 42,090 44,258 5.2% 33.08%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan 1,031 2,338 126.8% 1.75%
Swaziland 128 149 16.4% 0.11%
Tanzania 919 841 -8.5% 0.63%
Togo 68 85 25.0% 0.06%
Tunisia 3,303 3,652 10.6% 2.73%
Uganda 303 539 77.9% 0.40%
Western Sahara 58 58 0.0% 0.04%
Zambia 1,700 1,679 -1.2% 1.26%
Zimbabwe 2,005 2,035 1.5% 1.52%
Africac 113,860 133,779 17.5% 100.00%
Worldc 4,119,915 5,066,765 23.0% …
Source: US Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, http://www.eia.gov, accessed 19 February 2013
a One megawatt is a unit of power equal to one million watts. One megawatt of power used for one hour, a megawatt-hour, is enough power to
light 10,000 100-watt lightbulbs for an hour.
c As calculated by the source. Africa’s share of the world’s capacity is 2.64%, as calculated by the author.

Electricity production, 2005 and 2010
Gigawatt-hours (GWh)a
% of total African
Country 2005 2010 Changeb, 2005-2010
production in 2010b
Algeria 31,907 42,834 34.2% 6.78%
Angola 2,730 5,118 87.5% 0.81%
Benin 101 142 41.2% 0.02%
Botswana 815 430 -47.3% 0.07%
Burkina Faso 489 670 36.9% 0.11%
Burundi 97 152 56.7% 0.02%
Cameroon 3,952 5,761 45.8% 0.91%
Cape Verde 222 287 29.3% 0.05%
Chad 94 98 4.3% 0.02%
Comoros 45 40 -11.1% 0.01%
Congo (DRC) 7,326 7,804 6.5% 1.24%
Congo (Rep.) 424 547 29.0% 0.09%
Côte d’Ivoire 5,422 5,721 5.5% 0.91%
infrastructure
Djibouti 240 325 35.4% 0.05%
Egypt 102,835 138,729 34.9% 21.97%
Eritrea 271 292 8.0% 0.05%
Ethiopia 2,816 4,929 75.0% 0.78%
Gabon 1,505 1,777 18.1% 0.28%
Gambia 191 230 20.4% 0.04%
Ghana 6,662 8,213 23.3% 1.30%
Guinea 881 969 10.0% 0.15%
Guinea-Bissau 60 67 11.7% 0.01%
Kenya 5,862 7,330 25.0% 1.16%
Lesotho 347 200 -42.4% 0.03%
Liberia 318 335 5.3% 0.05%
Libya 20,978 29,716 41.7% 4.71%
Madagascar 1,111 1,211 9.0% 0.19%
Malawi 1,513 1,973 30.4% 0.31%
Mali 457 520 13.8% 0.08%
Mauritania 499 701 40.5% 0.11%
Mauritius 2,145 2,536 18.2% 0.40%
Morocco 18,729 21,127 12.8% 3.35%
Mozambique 13,151 16,499 25.5% 2.61%
Namibia 1,672 1,446 -13.5% 0.23%
Niger 190 250 31.6% 0.04%
Nigeria 22,515 24,872 10.5% 3.94%
Rwanda 112 280 150.2% 0.04%
São Tomé and Príncipe 39 30 -23.1% 0.00%
Senegal 2,275 2,769 21.7% 0.44%
Seychelles 217 283 30.4% 0.04%
Sierra Leone 78 145 85.9% 0.02%
Somalia 273 310 13.6% 0.05%
South Africa 227,948 241,927 6.1% 38.31%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan 4,169 8,074 93.7% 1.28%
Swaziland 390 496 27.2% 0.08%
Tanzania 3,485 4,302 23.4% 0.68%
Togo 183 127 -30.5% 0.02%
Tunisia 12,976 15,142 16.7% 2.40%
Uganda 1,902 2,406 26.5% 0.38%
Zambia 8,846 11,192 26.5% 1.77%
Zimbabwe 9,945 7,808 -21.5% 1.24%
Africac 533,565 631,523 18.4% 100.00%
Worldc 17,318,656 20,225,284 16.8% …
Source: US Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, http://www.eia.gov, accessed 16 July 2013
a One gigawatt-hour (GWh) is equal to one billion watt-hours, or one million kilowatt-hours. One gigawatt-hour can brew roughly 90m cups of coffee.
c As calculated by the source. Africa’s share of world production is 3.12%, as calculated by the author.

Electricity production, 2010 % of total African production
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
infrastructure
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Electricity consumption, 2005 and 2010
Gigawatt-hours (GWh)a
% of total African
Country 2005 2010 Changeb,2005-2010
consumption in 2010b
Algeria 27,516 33,676 22.4% 6.02%
Angola 2,068 4,592 122.0% 0.82%
Benin 583 870 49.3% 0.16%
Botswana 2,614 3,157 20.8% 0.56%
Burkina Faso 580 773 33.2% 0.14%
Burundi 161 221 37.3% 0.04%
Cameroon 3,254 5,181 59.2% 0.93%
Cape Verde 206 267 29.3% 0.05%
Chad 87 91 4.3% 0.02%
Comoros 42 37 -11.1% 0.01%
Congo (DRC) 4,830 6,197 28.3% 1.11%
Congo (Rep.) 416 576 38.4% 0.10%
Côte d’Ivoire 2,892 3,865 33.7% 0.69%
infrastructure
Djibouti 223 302 35.4% 0.05%
Egypt 89,453 122,371 36.8% 21.87%
Eritrea 225 253 12.8% 0.05%
Ethiopia 2,531 4,451 75.9% 0.80%
Gabon 1,228 1,442 17.5% 0.26%
Gambia 178 214 20.4% 0.04%
Ghana 5,211 5,311 1.9% 0.95%
Guinea 819 901 10.0% 0.16%
Guinea-Bissau 56 62 11.7% 0.01%
Kenya 4,751 6,150 29.4% 1.10%
Lesotho 336 307 -8.6% 0.05%
Liberia 296 312 5.3% 0.06%
Libya 18,353 25,238 37.5% 4.51%
Madagascar 1,033 1,126 9.0% 0.20%
Malawi 1,407 1,835 30.4% 0.33%
Mali 425 484 13.8% 0.09%
Mauritania 464 652 40.5% 0.12%
Mauritius 1,995 2,358 18.2% 0.42%
Morocco 17,694 23,613 33.5% 4.22%
Mozambique 9,109 10,212 12.1% 1.82%
Namibia 3,032 3,334 9.9% 0.60%
Niger 516 833 61.4% 0.15%
Nigeria 16,935 20,375 20.3% 3.64%
Rwanda 192 320 66.3% 0.06%
São Tomé and Príncipe 36 28 -23.1% 0.00%
Senegal 1,508 2,220 47.2% 0.40%
Seychelles 202 263 30.4% 0.05%
Sierra Leone 73 135 85.9% 0.02%
Somalia 254 288 13.6% 0.05%
South Africa 205,045 214,984 4.8% 38.42%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan 3,385 6,359 87.9% 1.14%
Swaziland 1,235 1,058 -14.3% 0.19%
Tanzania 2,575 3,403 32.2% 0.61%
Togo 608 676 11.2% 0.12%
Tunisia 11,266 13,287 17.9% 2.37%
Uganda 1,729 2,192 26.8% 0.39%
Zambia 8,589 7,960 -7.3% 1.42%
Zimbabwe 12,180 12,567 3.2% 2.25%
Africac 472,399 559,593 18.5% 100.00%
Worldc 15,717,697 18,466,459 17.5% …
a One gigawatt-hour (GWh) is equal to one billion watt-hours, or one million kilowatt-hours. One gigawatt-hour is enough power to iron 11m shirts.
c As calculated by the source. Africa’s share of world electricity consumption is 3.03%, as calculated by the author.

Electricity generation by source, 2010
Share of total
Country Coal Hydroelectric Natural gas Oil Nuclear

Algeria 0% 0% 98% 2% 0%
Angola 0% 67% 0% 33% 0%
Benin 0% 0% 0% 99% 0%
Botswana 100% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Burkina Faso ... ... ... ... ...
Burundi ... ... ... ... ...
Cameroon 0% 72% 7% 20% 0%
Cape Verde ... ... ... ... ...
Chad ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 0% 100% 0% 0% 0%
Congo (Rep.) 0% 77% 21% 2% 0%
Côte d’Ivoire 0% 27% 71% 0% 0%
infrastructure
Djibouti ... ... ... ... ...

Egypt 0% 9% 69% 21% 0%
Eritrea 0% 0% 0% 99% 0%
Ethiopia 0% 99% 0% 1% 0%
Gabon 0% 44% 25% 31% 0%
Gambia ... ... ... ... ...
Ghana 0% 84% 0% 16% 0%
Guinea ... ... ... ... ...
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya 0% 46% 0% 30% 0%
Lesotho ... ... ... ... ...
Liberia ... ... ... ... ...
Libya 0% 0.% 41% 59% 0%
Madagascar ... ... ... ... ...
Malawi ... ... ... ... ...
Mali ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritania ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritius ... ... ... ... ...
Morocco 50% 16% 10% 22% 0%
Mozambique 0% 100% 0% 0% 0%
Namibia 14% 85% 0% 1% 0%
Niger ... ... ... ... ...
Nigeria 0% 24% 64% 11% 0%
Rwanda ... ... ... ... ...
Senegal 0% 8% 2% 86% 0%
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... ...
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 94% 1% 0% 0% 5%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 0% 49% 0% 51% 0%
Swaziland ... ... ... ... ...
Tanzania 3% 58% 38% 1% 0%
Togo 0% 75% 0% 24% 0%
Tunisia 0% 0% 99% 0% 0%
Uganda ... ... ... ... ...
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 0% 100% 0% 0% 0%
Zimbabwe 49% 50% 0% 0% 0%
Africa a 40.1% 15.4% 31.2% 11.4% 1.9%
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 26 February 2013

Power transmission and distribution lossesa, 2005 and 2010
Change in share of
Share of output lostb GWh lostc
output lostb, %
Country 2005 2010 2010 2005-2010
Algeria 14.0% 21.2% 9,091 51.33%
Angola 24.2% 10.3% 526 -57.62%
Benin 112.3% 145.7% 207 29.77%
Botswana 26.3% 60.1% 258 128.72%
Burkina Faso 7.0% 7.0% 47 0.01%
Burundi 7.0% 7.0% 11 0.00%
Cameroon 17.7% 10.1% 580 -43.00%
Cape Verde 7.0% 7.0% 20 0.00%
Central African Republic 7.0% 7.0% 11 0.00%
Chad 7.0% 7.0% 7 0.00%
Comoros 7.0% 7.0% 3 0.00%
Congo (DRC) 11.4% 10.9% 852 -3.87%
Congo (Rep.) 100.4% 85.2% 466 -15.18%
Côte d’Ivoire 20.9% 24.2% 1,385 15.95%
infrastructure
Djibouti 7.0% 7.0% 23 0.00%
Egypt 12.3% 10.8% 14,919 -12.26%
Equatorial Guinea 7.0% 7.0% 7 0.00%
Eritrea 17.0% 13.3% 39 -21.50%
Ethiopia 10.1% 9.7% 478 -4.18%
Gabon 18.4% 18.9% 335 2.40%
Gambia 7.0% 7.0% 16 0.00%
Ghana 24.4% 24.0% 1,972 -1.68%
Guinea 7.0% 7.0% 68 0.00%
Guinea-Bissau 7.0% 7.0% 5 0.00%
Kenya 18.8% 16.1% 1,180 -14.36%
Lesotho 7.0% 7.0% 14 0.00%
Liberia 7.0% 7.0% 23 0.00%
Libya 12.7% 14.9% 4,425 16.91%
Madagascar 7.0% 7.0% 85 0.00%
Malawi 7.0% 7.0% 138 0.00%
Mali 7.0% 7.0% 36 0.00%
Mauritania 7.0% 7.0% 49 0.00%
Mauritius 7.0% 7.0% 178 0.00%
Morocco 9.8% 6.9% 1,454 -29.84%
Mozambique 12.4% 9.1% 1,503 -26.46%
Namibia 18.7% 25.4% 367 36.06%
Niger 7.0% 7.0% 18 0.00%
Nigeria 24.8% 18.1% 4,497 -27.05%
Rwanda 7.0% 7.0% 20 -0.02%
São Tomé and Príncipe 7.0% 7.0% 2 0.00%
Senegal 33.7% 19.8% 549 -41.18%
Seychelles 7.0% 7.0% 20 0.00%
Sierra Leone 7.0% 7.0% 10 0.00%
Somalia 7.0% 7.0% 22 0.00%
South Africa 9.0% 10.1% 24,468 12.13%
Sudan 18.8% 21.2% 1,715 12.95%
Swaziland 7.0% 7.0% 35 0.00%
Tanzania 28.2% 22.1% 949 -21.71%
Togo 47.0% 126.6% 161 169.31%
Tunisia 13.2% 12.4% 1,874 -5.92%
Uganda 7.0% 7.0% 168 0.00%
Western Sahara 7.0% 7.0% 6 0.00%
Zambia 5.4% 24.0% 2,687 343.38%
Zimbabwe 7.5% 6.7% 523 -10.23%
Africad 11.9% 12.5% 78,643 4.45%
Worldd 9.3% 8.8% 1,784,445 -5.24%
is lost to the environment. For countries that did not report distribution losses, the source assumed an average share of output lost of 7%.
c One gigawatt-hour (GWh) is equal to one billion watt-hours, or one million kilowatt-hours. One gigawatt-hour is enough power to bake one
million cakes.

Trade in electricity, 2010
Gigawatt-hours (Gwh)a
Country Imports Exports

Algeria 736 803 +67
Angola 0 0 0
Benin 935 0 -935
Botswana 2,985 0 -2,985
Burkina Faso 150 0 -150
Burundi 80 0 -80
Cameroon 0 0 0
Cape Verde 0 0 0
Central African Republic 0 0 0
Chad 0 0 0
Comoros 0 0 0
Congo (DRC) 161 916 +755
Congo (Rep.) 495 0 -495
Côte d’Ivoire 0 471 +471
infrastructure
Djibouti 0 0 0
Egypt 156 1,595 +1,439
Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0
Eritrea 0 0 0
Ethiopia 0 0 0
Gabon 0 0 0
Gambia 0 0 0
Ghana 106 1,036 +930
Guinea 0 0 0
Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0
Kenya 31 31 0
Lesotho 121 0 -121
Liberia 0 0 0
Libya 76 129 +53
Madagascar 0 0 0
Malawi 0 0 0
Mali 0 0 0
Mauritania 0 0 0
Mauritius 0 0 0
Morocco 3,940 0 -3,940
Mozambique 7,928 12,712 +4,784
Namibia 2,462 207 -2,255
Niger 600 0 -600
Nigeria 0 0 0
Rwanda 62 3 -59
São Tomé and Príncipe 0 0 0
Senegal 0 0 0
Seychelles 0 0 0
Sierra Leone 0 0 0
Somalia 0 0 0
South Africa 12,193 14,668 +2,475
South Sudan 0 0 0
Sudan 0 0 0
Swaziland 597 0 -597
Tanzania 50 0 -50
Togo 710 0 -710
Tunisia 19 0 -19
Uganda 29 75 +46
Western Sahara 0 0 0
Zambia 33 578 +545
Zimbabwe 5,338 56 -5,282
Africab 39,993 33,280 -6,713
Source: US Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, http://www.eia.gov, accessed 15 March 2013
a One gigawatt-hour is equal to one billion watt-hours, or one million kilowatt-hours. One gigawatt-hour is enough electricity for 3m people to
blow-dry their hair once.
b As calculated by the source. The source indicates that Africa is a net importer of electricity, but that most of the countries closest to Europe
are electricity exporters. This discrepancy is not explained.

Impact of power outages, latest year
Average number of Average duration of Losses due to electrical

Country Latest year
outages per month outages, hours outages, % of sales
Algeria 2007 16.7 6.9 1.6%
Angola 2010 4.7 11.8 8.8%
Benin 2009 8 2.1 3.6%
Botswana 2010 4.1 2.5 2.9%
Burkina Faso 2009 9.8 3 3.2%
Burundi 2006 10.7 9.1 9.4%
Cameroon 2009 9.8 2.8 4.3%
Cape Verde 2009 3.3 5.1 2.5%
Central African Republic 2011 29 7.2 22.1%
Chad 2009 19.6 7.5 2.3%
Comoros ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 2010 20 6.7 19.3%
Congo (Rep.) 2009 21.5 29.6 9.6%
Côte d’Ivoire 2009 2 2.4 2.2%
Djibouti ... ... ... ...
infrastructure
Egypt 2008 ... 2.1 ...
Eritrea 2009 0.5 0.5 0.0%
Ethiopia 2011 5.6 7.8 2.6%
Gabon 2009 4.6 3.6 0.9%
Gambia 2006 21 6.1 9.8%
Ghana 2007 9.5 12.4 5.4%
Guinea 2006 31.5 6.3 13.0%
Guinea-Bissau 2006 5.2 10.1 2.5%
Kenya 2007 5.8 3.8 5.2%
Lesotho 2009 4.1 3.1 3.3%
Liberia 2009 1.7 1.5 0.8%
Libya ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 2009 11.4 1.9 5.7%
Malawi 2009 0.8 2.4 8.0%
Mali 2010 2.7 3.1 1.1%
Mauritania 2006 3.3 2.6 1.4%
Mauritius 2009 1.2 1.2 0.5%
Morocco 2007 0.8 0.5 1.3%
Mozambique 2007 1.6 2.2 1.2%
Namibia 2006 0.4 0.7 0.2%
Niger 2009 18.5 1.5 1.1%
Nigeria 2007 25.2 7.8 8.5%
Rwanda 2011 4 2.7 1.1%
Senegal 2007 11.5 6.1 4.8%
Seychelles ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 2009 13.7 8.8 5.5%
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 2007 0.9 2 0.7%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ...
Swaziland 2006 1.8 1.5 1.6%
Tanzania 2006 9.1 6 7.3%
Togo 9 7.3 4.3 6.1%
Tunisia ... ... ... ...
Uganda 2006 10.7 9.7 9.4%
Zambia 2007 2.5 2 2.5%
Zimbabwe 2011 6.7 5 6.9%
Source: World Bank, Enterprise Surveys, http://www.enterprisesurveys.org, accessed 27 February 2013
indicated.

Losses due to electrical outages, latest year % of sales
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
infrastructure
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
indicated.

Share of electricity from private
Country Latest year
sharing a generator generators
Algeria 2007 39.5% 11.2%
Angola 2010 79.0% 17.3%
Benin 2009 50.5% 10.1%
Botswana 2010 34.5% 0.6%
Burkina Faso 2009 28.3% 2.5%
Burundi 2006 41.9% 10.7%
Cameroon 2009 34.8% 4.5%
Cape Verde 2009 48.8% 10.9%
Chad 2009 75.5% 52.0%
Comoros ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 2010 49.3% 4.2%
Congo (Rep.) 2009 81.8% 43.2%
Côte d’Ivoire 2009 6.5% 1.0%
infrastructure
Egypt 2008 23.9% 3.0%
Eritrea 2009 36.8% 1.0%
Ethiopia 2011 40.6% 1.8%
Gabon 2009 22.9% 1.8%
Gambia 2006 63.9% 20.7%
Ghana 2007 26.6% 7.8%
Guinea 2006 59.9% 35.4%
Kenya 2007 65.7% 9.6%
Lesotho 2009 30.9% 0.0%
Liberia 2009 66.5% 63.1%
Libya ... ... ...
Madagascar 2009 29.3% 5.2%
Malawi 2009 25.3% 2.0%
Mali 2010 20.1% 0.5%
Mauritania 2006 28.6% 2.6%
Mauritius 2009 24.5% 0.8%
Morocco 2007 18.0% 1.1%
Mozambique 2007 12.6% 1.3%
Namibia 2006 12.8% 0.6%
Niger 2009 34.5% 5.2%
Nigeria 2007 85.7% 47.5%
Rwanda 2011 49.4% 0.9%
Senegal 2007 55.4% 13.5%
Seychelles ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 2009 81.8% 36.6%
Somalia ...
South Africa 2007 18.4% 1.9%
Sudan ... ... ...
Swaziland 2006 36.8% 3.7%
Tanzania 2006 45.7% 16.8%
Togo 2009 63.6% 9.3%
Tunisia ... ... ...
Uganda 2006 28.9% 8.9%
Zambia 2007 13.7% 2.5%
Zimbabwe 2011 53.0% 3.1%
indicated.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
infrastructure
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia Proportion of
firms owning or
Libya
sharing a
Madagascar generator
Malawi
Mali Proportion of
Mauritania electricity from
Mauritius private
Morocco generators
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Origins and destinations of electricitya, 2010
Gigawatt-hours (GWh)b
Over/under Export surplus (+)
Country Production Consumption Distribution losses
productionc
Algeria 42,834 33,676 9,158 9,091 +67
Angola 5,118 4,592 526 526 0
Benin 142 870 -728 207 -935
Botswana 430 3,157 -2,727 258 -2,985
Burkina Faso 670 773 -103 47 -150
Burundi 152 221 -69 11 -80
Cameroon 5,761 5,181 580 580 0
Cape Verde 287 267 20 20 0
Central African Republic 160 149 11 11 0
Chad 98 91 7 7 0
Comoros 40 37 3 3 0
Congo (DRC) 7,804 6,197 1,607 852 +755
Congo (Rep.) 547 576 -29 466 -495
Côte d’Ivoire 5,721 3,865 1,856 1,385 +471
infrastructure
Djibouti 325 302 23 23 0
Egypt 138,729 122,371 16,358 14,919 +1,439
Equatorial Guinea 97 90 7 7 0
Eritrea 292 253 39 39 0
Ethiopia 4,929 4,451 478 478 0
Gabon 1,777 1,442 335 335 0
Gambia 230 214 16 16 0
Ghana 8,213 5,311 2,902 1,972 +930
Guinea 969 901 68 68 0
Guinea-Bissau 67 62 5 5 0
Kenya 7,330 6,150 1,180 1,180 0
Lesotho 200 307 -107 14 -121
Liberia 335 312 23 23 0
Libya 29,716 25,238 4,478 4,425 +53
Madagascar 1,211 1,126 85 85 0
Malawi 1,973 1,835 138 138 0
Mali 520 484 36 36 0
Mauritania 701 652 49 49 0
Mauritius 2,536 2,358 178 178 0
Morocco 21,127 23,613 -2,486 1,454 -3,940
Mozambique 16,499 10,212 6,287 1,503 +4,784
Namibia 1,446 3,334 -1,888 367 -2,255
Niger 250 833 -583 18 -600
Nigeria 24,872 20,375 4,497 4,497 0
Rwanda 280 320 -39 20 -59
São Tomé and Príncipe 30 28 2 2 0
Senegal 2,769 2,220 549 549 0
Seychelles 283 263 20 20 0
Sierra Leone 145 135 10 10 0
Somalia 310 288 22 22 0
South Africa 241,927 214,984 26,943 24,468 +2,475
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 8,074 6,359 1,715 1,715 0
Swaziland 496 1,058 -562 35 -597
Tanzania 4,302 3,403 899 949 -50
Togo 127 676 -549 161 -710
Tunisia 15,142 13,287 1,855 1,874 -19
Uganda 2,406 2,192 214 168 +46
Western Sahara 90 84 6 6 0
Zambia 11,192 7,960 3,232 2,687 +545
Zimbabwe 7,808 12,567 -4,759 523 -5,282
Africa d 631,523 559,593 71,930 78,643 -6,713
a This table shows the destination of electricity produced in a country as well as trade in electricity. Over/under production is equal to production
Botswana produced 430 GWh in 2010 and consumed 3,157 GWh that year, 2,727 GWh more than was produced. A further 258 GWh were
lost in distribution. As a result, the country imported 2,985 GWh of power. This table excludes private electricity generation.
b One gigawatt-hour (GWh) is equal to one billion watt-hours, or one million kilowatt-hours. One gigawatt-hour is enough electricity to allow one
c As calculated by the author

d As calculated by the source. The source indicates that Africa is a net importer of electricity, but that most of the countries closest to Europe
are electricity exporters. This discrepancy is not explained.

Access to piped water, 2011
Share of population with piped water on premises
Country Urban Rural National

Algeria 80.2% 56.3% 73.7%
Angola 32.8% 1.4% 20.0%
Benin 31.6% 3.7% 16.2%
Botswana 89.7% 37.9% 69.8%
Burkina Faso 25.9% 0.1% 6.9%
Burundi 46.3% 1.2% 6.2%
Cameroon 26.1% 2.6% 14.9%
Cape Verde 59.3% 42.7% 53.1%
Chad 24.0% 1.0% 6.0%
Comoros … … …
Congo (DRC) 21.6% 1.4% 8.4%
Congo (Rep.) 35.3% 1.9% 23.2%
Côte d’Ivoire 63.8% 15.9% 40.4%
infrastructure
Djibouti 79.4% 9.0% 63.3%

Egypt 100.0% 93.2% 96.1%
Equatorial Guinea … 0.5% …
Eritrea … 0.1% …
Ethiopia 49.3% 0.6% 8.9%
Gabon 49.4% 10.1% 44.0%
Gambia 51.1% 5.5% 31.6%
Ghana 32.4% 3.0% 18.2%
Guinea 29.0% 0.6% 10.7%
Guinea-Bissau 11.3% 0.5% 5.2%
Kenya 44.7% 12.5% 20.2%
Lesotho 65.1% 4.1% 20.9%
Liberia 8.0% 1.3% 4.5%
Libya … … …
Madagascar 15.3% 2.4% 6.6%
Malawi 30.0% 2.3% 6.7%
Mali 35.4% 1.4% 13.3%
Mauritania 35.4% 14.2% 23.0%
Mauritius 99.9% 99.6% 99.7%
Morocco 88.9% 19.2% 59.0%
Mozambique 19.4% 0.6% 6.4%
Namibia 71.8% 28.2% 44.9%
Niger 38.6% 1.5% 8.1%
Nigeria 6.7% 1.3% 3.9%
Rwanda 15.3% 0.9% 3.6%
São Tomé and Príncipe 38.8% 22.5% 32.7%
Senegal 76.9% 18.4% 43.3%
Seychelles 92.5% 92.5% 92.5%
Sierra Leone 10.5% 1.1% 4.8%
Somalia 53.5% 0.3% 20.4%
South Africa 88.7% 36.5% 68.8%
Sudan 46.3% 13.2% 24.2%
Swaziland 74.3% 25.9% 36.2%
Tanzania 23.5% 4.0% 9.2%
Togo 12.3% 0.6% 5.0%
Tunisia 94.2% ... ...
Uganda 19.7% 2.3% 5.0%
Zambia 35.9% 1.6% 15.0%
Zimbabwe 78.2% 5.0% 33.2%
North Africaa 91.0% 73.0% 83.0%
Sub-Saharan Africaa 34.0% 5.0% 15.0%
Worlda 79.9% 29.0% 55.5%
Source: World Health Organisation and the UN Children’s Fund, Joint Monitoring Programme, http://www.wssinfo.org, accessed 18 June 2013

Communications
Fixed telephone subscriptions, 2005-2012
Subscriptions per 100 people
Country 2005 2010 2012 Multiple 2012:2005a

Algeria 7.82 8.24 8.78 1.1
Angola 0.59 1.59 1.50 2.6
Benin 1.00 1.51 1.68 1.7
Botswana 7.28 6.85 7.82 1.1
Burkina Faso 0.64 0.87 0.81 1.3
Burundi 0.43 0.42 0.20 0.5
Cameroon 0.57 2.75 3.60 6.3
Cape Verde 15.14 14.51 13.90 0.9
Chad 0.13 0.46 0.25 1.9
Comoros 2.63 2.86 3.10 1.2
Congo (DRC) 0.02 0.06 0.08 4.5
Congo (Rep.) 0.45 0.33 0.35 0.8
Côte d’Ivoire 1.43 1.44 1.30 0.9
infrastructure
Djibouti 1.31 2.08 1.95 1.5
Egypt 14.01 11.86 10.19 0.7
Eritrea 0.84 1.03 1.08 1.3
Ethiopia 0.82 1.10 0.92 1.1
Gabon 2.85 2.02 1.09 0.4
Gambia 2.93 2.82 3.52 1.2
Ghana 1.49 1.14 1.12 0.8
Guinea 0.28 0.18 0.17 0.6
Guinea-Bissau 0.70 0.33 0.32 0.5
Kenya 0.81 0.94 0.59 0.7
Lesotho 2.32 1.78 1.94 0.8
Liberia … 0.15 0.00 ...
Libya 14.77 19.33 12.58 0.9
Madagascar 0.52 0.69 0.66 1.3
Malawi 0.80 1.02 1.43 1.8
Mali 0.58 0.75 0.69 1.2
Mauritania 1.35 2.07 1.80 1.3
Mauritius 28.45 29.84 26.57 0.9
Morocco 4.41 11.73 10.06 2.3
Mozambique 0.32 0.38 0.36 1.1
Namibia 6.68 6.88 7.24 1.1
Niger 0.18 0.54 0.60 3.3
Nigeria 0.87 0.66 0.25 0.3
Rwanda 0.26 0.37 0.39 1.5
Senegal 2.45 2.75 2.58 1.1
Seychelles 25.63 25.48 33.11 1.3
Sierra Leone 0.54 0.24 0.29 0.5
Somalia 1.20 1.07 1.02 0.9
South Africa 9.89 8.43 7.94 0.8
Sudan 1.48 1.25 0.93 0.6
Swaziland 3.99 4.47 3.99 1.0
Tanzania 0.40 0.39 0.37 0.9
Togo 1.16 3.54 3.58 3.1
Tunisia 12.69 12.30 10.33 0.8
Uganda 0.31 0.98 0.88 2.9
Zambia 0.83 0.90 0.59 0.7
Zimbabwe 2.61 3.01 2.32 0.9
Africab 1.5 1.5 1.4 0.9
Source: International Telecommunication Union, http://www.itu.int, accessed 17 July 2013
a The multiple is calculated by dividing the number of subscriptions in 2012 by the number in 2005. A multiple of 2.0 means that there were
twice as many subscriptions per 100 people in 2012 than there were in 2005.

Mobile phone subscriptions, 2005-2012
Subscriptions per 100 people

Algeria 41.54 92.42 103.31 2.49
Angola 9.77 46.69 48.61 4.98
Benin 7.81 79.94 89.91 11.51
Botswana 30.06 117.76 150.09 4.99
Burkina Faso 4.46 34.66 57.07 12.79
Burundi 2.11 20.02 25.68 12.17
Cameroon 12.83 44.07 64.04 4.99
Cape Verde 17.28 74.97 84.16 4.87
Chad 2.15 25.61 35.49 16.54
Comoros 2.41 22.49 32.33 13.39
Congo (DRC) 4.78 17.92 28.01 5.86
Congo (Rep.) 15.80 91.98 101.18 6.40
Côte d’Ivoire 13.04 79.03 96.27 7.38
infrastructure
Djibouti 5.45 18.64 22.65 4.16

Egypt 18.37 87.11 115.29 6.28
Eritrea 0.90 3.53 5.47 6.07
Ethiopia 0.55 8.26 23.72 42.89
Gabon 53.74 106.94 187.36 3.49
Gambia 16.46 85.53 83.64 5.08
Ghana 13.28 71.49 100.28 7.55
Guinea 2.09 40.07 45.62 21.82
Guinea-Bissau 7.23 47.19 69.45 9.61
Kenya 12.95 61.63 71.89 5.55
Lesotho 12.09 45.48 59.17 4.89
Liberia 5.03 39.34 56.39 11.22
Libya 34.66 171.52 148.19 4.28
Madagascar 2.85 37.23 39.05 13.69
Malawi 3.28 20.92 27.83 8.47
Mali 5.78 48.41 89.55 15.48
Mauritania 24.47 80.24 111.06 4.54
Mauritius 52.26 91.67 113.09 2.16
Morocco 40.78 100.10 119.69 2.94
Mozambique 7.24 30.88 33.13 4.58
Namibia 21.58 85.50 103.00 4.77
Niger 2.49 23.65 32.42 13.01
Nigeria 13.29 55.10 67.68 5.09
Rwanda 2.42 33.40 50.49 20.83
Senegal 15.91 67.11 87.51 5.50
Seychelles 70.42 135.91 158.63 2.25
Sierra Leone … 34.09 36.07 ...
Somalia 5.98 6.95 6.72 1.12
South Africa 71.06 100.48 134.80 1.90
South Sudan … … 18.82 ...
Sudan 4.76 41.54 60.49 12.71
Swaziland 18.10 61.19 65.96 3.64
Tanzania 7.63 46.80 57.12 7.48
Togo 8.02 40.69 55.99 6.98
Tunisia 57.31 106.04 119.96 2.09
Uganda 4.63 38.38 45.92 9.93
Zambia 8.28 41.62 75.81 9.15
Zimbabwe 5.15 61.25 96.93 18.83
Africab 12.4 45.7 59.8 4.83
a The multiple is calculated by dividing the number of subscriptions in 2012 by the number in 2005. A multiple of 2.0 means that there were
twice as many subscriptions per 100 people in 2012 than there were in 2005.

Mobile phone subscriptions, 2005 and 2012 Per 100 people
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
infrastructure
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia 2005
Libya
2012
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa

Personal computers, 2000 and 2005
Personal computers per 100 people
Country 2000 2005 Multiple 2005:2000a

Algeria 0.66 2.43 3.7
Angola 0.11 0.62 5.4
Benin 0.16 0.67 4.3
Botswana 3.65 8.14 2.2
Burkina Faso 0.13 0.27 2.0
Burundi 0.06 0.27 4.5
Cameroon 0.33 1.02 3.1
Cape Verde 5.75 10.51 1.8
Central African Republic 0.17 0.44 2.7
Chad 0.15 0.24 1.6
Comoros 0.43 0.65 1.5
Congo (DRC) … … ...
Congo (Rep.) 0.37 0.59 1.6
Côte d’Ivoire 0.55 1.05 1.9
infrastructure
Djibouti 1.03 2.21 2.1

Egypt 1.26 2.52 2.0
Equatorial Guinea 0.46 2.07 4.5
Eritrea 0.17 0.47 2.8
Ethiopia 0.09 0.34 3.6
Gabon 0.98 2.93 3.0
Gambia 0.40 0.63 1.6
Ghana 0.30 0.69 2.3
Guinea 0.39 0.63 1.6
Guinea-Bissau … … ...
Kenya 0.39 1.08 2.8
Lesotho … 2.10 ...
Liberia … … ...
Libya 1.61 3.64 2.3
Madagascar 0.23 0.58 2.5
Malawi 0.15 0.57 3.9
Mali 0.13 0.26 2.0
Mauritania 0.98 1.21 1.2
Mauritius 10.05 21.71 2.2
Morocco 1.22 2.64 2.2
Mozambique 0.35 0.89 2.5
Namibia 4.21 9.86 2.3
Niger 0.05 0.16 3.4
Nigeria 0.59 0.85 1.4
Rwanda 0.09 0.40 4.4
São Tomé and Príncipe 0.74 3.36 4.6
Senegal 1.68 2.54 1.5
Seychelles 13.56 21.11 1.6
Sierra Leone … … ...
Somalia 0.06 0.50 8.2
South Africa 6.64 10.24 1.5
South Sudan … … ...
Sudan 0.32 2.26 7.0
Swaziland 1.19 3.75 3.1
Tanzania 0.31 0.54 1.8
Togo 2.16 4.62 2.1
Tunisia 2.17 5.66 2.6
Uganda 0.40 0.75 1.9
Western Sahara … … ...
Zambia 0.68 0.99 1.5
Zimbabwe 1.71 2.35 1.4
Source: African Development Bank, Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Programme National Database, http://www.infrastructureafrica.org, accessed
27 February 2013
a The multiple is calculated by dividing the number of computers in 2005 by the number in 2000. A multiple of 2.0 means that there were twice
as many computers per 100 people in 2005 than there were in 2000.

Internet users, 2005-2012
Individuals using the internet, per 100 people

Algeria 5.84 12.50 15.23 2.61
Angola 1.14 10.00 16.94 14.81
Benin 1.27 3.13 3.80 2.99
Botswana 3.26 6.00 11.50 3.52
Burkina Faso 0.47 2.40 3.73 7.93
Burundi 0.54 1.00 1.22 2.25
Cameroon 1.40 4.30 5.70 4.06
Cape Verde 6.07 30.00 34.74 5.72
Chad 0.40 1.70 2.10 5.26
Comoros 2.00 5.10 5.98 2.99
Congo (DRC) 0.24 0.72 1.68 7.06
Congo (Rep.) 1.46 5.00 6.11 4.17
Côte d’Ivoire 1.04 2.10 2.38 2.29
infrastructure
Djibouti 0.95 6.50 8.27 8.67
Egypt 12.75 31.42 44.07 3.46
Eritrea 1.79 … 0.80 0.45
Ethiopia 0.22 0.75 1.48 6.75
Gabon 4.89 7.23 8.62 1.76
Gambia 3.80 9.20 12.45 3.28
Ghana 1.83 7.80 17.11 9.34
Guinea 0.54 1.00 1.49 2.75
Guinea-Bissau 1.90 2.45 2.89 1.52
Kenya 3.10 14.00 32.10 10.35
Lesotho 2.58 3.86 4.59 1.78
Liberia … 2.30 3.79 -
Libya 3.92 14.00 19.86 5.07
Madagascar 0.57 1.70 2.05 3.62
Malawi 0.38 2.26 4.35 11.32
Mali 0.51 1.90 2.17 4.28
Mauritania 0.67 4.00 5.37 8.01
Mauritius 15.17 28.33 41.39 2.73
Morocco 15.08 52.00 55.00 3.65
Mozambique 0.85 4.17 4.85 5.68
Namibia 4.01 11.60 12.94 3.23
Niger 0.22 0.83 1.41 6.36
Nigeria 3.55 24.00 32.88 9.26
Rwanda 0.56 8.00 8.02 14.43
Senegal 4.79 16.00 19.20 4.01
Seychelles 25.41 41.00 47.08 1.85
Sierra Leone 0.22 0.58 1.30 6.04
Somalia 1.08 … 1.38 1.28
South Africa 7.49 24.00 41.00 5.48
South Sudan ... … ... ...
Sudan 1.29 16.70 21.00 16.25
Swaziland 3.70 11.04 20.78 5.62
Tanzania 4.30 11.00 13.08 3.04
Togo 1.80 3.00 4.00 2.22
Tunisia 9.66 36.80 41.44 4.29
Uganda 1.74 12.50 14.69 8.43
Western Sahara ... … … ...
Zambia 2.85 10.00 13.47 4.72
Zimbabwe 8.02 11.50 17.09 2.13
Africab 2.4 10.1 14.3 6.06
a The multiple is calculated by dividing the number of individuals using the internet in 2012 by the number in 2005. A multiple of 2.0 means that
there were twice as many individuals per 100 people using the internet in 2012 than there were in 2005.

Internet users, 2005 and 2012 Per 100 people
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
infrastructure
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia 2005
Libya
2012
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa

Household access to computers, the internet and broadband, latest year
Share of households with...

access to broadband internet,
Country a computer, 2011a access to the internet, 2011a
2013b
Algeria 22.0% 15.0% 19.1%
Angola … ... 2.3%
Benin 2.8% 1.8% 0.4%
Botswana 7.2% 6.4% 3.5%
Burkina Faso 2.8% 2.4% 0.6%
Burundi 6.2% 3.0% 0.1%
Cameroon … … 0.2%
Cape Verde 12.2% 8.5% 3.0%
Chad 2.0% 1.6% 0.1%
Comoros 5.8% 2.9% 0.2%
Congo (DRC) 1.0% 1.0% 0.2%
Congo (Rep.) 3.9% 1.0% 0.0%
Côte d’Ivoire 1.8% 1.2% 2.9%
infrastructure
Djibouti 14.3% 3.9% 10.6%
Egypt 36.4% 30.5% 14.7%
Equatorial Guinea … … 0.9%
Eritrea 2.0% 1.6% 0.0%
Ethiopia 1.8% 1.5% 0.3%
Gabon 8.9% 7.0% 3.7%
Gambia 6.4% 5.2% 3.7%
Ghana 10.2% 4.0% 1.0%
Guinea 1.8% 1.1% 0.4%
Kenya 7.8% 6.9% 0.8%
Lesotho … … 1.1%
Liberia 1.5% 1.3% 0.8%
Libya … … 28.2%
Madagascar 2.2% 2.0% 0.2%
Malawi 3.0% 2.5% 0.4%
Mali 3.4% 1.4% 1.7%
Mauritania 3.4% 2.5% …
Mauritius 38.2% 36.4% 47.1%
Morocco 39.0% 35.0% 12.1%
Mozambique 5.3% 3.5% 0.6%
Namibia 13.0% 10.0% 27.3%
Niger 1.5% 1.0% 0.2%
Nigeria 9.3% 4.6% 0.7%
Rwanda 2.0% 5.0% 0.1%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … 3.0%
Senegal 6.1% 5.0% 7.6%
Seychelles 45.0% 34.0% 71.7%
Sierra Leone … … 0.5%
Somalia … … …
South Africa 19.5% 9.8% 9.7%
South Sudan … … 0.0%
Sudan … … 0.6%
Swaziland 11.2% 9.5% 0.9%
Tanzania 4.0% 4.5% 0.3%
Togo 3.8% 3.0% 1.1%
Tunisia 21.0% 16.0% 24.1%
Uganda 4.0% 4.5% 2.4%
Zambia 2.7% 2.4% 0.2%
Zimbabwe 5.9% 4.0% 3.0%
Africac 6.7% 4.2% 8.0%
Worldb ... ... 36.0%
a Sources: International Telecommunication Union, Measuring the Information Society 2012 and http://www.itu.int, accessed 05 September
2013
b Source: Telegeography, http://www.telegeography.com, accessed 17 September 2013
Broadband internet is a service providing download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s.
c As calculated by the source.

Business use of the internet, latest year
using e-mail to interact

Country Latest year with their own website
with clients/suppliers
Algeria 2007 33.0% 62.1%
Angola 2010 28.9% 38.1%
Benin 2009 14.8% 67.0%
Botswana 2010 36.6% 82.5%
Burkina Faso 2009 17.2% 57.5%
Burundi 2006 11.6% 41.6%
Cameroon 2009 27.4% 59.3%
Cape Verde 2009 19.2% 62.8%
Chad 2009 27.4% 51.4%
Comoros ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 2010 14.6% 35.5%
Congo (Rep.) 2009 27.4% 56.2%
Côte d’Ivoire 2009 10.7% 22.1%
infrastructure

Egypt 2008 38.2% 45.3%
Eritrea 2009 5.7% 27.9%
Ethiopia 2011 43.0% 79.6%
Gabon 2009 26.6% 40.6%
Gambia 2006 13.6% 42.6%
Ghana 2007 8.2% 27.1%
Guinea 2006 8.4% 20.0%
Kenya 2007 14.2% 43.2%
Lesotho 2009 22.1% 44.3%
Liberia 2009 4.6% 30.1%
Libya ... ... ...
Madagascar 2009 23.9% 75.0%
Malawi 2009 11.7% 41.4%
Mali 2010 34.2% 50.8%
Mauritania 2006 10.1% 38.8%
Mauritius 2009 35.9% 69.3%
Morocco 2007 38.0% 84.2%
Mozambique 2007 13.7% 27.6%
Namibia 2006 23.2% 62.6%
Niger 2009 23.9% 76.5%
Nigeria 2007 9.7% 26.0%
Rwanda 2011 34.5% 77.0%
Senegal 2007 14.6% 43.4%
Seychelles ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 2009 8.2% 15.5%
Somalia ... ... ...
South Africa 2007 36.0% 70.5%
Sudan ... ... ...
Swaziland 2006 20.8% 39.9%
Tanzania 2006 16.3% 41.7%
Togo 2009 12.1% 67.5%
Tunisia ... ... ...
Uganda 2006 10.7% 31.1%
Zambia 2007 20.0% 59.1%
Zimbabwe 2011 31.0% 79.1%
indicated.

Fixed broadbanda, 2005-2012
Country Subscriptions per 100 people
2005 2010 2012 Multiple 2012:2005b

Algeria 0.410 2.537 3.045 7.42
Angola 0.000 0.105 0.155 ...
Benin 0.003 0.040 0.054 20.96
Botswana 0.085 0.597 0.782 9.17
Burkina Faso 0.003 0.083 0.082 30.28
Burundi 0.000 0.004 0.004 ...
Cameroon 0.001 0.005 0.005 4.67
Cape Verde 0.198 3.220 3.780 19.08
Central African Republic 0.000 0.000 0.000 ...
Chad 0.000 0.004 0.164 ...
Comoros 0.001 0.014 0.026 41.57
Congo (DRC) 0.003 0.013 0.000 ...
Congo (Rep.) 0.000 0.006 0.009 ...
Côte d’Ivoire 0.007 0.040 0.240 34.96
infrastructure
Djibouti 0.005 0.907 1.723 331.66
Egypt 0.190 1.758 2.724 14.34
Eritrea 0.000 0.002 0.002 ...
Ethiopia 0.000 0.005 0.044 531.13
Gabon 0.112 0.271 0.320 2.86
Gambia 0.005 0.020 0.027 5.80
Ghana 0.009 0.205 0.252 28.67
Guinea 0.000 0.005 0.007 ...
Guinea...Bissau 0.000 ... 0.000 ...
Kenya 0.015 0.010 0.100 6.62
Lesotho 0.002 0.018 0.131 60.05
Liberia ... 0.005 0.002 ...
Libya ... 1.146 1.040 ...
Madagascar 0.000 0.026 0.042 ...
Malawi 0.003 0.054 0.008 2.39
Mali 0.000 0.015 0.013 ...
Mauritania 0.005 0.163 0.179 33.28
Mauritius 0.430 7.158 10.572 24.61
Morocco 0.820 1.561 2.091 2.55
Mozambique 0.000 0.063 0.084 ...
Namibia 0.006 0.422 2.779 431.43
Niger 0.002 0.010 0.022 13.51
Nigeria 0.000 0.063 0.009 23.96
Rwanda 0.013 0.025 0.024 1.88
São Tomé and Príncipe 0.000 0.342 0.524 ...
Senegal 0.166 0.633 0.729 4.40
Seychelles 1.135 7.256 11.715 10.32
Sierra Leone 0.000 ... ... ...
Somalia 0.000 ... ... ...
South Africa 0.346 1.482 2.182 6.31
South Sudan ... ... 0.000 ...
Sudan 0.003 0.031 0.054 16.41
Swaziland 0.000 0.137 0.268 ...
Tanzania 0.004 0.007 0.008 2.13
Togo 0.000 0.062 0.080 ...
Tunisia 0.177 4.597 4.785 26.99
Uganda 0.003 0.042 0.108 36.06
Zambia 0.002 0.078 0.107 48.86
Zimbabwe 0.081 0.262 0.549 6.78
optic cables. Broadband internet is a service providing download speeds of at least 256 kbit/s.
b As calculated by the author. The multiple is calculated by dividing the number of subscriptions in 2012 by the number in 2005. A multiple of 2.0
means that there were twice as many subscriptions per 100 people in 2012 than there were in 2005.

Mobile broadbanda, 2007-2011
Subscriptions per 100 peopleb

Country 2007 2008 2010 2011
Algeria 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Angola 0.2 0.8 5.6 ...
Benin 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Botswana 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.5
Burkina Faso 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Burundi ... ... ... ...
Cameroon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Cape Verde 0.0 1.0 0.0 3.0
Chad 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Comoros 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Congo (DRC) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Congo (Rep.) 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2
Côte d’Ivoire 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
infrastructure
Djibouti 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Egypt 0.2 4.9 16.4 21.0
Eritrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ethiopia 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3
Gabon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Gambia 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5
Ghana 0.0 1.8 6.9 23.0
Guinea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Guinea-Bissau 0.0 0.0 ... ...
Kenya 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.3
Lesotho 0.0 0.0 ... ...
Liberia ... ... 0.0 0.2
Libya 8.7 28.6 ... ...
Madagascar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Malawi 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.1
Mali 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4
Mauritania 0.6 2.2 0.5 0.5
Mauritius 3.1 4.0 13.7 12.4
Morocco 0.3 2.2 4.9 8.0
Mozambique 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.0
Namibia 0.0 0.0 0.4 3.6
Niger 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nigeria 0.1 2.4 0.6 2.8
Rwanda 0.0 0.0 1.3 6.4
Senegal 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.5
Seychelles 0.0 0.3 1.6 4.7
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ...
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 2.6 5.0 17.4 19.8
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan 0.2 0.4 ... ...
Swaziland 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.7
Tanzania 0.2 0.4 1.0 1.2
Togo 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4
Tunisia 0.0 0.0 0.9 2.4
Uganda 0.0 0.7 1.6 2.8
Zambia 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4
Zimbabwe 0.0 0.0 4.8 14.9
Source: International Telecommunication Union, Measuring the Information Society 2010, 2011 and 2012
a Mobile-broadband subscriptions include mobile subscriptions with use of data communications at broadband speeds, which are download
speeds of at least 256 kbit/s.
b This table shows active mobile broadband subscriptions, which exclude potential subscribers who may have broadband enabled handsets not
being used for this purpose.

International internet bandwidtha, 2002-2011
Bit/s per internet userb

Country 2002 2007 2011 Multiple 2011:2002c
Algeria 313 961 8,933 28.5
Angola ... 582 ... ...
Benin 42 1,033 3,407 81.1
Botswana 233 810 8,442 36.2
Burkina Faso 320 1,955 2,183 6.8
Burundi ... ... ... ...
Cameroon 150 371 322 2.1
Cape Verde 188 1,670 5,806 30.9
Central African Republic ... ... 203 ...
Chad 34 67 228 6.7
Comoros 80 317 4,003 50.0
Congo (DRC) 100 239 984 9.8
Congo (Rep.) 26 10 155 6.0
Côte d’Ivoire 220 1,798 18,044 82.0
Djibouti ... 5,862 13,409 ...
infrastructure
Egypt 339 1,262 6,754 19.9
Eritrea 222 100 89 0.4
Ethiopia 200 842 6,486 32.4
Gabon 320 2,439 46,187 144.3
Gambia 82 618 1,709 20.8
Ghana 71 565 225 3.2
Guinea ... 27 1,731 ...
Guinea-Bissau 5 59 ... ...
Kenya 65 112 4,544 69.9
Lesotho 49 114 ... ...
Liberia ... ... 573 ...
Libya 48 1,064 ... ...
Madagascar 109 1,240 5,679 52.1
Malawi 98 480 1,421 14.5
Mali 240 2,130 4,893 20.4
Mauritania 950 4,889 3,890 4.1
Mauritius 272 1,111 12,714 46.7
Morocco 443 3,761 7,558 17.1
Mozambique 230 360 1,244 5.4
Namibia 170 554 2,349 13.8
Niger 133 2,826 1,005 7.6
Nigeria 171 69 368 2.2
Rwanda 411 780 4,414 10.7
Senegal 752 2,079 2,909 3.9
Seychelles ... 1,375 5,867 ...
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ...
Somalia ... ... ... ...
South Africa 182 852 18,874 103.7
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan 150 3,800 ... ...
Swaziland 51 450 2,347 46.0
Tanzania 200 250 902 4.5
Togo 60 84 6,443 107.4
Tunisia 301 1,843 14,832 49.3
Uganda 77 306 1,752 22.8
Zambia 98 62 452 4.6
Zimbabwe 60 42 1,748 29.1
Top three in the world in 2011d
Hong Kong 3,863 23,571 964,616 249.7
Singapore 2,854 34,655 547,064 191.7
Sweden 14,962 62,484 244,440 16.3
Source: International Telecommunication Union, Measuring the Information Society 2009 and 2012
a International internet bandwidth per internet user is the sum of used capacity of all internet exchanges offering international bandwidth divided
by the number of internet users in the country.
b Bit/s is the number of bits, or units of information, per second. At an average internet speed of 9,600 bit/s (comparable to Algeria’s 8,933 bit/s
usually experience higher speeds because not everybody is downloading at the same time.
c As calculated by the author. The multiple is calculated by dividing the bit/s in 2011 by the number in 2002. A multiple of 2.0 means that internet
speed was on average twice as high in 2011 as in 2002.
d Countries or territories with a population of over 5m in 2012

Submarine cables with landing points in Africaa
Completion Length, Capacity,

Cable Landing points in Africa Number
year km gigabitsc
West African systemsb

1993 SAT-2 … … ... ...
Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), Accra (Ghana), Cacuaco (Angola), Coto-
2002 SAT-3/WASC 14,350 340d nou (Benin), Dakar (Senegal), Douala (Cameroon), Lagos (Nige- 9
ria), Libreville (Gabon), Melkbosstrand (South Africa)
2010 Glo-1 9,800 2,500 Accra (Ghana), Lagos (Nigeria) 2
2010 Main One 7,000 1,920 Accra (Ghana), Lagos (Nigeria) 2
Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), Accra (Ghana), Banjul (Gambia),
Bata (Equatorial Guinea), Cape Town (South Africa), Conakry
(Guinea), Cotonou (Benin), Dakar (Senegal), Freetown (Sierra
Africa Coast to
2012 17,000 5,120 Leone), Kribi (Cameroon), Lagos (Nigeria), Libreville (Gabon), 18
Europe (ACE)
Luanda (Angola), Monrovia (Liberia), Muanda (Congo DRC),
Nouakchott (Mauritania), Santana (Sao Tome and Principe),
Swakopmund (Namibia)
infrastructure
Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), Accra (Ghana), Lagos (Nigeria), Limbe

West African Cable (Cameroon), Lome (Togo), Muanda (Congo DRC), Palmajero
2012 14,916 5,120 11
System (WACS) (Cape Verde), Pointe Noire (Congo Republic), Sangano (Ango-
la), Swakopmund (Namibia), Yzerfontein (South Africa)
East African systemsb

Baie de Jacotet (Mauritius), Melkbosstrand (South Africa),
2002 SAFE 13,500 340d 3
Mtunzini (South Africa)
East African Marine
2009 4,900 1,280 Mombasa (Kenya) 1
System (TEAMS)
Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Djibouti (Djibouti), Maputo (Mozam-
SEACOM/Tata
2009 15,000 1,280 bique), Mombasa (Kenya), Mtunzini (South Africa), Zaafarana 6
TGN-Eurasia
(Egypt)
Lower Indian Ocean
2009 1,060 1,300 Terre Rouge (Mauritius), Toamasina (Madagascar) 2
Network (LION)
East African Subma- Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Djibouti (Djibouti), Maputo (Mozam-
2010 rine Cable System 10,500 4,720 bique), Mombasa (Kenya), Moroni (Comoros), Mtunzini (South 8
(EASSy) Africa), Port Sudan (Sudan), Toliara (Madagascar)
Lower Indian Ocean
2012 2,700 1,280 Nyali (Kenya) 1
Network 2 (LION 2)
North African systemsb

1992 Eurafrica 3,100 … Casablanca (Morocco) 1
1997 FLAG Europe-Asia 28,000 … Alexandria (Egypt), Suez (Egypt) 2
Alexandria (Egypt), Djibouti (Djibouti),
1999 SeaMeWe-3 39,000 … 4
Suez (Egypt), Tetouan (Morocco)
Alexandria (Egypt), Annaba (Algeria), Bizerte (Tunisia), Suez
2005 SeaMeWe-4 20,000 1,280 4
(Egypt)
2010 IMEWE 12,091 3,840 Alexandria (Egypt), Suez (Egypt) 2
Europe India Gate- Tripoli (Libya), Abu Talat (Egypt),
2011 15,000 3,840 4
way (EIG) Zaafarana (Egypt), Djibouti (Djibouti)
2011 Hawk 3,400 … Alexandria (Egypt) 1
a Excludes planned cables and cables not yet completed in 2013

b Source: Telegeography, http://www.telegeography.com, accessed 27 March 2013
c Source: Many Possibilities, http://www.manypossibilities.net, accessed 27 March 2013
A gigabit is a unit of data equal to one million bits used to measure information transfer capacity.
d This is the total capacity for the entire SAT3/WASC/SAFE network
According to World Wide Worx’s Internet Access in SA 2012, Africa’s total submarine cable internet capacity increased from 80 gigabits per
second in 2008 to 38,390 gigabits per second in 2013. This refers to the potential capacity of installed cables, which must be accompanied by
terrestrial infrastructure to be active capacity.

African submarine cables, 2015
London Mediterranean
England
Undersea Cables
Atlas Offshore 320 gigabits
Active
SAS-1 Active
Marseille 1280 gigabits
Vigo France Monaco SEA-ME-WE 4 Active
Spain 1280 gigabits
Sesimbra I-ME-WE Active

Palermo 3840 gigabits
Portugal
Italy EIG Active
3840 gigabits
Asilah ba Tripoli
Tunis te
N.B. Several smaller Mediterranean
ia
Morocco ria Lebanon
r
cables not shown.
Anna
Bize
Alge
Casablanca
Morocco Alexandria
Liby oli
a
Trip Egypt Suez
a ds Egypt
vist slan Cairo
Altanary I Egypt Karachi
Ca Fujairah
ia
Pakistan
an
United Arab
rit
Emirates
au
infrastructure
M
a ga t,
Oman
bi ne hot
Mumbai
am e c
Port Sudan India

G , S ak
Sudan
e kar ou
N
ne
ia Leo
, L ier nea
Massiwa Chennai
Lo ,Ghana oire
Th Da
S i
Eritrea India
ib ra
u
Cape Verde
n, G
v
on tow ie,
D'I
er
Cochin
r
n
o
ni a
ee ak
og
India
te
Be
Fr on
ri Djibouti
,T
,Co
u, Nige
via
C
o ria n
me
ra
ro
on os, rou
ijan
t ige me
Acc
Co Lag y, N , Ca ea
Ab
uin
M
n n la lG
Bo ua oria Colombo
Do a t
qu Mogadishu SriLanka
a, E on
Bat Gab
Somalia
e v ile,
Libr
to Fort
Brazailleza Mombasa
e Kenya
Tom cipe Pointe Noir, Congo
Saod Prin Dar Es
Seychelles
an Muanda, DRC Salaam
Tanzania
Cacua
co,Ang
ola
Lua Moroni
nda Comores
,An
gola Mayotte
Tamatave
Madagascar Baie du
Jacobet,
Mauritius
West Coast Swakopmund
Namibia Maputo St Paul
East Coast
SAT3/SAFE Mozambique Reunion
340 gigabits Active Toliara SEAS 320 gigabits
Active
Madagascar
MaIN OnE Active TEAMs 1280 gigabits
Active
1920 gigabits
GLO-1 Active
Mtunzini Seacom Active
1280 gigabits
2500 gigabits
Lion2 Active
WACS Active Yzerfontein 1280 gigabits
5120 gigabits Lion Active
Melkbosstrand 1300 gigabits
ACE Active
5120 gigabits
EASSy Active
SAex ? 4720 gigabits
12.8 terabits
BRICS ?
WASACE ? African Undersea Cables (2015) 12.8 terabits
40 terabits http://manypossibilities.net/african-undersea-cables
SACS Q2 2015 Version 35
40 terabits Nov 2013

infrastructure

health
SPEndIng on hEAlTh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
7
Health expenditure (current US$m), 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Health expenditure per capita (current US$), 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Health expenditure as % of GDP, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Private vs. public health expenditure as % of total health expenditure, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Public health expenditure as share of total government expenditure, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
AVAIlAbIlITY oF SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Health workers per 10,000 population, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Psychiatric services, 2005-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Hospitals and hospital beds per 100,000 people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Access to medication index 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
REPRodUCTIVE hEAlTh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Family planning and contraception, 2005-2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births, 1990-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Share of HIV-positive pregnant women who receive antiretroviral treatment, 2005 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Care received by mothers before and during the birth of a baby, 2005-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Share of under-5 deaths due to prematurity, 2000-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Child deaths per 1,000 live births, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
CommUnICAblE dISEASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Measles immunisation and incidence, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Malaria incidence and deaths, 2008-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Polio immunisation and incidence, 1990-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Tuberculosis immunisation and incidence,1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Tuberculosis deaths per 100,000, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Prevalence of HIV, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
New HIV infections, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
HealtH
People living with HIV/AIDS and antiretroviral coverage, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
AIDS deaths in adults and children, 1990-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
non-CommUnICAblE dISEASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Cancer deaths per 100,000 30-70 year olds, 2002 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Obesity, smoking and diabetes, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

Spending on health
Health expenditurea (current US$m), 2000-2011
Multipleb
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011
2011:2000
Algeria 1,912 3,162 7,028 8,089 4.2
Angola 263 1,086 2,788 3,654 13.9
Benin 102 206 290 334 3.3
Botswana 267 737 767 877 3.3
Burkina Faso 134 376 644 631 4.7
Burundi 44 112 189 200 4.6
Cameroon 416 787 1,202 1,367 3.3
Cape Verde 26 49 72 79 3.1
Central African Republic 39 59 76 82 2.1
Chad 87 251 344 406 4.7
Comoros 7 17 29 32 4.4
Congo (DRC). 645 379 980 1,337 2.1
Congo (Rep.) 68 147 275 362 5.3
Côte d'Ivoire 527 703 1,398 1,601 3.0
Djibouti 32 51 88 95 3.0
Egypt 5,318 4,797 10,164 11,273 2.1
Equatorial Guinea 24 139 593 890 36.9
Eritrea 29 31 67 75 2.6
Ethiopia 349 505 1,285 1,408 4.0
Gabon 126 225 465 550 4.3
Gambia 28 28 46 49 1.7
Ghana 236 753 1,672 1,873 7.9
Guinea 176 158 294 304 1.7
Guinea-Bissau 21 32 58 58 2.8
Kenya 595 818 1,412 1,508 2.5
Lesotho 52 95 251 310 5.9
Liberia 31 44 162 227 7.2
Libya 1,276 1,215 2,471 2,555 2.0
Madagascar 144 186 312 405 2.8
Malawi 106 226 424 476 4.5
Mali 167 348 607 706 4.2
Mauritania 64 90 204 204 3.2
Mauritius 173 292 604 666 3.8
Morocco 1,548 3,008 5,317 5,999 3.9
Mozambique 266 452 578 843 3.2
Namibia 239 531 615 657 2.8
Niger 57 201 270 323 5.7
Nigeria 2,116 7,411 10,633 12,926 6.1
health
Rwanda 73 168 587 686 9.4

São Tomé and Príncipe 6 12 16 20 3.1
Senegal 203 469 741 855 4.2
Seychelles 30 37 32 38 1.3
Sierra Leone 111 200 397 411 3.7
Somalia 50 ... ... ... ...
South Africa 11,016 21,729 31,630 34,781 3.2
South Sudan ... ... 317 335 ...
Sudan 414 1,086 4,825 4,621 11.2
Swaziland 80 175 288 319 4.0
Tanzania 344 568 1,648 1,725 5.0
Togo 69 139 236 276 4.0
Tunisia 1,159 1,797 2,530 2,824 2.4
Uganda 378 827 1,471 1,463 3.9
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 184 502 967 1,175 6.4
Zimbabwe 739 ... ... ... ...
Source: World Bank, Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 25 September 2013
a Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative),
family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation.
b As calculated by the author. The multiple is calculated by dividing the value for 2011 by that for 2000. If the multiple is 2, for example, it means
that twice as much was spent on health in 2011 compared to 2000.

Health expenditurea, 2000 and 2011 Current US$m
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho 2000
Liberia
2011
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
HealtH
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa 34,781>
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
a Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative),

Health expenditure per capitaa (current US$), 2000-2011
Multipleb
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011
2011:2000
Algeria 63 96 198 225 3.6
Angola 19 66 146 186 9.9
Benin 16 27 33 37 2.3
Botswana 152 393 382 432 2.8
Burkina Faso 11 26 39 37 3.4
Burundi 7 15 23 23 3.4
Cameroon 27 45 61 68 2.6
Cape Verde 59 104 145 158 2.7
Central African Republic 11 15 17 18 1.7
Chad 11 26 31 35 3.3
Comoros 13 27 39 43 3.3
Congo (DRC) 13 7 15 20 1.5
Congo (Rep.) 22 42 68 87 4.0
Côte d'Ivoire 32 39 71 79 2.5
Djibouti 44 63 99 105 2.4
Egypt 79 65 125 137 1.7
Equatorial Guinea 46 230 847 1,236 26.6
Eritrea 8 7 13 14 1.8
Ethiopia 5 7 15 17 3.1
Gabon 102 164 309 358 3.5
Gambia 22 19 27 27 1.3
Ghana 12 35 69 75 6.1
Guinea 21 17 29 30 1.4
Guinea-Bissau 17 23 38 37 2.2
Kenya 19 23 35 36 1.9
Lesotho 27 46 116 141 5.3
Liberia 11 14 41 55 5.0
Libya 244 211 389 398 1.6
Madagascar 9 10 15 19 2.0
Malawi 9 18 28 31 3.3
Mali 15 26 39 45 3.0
Mauritania 24 30 59 58 2.4
Mauritius 145 232 465 510 3.5
Morocco 54 99 166 186 3.5
Mozambique 15 22 25 35 2.4
Namibia 126 256 269 283 2.2
Niger 5 15 17 20 3.9
Nigeria 17 53 67 80 4.7
health
Rwanda 9 18 55 63 6.9
São Tomé and Príncipe 46 82 94 117 2.6
Senegal 21 43 60 67 3.1
Seychelles 376 441 368 439 1.2
Sierra Leone 27 39 68 69 2.6
Somalia 7 ... ... ... ...
South Africa 246 455 631 689 2.8
South Sudan ... ... 32 32 ...
Sudan 12 28 111 104 8.5
Swaziland 75 159 243 265 3.5
Tanzania 10 15 37 37 3.7
Togo 14 26 39 45 3.1
Tunisia 123 181 241 267 2.2
Uganda 16 29 44 42 2.7
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 18 44 74 87 4.8
Zimbabwe 59 ... ... ... ...
Sub-Saharan Africa c 32 58 79 85 2.6
Worldc 484 682 901 950 2.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 26 September 2013
a Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditures. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative),
Per capita expenditure is calculated by dividing the total by the number of people in the country.
b As calculated by the author. The multiple is calculated by dividing the value for 2011 by that for 2000. If the multiple is 2, for example, it means
that twice as much was spent on health in 2011 compared to 2000.

Health expenditure per capita, 2000 and 2011 Current US$
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
2000
Liberia
Libya 2011
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
HealtH
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
a Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditures. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative),
Per capita expenditure is calculated by dividing the total by the number of people in the country.

Health expenditure as % of GDPab, 2000-2011 Private vs. public health expendi-
ture as % of total health expendi-
tureacd, 2011
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011 Private Public

Algeria 3.5% 3.1% 4.3% 3.9% 19% 81%
Angola 2.9% 3.5% 3.4% 3.5% 38% 62%
Benin 4.3% 4.7% 4.3% 4.6% 47% 53%
Botswana 4.7% 7.2% 5.1% 5.1% 39% 61%
Burkina Faso 5.1% 6.9% 7.4% 6.5% 50% 50%
Burundi 6.2% 10.0% 9.1% 8.7% 67% 33%
Cameroon 4.5% 4.7% 5.1% 5.2% 69% 31%
Cape Verde 4.8% 4.9% 4.8% 4.8% 25% 75%
Central African Republic 4.1% 4.4% 3.8% 3.8% 48% 52%
Chad 6.3% 4.7% 4.0% 4.3% 73% 27%
Comoros 3.6% 4.4% 5.3% 5.3% 42% 58%
Congo (DRC) 4.7% 5.3% 7.5% 8.5% 66% 34%
Congo (Rep.) 2.1% 2.4% 2.3% 2.5% 33% 67%
Côte d'Ivoire 5.1% 4.3% 6.2% 6.8% 73% 27%
Djibouti 5.8% 7.2% 7.9% 7.9% 32% 68%
Egypt 5.4% 5.1% 4.7% 4.9% 60% 40%
Equatorial Guinea 1.9% 1.7% 4.2% 4.0% 34% 66%
Eritrea 4.5% 2.6% 2.9% 2.6% 51% 49%
Ethiopia 4.3% 4.1% 4.8% 4.7% 42% 58%
Gabon 2.5% 2.6% 3.5% 3.2% 47% 53%
Gambia 3.6% 4.4% 4.4% 4.4% 46% 54%
Ghana 4.7% 7.0% 5.2% 4.8% 44% 56%
Guinea 5.7% 5.4% 6.2% 6.0% 73% 27%
Guinea-Bissau 4.9% 5.5% 7.0% 6.3% 73% 27%
Kenya 4.7% 4.4% 4.4% 4.5% 60% 40%
Lesotho 7.0% 6.9% 11.5% 12.8% 26% 74%
Liberia 5.9% 8.0% 16.4% 19.5% 68% 32%
Libya 3.7% 2.4% 3.0% 4.4% 31% 69%
Madagascar 3.7% 3.7% 3.6% 4.1% 37% 63%
Malawi 6.1% 8.2% 8.4% 8.4% 27% 73%
Mali 6.3% 6.3% 6.5% 6.8% 55% 45%
Mauritania 6.0% 5.0% 6.1% 5.4% 39% 61%
Mauritius 3.7% 4.5% 6.2% 5.9% 60% 40%
Morocco 4.2% 5.1% 5.9% 6.0% 66% 34%
Mozambique 6.2% 6.9% 6.3% 6.6% 58% 42%
Namibia 6.1% 7.3% 5.5% 5.3% 43% 57%
health
Niger 3.4% 6.0% 4.8% 5.3% 45% 55%

Nigeria 4.6% 6.6% 5.4% 5.3% 63% 37%
Rwanda 4.2% 6.5% 10.4% 10.8% 43% 57%
São Tomé and Príncipe 8.4% 10.1% 7.5% 7.7% 67% 33%
Senegal 4.3% 5.4% 5.8% 6.0% 42% 58%
Seychelles 4.8% 4.0% 3.3% 3.8% 8% 92%
Sierra Leone 17.5% 16.1% 20.8% 18.8% 82% 18%
Somalia 2.4% ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 8.3% 8.8% 8.7% 8.5% 52% 48%
South Sudan 0.0% 0.0% 2.1% 1.6% 59% 41%
Sudan 3.3% 4.0% 7.2% 8.4% 72% 28%
Swaziland 5.3% 6.8% 7.8% 8.0% 31% 69%
Tanzania 3.4% 4.0% 7.2% 7.3% 60% 40%
Togo 5.3% 6.6% 7.5% 8.0% 48% 52%
Tunisia 5.4% 5.6% 5.7% 6.2% 45% 55%
Uganda 6.6% 9.2% 9.2% 9.5% 74% 26%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 5.7% 7.0% 6.0% 6.1% 40% 60%
Zimbabwe 0.5% ... ... ... ... ...
a Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of health services (preventative and
curative), family planning services, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health, but does not include the provision of water
and sanitation. Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external
borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and non-governmental organisations), and social (or compulsory)
health insurance funds. Private health expenditure includes direct household (out-of-pocket) spending, private insurance, charitable
donations, and direct service payments by private corporations.
b Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 25 September 2013
c Source: World Bank, Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 25 September 2013

Private vs. public spending on healtha, 2011 % of total health expenditure
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Congo, Rep.
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
HealtH
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Private Public
a Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditure. It covers the provision of health services (preventative and
curative), family planning services, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health, but does not include the provision of water
and sanitation. Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external
borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and non-governmental organisations), and social (or compulsory)
health insurance funds. Private health expenditure includes direct household (out-of-pocket) spending, private insurance, charitable
donations, and direct service payments by private corporations.

Public health expenditurea as share of total government expenditure, 2000-2011
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011

Algeria 8.8% 7.9% 9.0% 8.3%
Angola 2.9% 5.8% 6.3% 6.1%
Benin 10.0% 11.1% 10.5% 10.5%
Botswana 7.3% 16.8% 8.7% 8.7%
Burkina Faso 8.8% 18.7% 15.7% 12.8%
Burundi 7.5% 11.6% 8.1% 8.1%
Cameroon 6.1% 7.7% 8.5% 8.5%
Cape Verde 9.9% 10.4% 8.2% 7.9%
Chad 13.1% 13.4% 3.3% 3.3%
Comoros 9.3% 11.2% 13.1% 13.4%
Congo (DRC) 1.8% 6.2% 10.0% 10.8%
Congo (Rep.) 4.8% 6.2% 6.5% 6.5%
Côte d'Ivoire 7.2% 4.5% 6.8% 6.8%
Djibouti 12.0% 13.7% 14.1% 14.1%
Egypt 7.3% 6.4% 6.1% 6.9%
Eritrea 2.6% 1.8% 3.6% 3.6%
Ethiopia 8.9% 10.9% 13.7% 14.6%
Gabon 4.8% 4.7% 6.6% 6.6%
Gambia 10.4% 11.3% 11.3% 11.3%
Ghana 8.3% 15.2% 12.1% 11.9%
Guinea 6.4% 6.0% 6.8% 6.8%
Guinea-Bissau 2.3% 5.0% 11.1% 7.8%
Kenya 10.5% 7.6% 5.9% 5.9%
Lesotho 6.3% 6.7% 13.8% 14.6%
Liberia 6.7% 13.3% 11.1% 18.9%
Libya 6.0% 5.5% 4.0% 7.9%
Madagascar 15.5% 11.6% 13.5% 15.3%
Malawi 9.0% 20.0% 18.5% 18.5%
Mali 8.9% 12.4% 12.3% 12.2%
Mauritania 12.9% 9.0% 13.1% 10.9%
Mauritius 8.7% 9.4% 10.8% 9.7%
Morocco 4.0% 4.7% 6.9% 6.5%
Mozambique 17.0% 18.2% 10.4% 7.7%
Namibia 6.9% 6.8% 6.5% 6.5%
Niger 8.4% 14.8% 11.1% 11.1%
Nigeria 4.2% 6.4% 5.7% 7.5%
Rwanda 8.2% 15.6% 23.3% 23.7%
health

Senegal 8.5% 12.4% 12.1% 11.9%
Seychelles 7.3% 9.0% 9.3% 9.3%
Sierra Leone 14.2% 14.3% 11.7% 11.7%
Somalia 4.2% ... ... ...
South Africa 10.9% 10.4% 12.4% 12.7%
South Sudan ... ... 4.0% 4.0%
Sudan 8.3% 5.7% 10.3% 10.6%
Swaziland 10.5% 13.1% 13.7% 14.9%
Tanzania 10.2% 8.7% 11.1% 11.1%
Togo 8.5% 9.8% 15.4% 15.4%
Tunisia 8.1% 9.2% 10.8% 10.8%
Uganda 7.3% 11.2% 10.8% 10.8%
Zambia 9.4% 14.7% 16.0% 16.0%
Zimbabwe ... ... ... ...
a Public health expenditure consists of recurrent and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and
grants (including donations from international agencies and non-governmental organisations), and social (or compulsory) health insurance
funds. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid
designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation.

Availability of services
Health workers per 10,000 population, 2005-2012
Country Physiciansa Nurses and midwivesa Pharmacistsb Dentistsa

Algeria 12.1 19.5 2.2 3.1
Angola 1.7 16.6 … …
Benin 0.6 7.7 <0.05 <0.05
Botswana 3.4 28.4 … …
Burkina Faso 0.5 5.7 0.1 <0.05
Burundi … … 0.1c …
Cameroon 0.8 4.4 <0.05 <0.05
Cape Verde 3.0 4.5 0.1 0.1
Central African Republic 0.5 2.6 <0.05 <0.05
Chad 0.4 1.9 … …
Comoros … … … …
Congo (DRC) … … <0.05c …
Congo (Rep.) 1.0 8.2 0.1 …
Côte d'Ivoire 1.4 4.8 0.2 0.1
Djibouti 2.3 8.0 3.2 1.2
Egypt 28.3 35.2 16.7 4.2
Equatorial Guinea … … … …
Eritrea … … … …
Ethiopia 0.3 2.5 0.1 …
Gabon … … … …
Gambia 1.1 8.7 0.1 0.1
Ghana 0.9 10.5 0.2 <0.05
Guinea 1.0 … … …
Guinea-Bissau 0.7 5.9 0.1 <0.05
Kenya 1.8 7.9 0.5c 0.2
Lesotho … … … …
Liberia … 2.7 <0.05 <0.05
Libya 19.0 68.0 3.6 6.0
Madagascar 1.6 1.6 … <0.05
Malawi 0.2 0.2 0.2 …
Mali 0.8 0.8 0.1 <0.05
Mauritania 1.3 1.3 0.2 0.2
Mauritius … … … …
Morocco 6.2 6.2 2.7 0.8
Mozambique 0.3 0.3 0.2 …
Namibia 3.7 3.7 1.2 0.4
Niger 0.2 0.2 <0.05 <0.05
Nigeria 4.0 4.0 1c 0.2
Rwanda 0.6 0.6 <0.05 0.1
HealtH
São Tomé and Príncipe … … … …
Senegal 0.6 4.2 0.1 0.1
Sierra Leone 0.2 1.7 0.1 <0.05
Somalia 0.4 1.1 0.1 …
South Africa 7.6 … 2.5c 1.2
Sudan 2.8 8.4 0.1 0.2
Swaziland 1.7 16.0 0.2 0.6
Tanzania 0.1 2.4 <0.05 <0.05
Togo 0.5 2.7 <0.05 <0.05
Tunisia 12.2 32.8 3.0 2.9
Uganda 1.2 13.1 0.2c …
Zambia … 7.8 0.2c 0.2
Zimbabwe 0.6 12.5 0.5c 0.1
Africad 2.5 9.1 0.6 0.4
Worldd 13.9 29.0 4.4 2.6
a Source: World Health Organisation, World Health Statistics 2013

b Source: International Pharmaceutical Federation, FIP Global Pharmacy Workforce Report 2012
c Numbers estimated by the International Pharmaceutical Federation

Psychiatric servicesa, 2005-2010
Number of psychiatric beds

Country Number of psychiatrists
per 100,000 peopleb
Algeria 549 14
Angola 4 …
Benin 13 2
Botswana 5 22
Burkina Faso 7 …
Burundi 1 …
Cameroon 5 <0.5
Cape Verde 7 1
Chad 1 1
Comoros 1 0
Congo (DRC) 45 …
Congo (Rep.) 1 …
Côte d'Ivoire 35 …
Djibouti ... …
Egypt 457 10
Equatorial Guinea ... …
Eritrea 0 …
Ethiopia 36 …
Gabon 4 8
Gambia 3 6
Ghana 16 7
Guinea 3 1
Guinea-Bissau ... …
Kenya 76 …
Lesotho 1 3
Liberia 1 …
Libya ... …
Madagascar 11 1
Malawi 2 …
Mali 5 1
Mauritania 3 …
Mauritius 21 55
Morocco 292 7
Mozambique 9 2
Namibia 5 8
Niger 4 1
Nigeria 100 …
Rwanda 5 4
health
São Tomé and Príncipe 1 36

Senegal 42 3
Seychelles 2 …
Sierra Leone 1 3
Somalia 4 6
South Africa 136 22
South Sudan ... …
Sudan 28 1
Swaziland 2 13
Tanzania 17 3
Togo 2 20
Tunisia 205 9
Uganda 31 3
Western Sahara ... …
Zambia 4 3
Zimbabwe 7 10
Africac 1,225 6
Worldc 169,602 25
Source: World Health Organisation, World Health Statistics 2012-2013
a According to the World Health Organisation's (WHO) Global Burden of Disease study, mental health disorders such as depression are
among the 20 leading causes of disability worldwide. Depression affects around 350 million people worldwide and this number is projected
to increase. Fewer than half of those people affected have access to adequate treatment and health care.There is still a lack of investment in
the treatment of mental health conditions in Africa. The Millennium Development Goals structure placed emphasis on targeting diseases like
HIV and malaria. The WHO estimates that 75-85% of people with severe mental disorders receive no treatment in low- and middle-income
countries, compared to 35-50% in high-income countries. These diseases then shifted higher up on African countries' agendas. Furthermore,
mental health receives on average 1% of health budgets in sub-Saharan Africa despite the WHO estimating that the region carries 13% of the
global burden of disease.

Hospitals and hospital beds per 100,000 people
Country Hospitalsa, 2010 Hospital bedsb, 2005-2012

Algeria … …
Angola … …
Benin 0.5c 50
Botswana 1.3c 180
Burkina Faso 1.1 40
Burundi 0.6c 190
Cameroon 0.9 130
Cape Verde 1.0 210
Central African Republic 0.5 100
Chad 0.7 …
Comoros 0.7c …
Congo (DRC) 0.5c …
Congo (Rep.) … …
Côte d'Ivoire 1.8 …
Djibouti … 140
Egypt 0.6c 170
Equatorial Guinea … 210
Eritrea 0.4 70
Ethiopia 0.2 630
Gabon 3.9 630
Gambia 0.8c 110
Ghana 1.4 90
Guinea 0.4 30
Guinea-Bissau 63.5 …
Kenya 1.6 140
Lesotho … …
Liberia 0.4c 80
Libya 2.6 370
Madagascar 0.5 20
Malawi 0.4c 130
Mali 0.5c 10
Mauritania 1.2 …
Mauritius 0.9c 340
Morocco … 110
Mozambique … 70
Namibia 1.9 …
Niger 0.6 …
Nigeria … …
Rwanda … …
HealtH
São Tomé and Príncipe … 290
Senegal 0.2c …
Seychelles 1.2c 360
Sierra Leone … …
Somalia … …
South Africa 0.7c …
South Sudan … …
Sudan 1.2c 70
Swaziland 0.8 210
Tanzania … 70
Togo 0.7c 70
Tunisia 2.4 210
Uganda 0.4 50
Western Sahara …
Zambia 0.5 200
Zimbabwe 0.6 170
Africad 0.9 …
Worldd … 300
Source: World Health Organisation, World Health Statistics 2013
a Both public sector and private sector has been used unless otherwise noted. Hospitals include district, rural, provincial, specialised, teaching
and research hospitals.
b Country representative and national authorities data
c Refers to the public sector only

Access to medication indexa 2012 (Scores 0-5, where 0=lowest, 5=highest)
2012 Overall revenue Overall Score,

Company Country of origin 2008 ranking 2010 ranking
ranking 2011 (bn US$) 2012
1 GlaxoSmithKline plc United Kingdom 44.1 3.8 1 1
2 USA 65.0 3.6 8 9
3 France 42.0 3.2 5 5
4 USA 48.0 3.1 3 2
5 Gilead Sciences USA 8.4 3.0 15 4
6 Novo Nordisk A/S Denmark 11.4 3.0 2 8
7 Novartis AG Switzerland 58.6 2.9 4 3
8 Merck KGaA Germany 12.9 2.5 13 17
Bayer AG (Bayer Schering
9 Germany 45.3 2.4 9 14
Pharma AG)
10 Roche Holding Ltd Switzerland 44.5 2.3 7 6
11 USA 67.4 2.2 17 11
12 Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. USA 21.2 2.1 11 15
13 Abbott Laboratories Inc. USA 38.9 2.0 12 10
14 USA 24.3 2.0 10 13
15 Eisai Co. Ltd. Japan 8.1 1.9 Not ranked 16
16 AstraZeneca plc UK 33.6 1.6 6 7
17 Boehringer-Ingelheim Germany 16.2 1.5 Not ranked 12
18 Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Japan 18.4 1.1 Not ranked 18
19 Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd. Japan 11.8 0.9 Not ranked 20
20 Astellas Pharma Inc. Japan 11.8 0.9 Not ranked 19
Access to medication indexa, 2012 (Scores 0-5, where 0=lowest, 5=highest)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
GlaxoSmithKline plc
Johnson & Johnson
Sanofi
Merck & Co. Inc.
Gilead Sciences
Novo Nordisk A/S
Novartis AG
Merck KGaA
health
Bayer AG
Roche Holding Ltd
Pfizer Inc.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
Abbott Laboratories Inc.
Eli Lilly & Company
Eisai Co. Ltd.
AstraZeneca plc
Boehringer-Ingelheim
Takeda Pharmaceutical Co.
Daiichi Sankyo Co. Ltd.
Astellas Pharma Inc.
Source: Access to Medicine Foundation, Access to Medication Index 2012, http://www.accesstomedicineindex.org
a The index evaluates the top 20 pharmaceutical companies' efforts to make medicine more accessible. It gives insight into what the pharmaceutical
industry is doing to improve access to medication in 103 developing countries. It focuses on developing countries, based on World Bank and
and neglected tropical diseases, as well as maternal health and neonatal infections. Companies are evaluated on general access to medicine
capability advancement and product development and distribution; product donations and philanthropic activities. These seven focus areas are
in turn measured with four strategic pillars in mind: commitments; transparency; performance and innovation.

Reproductive health
Family planning and contraception, 2005-2012
Country Unmet need for family planninga Contraceptive prevalenceb

Algeria … 61%
Angola … …
Benin 27% 17%
Botswana … 53%
Burkina Faso … 16%
Burundi … 22%
Cameroon … 23%
Cape Verde 17% 61%
Central African Republic … 19%
Chad … …
Comoros … …
Congo (DRC) 24% 18%
Congo (Rep.) 20% 45%
Côte d'Ivoire … 13%
Djibouti … 18%
Egypt 12% 60%
Eritrea … …
Ethiopia 25% 29%
Gabon … …
Gambia … …
Ghana 36% 24%
Guinea 22% 9%
Guinea-Bissau … 14%
Kenya 26% 46%
Lesotho 23% 47%
Liberia 36% 11%
Libya … …
Madagascar 19% 40%
Malawi 26% 46%
Mali 28% 8%
Mauritania … 9%
Mauritius … …
Morocco … …
Mozambique … 12%
Namibia 21% 55%
Niger 16% 11%
Nigeria 19% 14%
Rwanda 19% 52%
HealtH
São Tomé and Príncipe 38% 38%
Senegal 32% 13%
Seychelles … …
Sierra Leone 28% 8%
Somalia … 15%
South Africa … …
South Sudan … 4%
Sudan … 9%
Swaziland 13% 65%
Tanzania 25% 34%
Togo 31% 15%
Tunisia … 60%
Uganda 38% 30%
Zambia 27% 41%
Zimbabwe 16% 59%
Africac 25% 27%
Worldc 12% 63%
a Women with an unmet need are those who are fertile and sexually active but are not using any method of contraception, and report not
wanting any more children or wanting to delay the birth of their next child.
b Contraceptive prevalence is the percentage of women who are practising, or whose sexual partners are practising, any form of contraception.

Maternal mortality ratea per 100,000 live births, 1990-2010
Changeb,
Country 1990 2000 2005 2010
1990-2010
Algeria 220 140 110 97 -56%
Angola 1,200 890 650 450 -63%
Benin 770 530 430 350 -55%
Botswana 140 350 330 160 14%
Burkina Faso 700 450 370 300 -57%
Burundi 1,100 1,000 910 800 -27%
Cameroon 670 730 720 690 3%
Cape Verde 200 170 110 79 -61%
Central African Republic 930 1,000 1,000 890 -4%
Chad 920 1,100 1,100 1,100 20%
Comoros 440 340 310 280 -36%
Congo (DRC) 930 770 660 540 -42%
Congo (Rep.) 420 540 550 560 33%
Côte d'Ivoire 710 590 510 400 -44%
Djibouti 290 290 220 200 -31%
Egypt 230 100 78 66 -71%
Equatorial Guinea 1,200 450 270 240 -80%
Eritrea 880 390 300 240 -73%
Ethiopia 950 700 510 350 -63%
Gabon 270 270 260 230 -15%
Gambia 700 520 430 360 -49%
Ghana 580 550 440 350 -40%
Guinea 1,200 970 800 610 -49%
Guinea-Bissau 1,100 970 890 790 -28%
Kenya 400 490 450 360 -10%
Lesotho 520 690 720 620 19%
Liberia 1,200 1,300 1,100 770 -36%
Libya 99 67 61 58 -41%
Madagascar 640 400 310 240 -63%
Malawi 1,100 840 630 460 -58%
Mali 1,100 740 620 540 -51%
Mauritania 760 630 560 510 -33%
Mauritius 68 28 32 60 -12%
Morocco 300 170 130 100 -67%
Mozambique 910 710 630 490 -46%
Namibia 200 280 310 200 0%
Niger 1,200 870 720 590 -51%
Nigeria 1,100 970 820 630 -43%
Rwanda 910 840 550 340 -63%
health
São Tomé and Príncipe 150 110 87 70 -53%

Senegal 670 500 430 370 -45%
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 1,300 1,300 1,000 890 -32%
Somalia 890 1,000 1,000 1,000 12%
South Africa 250 330 360 300 20%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 1,000 870 800 730 -27%
Swaziland 300 360 420 320 7%
Tanzania 870 730 610 460 -47%
Togo 620 440 370 300 -52%
Tunisia 130 84 68 56 -57%
Uganda 600 530 420 310 -48%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 470 540 500 440 -6%
Zimbabwe 450 640 690 570 27%
Sub-Saharan Africa c 850 740 630 500 -41%
Worldc 400 320 260 210 -48%
Source: World Bank, Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics, http://databank.worldbank.org; accessed 12 September 2013
a The maternal mortality rate is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy
termination, per 100,000 live births. The data shows estimates modelled by the World Bank. According to the World Health Organisation's Global
Burden of Disease study, nearly 800 women die every day worldwide due to complications of pregnancy and childbirth.

Maternal mortality ratea, 1990, 2000 and 2010 Per 100,000 live births
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar 1990
Malawi 2000
Mali 2010
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
HealtH
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-Saharan Africa
World
Source: World Bank, Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics, http://databank.worldbank.org; accessed 12 September 2013
a The maternal mortality rate is the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy
termination, per 100,000 live births. The data shows estimates modelled by the World Bank. According to the World Health Organisation’s
Global Burden of Disease study, nearly 800 women die every day worldwide due to complications of pregnancy and childbirth.

Share of HIV-positive pregnant women who receive antiretroviral treatment, 2005 and 2011
Country 2005a 2011a Changeb, 2005-2011

Algeria … … ...
Angola 1% 16% 1,500%
Benin 17% 30% 76%
Botswana 54% 94% 74%
Burkina Faso 6% 46% 667%
Burundi 3% 52% 1,633%
Cameroon 10% 53% 430%
Cape Verde … … ...
Central African Republic 4% 48% 1,100%
Chad 1% 11% 1,000%
Comoros … … ...
Congo (DRC) 2% … ...
Congo (Rep.) 10% 6% -40%
Côte d'Ivoire 4% 68% 1,600%
Djibouti 1% 14% 1,300%
Egypt … … ...
Equatorial Guinea … … ...
Eritrea 2% … ...
Ethiopia … 24% ...
Gabon 3% 48% 1,500%
Gambia 6% … ...
Ghana 6% 75% 1,150%
Guinea 1% 40% 3,900%
Guinea-Bissau … 32% ...
Kenya 20% 67% 235%
Lesotho 12% 62% 417%
Liberia … 59% ...
Libya … … ...
Madagascar <1% … ...
Malawi 6% 53% 783%
Mali 3% … ...
Mauritania 1% … ...
Mauritius … … ...
Morocco … … ...
Mozambique 6% 51% 750%
Namibia 29% 85% 193%
Niger 1% … ...
Nigeria <1% 18% ...
Rwanda 36% 56% 56%
health
São Tomé and Príncipe … … ...

Senegal 1% … ...
Seychelles … … ...
Sierra Leone 1% 74% 7,300%
Somalia … … ...
South Africa 30% … ...
Sudan <1% … ...
Swaziland 34% … ...
Tanzania 6% 74% 1,133%
Togo 8% 61% 663%
Tunisia … … ...
Uganda 11% 50% 355%
Zambia 15% 88% 487%
Zimbabwe 9% 54% 500%
Africac 11% 59% 436%
Worldc … 57% ...
Source: World Health Organisation, World Health Statistics 2007 and 2013
a Health service coverage percentages by earliest and latest year available. Antiretroviral treatment is administered in all cases in order to
prevent mother-to-child transmission.

Care received by mothers before and during the birth of a baby, 2005-2012
Births attended by skilled

Country At least 1 visita At least 4 visitsa
health personnelb
Algeria 89% … 95%
Angola 68%c 47% 49%c
Benin 86% 61% 84%
Botswana 94% 73% 99%c
Burundi 99% 33% 60%
Cameroon 85%c … 64%c
Cape Verde 95%d 72% 76%
Central African Republic 57% … 41%
Chad 43% 23% 17%
Comoros … … …
Congo (DRC) 89% 44% 94%c
Congo (Rep.) 93%c 75% 59%c
Côte d'Ivoire 91%c 45% 80%
Djibouti 81% … 78%
Egypt 74% 66% 79%
Eritrea … … …
Ethiopia 34% 19% 10%
Gabon … … …
Gambia 97% 72% 56%
Ghana 87% 78% 55%
Guineac 88% 50% 46%c
Guinea-Bissau 93%c 70% 44%c
Kenya 92% 47% 44%
Lesotho 92% 70% 62%
Liberia 79% 66% 46%
Libya 93% … 98%e
Madagascar 86% 49% 44%
Malawi 95% 46% 71%
Mali 70% 35% 49%
Mauritania 72% … 57%
Mauritius … … 100%e
Morocco 77% 64% 74%
Mozambique 92%c … 54%c
Namibia 95% 70% 81%
Niger 46% 15% 18%
Nigeria 53% 45% 34%
HealtH
Rwanda 98% 35% 69%
São Tomé and Príncipe 98% 72% 81%
Senegal 93% 50% 65%c
Seychelles … … 99%c
Sierra Leone 91% 75% 61%c
Somalia 22% 6% 9%
South Africa … … …
Sudan … … …
Swaziland 97% 77% 82%
Tanzania 88% 43% 49%
Togo 51% 55% 44%
Tunisia 96% 68% 95%
Uganda 95% 48% 58%
Zambia 94% 60% 47%
Africaf 74% 43% 49%
Worldf 81% 55% 70%
a Share (%) of women who visit a doctor, nurse and/or midwife.

b Skilled health personnel refers to a doctor, nurse and/or midwife.
e Births in a hospital or clinic

f As calculated by the source

Share of under-5 deaths due to prematuritya, 2000-2010
Country 2000 2010 Changeb, 2000-2010

Algeria 24% 24% 0%
Angola 11% 13% 18%
Benin 10% 12% 20%
Burundi 11% 13% 18%
Cameroon 10% 11% 10%
Cape Verde 16% 15% -6%
Central African Republic 9% 11% 22%
Chad 10% 11% 10%
Comoros 14% 15% 7%
Congo (DRC) 11% 10% -9%
Congo (Rep.) 11% 13% 18%
Côte d'Ivoire 11% 13% 18%
Djibouti 14% 16% 14%
Egypt 22% 30% 36%
Equatorial Guinea 11% 13% 18%
Eritrea 12% 14% 17%
Ethiopia 12% 15% 25%
Gabon 14% 16% 14%
Gambia 12% 14% 17%
Ghana 13% 16% 23%
Guinea 10% 12% 20%
Guinea-Bissau 10% 11% 10%
Kenya 12% 15% 25%
Lesotho 13% 18% 38%
Liberia 9% 12% 33%
Libya 26% 27% 4%
Malawi 9% 13% 44%
Mali 10% 11% 10%
Mauritania 14% 14% 0%
Mauritius 43% 27% -37%
Morocco 24% 28% 17%
Namibia 14% 19% 36%
Niger 10% 12% 20%
Nigeria 9% 12% 33%
Rwanda 9% 15% 67%
health
São Tomé and Príncipe 13% 15% 15%

Senegal 12% 15% 25%
Seychelles 31% 27% -13%
Sierra Leone 8% 10% 25%
Somalia 11% 12% 9%
South Africa 14% 16% 14%
Sudan 13% 16% 23%
Togo 10% 13% 30%
Tunisia 25% 29% 16%
Uganda 11% 13% 18%
Zambia 10% 13% 30%
Africac 11% 12% 9%
Worldc 15% 17% 13%
a “Preterm” babies are born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. According to the World Health Organisation’s Global Burden of
Disease study, preterm birth is the world’s leading killer of newborn babies. Every year 15 million babies (about one in ten) are born preterm.
Preterm birth complications cause more than one million deaths each year. More than three quarters of these babies’ lives could be saved with
simple and cost-effective care.

Child deaths per 1,000 live births, 2000-2011
Neonatala Infantb c
Changed, Changed, Changed,

Country 2000 2011 2000 2011 2000 2011
2000-2011 2000-2011 2000-2011
Algeria 23 17 -26% 39 26 -33% 46 30 -35%
Angola 49 43 -12% 119 96 -19% 199 158 -21%
Benin 36 31 -14% 87 68 -22% 140 106 -24%
Botswana 16 11 -31% 51 20 -61% 81 26 -68%
Burkina Faso 38 34 -11% 95 82 -14% 182 146 -20%
Burundi 47 43 -9% 100 86 -14% 165 139 -16%
Cameroon 35 33 -6% 86 79 -8% 140 127 -9%
Cape Verde 16 10 -38% 32 18 -44% 39 21 -46%
Central African Republic 46 46 0% 112 108 -4% 172 164 -5%
Chad 45 42 -7% 105 97 -8% 189 169 -11%
Comoros 36 32 -11% 72 59 -18% 100 79 -21%
Congo (DRC) 49 47 -4% 117 111 -5% 181 168 -7%
Congo (Rep.) 34 32 -6% 70 64 -9% 109 99 -9%
Côte d'Ivoire 44 41 -7% 95 81 -15% 139 115 -17%
Djibouti 36 33 -8% 83 72 -13% 106 90 -15%
Egypt 13 7 -46% 36 18 -50% 44 21 -52%
Equatorial Guinea 43 37 -14% 98 80 -18% 152 118 -22%
Eritrea 27 22 -19% 64 46 -28% 98 68 -31%
Ethiopia 44 31 -30% 86 52 -40% 139 77 -45%
Gabon 28 25 -11% 60 49 -18% 82 66 -20%
Gambia 39 34 -13% 67 58 -13% 130 101 -22%
Ghana 34 30 -12% 64 52 -19% 99 78 -21%
Guinea 46 39 -15% 105 79 -25% 175 126 -28%
Guinea-Bissau 47 44 -6% 111 98 -12% 186 161 -13%
Kenya 33 27 -18% 70 48 -31% 113 73 -35%
Lesotho 42 39 -7% 83 63 -24% 117 86 -26%
Liberia 41 27 -34% 112 58 -48% 164 78 -52%
Libya 15 10 -33% 22 13 -41% 27 16 -41%
Madagascar 32 23 -28% 67 43 -36% 104 62 -40%
Malawi 39 27 -31% 98 53 -46% 164 83 -49%
Mali 54 49 -9% 114 98 -14% 214 176 -18%
Mauritania 42 40 -5% 78 76 -3% 118 112 -5%
Mauritius 12 9 -25% 16 13 -19% 19 15 -21%
Morocco 26 19 -27% 44 28 -36% 53 33 -38%
Mozambique 46 34 -26% 116 72 -38% 172 103 -40%
Namibia 24 18 -25% 48 30 -38% 74 42 -43%
Niger 42 32 -24% 97 66 -32% 216 125 -42%
HealtH
Nigeria 49 39 -20% 113 78 -31% 188 124 -34%
Rwanda 43 21 -51% 109 38 -65% 183 54 -70%
São Tomé and Príncipe 30 29 -3% 60 58 -3% 93 89 -4%
Senegal 39 26 -33% 67 47 -30% 130 65 -50%
Seychelles 9 9 0% 12 12 0% 14 14 0%
Sierra Leone 56 49 -13% 146 119 -18% 241 185 -23%
Somalia 50 50 0% 108 108 0% 180 180 0%
South Africa 23 19 -17% 52 35 -33% 74 47 -36%
South Sudan 44 38 -14% 100 76 -24% 165 121 -27%
Sudan 35 31 -11% 67 57 -15% 104 86 -17%
Swaziland 33 35 6% 77 69 -10% 114 104 -9%
Tanzania 36 25 -31% 78 45 -42% 126 68 -46%
Togo 39 36 -8% 79 73 -8% 128 110 -14%
Tunisia 16 10 -38% 25 14 -44% 30 16 -47%
Uganda 35 28 -20% 86 58 -33% 141 90 -36%
Western Sahara ... ... … ... ... … ... ... …
Zambia 36 27 -25% 91 53 -42% 154 83 -46%
Zimbabwe 30 30 0% 63 43 -32% 106 67 -37%
Sub-Saharan Africae 41 34 -17% 93 69 -26% 153 108 -29%
Worlde 28 22 -21% 51 37 -27% 73 51 -30%
Source: World Bank, Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 8 April 2013
a Neonatal death is the probability of a newborn baby dying before he/she reaches 28 days of age.
b An infant death is when a baby dies between birth and one year of age.
Global Burden of
Disease -
cess to simple and affordable interventions such as exclusive breastfeeding, cheap vaccines and medication, clean water and sanitation.

a
, 2011 Per 1,000 live births
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
health
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-Saharan Africa
World
Source: World Bank, Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 8 April 2013
World Health Organisation’s Global Burden of Disease

deaths would have been prevented with access to simple and affordable interventions such as exclusive breastfeeding, cheap vaccines and
medication, clean water and sanitation.

Communicable diseases
Measles immunisation and incidence, 1990-2011
Share of children under 12 months of age

Number of measles cases reported
immuniseda
Changeb,
Country 1990 2000 2011 2007 2008 2010 2011
1990-2011
Algeria 83% 80% 95% 14% 0 217 103 112
Angola 38% 41% 88% 132% 1,014 265 1,190 1,449
Benin 79% 70% 72% -9% 341 928 392 426
Botswana 87% 91% 94% 8% 1 0 853 8
Burkina Faso 79% 59% 63% -20% 12 395 2,511 860
Burundi 74% 76% 92% 24% 43 173 495 129
Cameroon 56% 49% 76% 36% 100 495 240 504
Cape Verde 79% 86% 96% 22% 0 0 0 0
Central African Republic 82% 36% 62% -24% 49 12 2 679
Chad 32% 28% 28% -13% 441 63 194 8,650
Comoros 87% 70% 72% -17% 0 0 0 3
Congo (DRC) 38% 46% 71% 87% 55,577 2 5,407 133,802
Congo (Rep.) 75% 34% 90% 20% 84 12 4 315
Côte d'Ivoire 56% 68% 49% -13% 5 12,461 441 628
Djibouti 85% 50% 84% -1% 24 143 7 49
Egypt 86% 98% 96% 12% 1,684 668 16 26
Equatorial Guinea 88% 51% 51% -42% 5 436 0 0
Eritrea … 76% 99% ... 55 0 51 48
Ethiopia 38% 33% 57% 50% 1,446 3,511 4,235 3,255
Gabon 76% 55% 55% -28% 0 3 1 2
Gambia 86% 89% 91% 6% 0 0 2 0
Ghana 61% 90% 91% 49% 6 82 641 120
Guinea 35% 42% 58% 66% 3 89 45 11
Guinea-Bissau 53% 71% 61% 15% 1 12 26 0
Kenya 78% 78% 87% 12% 1,516 1,282 95 2,395
Lesotho 80% 74% 85% 6% 2 0 2,488 172
Liberia … 63% 40% ... 1 1 2,200 279
Libya 89% 93% 98% 10% 59 8 … …
Madagascar 47% 56% 70% 49% 0 3 1 0
Malawi 81% 73% 96% 19% 143 20 118,712 26
Mali 43% 49% 56% 30% 2 98 1,719 24
Mauritania 38% 62% 67% 76% 11 4 1,292 234
Mauritius 76% 84% 99% 30% 13 12 12 2
Morocco 79% 93% 95% 20% 2,248 1,455 633 982
Mozambique 59% 71% 82% 39% 267 4 2,321 177
Namibia 57% 69% 74% 30% 21 0 3,138 79
HealtH
Niger 25% 37% 76% 204% 282 1,317 372 771
Nigeria 54% 33% 71% 31% 2,613 9,960 8,491 18,843
Rwanda 83% 74% 95% 14% 26 6 121 31
São Tomé and Príncipe 71% 69% 91% 28% 0 0 0 0
Senegal 51% 48% 82% 61% 9 4 428 18
Seychelles 86% 97% 99% 15% 1 0 0 0
Sierra Leone … 37% 80% ... 0 44 1,089 1,865
Somalia 30% 24% 46% 53% 1,149 1,081 115 17,298
South Africa 79% 72% 78% -1% 31 39 … 92
South Sudan … … 64% ... … … … 1,256
Sudan 57% 58% 87% 53% 327 129 680 5,616
Swaziland 85% 92% 98% 15% 0 1 313 0
Tanzania 80% 78% 93% 16% 7,726 3,413 167 1,622
Togo 73% 58% 67% -8% 8 187 120 187
Tunisia 93% 95% 96% 3% 4 2 1 11
Uganda 52% 57% 75% 44% 3,776 1,319 1,313 3,312
Western Sahara … … … ... … … … …
Zambia 90% 85% 83% -8% 535 140 15,754 13,234
Zimbabwe 87% 75% 92% 6% 242 0 9,696 0
Africac 58% 54% 75% 29% 76,408 37,010 186,675 194,364
Worldc 72% 72% 84% 17% 280,771 281,972 327,305 354,820
a The share (%) of children under the age of 12 months who have received at least one dose of measles-containing vaccine in a given year.

Malaria incidence and deaths, 2008-2011
Reported malaria cases Malaria deaths per 100,000
Changea, Changea,
Country 2008 2009 2010 2011 2008 2010
2008-2011 2008-2010
Algeria 11,964 ... 5 191 -98% ... ... ...
Angola 3,432,424 2,221,076 1,682,870 1,632,282 -52% 89 64 -28%
Benin … 1,256,708 ... 422,968 ... 105 104 -1%
Botswana 17,886 14,878 1,046 432 -98% 1 0.9 -10%
Burkina Faso 3,790,238 4,399,837 804,539 428,113 -89% 221 191 -14%
Burundi 2,039,353 1,757,387 1,763,447 1,571,184 -23% 39 12 -69%
Cameroon 1,650,749 1,883,199 ... 0 -100% 121 79 -35%
Cape Verde 35 65 ... 36 3% 0.2 0.1 -50%
Central African
152,260 175,210 ... 0 -100% 192 169 -12%
Republic
Chad 478,987 182,415 ... 181,126 -62% 235 172 -27%
Comoros … 79,252 36,538 24,856 ... 58 36 -38%
Congo (DRC) 5,371,196 6,749,112 2,417,780 4,561,981 -15% 193 119 -38%
Congo (Rep.) … 92,855 ... 71,048 ... 121 93 -23%
Côte d'Ivoire 1,343,654 1,847,367 62,726 29,976 -98% 116 116 0%
Djibouti 3,528 7,120 1,019 0 -100% 1.2 4.4 267%
Egypt 80 94 0 ... ... 0.2 … ...
Equatorial
63,147 78,983 ... 22,466 -64% 98 79 -19%
Guinea
Eritrea 10,572 21,298 35,982 34,848 230% 0.7 5.4 671%
Ethiopia 2,532,645 3,043,203 1,158,197 1,480,306 -42% 10 4 -60%
Gabon 187,714 112,840 8,556 0 -100% 31 39 26%
Gambia 508,846 479,409 116,353 261,967 -49% 93 83 -11%
Ghana 3,200,147 1,899,544 1,071,637 1,041,260 -67% 48 52 8%
Guinea 422,180 812,472 ... 95,574 -77% 165 144 -13%
Guinea-Bissau 148,542 143,011 ... 71,982 -52% 203 108 -47%
Kenya 839,904 8,123,689 898,531 1,002,805 19% 12 5.1 -58%
Lesotho … ... ... ... ... 0.1 … ...
Liberia 726,905 871,560 922,173 1,915,762 164% 98 86 -12%
Libya … ... ... ... ... 0 … …
Madagascar 352,520 215,110 202,450 224,498 -36% 8.5 16 88%
Malawi 4,986,779 5,455,423 ... 304,499 -94% 87 51 -41%
Mali … 1,633,423 227,482 307,035 ... 131 138 5%
Mauritania 201,044 167,705 1,994 2,926 -99% 36 22 -39%
Mauritius … ... ... ... ... 0 … ...
Morocco 142 145 3 ... ... 0 … ...
health
Mozambique 4,831,491 4,310,086 1,522,577 1,756,874 -64% 171 125 -27%

Namibia 119,711 81,812 556 1,860 -98% 29 0.6 -98%
Niger 2,033,971 309,675 620,058 780,876 -62% 184 100 -46%
Nigeria 2,834,174 4,295,686 551,187 0 -100% 146 131 -10%
Rwanda 771,753 1,247,583 638,669 208,858 -73% 15 4.2 -72%
São Tomé and
1,647 3,893 2,740 8,442 413% 9.2 29 215%
Príncipe
Senegal 701,460 222,232 ... 0 -100% 76 44 -42%
Seychelles … ... ... ... ... 0 … ...
Sierra Leone 932,819 646,808 934,028 638,859 -32% 239 177 -26%
Somalia 24,016 56,153 24,553 3,351 -86% 28 26 -7%
South Africa 7,796 6,072 3,875 9,866 27% 0.2 0.2 0%
South Sudan … ... ... 112,024 ... … … …
Sudan 3,073,996 2,686,822 1,620,840 506,806 -84% 23 21 -9%
Swaziland 5,881 6,639 147 549 -91% 0.3 0.1 -67%
Tanzania 9,611 40 ... 0 -100% 87 34 -61%
Togo 898,112 618,842 617,101 519,450 -42% 65 63 -3%
Tunisia … ... ... ... ... 0.1 … ...
Uganda 11,029,571 9,775,318 1,581,160 231,873 -98% 103 52 -50%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... … … …
Zambia 3,080,301 2,976,395 ... 0 -100% 104 67 -36%
Zimbabwe 1,003,846 736,897 249,379 319,935 -68% 40 62 55%
Africab 60,731,835 68,925,435 18,133,811 20,168,353 -67% 94 72 -23%
Worldb 172,997,420 81,735,305 23,572,138 23,826,496 -86% 12 12 0%


Malaria deaths, 2008 and 2010 Per 100,000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya 2008
Madagascar 2010
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
HealtH
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa
World

Polio immunisation and incidence, 1990-2012
Share of children under 12 months of age immuniseda Number of reported casesb
Country 1990 2000 2011 Changec,

2006 2011 2012
1990-2011
Algeria 89% 86% 95% 7% 0 0 0
Angola 23% 33% 85% 270% 2 5 0
Benin 74% 78% 85% 15% 0 0 0
Botswana 90% 97% 96% 7% 0 0 0
Burkina Faso 66% 64% 90% 36% 0 0 0
Burundi 97% 71% 94% -3% 0 0 0
Cameroon 54% 57% 67% 24% 2 0 0
Cape Verde 87% 90% 90% 3% 0 0 0
Central African Republic 82% 38% 47% -43% 0 4 0
Chad 20% 30% 31% 55% 1 130 17
Comoros 94% 70% 85% -10% 0 0 0
Congo (DRC) 34% 42% 78% 129% 12 94d 17d
Congo (Rep.) 80% 31% 90% 13% 0 1 0
Côte d'Ivoire 56% 66% 58% 4% 0 36 0
Djibouti 85% 46% 87% 2% 0 0 0
Egypt 87% 98% 96% 10% 0 0 0
Equatorial Guinea 75% 39% 39% -48% 0 0 0
Eritrea … 82% 99% ... 0 0 0
Ethiopia 49% 53% 62% 27% 17 0 0
Gabon 78% 44% 44% -44% 0 1 0
Gambia 94% 84% 95% 1% 0 0 0
Ghana 57% 88% 91% 60% 0 0 0
Guinea 18% 47% 57% 217% 0 3 0
Guinea-Bissau 60% 52% 73% 22% 0 0 0
Kenya 84% 80% 88% 5% 2 1 3
Lesotho 82% 82% 91% 11% 0 0 0
Liberia … 56% 56% ... 0 0 0
Libya 84% 94% 98% 17% 0 0 0
Madagascar 46% 60% 88% 91% 0 0 0
Malawi 93% 73% 86% -8% 0 0 0
Mali 42% 53% 71% 69% 0 7 0
Mauritania 33% 61% 73% 121% 0 0 0
Mauritius 86% 88% 98% 14% 0 0 0
Morocco 81% 95% 98% 21% 0 0 0
Mozambique 46% 69% 73% 59% 0 2d 0
Namibia 59% 80% 85% 44% 19 0 0
health
Niger 22% 41% 44% 100% 11 6d 1d

Nigeria 55% 26% 73% 33% 1,099d 80d 130d
Rwanda 83% 90% 93% 12% 0 0 0
São Tomé and Príncipe 90% 87% 96% 7% 0 0 0
Senegal 53% 49% 73% 38% 0 0 0
Seychelles 99% 98% 99% 0% 0 0 0
Sierra Leone … 46% 81% ... 0 0 0
Somalia 18% 37% 49% 172% 36 7d 1d
South Africa 76% 71% 73% -4% 0 0 0
South Sudan … … 46% ... … …
Sudan 62% 62% 93% 50% 0 0 0
Swaziland 89% 90% 85% -4% 0 0 0
Tanzania 78% 64% 88% 13% 0 0 0
Togo 76% 63% 81% 7% 0 0 0
Tunisia 93% 97% 98% 5% 0 0 0
Uganda 45% 55% 82% 82% 0 0 0
Western Sahara … … … ... … …
Zambia 90% 85% 83% -8% 0 0 0
Zimbabwe 89% 79% 99% 11% 0 0 0
Africae … … … ... 1,165 370 168
Worlde … … … ... 1,959 673 285
a Source: World Health Organisation, Global Health Observatory Database, http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A831; accessed 3 July 2013
The share (%) of children under the age of 12 months who have received three doses of polio vaccine in a given year.
b Source: World Health Organisation, World Health Statistics 2013
d These are cases of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), which are rare strains of poliovirus that have genetically mutated from the strain
contained in the oral polio vaccine. Here the VDPV is called circulating VDPV (or cVDPV) and it can start circulating in a community and cause
paralysis.

Tuberculosis immunisation and incidence,1990-2011
Share of children under 12 months of age

Number of cases per 100,000b
immuniseda
Changec, Changec,
Country 1990 2000 2011 2000 2005 2011
1990-2011 2000-2011
Algeria 99% 97% 99% 0% 87 55 90 3%
Angola 48% 56% 88% 83% 250 269 310 24%
Benin 92% 92% 97% 5% 86 88 70 -19%
Botswana 93% 99% 99% 6% 918 654 455 -50%
Burkina Faso 95% 80% 99% 4% 71 223 57 -20%
Burundi 97% 85% 90% -7% 289 334 139 -52%
Cameroon 76% 78% 80% 5% 310 174 243 -22%
Cape Verde 97% 96% 99% 2% 160 174 145 -9%
Central African Republic 96% 66% 74% -23% 1074 314 400 -63%
Chad 59% 49% 53% -10% 151 272 151 0%
Comoros 99% 90% 76% -23% 39 45 34 -13%
Congo (DRC) 65% 57% 67% 3% 353 367 387 10%
Congo (Rep.) 90% 50% 95% 6% 370 382 191 -48%
Côte d'Ivoire 62% 80% 74% 19% 327 356 327 0%
Djibouti 81% 34% 89% 10% 619 762 620 0%
Egypt 89% 98% 98% 10% 26 25 17 -35%
Equatorial Guinea 94% 73% 73% -22% 268 233 202 -25%
Eritrea … 89% 99% ... 157 282 97 -38%
Ethiopia 64% 51% 69% 8% 421 344 258 -39%
Gabon 96% 89% 89% -7% 527 308 450 -15%
Gambia 98% 99% 90% -8% 225 242 279 24%
Ghana 71% 99% 98% 38% 152 205 79 -48%
Guinea 50% 81% 93% 86% 234 236 183 -22%
Guinea-Bissau 90% 77% 93% 3% 192 206 238 24%
Kenya 92% 91% 92% 0% 286 641 288 1%
Lesotho 89% 88% 95% 7% 553 696 632 14%
Liberia … 78% 73% ... 242 301 299 24%
Libya 90% 98% 99% 10% 40 18 40 0%
Madagascar 67% 72% 82% 22% 293 234 238 -19%
Malawi 97% 83% 99% 2% 467 409 191 -59%
Mali 82% 69% 89% 9% 77 278 62 -19%
Mauritania 79% 75% 86% 9% 277 298 344 24%
Mauritius 87% 88% 99% 14% 24 62 21 -13%
Morocco 96% 97% 99% 3% 117 89 103 -12%
Mozambique 59% 84% 91% 54% 513 447 548 7%
Namibia 88% 77% 89% 1% 1407 697 723 -49%
HealtH
Niger 50% 50% 61% 22% 191 164 108 -43%
Nigeria 80% 41% 64% -20% 172 283 118 -31%
Rwanda 92% 81% 99% 8% 326 361 94 -71%
São Tomé and Príncipe 99% 81% 99% 0% 114 105 94 -18%
Senegal 90% 89% 95% 6% 155 255 136 -12%
Seychelles 98% 99% 99% 1% 37 34 30 -19%
Sierra Leone … 74% 96% ... 377 475 723 92%
Somalia 31% 69% 41% 32% 285 224 286 0%
South Africa 57% 89% 78% 37% 576 600 993 72%
South Sudan … … 57% ... … … 146 …
Sudan 77% 56% 92% 19% 144 228 117 -19%
Swaziland 96% 90% 98% 2% 803 1262 1317 64%
Tanzania 85% 86% 99% 16% 236 342 169 -28%
Togo 99% 84% 90% -9% 76 373 73 -4%
Tunisia 96% 95% 98% 2% 25 24 30 20%
Uganda 75% 82% 86% 15% 427 369 193 -55%
Western Sahara … … … ... … … … …
Zambia 97% 94% 88% -9% 713 600 444 -38%
Zimbabwe 91% 85% 98% 8% 726 601 603 -17%
Sub-Saharan Africad 75% 67% 80% 7% … … … …
Africad … … … ... 311 343 262 -16%
Worldd 82% 81% 89% 9% 148 136 125 -16%
a Source: World Bank, Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 4 July 2013
The percentage of children aged 12-23 months who received vaccinations before 12 months. A child is considered adequately immunised after
one dose.
b Source: World Health Organisation, World Health Statistics 2007 and 2013
Data for all forms of tuberculosis including tuberculosis in people with infected with HIV.
Tuberculosis deathsa per 100,000, 1990-2009
Country 1990 2000 2011 Changeb, 1990-2011

Algeria 10 13 13 30%
Angola 35 37 37 6%
Benin 19 13 9 -53%
Botswana 77 54 24 -69%
Burkina Faso 14 13 9 -36%
Burundi 23 39 19 -17%
Cameroon 19 50 29 53%
Cape Verde 35 33 24 -31%
Central African Republic 121 142 53 -56%
Chad 14 24 18 29%
Comoros 10 7 6 -40%
Congo (DRC) 73 60 54 -26%
Congo (Rep.) 29 35 43 48%
Côte d'Ivoire 39 55 24 -38%
Djibouti 88 56 76 -14%
Egypt 3 2 1 -67%
Equatorial Guinea 20 20 10 -50%
Eritrea 12 8 5 -58%
Ethiopia 49 41 18 -63%
Gabon 40 80 45 13%
Gambia 36 37 49 36%
Ghana 32 23 8 -75%
Guinea 62 44 23 -63%
Guinea-Bissau 21 31 24 14%
Kenya 28 19 22 -21%
Lesotho 21 15 17 -19%
Liberia 35 53 45 29%
Libya 10 5 6 -40%
Madagascar 113 68 46 -59%
Malawi 35 29 12 -66%
Mali 14 12 9 -36%
Mauritania 15 52 83 453%
Mauritius 3 1 1 -67%
Morocco 23 14 9 -61%
Mozambique 84 60 47 -44%
Namibia 5 24 14 180%
Niger 98 45 17 -83%
Nigeria 29 34 17 -41%
Rwanda 37 48 11 -70%
health
São Tomé and Príncipe 26 13 16 -38%

Senegal 24 26 19 -21%
Seychelles 2 2 2 0%
Sierra Leone 60 92 159 165%
Somalia 86 64 59 -31%
South Africa 40 43 49 23%
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan 44 27 22 -50%
Swaziland ... ... ... ...
Tanzania 35 19 14 -60%
Togo 7 13 9 29%
Tunisia 3 3 3 0%
Uganda 45 43 14 -69%
Zambia 56 34 24 -57%
Zimbabwe 24 10 47 96%
Sub-Saharan Africac 40 36 24 -40%
Worldc 24 22 14 -42%
Source: World Bank, Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 4 July 2013
a The tuberculosis death rate excludes patients with HIV.


Tuberculosis deaths, 1990, 2000 and 2011 Per 100,000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia 1990
Libya 2000
Madagascar 2011
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
HealtH
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-Saharan Africa
World
Source: World Bank, Health, Nutrition and Population Statistics, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 4 July 2013

Prevalence of HIVa, 1990-2009
Country 1990 2000 2005 2009

Algeria … … … …
Angola 1% 2% 2% 2%
Benin 3% 2% 1% 1%
Botswana 6% 27% 26% 24%
Burkina Faso 4% 2% 2% 1%
Burundi 2% 4% 2% 2%
Cameroon 1% 5% 5% 5%
Cape Verde 1% 1% 1% 1%
Central African Republic 9% 9% 7% 5%
Chad 2% 4% 3% 3%
Comoros 0% 0% 0% 0%
Congo (DRC) … … … …
Congo (Rep.) 5% 4% 3% 3%
Côte d'Ivoire 6% 7% 5% 3%
Djibouti 1% 3% 2% 2%
Egypt 0% 0% 0% 0%
Equatorial Guinea 1% 2% 3% 4%
Eritrea 0% 1% 1% 1%
Ethiopia 1% 4% 3% 2%
Gabon 1% 5% 6% 5%
Gambia 0% 1% 1% 1%
Ghana 1% 2% 2% 2%
Guinea 1% 2% 2% 1%
Guinea-Bissau 0% 1% 2% 2%
Kenya 3% 9% 7% 6%
Lesotho 1% 23% 23% 23%
Liberia 1% 3% 2% 1%
Libya … … … …
Madagascar 0% 0% 0% 0%
Malawi 8% 14% 13% 11%
Mali 1% 2% 1% 1%
Mauritania 0% 1% 1% 1%
Mauritius 0% 1% 1% 1%
Morocco 0% 0% 0% 0%
Mozambique 0% 9% 1% 11%
Namibia 2% 15% 15% 14%
Niger 0% 1% 1% 1%
Nigeria 1% 4% 4% 4%
Rwanda 6% 4% 3% 3%
health
São Tomé and Príncipe 0% 1% 1% 1%

Senegal 0% 0% 1% 1%
Sierra Leone 0% 1% 1% 2%
Somalia 1% 1% 1% 1%
South Africa 1% 15% 17% 17%
Sudan 0% 1% 0% 0%
Swaziland 3% 21% 25% 26%
Tanzania 5% 8% 6% 6%
Togo 2% 4% 4% 4%
Tunisia 0% 0% 0% 0%
Uganda 13% 7% 6% 7%
Zambia 14% 14% 14% 13%
Zimbabwe 14% 26% 19% 16%
Sub-Saharan Africab 2% 5% 5% …
Worldb … … 1% …
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 24 July 2013
a The share of the population aged 15 to 49 years who are infected with HIV.

New HIV infectionsa, 1990-2009
Country 1990 2000 2005 2009 Changeb, 1990-2009

Algeria ... ... ... ... ...
Angola 9,900 17,000 21,000 22,000 122%
Benin 2,100 4,900 4,700 4,900 133%
Botswana 8,900 28,000 17,000 14,000 57%
Burkina Faso 26,000 10,000 7,300 6,800 -74%
Burundi ... ... ... ... ...
Cameroon 14,000 53,000 58,000 58,000 314%
Cape Verde ... ... ... ... ...
Central African Republic 17,000 15,000 9,200 5,200 -69%
Chad ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 8,400 7,300 7,100 6,500 -23%
Côte d'Ivoire 52,000 50,000 30,000 17,000 -67%
Djibouti 1,000 1,300 1,200 1,300 30%
Egypt ... ... ... ... ...
Eritrea 1,800 2,600 1,900 1,300 -28%
Ethiopia ... ... ... ... ...
Gabon 1,300 4,500 3,600 3,600 177%
Gambia ... ... ... ... ...
Ghana 8,300 24,000 23,000 22,000 165%
Guinea 9,400 7,700 7,500 6,200 -34%
Guinea-Bissau 500 2,300 2,400 2,100 320%
Kenya 150,000 100,000 120,000 110,000 -27%
Lesotho 3,300 26,000 26,000 23,000 597%
Liberia ... ... ... ... ...
Libya ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar ... ... ... ... ...
Malawi 92,000 85,000 80,000 73,000 -21%
Mali 7,200 7,100 5,300 4,600 -36%
Mauritania ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritius ... ... ... ... ...
Morocco ... ... ... ... ...
Mozambique 25,000 140,000 150,000 130,000 420%
Namibia 3,800 24,000 12,000 5,800 53%
Niger 1,300 6,300 5,700 6,100 369%
Nigeria 320,000 290,000 320,000 340,000 6%
Rwanda 21,000 16,000 10,000 8,800 -58%
HealtH
Senegal 1,400 5,100 6,100 6,000 329%
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 200 5,000 5,600 4,700 2,250%
Somalia ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 60,000 640,000 460,000 390,000 550%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ...
Swaziland 3,200 20,000 18,000 14,000 338%
Tanzania 160,000 130,000 130,000 100,000 -38%
Togo 4,100 12,000 11,000 10,000 144%
Tunisia ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda 200,000 94,000 110,000 120,000 -40%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 85,000 90,000 93,000 76,000 -11%
Zimbabwe 180,000 140,000 91,000 62,000 -66%
Sub-Saharan Africac 1,478,100 2,058,100 1,847,600 1,654,900 12%
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org; accessed 24 July 2013


People living with HIV/AIDS and antiretroviral coverage, 1990-2009
Antiretroviral coverage,
People living with HIV/AIDSa share of people with
advanced HIVb
Country 1990 2000 2005 2009 Changec, 2009
1990-2009
Algeria ... 5,600 12,000 18,000 ... 28%
Angola 28,000 140,000 170,000 200,000 614% 27%
Benin 5,500 49,000 54,000 60,000 991% 53%
Botswana 23,000 260,000 290,000 320,000 1,291% 90%
Burkina Faso 160,000 150,000 120,000 110,000 -31% 44%
Burundi 93,000 170,000 180,000 180,000 94% 35%
Cameroon 33,000 460,000 540,000 610,000 1,748% 33%
Cape Verde ... ... ... ... ... 44%
Central African Republic 44,000 190,000 160,000 130,000 195% 23%
Chad 31,000 130,000 180,000 210,000 577% 39%
Comoros 100 100 200 500 400% 15%
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 63,000 68,000 73,000 77,000 22% 24%
Côte d'Ivoire 140,000 640,000 540,000 450,000 221% 37%
Djibouti 2,500 12,000 13,000 14,000 460% 19%
Egypt 500 2,800 6,400 11,000 2,100% 10%
Equatorial Guinea 500 4,400 13,000 20,000 3,900% ...
Eritrea 4,700 25,000 26,000 25,000 432% 43%
Ethiopia ... ... ... ... ... 36%
Gabon 3,900 34,000 42,000 46,000 1,079% 48%
Gambia 1,000 3,500 8,900 18,000 1,700% 21%
Ghana 22,000 250,000 260,000 260,000 1,082% 28%
Guinea 34,000 78,000 78,000 79,000 132% 43%
Guinea-Bissau 1,400 13,000 19,000 22,000 1,471% 41%
Kenya 400,000 1,500,000 1,400,000 1,500,000 275% 51%
Lesotho 6,100 240,000 260,000 290,000 4,654% 50%
Liberia 2,600 52,000 44,000 37,000 1,323% 19%
Libya ... ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 12,000 17,000 21,000 24,000 100% 2%
Malawi 310,000 850,000 880,000 920,000 197% 47%
Mali 15,000 91,000 81,000 76,000 407% 43%
Mauritania 1,800 8,100 12,000 14,000 678% 21%
Mauritius 500 2,600 5,800 8,800 1,660% 19%
Morocco 3,400 13,000 19,000 26,000 665% 31%
Mozambique 76,000 750,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,742% 34%
Namibia 11,000 150,000 180,000 180,000 1,536% 78%
Niger 3,500 51,000 57,000 61,000 1,643% 27%
health
Nigeria 590,000 2,600,000 2,900,000 3,300,000 459% 25%

Rwanda 160,000 170,000 160,000 170,000 6% 77%
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ... ... ... 39%
Senegal 5,600 30,000 47,000 59,000 954% 68%
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 500 21,000 40,000 49,000 9,700% 22%
Somalia 2,100 9,200 19,000 34,000 1,519% 4%
South Africa 140,000 4,200,000 5,300,000 5,600,000 3,900% 42%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 12,000 61,000 140,000 260,000 2,067% 8%
Swaziland 9,000 120,000 160,000 180,000 1,900% 64%
Tanzania 600,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 133% 32%
Togo 11,000 99,000 120,000 120,000 991% 26%
Tunisia 200 1,000 1,400 2,400 1,100% 70%
Uganda 870,000 980,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 38% 41%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 500,000 810,000 890,000 980,000 96% 81%
Zimbabwe 510,000 1,700,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 135% 37%
Sub-Saharan Africad 4,943,400 18,611,300 20,522,700 21,951,700 344% 41%
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 24 July 2013
a Estimated total number of people with HIV/AIDS is the number of people living with HIV.
b Advanced HIV infection currently receiving antiretroviral therapy among the estimated number of people needing antiretroviral therapy based
on WHO 2010 guidelines.

AIDS deaths in adults and childrena, 1990-2009
Changeb, Changeb,
Country 1990 2000 2005 2009
1990-2000 2000-2009
Algeria 100 200 1,000 1,000 100% 0%
Angola 1,000 9,200 13,000 11,000 820% -15%
Benin 200 3,000 3,700 2,700 1,400% -27%
Botswana 1,000 13,000 12,000 5,800 1,200% -52%
Burkina Faso 6,700 15,000 12,000 7,100 124% -41%
Burundi 3,900 14,000 15,000 15,000 259% 0%
Cameroon 1,000 27,000 38,000 37,000 2,600% -3%
Cape Verde ... ... ... ... … …
Central African Republic 1,000 14,000 15,000 11,000 1,300% -27%
Chad 1,400 7,900 13,000 11,000 464% -15%
Comoros 100 100 100 100 0% 0%
Congo (DRC) ... ... ... ... … …
Congo (Rep.) 3,000 5,700 5,700 5,100 90% -11%
Côte d'Ivoire 3,900 48,000 50,000 36,000 1,131% -28%
Djibouti 100 1,000 1,000 1,000 900% 0%
Egypt 100 200 500 500 100% 0%
Equatorial Guinea 100 200 1,000 1,000 100% 0%
Eritrea 200 1,600 2,200 1,700 700% -23%
Ethiopia ... ... ... ... … …
Gabon 200 1,800 2,300 2,400 800% 4%
Gambia 100 200 500 1,000 100% 100%
Ghana 1,000 15,000 20,000 18,000 1,400% -10%
Guinea 1,100 6,100 6,400 4,700 455% -27%
Guinea-Bissau 100 1,000 1,200 1,200 900% 0%
Kenya 10,000 120,000 120,000 80,000 1,100% -33%
Lesotho 100 12,000 19,000 14,000 11,900% -26%
Liberia 100 3,500 4,300 3,600 3,400% -16%
Libya ... ... ... ... … …
Madagascar 1,000 1,300 1,500 1,700 30% 13%
Malawi 11,000 64,000 72,000 51,000 482% -29%
Mali 500 6,900 6,100 4,400 1,280% -28%
Mauritania 100 500 1,000 1,000 400% 0%
Mauritius 100 100 500 500 0% 0%
Morocco 200 1,000 1,000 1,200 400% 20%
Mozambique 2,200 36,000 71,000 74,000 1,536% 4%
Namibia 500 6,700 11,000 6,700 1,240% -39%
Niger 200 2,900 4,600 4,300 1,350% -7%
Nigeria 10,000 200,000 230,000 220,000 1,900% -4%
Rwanda 8,400 15,000 12,000 4,100 79% -66%
HealtH
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ... … …
Senegal 500 1,600 2,100 2,600 220% 24%
Seychelles ... ... ... … …
Sierra Leone 100 1,000 2,100 2,800 900% 33%
Somalia 200 500 1,000 1,600 150% 60%
South Africa 2,900 170,000 350,000 310,000 5,762% -11%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... … …
Sudan 1,000 3,000 6,700 12,000 200% 79%
Swaziland 500 5,700 11,000 7,000 1,040% -36%
Tanzania 21,000 110,000 120,000 86,000 424% -28%
Togo 500 5,600 7,900 7,700 1,020% -3%
Tunisia 100 100 100 100 0% 0%
Uganda 37,000 89,000 78,000 64,000 141% -18%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... … …
Zambia 23,000 66,000 65,000 45,000 187% -31%
Zimbabwe 14,000 130,000 130,000 83,000 829% -36%
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 20 June 2013
surveillance data using standard and appropriate tools. According to the World Health Organisation’s Global Burden of Disease study, most
HIV/AIDS deaths worldwide occur in Africa. Around 70% of all HIV/AIDS deaths in 2011 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, the number
of people dying from AIDS-related causes is steadily decreasing from a peak of 2.2 million deaths in 2005 to an estimated 1.6 million in 2011.
HIV testing and counselling uptake has improved and access to antiretroviral therapy has increased, but many people living with HIV in low- and
middle-income countries still do not know their HIV status.

AIDS deathsa, 2009 Per 100,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
health
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 20 June 2013
surveillance data using standard and appropriate tools. According to the World Health Organisation’s Global Burden of Disease study, most HIV/
AIDS deaths worldwide occur in Africa.

non-communicable diseases
Cancer deaths per 100,000 30-70 year olds, 2002 and 2008
Country 2002 2008 Changea, 2002-2008

Algeria 103 127 23%
Angola 179 130 -27%
Benin 154 161 5%
Botswana 124 66 -47%
Burkina Faso 162 143 -12%
Burundi 146 161 10%
Cameroon 150 122 -19%
Cape Verde 127 144 13%
Central African Republic 154 121 -21%
Chad 156 130 -17%
Comoros 128 140 9%
Congo (DRC) 161 138 -14%
Congo (Rep.) 134 113 -16%
Côte d'Ivoire 160 104 -35%
Djibouti 116 126 9%
Egypt 84 130 55%
Equatorial Guinea 155 120 -23%
Eritrea 133 119 -11%
Ethiopia 147 132 -10%
Gabon 158 117 -26%
Gambia 144 183 27%
Ghana 138 151 9%
Guinea 156 177 13%
Guinea-Bissau 159 166 4%
Kenya 139 178 28%
Lesotho 139 109 -22%
Liberia 169 149 -12%
Libya 79 140 77%
Madagascar 147 154 5%
Malawi 150 163 9%
Mali 166 171 3%
Mauritania 158 147 -7%
Mauritius 79 110 39%
Morocco 67 127 90%
Mozambique 124 143 15%
Namibia 146 73 -50%
Niger 169 129 -24%
Nigeria 157 148 -6%
Rwanda 150 158 5%
HealtH
São Tomé and Príncipe 133 169 27%
Senegal 146 152 4%
Seychelles 131 199 52%
Sierra Leone 181 133 -27%
Somalia 143 150 5%
South Africa 154 193 25%
Sudan 112 100 -13%
Swaziland 162 117 -28%
Tanzania 151 113 -25%
Togo 147 143 -3%
Tunisia 78 127 63%
Uganda 146 191 31%
Zambia 122 166 36%
Zimbabwe 122 157 29%
Africab 144 147 2%
Worldb 132 150 14%


Obesity, smoking and diabetes, latest year
Prevalence of obesitya Prevalence of smokingb Prevalence of diabetesc

2008 2009 2012
Country Male Female Male Female Both sexes
Algeria 10.7% 24.3% … … 7.5%
Angolad 3.8% 10.2% … … 2.9%
Benin 3.5% 9.5% 15% 1% 1.7%
Botswana 3.0% 22.8% … … 10.8%
Burkina Faso 1.7% 3.0% 18% 8% 3.0%
Burundid 2.8% 3.7% … … 2.7%
Cameroon 7.0% 15.1% 14% 2% 6.2%
Cape Verde 6.3% 15.3% 14% 3% 5.4%
Central African Republic 2.0% 5.3% … … 3.1%
Chad 2.4% 3.8% 22% 3% 3.6%
Comoros 3.5% 5.3% 24% 9% 8.4%
Congo (DRC) 0.7% 3.0% 10% 2% 3.0%
Congo (Rep.) 2.8% 7.5% 10% … 5.5%
Côte d'Ivoire 3.9% 9.7% 17% 4% 4.9%
Djiboutid 6.7% 13.8% … … 6.3%
Egypt 22.5% 46.3% 40% … 16.6%
Equatorial Guinead 7.9% 14.8% … … 4.2%
Eritrea 1.3% 2.3% 10% 2% 3.4%
Ethiopia 0.9% 1.6% 8% … 3.3%
Gabon 8.4% 21.5% 19% 3% 10.2%
Gambia 2.3% 14.4% 31% 3% 2.0%
Ghana 4.4% 11.7% 11% 3% 3.2%
Guinea 4.3% 5.1% 25% 2% 4.4%
Guinea-Bissaud 2.6% 8.1% … … 3.0%
Kenya 2.5% 6.8% 26% 1% 4.7%
Lesotho 3.1% 26.6% … … 3.5%
Liberia 3.1% 7.7% 14% … 3.1%
Libya 21.5% 41.3% 47% … 10.6%
Madagascar 1.8% 1.5% … … 5.1%
Malawi 2.6% 6.2% 26% 4% 5.6%
Mali 2.4% 6.8% 28% 2% 1.7%
Mauritania 4.3% 23.3% 29% 4% 3.6%
Mauritius 12.9% 23.0% 31% 2% 14.8%
Morocco 11.1% 23.1% 33% 2% 7.4%
Mozambique 2.6% 7.8% 18% 2% 3.1%
Namibia 4.3% 16.8% 30% 9% 7.7%
Niger 1.5% 3.7% 9% … 4.2%
Nigeria 5.1% 9.0% 10% 3% 4.8%
Rwanda 4.9% 4.0% … … 3.1%
São Tomé and Príncipe 6.4% 15.4% 9% 2% 5.5%
health
Senegal 3.2% 12.5% 16% … 3.3%

Seychelles 15.1% 33.7% 24% 5% 12.1%
Sierra Leone 3.6% 10.1% 39% 8% 3.1%
Somaliad 3.4% 7.1% … … 3.9%
South Africa 23.2% 42.8% 24% 8% 7.0%
Sudand 4.1% 8.9% 24% 2% 9.1%
Swaziland 6.1% 37.1% 16% 2% 3.1%
Tanzania 4.0% 6.8% 21% 3% 2.8%
Togo 3.0% 6.1% … … 5.2%
Tunisia 13.9% 33.4% 58% 5% 9.5%
Uganda 4.3% 4.9% 16% 3% 2.9%
Zambia 1.2% 7.0% 24% 4% 5.1%
Zimbabwe 2.8% 13.8% 30% 4% 9.8%
Africae 5.3% 11.1% 17% 3% …
Worlde 10.0% 14.0% 36% 8% …
United Statese 30.2% 33.2% … … …
Australiae 25.2% 24.9% … … …
United Kingdome 24.4% 25.2% … … …
a Source: World Health Organisation, World Health Statistics 2012

Obese adults as share of population over 20. A person who is obese is a person with a body mass index (BMI) of over 30.00 kg/m2.
b Source: World Health Organisation, World Health Statistics 2013
Prevalence of smoking any tobacco product among population over 15.
c Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 13 September 2013
People with diabetes have increased risk of heart disease and stroke. Deaths due to diabetes have been increasing since the year 2000, reaching 1.4
million deaths in 2011. According to the World Health Organisation’s Global Burden of Disease study, almost one in every 10 adults worldwide
d Figures for obesity are modelled estimates

e As calculated by the source. The United States, Australia and the United Kingdom are the countries with the highest prevalence of obesity.

Education
SPEndIng on EdUCATIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
8
Public expenditure per pupil (PPP $), 2000 and 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Public expenditure on education as share of total government expenditure, 2000–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Public expenditure on education as share of GDP, 2000–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Public expenditure per pupil as proportion of GDP per capita, 2000–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Foreign aid to education, 2002/2003 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
TEAChERS, bookS And bUIldIngS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

Pupils per teacher in primary schools, 1990–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Pupils per teacher in secondary schools, 1990–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Pupils per textbook in primary school, 2009–2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
School infrastructure, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
CoVERAgE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Gross enrolment in education, 2000-2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
School life expectancy, latest years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Primary school enrolment, 1990–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Persistence to last grade of primary school, 1990–2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Share of children that complete primary school, 1990-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Secondary school enrolment, 1990–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Enrolment in tertiary education, 1990–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Share of pupils and students enrolled in private education, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
EdUCATIonAl oUTComES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Youth literacy and numeracy, 2000 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Outbound and inbound students as share of total, 2000–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Tertiary graduates by selected disciplines as share of total, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Research in Africa, by number of research papers published, 2004–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Top African universities, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Quality of education, 2012–2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Failure of education, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
education

Spending on education
Public expenditure per pupil (PPP $a), 2000 and 2010
Primary Secondary Tertiary

Country 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010
Algeria 525 … 921 … … …
Angola … … … … … …
Benin 132 220 268 … 2,320 …
Botswana … … … … … …
Burkina Faso … 235 … 266 … 2,933
Burundi 41 81 … 273 3,397 2,035
Cameroon … 151 … 574 … 635
Cape Verde … … … … … …
Central African Republic … 35 … … … 760
Chad … 123 … 262 … 3,672
Comoros … … … … … …
Congo (DRC) … 18 … 56 … …
Congo (Rep.) … 467 … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 217 … 535 … … …
Egypt … … … … … …
Eritrea … … … … … …
Ethiopia … 173 … 94 … 222
Gabon … … … … … …
Gambia … 389 … 257 … …
Ghana … … … … … …
Guinea … 107 … … … 1,469
Kenya 243 … 163 … 2,363 …
Lesotho 273 … 772 … 8,481 …
Liberia … … … … … …
Libya … … … … … …
Madagascar … … … … … …
Malawi 66 53 149 182 14,733 15,137
Mali … 151 … 336 … 1,728
Mauritania … 320 … 745 … 4,628
Mauritius … 1,465 … … … 1,787
Morocco 468 … 1,159 … 2,898 …
Mozambique … … … … … …
Namibia 864 1,130 1,320 … … …
Niger … 156 … 306 … 3,241
Nigeria … … … … … …
Rwanda 65 94 248 423 7,131 2,130
Senegal … 315 … 538 … 3,598
Sierra Leone … … … … … …
Somalia … … … … … …
South Africa 906 1,809 1,157 2,037 … …
Sudan … … … … … …
Swaziland 351 859 956 1,804 15,918 …
Tanzania … … … 222 … 11,883
Togo 93 106 199 … … 792
Tunisia 751 … 1,299 … 3,831 4,650
Uganda … 71 … … … …
Zambia 63 … … … 1,456 …
Zimbabwe … … … … … …
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education, accessed 26 June 2013

education
a Purchasing power parity (PPP) adjusts exchange rates of countries to account for different costs of the same basket of goods. It shows
each country's GDP as if all countries were at the same price level and is expressed in international dollars.

Public expenditure on education as share of total government expenditurea, 2000–2011
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011 Changeb, 2000–2010

Algeria … … … … …
Angola … … 8.5% … …
Benin 15.5% 17.9% 27.8% … 78.8%
Botswana … 21.5% … … …
Burkina Faso … 16.4% 20.8% … …
Burundi 13.1% 17.7% 25.1% 24.1% 92.0%
Cameroon 9.8% 15.9% 17.9% 16.3% 81.7%
Cape Verde … … 14.4% … …
Central African Republic 16.4% 12.8% 12.0% … -26.5%
Chad 12.8% 10.1% 10.1% … -21.2%
Congo (DRC) … … 8.9% … …
Congo (Rep.) … 8.1% … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 20.8% 21.8% … … …
Egypt … 16.0% … … …
Ethiopia 11.3% … 25.4% … 124.9%
Gabon … … … … …
Gambia 14.2% … 22.8% 19.7% 60.2%
Ghana … 26.0% 24.4% … …
Guinea … … 15.3% 19.0% …
Kenya 25.8% 17.9% 17.2% … -33.2%
Lesotho 18.5% 29.8% … … …
Libya … … … … …
Madagascar 17.8% 18.9% … 20.1% …
Malawi 15.1% … 12.1% 14.7% -19.8%
Mali 15.3% 14.8% 16.4% 18.2% 7.3%
Mauritania … … 15.2% 14.7% …
Mauritius 13.6% 14.3% 13.7% … 0.8%
Morocco 23.5% … … … …
Mozambique … … … … …
Namibia 21.0% … … … …
Niger 19.4% … 16.9% 21.7% -12.9%
Rwanda 21.0% … 18.2% 17.2% -13.4%
Senegal … 18.9% … … …
Sierra Leone … … 13.9% 13.7% …
South Africa 18.1% 17.9% 19.2% … 6.0%
Sudan … … … … …
Swaziland … … 16.0% 21.0% …
Tanzania … … 18.3% … …
Togo 23.2% 18.7% 13.9% 14.3% -39.9%
Tunisia 17.4% 20.8% 21.5% … 23.8%
Uganda … … 15.0% 17.2% …
Zambia 6.4% … … … …
Zimbabwe … … 8.3% … …
Sub-Saharan Africac … … 16.2% … …
Worldc 14.2% 14.7% … … …
education
Source: World Bank, Education Statistics – All indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 20 May 2013
a Public expenditure on education consists of current and capital public expenditure on education and includes government spending on
educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (such as students/
households and other privates entities).

Public expenditure on education, 2005 and 2010 % of total government expenditure
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
2005
Libya
Madagascar 2010
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-Saharan Africa
World
education
educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (such as students,

Public expenditure on education as share of GDPa, 2000–2011
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011 Changeb, 2000–2010

Angola 2.6% 2.8% 3.5% … 33.3%
Benin 3.3% 4.1% 5.3% … 62.4%
Botswana … 9.5% … … …
Burkina Faso … 4.4% 4.0% … …
Burundi 2.8% 3.6% 6.8% 6.1% 146.4%
Cameroon 1.9% 3.1% 3.5% 3.2% 80.6%
Cape Verde … … 5.6% … …
Central African Republic 1.6% 1.6% 1.2% 1.2% -25.3%
Chad 2.6% 2.1% 2.5% 2.9% -6.6%
Congo (DRC) … … 2.5% … …
Congo (Rep.) … 1.8% 6.2% … …
Côte d'Ivoire 3.8% 4.3% … … …
Djibouti 9.7% 8.4% … … …
Egypt … 4.8% … … …
Equatorial Guinea 0.7% … … … …
Eritrea 3.2% … … … …
Ethiopia 3.9% … 4.7% … 19.6%
Gabon 3.8% … … … …
Gambia 1.5% … 4.2% 3.9% 183.5%
Ghana … 7.4% 5.5% 8.2% …
Guinea 2.6% 1.8% 3.7% 3.1% 42.4%
Kenya 5.2% 7.3% 6.7% … 28.6%
Lesotho 11.8% 14.8% … … …
Libya … … … … …
Madagascar 2.9% 3.8% … 2.8% …
Malawi 5.2% … 4.4% 5.4% -17.0%
Mali 3.6% 4.1% 4.3% 4.8% 18.8%
Mauritania … … 4.3% 3.9% …
Mauritius 3.8% 4.2% 3.7% … -4.1%
Morocco 5.8% … … … …
Mozambique … 5.2% … … …
Namibia 7.9% … 8.3% … 5.2%
Niger 3.2% … 3.9% 4.5% 23.7%
Rwanda 4.1% … 5.0% 4.8% 22.2%
Senegal 3.2% 5.1% 5.6% … 78.4%
Sierra Leone 4.9% 3.7% 3.5% 3.6% -29.4%
South Africa 5.6% 5.3% 6.0% … 7.1%
Sudan … … … … …
Swaziland 5.5% 7.4% 7.4% 8.2% 34.8%
Tanzania … … 6.2% … …
Togo 4.5% 3.4% 4.4% 4.6% -2.5%
Tunisia 6.2% 6.5% 6.2% … 0.4%
Uganda 2.5% … 2.6% 3.2% 5.0%
Zambia 2.0% 2.0% … … …
Zimbabwe … … 2.5% … …
Sub-Saharan Africac 3.5% 4.1% 4.3% … 25.1%
Worldc 3.9% 4.4% … … …
education
educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (such as students,

Public expenditure per pupil as proportion of GDP per capitaa, 2000–2011
Country 2000 2005 2010 2011

Angola … … 11.3% …
Benin 17.7% 17.0% … …
Botswana … … … …
Burkina Faso … 38.5% 24.6% …
Burundi … 21.3% 25.1% …
Cameroon 9.7% 13.5% 12.5% 11.2%
Cape Verde … … 16.7% …
Central African Republic … … … 6.8%
Chad … 13.6% 12.6% 13.7%
Congo (DRC) … … … …
Congo (Rep.) … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 23.3% … … …
Djibouti 130.0% 81.3% … …
Egypt … … … …
Equatorial Guinea 3.2% … … …
Eritrea 26.5% … … …
Ethiopia 34.7% … 20.3% …
Gabon … … … …
Gambia … … … …
Ghana … 31.2% … …
Guinea … 9.7% … 12.9%
Guinea-Bissau … … … …
Kenya 19.1% 24.7% … …
Lesotho 47.6% … … …
Liberia … … … …
Libya … … … …
Madagascar … 15.6% … …
Malawi … … … …
Mali 31.1% … 22.6% 24.7%
Mauritania … … … …
Mauritius 15.4% 16.7% 14.7% …
Morocco 26.4% … … …
Mozambique … … … …
Namibia 26.8% … … …
Niger … … 28.9% 30.4%
Nigeria … … … …
Rwanda … … 17.9% 16.8%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … … …
Senegal … 28.0% 26.3% …
Sierra Leone … … … …
South Africa … … … …
Sudan … … … …
Swaziland … 24.5% … …
Tanzania … … 23.1% …
Togo 18.0% 12.8% … 14.4%
Tunisia 21.3% 22.7% … …
Uganda … … … …
Zambia … … … …
Zimbabwe … … … …
education
a Public expenditure per student is the public spending on education divided by the total number of students, as a percentage of GDP per
capita. Public expenditure includes current and capital government spending.

Foreign aid to educationa, 2002/2003 and 2010
Constant 2010 US$m
Country 2002/2003 annual average 2010 Changeb, 2002/2003–2010

Algeria 132 148 12%
Angola 42 26 -38%
Benin 43 70 63%
Botswana 3 35 1067%
Burkina Faso 87 132 52%
Burundi 13 45 246%
Cameroon 122 110 -10%
Cape Verde 37 41 11%
Central African Republic 9 17 89%
Chad 27 15 -44%
Comoros 13 15 15%
Congo (DRC) 120 145 21%
Congo (Rep.) 26 21 -19%
Côte d'Ivoire 91 72 -21%
Djibouti 29 30 3%
Egypt 108 137 27%
Equatorial Guinea 9 10 11%
Eritrea 18 18 0%
Ethiopia 103 308 199%
Gabon 31 30 -3%
Gambia 9 7 -22%
Ghana 123 167 36%
Guinea 45 38 -16%
Guinea-Bissau 10 22 120%
Kenya 84 48 -43%
Lesotho 23 21 -9%
Liberia 3 50 1567%
Libya … 9 …
Madagascar 81 51 -37%
Malawi 73 152 108%
Mali 98 156 59%
Mauritania 34 33 -3%
Mauritius 17 27 59%
Morocco 300 270 -10%
Mozambique 152 259 70%
Namibia 26 21 -19%
Niger 55 48 -13%
Nigeria 35 165 371%
Rwanda 60 104 73%
São Tomé and Príncipe 6 7 17%
Senegal 115 172 50%
Seychelles 1 5 400%
Sierra Leone 23 35 52%
Somalia 4 37 825%
South Africa 114 108 -5%
Sudan 25 75 200%
Swaziland 3 12 300%
Tanzania 284 323 14%
Togo 15 33 120%
Tunisia 103 133 29%
Uganda 211 188 -11%
Zambia 127 109 -14%
Zimbabwe 13 21 62%
Sub-Saharan Africac 2,689 3,718 38%
education
Worldc 7,616 13,468 77%
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2012


Teachers, books and buildings
Pupils per teacher in primary schoolsa, 1990–2011
Country 1990 2000 2005 2011 Changeb, 1990–2011

Algeria 27.8 28.4 25.4 23.3 -16.3%
Angola … … … … …
Benin 30.5 52.6 46.8 44.2 44.7%
Botswana 31.7 26.7 25.6 … …
Burkina Faso 55.2 48.9 47.2 52.7 -4.5%
Burundi 65.9 55.4 48.7 48.3 -26.7%
Cameroon 51.5 … 47.8 45.4 -11.7%
Cape Verde 33.4 28.7 26.0 23.3 -30.4%
Central African Republic 90.4 … 88.6 81.3 -10.0%
Chad 67.2 68.6 63.2 62.6 -6.8%
Comoros 35.7 36.8 35.0 27.7 -22.3%
Congo (DRC) … … … 37.4 …
Congo (Rep.) 64.4 60.5 … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 36.3 45.0 … 48.8 34.6%
Djibouti 44.1 … 34.6 35.2 -20.2%
Egypt 25.1 23.0 25.6 … …
Equatorial Guinea … 43.4 … 27.9 …
Eritrea 38.2 47.5 47.5 40.5 6.0%
Ethiopia 40.7 67.3 … 55.1 35.4%
Gabon … … … 24.5 …
Gambia 31.1 37.4 36.6 37.6 21.1%
Ghana 27.1 33.8 32.8 31.0 14.6%
Guinea 38.2 45.6 44.9 44.1 15.3%
Guinea-Bissau … 44.1 … … …
Kenya … 34.4 44.8 … …
Lesotho 54.5 47.9 41.6 33.9 -37.9%
Liberia … 38.3 … 26.8 …
Libya … … … … …
Madagascar 39.9 48.0 53.6 43.2 8.5%
Malawi … … 71.0 76.1 …
Mali 44.9 65.3 54.4 48.5 8.0%
Mauritania 44.4 45.0 40.3 39.3 -11.4%
Mauritius 21.1 26.1 22.3 20.4 -3.6%
Morocco 25.0 28.8 27.1 26.4 5.7%
Mozambique 54.5 64.0 66.3 55.4 1.6%
Namibia … 31.6 30.8 … …
Niger 40.7 40.7 43.7 39.0 -4.2%
Nigeria 41.0 42.9 36.9 … …
Rwanda 50.1 54.0 69.0 58.1 15.9%
São Tomé and Príncipe 35.5 … 30.8 29.8 -16.0%
Senegal 57.6 50.9 41.7 32.9 -42.8%
Seychelles … 14.7 13.7 13.3 …
Sierra Leone 34.7 … … 31.3 -9.6%
South Africa … 33.5 29.6 … …
Sudan … … 29.0 … …
Swaziland 32.7 31.3 32.9 29.3 -10.7%
Tanzania 34.9 41.4 55.9 … …
Togo 55.6 37.5 33.6 40.9 -26.4%
Tunisia 29.7 23.2 20.0 17.4 -41.6%
Uganda 29.4 59.4 49.9 47.8 62.8%
Zambia 44.0 57.8 65.9 62.6 42.3%
Zimbabwe 35.8 … … … …
Sub-Saharan Africac 36.6 42.4 43.5 42.5 16.1%
Worldc 26.0 26.4 25.4 24.2 -6.8%
education
a The average number of pupils per teacher in primary schools is the number of pupils enrolled divided by the number of teachers.

Pupils per teacher in primary schoolsa, 1990, 2000 and 2011
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
1990
Libya
Madagascar 2000
Malawi 2011
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-Saharan Africa
World
education
a The average number of pupils per teacher in primary schools is the number of pupils enrolled divided by the number of teachers.

Pupils per teacher in secondary schoolsa, 1990–2011
Country 1990 2000 2005 2011 Changeb, 1990–2011

Algeria 17.9 … … … …
Angola … 18.8 … … …
Benin … 23.4 … … …
Botswana 16.6 17.3 13.8 … …
Burkina Faso … … … 26.5 …
Burundi 17.7 … 22.8 29.4 65.6%
Cameroon 25.9 23.6 16.2 24.1 -6.8%
Cape Verde … … 23.5 17.2 …
Central African Republic 37.3 … … 66.8 79.1%
Chad … 32.2 33.5 32.0 …
Comoros … … 13.8 … …
Congo (DRC) … … … 15.2 …
Congo (Rep.) 27.1 … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire … … … … …
Djibouti 27.9 … … 27.9 0.0%
Egypt 21.3 16.9 … … …
Equatorial Guinea … 23.2 … … …
Eritrea … 54.1 51.3 39.5 …
Ethiopia … … … 40.3 …
Gabon … … … … …
Gambia … … … … …
Ghana 18.2 19.1 18.9 18.7 2.6%
Guinea … … 34.4 33.1 …
Guinea-Bissau … 15.0 … … …
Kenya … … 24.8 … …
Lesotho … 22.1 27.0 … …
Liberia … 26.4 … … …
Libya … … … … …
Madagascar 21.7 … 21.6 … …
Malawi … … 37.8 42.1 …
Mali … 29.0 … 24.7 …
Mauritania … 26.3 31.0 … …
Mauritius … 19.4 17.3 … …
Morocco 17.8 17.0 … … …
Mozambique 34.4 … 32.2 34.3 -0.4%
Namibia 31.1 30.2 … 29.7 -4.4%
Niger 25.9 23.4 27.4 34.7 34.1%
Nigeria 22.1 30.9 40.2 … …
Rwanda … 23.3 28.7 23.7 …
São Tomé and Príncipe … … 21.7 19.8 …
Senegal … 27.3 26.4 27.4 …
Seychelles … 14.5 13.4 11.8 …
Sierra Leone 18.7 … … … …
South Africa … 28.1 32.9 … …
Sudan … … 21.5 … …
Swaziland … 17.3 16.7 16.4 …
Tanzania 21.0 … … … …
Togo 28.0 31.5 30.5 26.2 -6.4%
Tunisia 17.3 19.0 17.2 13.6 -21.3%
Uganda … 17.7 19.1 … …
Zambia … … … … …
Zimbabwe … … … … …
Sub-Saharan Africac 23.8 24.9 27.0 25.2 6.1%
Worldc 16.4 18.1 18.1 17.0 3.8%
education
Source: World Bank, Education Statistics – All indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 26 June 2013
a The average number of pupils per teacher in secondary schools is the number of pupils enrolled divided by the number of teachers.

Pupils per textbook in primary schoola, 2009–2012
Country 2009 2010 2011 2012

Angola 2.7 2.9 … …
Benin … 1.0 0.9 …
Botswana … … … …
Burkina Faso … … 0.8 0.7
Burundi … 3.7 3.4 …
Cameroon … 11.2 11.3 …
Cape Verde 1.0 1.0 1.0 …
Central African Republic … 8.0 1.3 …
Chad … 3.2 4.0 …
Congo (DRC) … 1.8 … …
Congo (Rep.) … 1.8 1.8 …
Côte d'Ivoire 2.0 … … …
Djibouti 1.0 … 1.3 1.4
Egypt … … … …
Equatorial Guinea … 4.1 … …
Eritrea … … 1.0 …
Ethiopia … 1.5 … …
Gabon … … … …
Gambia … 2.3 1.0 …
Ghana … … … 1.7
Guinea … 1.0 0.9 1.3
Guinea-Bissau … … … …
Kenya … … … …
Lesotho … … … …
Liberia … … 3.2 …
Libya … … … …
Madagascar 0.8 0.8 … …
Malawi … … 1.1 …
Mali … 0.9 0.9 …
Mauritania … … … …
Mauritius … 0.3 0.3 …
Morocco … … … …
Mozambique … 1.3 1.6 1.5
Namibia … 1.1 … …
Niger … 1.1 1.0 1.5
Nigeria … … … …
Rwanda … … 1.0 …
São Tomé and Príncipe … … 1.1 1.0
Senegal … 1.4 … …
Seychelles … … 0.3 …
Sudan … … … …
Swaziland … … 1.0 …
Tanzania … 2.0 … 2.0
Togo … 2.4 2.1 2.9
Tunisia … … … …
Uganda … 2.4 2.9 …
Zambia … … 2.4 …
Africa b … … … …
Worldb … … … …
education
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education, accessed 21 May 2013
a The average number of pupils per textbook in primary school is the number of pupils in all grades of primary school to one text book.

School infrastructure, 2011
without toiletsa d without electricitya without potable waterbc
Country 2011 2011 2011

Algeria … 3.0% 5.1%
Angola … … …
Benin 34.8% 72.4% 62.6%
Botswana … … …
Burkina Faso 30.0% 86.9% 49.9%
Burundi 12.0% 97.0% 67.5%
Cameroon 57.6% 91.4% 70.2%
Cape Verde 3.6% … 11.5%
Chad 74.2% 95.3% 85.7%
Comoros 26.7% 70.5% 75.6%
Congo (DRC) … 88.8% …
Congo (Rep.) … … …
Côte d'Ivoire … … …
Djibouti 3.5% 21.9% 16.7%
Egypt … … …
Equatorial Guinea 41.3% 67.7% …
Eritrea 30.5% 65.8% 43.5%
Ethiopia 60.4% 84.8% 64.9%
Gabon 38.7% 50.6% …
Gambia 13.2% 69.5% …
Ghana 43.5% 67.3% 8.8%
Guinea 30.9% 97.3% 77.9%
Kenya … … …
Lesotho … … …
Liberia … … …
Libya … … …
Madagascar 39.5% … 79.8%
Malawi 6.9% 90.3% 4.9%
Mali 44.4% 93.7% 72.9%
Mauritania … … 2.7%
Mauritius … … …
Morocco … … …
Mozambique … … …
Namibia … … …
Niger 74.6% 95.4% 84.8%
Nigeria … … …
Rwanda … 63.8% …
Senegal … … …
Sierra Leone … … …
Somalia … … …
South Africa … … …
Sudan … … …
Swaziland 19.4% 4.1% 11.9%
Tanzania … … …
Togo 54.3% 91.8% 69.9%
Tunisia … … …
Uganda … 70.8% …
Zambia … … …
Zimbabwe … … …
education
Africa e … … …
Worlde … … …
a Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics, http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education, accessed 21 May 2013

b Source: World Bank, Education Statistics – All indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 21 May 2013
c Percentage of schools without potable water is the share of public primary schools without a drinking water facility or water delivery point that
is designed to protect water from external contamination, particularly of fecal origin. Examples of potable drinking water facilities include pipe-
borne water, protected wells, boreholes, protected spring water and rainwater.

Coverage
Gross enrolment in educationa, 2000-2011
Country 2000 2005 2011 Changeb, 2000–2011

Algeria … 73% 78% …
Angola … … 65% …
Benin 45% 58% 58% 28.9%
Botswana 71% 72% 70% -1.4%
Burkina Faso 21% 28% 39% 85.7%
Burundi … 39% 64% …
Cameroon … 53% 64% …
Cape Verde … … 75% …
Central African Republic … 31% 41% …
Chad 32% 38% 46% 43.8%
Comoros 52% 60% 60% 15.4%
Congo (DRC) … … 54% …
Congo (Rep.) … … 61% …
Côte d'Ivoire 39% … … …
Djibouti 18% 25% 34% 88.9%
Egypt … … 74% …
Equatorial Guinea 58% … 55% -5.2%
Eritrea 29% … 28% -3.4%
Ethiopia 29% 44% 55% 89.7%
Gabon 74% … 76% 2.7%
Gambia … … 54% …
Ghana 49% 53% 65% 32.7%
Guinea 30% 46% 52% 73.3%
Guinea-Bissau 40% 62% 65% 62.5%
Kenya 53% 59% 67% 26.4%
Lesotho 59% 60% 58% -1.7%
Liberia 63% … … …
Libya … … 93% …
Madagascar … 62% 67% …
Malawi 70% 65% 68% -2.9%
Mali 29% 38% 48% 65.5%
Mauritania … 47% 50% …
Mauritius 66% 75% 76% 15.2%
Morocco 51% 59% 60% 17.6%
Mozambique 37% 52% 59% 59.5%
Namibia 72% 70% 69% -4.2%
Niger 17% 25% 34% 100.0%
Nigeria 50% 56% 56% 12.0%
Rwanda 48% 56% 68% 41.7%
São Tomé and Príncipe … 66% 71% …
Senegal … 43% 50% …
Seychelles 83% 85% 87% 4.8%
Somalia … … 17% …
Sudan 30% 35% 39% 30.0%
Swaziland 59% 61% 65% 10.2%
Tanzania … … … …
Togo 60% 63% 63% 5.0%
Tunisia 75% 78% 78% 4.0%
Uganda 68% 65% 69% 1.5%
Zambia … … … …
Source: UNDP, International Human Development Indicators, http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators, accessed 24 May 2013
education
a The number of students enrolled in primary, secondary and tertiary levels of education, regardless of age, as a percentage of the theoretical
school age population for the three levels.

School life expectancya, latest years
Year 1 Year 2 Changeb,

School years
Country Year1-
ending in
Male Female Total Male Female Total Year2
Algeria 2009/2010 … … … 13.4 13.8 13.6 …
Angolac .../2010 … … … 11.5 9.0 10.2 …
Beninc 1999/... 8.8 5.0 6.9 … … … …
Botswanac 1999/... 11.5 11.6 11.5 … … … …
Burkina Faso 1999/2010 3.8 2.6 3.2 7.4 6.4 6.9 116%
Burundi .../2010 … … … 11.8 10.9 11.3 …
Cameroonc .../2010 … … 7.2 11.7 9.9 10.9 51%
Cape Verde .../2010 … … … 12.4 13.1 12.7 …
Central African Republicc .../2010 … … 5.6 8.1 5.5 6.8 21%
Chadc 1999/2010 6.3 3.2 4.8 9.0 5.7 7.4 54%
Comorosc 1999/2010 8.9 7.4 8.1 … … … …
Congo (DRC)c 2009/2010 5.0 3.8 4.4 9.8 7.2 8.5 93%
Congo (Rep.) .../... … … … … … … …
Côte d'Ivoirec 1999/... 7.8 5.2 6.5 … … … …
Djiboutic 1999/2010 3.6 2.5 3.0 6.2 5.3 5.7 90%
Egyptc .../2010 … … 11.6 12.4 11.8 12.1 4%
Equatorial Guineac 1999/... 11.1 7.1 9.1 … … … …
Eritreac 1999/2010 4.7 3.5 4.1 5.2 4.0 4.6 12%
Ethiopiac 1999/2010 5.1 3.1 4.1 9.3 8.0 8.7 112%
Gabonc 1999/... 12.4 11.7 12.1 … … … …
Gambiac .../2010 … … … … … 8.7 …
Ghanac 1999/2010 8.2 7.0 7.6 11.8 11.0 11.4 50%
Guineac 2008/2010 5.8 3.2 4.5 10.2 7.4 8.8 96%
Guinea-Bissau 1999/2010 … … … … … … …
Kenya c 2009/2010 8.2 7.8 8.0 11.4 10.7 11.1 39%
Lesothoc 1999/... 8.5 9.5 9.0 … … … …
Liberiac 1999/... 8.6 10.2 7.0 … … … …
Libya .../... … … … … … … …
Madagascarc .../2010 … … … 10.7 10.2 10.4 …
Malawic 1999/2010 11.9 10.5 11.2 10.4 10.4 10.4 -7%
Malic 1999/2010 5.0 3.4 4.2 8.3 6.6 7.5 79%
Mauritaniac 1999/2010 … … 6.7 8.1 8.0 8.1 21%
Mauritiusc 2008/2010 12.0 11.7 11.9 13.4 13.8 13.6 14%
Moroccoc 1999/... 8.9 7.1 8.0 … … … …
Mozambiquec 1999/... 6.3 4.5 5.4 … … … …
Namibiac 1999/2010 11.4 11.7 11.6 … … … …
Nigerc 1999/2010 2.9 1.9 2.4 5.5 4.3 4.9 104%
Nigeriac 1999/... 8.2 6.8 7.5 … … … …
Rwanda 1999/2010 6.9 6.7 6.8 10.9 11.0 10.9 60%
São Tomé and Príncipec .../2010 … … … 10.8 10.8 10.8 …
Senegalc 1999/2010 … … 5.4 8.3 8.0 8.2 52%
Seychellesc 2008/2010 13.2 13.6 13.4 13.5 15.2 14.3 7%
Sierra Leone .../... … … … … … … …
Somalia .../... … … … … … … …
South Africa .../... … … … … … … …
South Sudan .../... … … … … … … …
Sudanc 1999/... … … 4.5 … … … …
Swaziland 1999/2010 9.7 9.2 9.4 … … … …
Tanzania .../... … … … … … … …
Togoc 1999/2010 12.5 8.0 10.2 … … … …
Tunisiac 2009/2010 13.3 12.7 13.0 14.1 14.9 14.5 12%
Ugandac 1999/2010 11.3 10.2 10.7 11.3 10.8 11.1 4%
Western Sahara .../... … … … … … … …
Zambia .../... … … … … … … …
Zimbabwe .../... … … … … … … …
Sub-Saharan Africac 1999/2010 7.3 6.0 6.7 9.7 8.5 9.1 36%
Worldc 1999/2010 10.1 9.3 9.7 11.6 11.3 11.5 19%
education
Source: UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2012
a School life expectancy is the number of years a child of school entrance age is expected to spend in school and university, including
education. A school life expectancy can be calculated for each level of education, including pre-primary education.
c Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics, http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education, accessed 21 May 2013. Partial estimate due to incomplete
country coverage

Primary school enrolmenta, 1990–2011
Changeb, 2011
Country 1990 2000 2005 2011
1990-2011 Female Male
Algeria 94.7% 107.8% 109.5% 109.0% 15.1% 105.7% 112.1%
Angola 84.6% … … … … … …
Benin 53.0% 86.4% 105.4% 128.7% 142.7% 120.1% 137.3%
Botswana 103.9% 104.0% 107.2% … … … …
Burkina Faso 30.1% 42.3% 55.4% 79.4% 163.5% 76.4% 82.4%
Burundi 70.6% 62.8% 88.2% 164.5% 133.0% 164.9% 164.1%
Cameroon 96.7% 87.5% 109.1% 119.4% 23.5% 110.9% 127.8%
Cape Verde 120.8% 124.3% 115.7% 109.3% -9.5% 104.9% 113.8%
Central African Republic 70.2% … 65.9% 94.1% 34.1% 79.2% 109.2%
Chad 49.9% 67.7% 78.6% 100.8% 101.8% 86.1% 115.4%
Comoros 85.8% 112.3% 112.9% 97.8% 14.0% 89.6% 105.8%
Congo (DRC) 57.6% … … 96.0% 66.5% 89.0% 102.9%
Congo (Rep.) 125.7% 87.2% 110.9% 116.1% -7.6% 113.0% 119.2%
Côte d'Ivoire 67.3% 74.3% … 88.0% 30.7% 80.0% 95.9%
Djibouti 35.6% 32.2% 41.0% 59.1% 66.1% 56.0% 62.1%
Egypt 87.3% 97.9% 100.7% … … … …
Equatorial Guinea … 107.6% 100.3% 86.9% … 86.0% 87.8%
Eritrea 20.4% 57.2% 66.8% 46.6% 128.5% 42.1% 51.0%
Ethiopia 36.6% 54.9% 81.0% 105.6% 188.8% 100.5% 110.6%
Gabon … … … 181.7% … 179.0% 184.4%
Gambia 53.2% 84.5% 86.1% 80.5% 51.2% 81.9% 79.1%
Ghana 70.5% 85.2% 90.3% 107.3% 52.2% 107.2% 107.4%
Guinea 36.0% 59.7% 84.8% 98.0% 172.5% 90.9% 104.9%
Guinea-Bissau … 78.7% 119.8% … … … …
Kenya 100.4% 95.2% 107.4% … … … …
Lesotho 108.3% 111.5% 111.0% 102.4% -5.5% 100.7% 104.1%
Liberia … 111.7% … 103.0% … 98.2% 107.6%
Libya … 120.0% 108.9% … … … …
Madagascar 99.8% 102.7% 142.1% 148.4% 48.6% 147.1% 149.6%
Malawi 71.5% 138.9% 128.2% 141.3% 97.5% 144.1% 138.5%
Mali 26.1% 55.2% 71.1% 81.7% 212.6% 76.4% 86.7%
Mauritania 46.8% 84.4% 94.3% 101.0% 115.6% 103.9% 98.1%
Mauritius 117.1% … … … … … …
Morocco 68.3% 92.5% 106.9% 113.7% 66.6% 110.3% 117.0%
Mozambique 62.9% 74.8% 101.1% 110.9% 76.3% 105.4% 116.3%
Namibia 118.2% 114.8% 109.3% … … … …
Niger 27.0% 32.6% 49.3% 70.8% 161.9% 64.3% 76.9%
Nigeria 84.8% 97.9% 101.8% … … … …
Rwanda 75.6% 104.1% 133.8% 141.7% 87.4% 143.5% 139.9%
São Tomé and Príncipe 138.2% … 127.3% 133.8% -3.2% 131.9% 135.5%
Senegal 56.4% 70.6% 82.7% 86.2% 53.0% 89.0% 83.4%
Seychelles … 112.5% 110.8% 112.8% … 113.1% 112.6%
Sierra Leone 52.4% 70.4% … 124.7% 138.0% 120.1% 129.4%
Somalia … … … … … … …
South Africa 106.7% 105.9% 105.1% … … … …
Sudan … 47.9% 55.0% … … … …
Swaziland 94.0% 94.8% 103.0% 115.1% 22.5% 108.9% 121.3%
Tanzania 69.4% 68.3% 105.4% … … … …
Togo 95.8% 117.8% 116.6% 139.4% 45.5% 132.6% 146.3%
Tunisia 112.4% 115.0% 112.2% 109.9% -2.3% 107.8% 111.8%
Uganda 69.5% 131.3% 123.2% 113.2% 62.9% 114.2% 112.2%
Zambia 96.6% 83.8% 118.7% 117.3% 21.5% 117.0% 117.7%
Zimbabwe 100.6% … … … … … …
Africac 73.6% 83.9% 97.0% … … 67.3% …
education
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 24 May 2013


Primary school enrolmenta, 1990, 2000 and 2011 % of total
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia 1990
Libya 2000
Madagascar 2011
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Africa
education
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 24 May 2013

Persistence to last grade of primary schoola, 1990–2010
2010
Changeb,
Country 1990 2000 2005 2010 Female Male
1990-2010
Algeria 75.6% 94.6% … 94.6% 25.0% 95.1% 94.0%
Angola … … … … … … …
Benin 21.5% 75.7% … 55.8% 159.9% 53.0% 58.3%
Botswana 66.2% 84.5% 86.8% … … … …
Burkina Faso 48.6% 61.3% 64.4% … … … …
Burundi 50.0% 53.8% … 50.7% 1.5% 54.5% 47.3%
Cameroon 56.7% … … 57.1% 0.6% 57.3% 56.9%
Cape Verde … … 87.3% 89.3% … 89.1% 89.6%
Central African Republic 36.5% … … 46.5% 27.4% 43.9% 48.6%
Chad 25.5% 46.9% 30.1% 49.3% 93.1% 47.1% 50.9%
Comoros … … … … … … …
Congo (DRC) … … … … … … …
Congo (Rep.) … … … … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 56.0% 87.4% … … … … …
Djibouti … … … … … … …
Egypt … … … … … … …
Equatorial Guinea … … … 55.3% … 58.3% 52.6%
Eritrea … 60.5% 73.7% … … … …
Ethiopia … 61.2% 60.8% 40.7% … 41.6% 39.8%
Gabon … … … … … … …
Gambia … 72.9% 61.7% 63.0% … 66.0% 60.2%
Ghana … 59.4% … … … … …
Guinea 46.7% … 74.0% … … … …
Guinea-Bissau … … … … … … …
Kenya … … … … … … …
Lesotho 47.4% 55.0% 63.1% 66.4% 40.1% 75.8% 57.8%
Liberia … … … … … … …
Libya … … … … … … …
Madagascar 34.0% 36.1% 36.0% 39.5% 16.2% 40.1% 38.9%
Malawi 24.4% … 36.1% 50.9% 109.0% 51.6% 50.2%
Mali … … 73.5% 75.5% … 73.6% 77.1%
Mauritania 53.4% … 44.6% … … … …
Mauritius … 97.4% 97.7% 97.4% … 97.7% 97.2%
Morocco 68.9% 73.3% 73.7% 89.4% 29.9% 89.0% 89.8%
Mozambique 33.8% 33.0% 39.1% 27.0% -20.2% 26.1% 27.8%
Namibia … … 76.9% … … … …
Niger 50.1% 69.1% … 69.3% 38.5% 66.9% 71.4%
Nigeria … … 77.7% … … … …
Rwanda 40.9% 31.1% … … … … …
São Tomé and Príncipe 64.7% … … … … … …
Senegal 69.1% 62.9% 53.5% 59.2% -14.3% 59.6% 58.8%
Seychelles … 89.9% … 94.0% … 93.3% 94.7%
Sierra Leone … … … … … … …
Somalia … … … … … … …
South Africa … … … … … … …
Sudan … … … … … … …
Swaziland 48.8% 58.5% 83.0% … … … …
Tanzania … 73.9% 79.2% … … … …
Togo 35.3% 70.2% 80.6% 51.7% 46.7% 47.7% 55.4%
Tunisia 71.8% 88.3% … … … … …
Uganda … 38.2% … 24.8% … 24.5% 25.2%
Zambia … … 75.0% … … … …
Zimbabwe … … … … … … …
education
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org/, accessed 24 May 2013
grade of primary school. This does not necessarily mean that they complete the last grade of primary school.

Persistence to last grade of primary schoola, 1990, 2000 and 2010 % of children enrolled
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho 1990
Liberia 2000
Libya 2010
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
education
Source: World Bank, Africa Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org/, accessed 24 May 2013
grade of primary school. This does not necessarily mean that they complete the last grade of primary school.

Share of children that complete primary schoola, 1990-2011
2011
Changeb,
1990–2011
Algeria 80.9% 82.4% 94.4% 94.4% 16.6% 94.2% 94.5%
Angola … … … … … … …
Benin 19.4% 39.8% … 75.3% 287.5% 66.3% 84.3%
Botswana 89.0% 89.1% 93.6% … … … …
Burkina Faso 17.9% 23.8% 29.9% … … … …
Burundi 40.7% 26.3% 36.8% 62.1% 52.7% 62.2% 62.1%
Cameroon 57.1% 107.2% 87.2% 95.0% 66.3% 96.0% 94.0%
Cape Verde 30.2% … 26.7% 43.0% 42.1% 32.8% 53.3%
Central African Republic 16.5% 22.9% 32.4% 38.2% 131.1% 29.2% 47.2%
Chad … … 68.3% … … … …
Comoros … … … … … … …
Congo (DRC) 60.4% … 71.4% … … … …
Congo (Rep.) 40.2% 42.7% … 58.6% 45.8% 52.2% 64.9%
Côte d'Ivoire 32.0% 27.8% 30.9% 45.8% 43.0% 44.9% 46.6%
Djibouti … 94.3% 96.8% … … … …
Egypt … … 47.1% 51.7% … 52.2% 51.3%
Equatorial Guinea … 36.2% 51.4% … … … …
Eritrea … 23.0% 43.2% 57.8% … 54.8% 60.7%
Ethiopia … … … … … … …
Gabon … 66.6% 67.1% 66.3% … 67.2% 65.5%
Gambia … 71.1% 74.6% 94.0% … 91.4% 96.6%
Ghana 20.6% 32.3% 57.6% … … … …
Guinea … 29.7% … … … … …
Guinea-Bissau … 102.7% 104.7% 85.5% … 86.7% 84.3%
Kenya … … 90.7% … … … …
Lesotho 58.4% 59.8% 60.2% 68.1% 16.6% 76.3% 60.0%
Liberia … … … 66.0% … 60.3% 71.6%
Libya … … … … … … …
Madagascar 36.1% 37.1% 59.2% 72.9% 101.8% 74.0% 71.9%
Malawi 28.4% 65.5% 58.4% 71.2% 150.7% 72.4% 69.9%
Mali … 29.4% 40.6% 55.4% … 49.5% 61.0%
Mauritania 28.8% … 43.6% … … … …
Mauritius 110.6% … … … … … …
Morocco 51.7% 57.4% 80.2% 89.3% 72.5% 86.7% 91.8%
Mozambique 26.6% 16.2% 41.6% 56.2% 111.3% 51.6% 60.9%
Namibia … 91.4% 85.3% … … … …
Niger 16.7% 18.7% 29.5% 46.2% 177.4% 39.6% 52.4%
Nigeria … … 82.9% … … … …
Rwanda 44.8% 22.9% … … … … …
São Tomé and Príncipe 79.0% … 74.3% 114.7% 45.1% 117.0% 112.4%
Senegal 43.2% 40.3% 54.0% 62.8% 45.3% 64.6% 61.1%
Seychelles … 106.6% 127.5% 125.0% … 127.0% 123.0%
Sierra Leone … … … 74.4% … 71.3% 77.6%
Somalia … … … … … … …
South Africa … 86.4% … … … … …
Sudan … 36.7% … … … … …
Swaziland 62.9% 60.7% 65.4% 76.9% 22.4% 77.7% 76.2%
Tanzania … … 55.3% … … … …
Togo 37.6% 69.0% 75.6% 76.6% 104.0% 66.8% 86.5%
Tunisia 80.1% 88.2% 101.9% … … … …
Uganda … … 57.5% 54.9% … 54.2% 55.7%
Zambia … 62.6% 87.0% … … … …
Zimbabwe … … … … … … …
education
a The proportion of children that complete primary school is the percentage of children completing the last year of primary school. It is
calculated by taking the total number of students in the last grade of primary school, minus the number of repeaters in that grade, divided by

Secondary school enrolmenta, 1990–2011
2011
Changeb,
1990–2011
Algeria 61.9% … 83.4% … … … …
Angola 11.3% 14.9% … … … … …
Benin … 23.1% 37.1% 51.4% … 38.7% 64.2%
Botswana 39.8% 74.6% 76.9% … … … …
Burkina Faso 6.3% 9.7% 13.4% 22.6% 256.6% 19.8% 25.3%
Burundi 4.8% … 13.8% 28.0% 480.9% 23.7% 32.2%
Cameroon 24.9% 27.7% 27.8% 51.3% 106.4% 47.0% 55.6%
Cape Verde 20.5% … 73.4% 89.7% 337.3% 96.9% 82.6%
Central African Republic 11.5% … … 18.0% 57.1% 12.8% 23.3%
Chad 6.6% 10.8% 16.2% 25.4% 285.3% 15.4% 35.3%
Comoros … 28.9% 46.3% … … … …
Congo (DRC) … … … 39.8% … 29.4% 50.1%
Congo (Rep.) 48.7% 35.6% … … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire … 23.6% … … … … …
Djibouti 10.8% 13.6% 22.6% 36.1% 234.7% 31.9% 40.1%
Egypt 68.3% 82.6% … 0.0% -100.0% … …
Equatorial Guinea … 31.4% … … … … …
Eritrea … 25.0% 30.0% 32.6% … 28.6% 36.6%
Ethiopia … 14.5% 25.0% 37.6% … 34.9% 40.3%
Gabon … … … … … … …
Gambia 16.3% … … … … … …
Ghana 35.8% 40.5% 47.2% 58.1% 62.5% 55.2% 61.0%
Guinea 11.3% … 30.7% 41.7% 268.7% 32.4% 50.7%
Guinea-Bissau … 18.5% 33.8% … … … …
Kenya … 39.2% 47.7% … … … …
Lesotho 24.5% 30.1% 36.5% 49.2% 100.9% 57.4% 41.1%
Liberia … 34.8% … 44.8% … 40.2% 49.3%
Libya … … 103.9% … … … …
Madagascar 18.7% … 21.8% … … … …
Malawi 16.2% 32.2% 27.9% 34.2% 110.7% 32.6% 35.7%
Mali 6.5% 16.5% 24.5% 39.5% 503.2% 32.7% 46.0%
Mauritania 13.4% 18.2% 22.7% 27.0% 101.6% 24.7% 29.4%
Mauritius 52.3% 75.3% 83.4% 90.9% 73.7% 90.6% 91.2%
Morocco 37.4% 38.1% 49.6% 66.8% 78.5% 61.6% 71.8%
Mozambique 7.0% 6.1% 13.2% 26.4% 278.0% 24.5% 28.3%
Namibia 32.2% 35.0% 46.1% … … … …
Niger 6.2% 7.0% 9.8% 14.4% 132.8% 11.3% 17.5%
Nigeria 24.3% 24.3% 34.4% … … … …
Rwanda 16.5% 11.1% 15.9% 35.8% 117.2% 36.7% 34.9%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … 46.1% 59.2% … 63.4% 55.2%
Senegal 15.4% 16.5% 23.5% 42.1% 173.3% 40.3% 43.9%
Seychelles … 104.5% 116.1% 123.9% … 131.0% 117.5%
Sierra Leone 17.2% … … … … … …
Somalia … … … … … … …
South Africa 66.1% 85.3% 92.4% … … … …
Sudan … 25.3% 32.0% … … … …
Swaziland … 41.8% 46.5% 60.0% … 59.1% 60.8%
Tanzania 5.1% … … … … … …
Togo 22.2% 33.7% 46.8% 56.5% 154.7% … …
Tunisia 44.2% 76.1% 85.5% 92.6% 109.6% 94.1% 91.1%
Uganda 11.2% 16.3% 19.3% … … … …
Zambia 21.4% … … … … … …
Zimbabwe 47.0% … … … … … …
Sub-Saharan Africac 22.6% 25.1% 31.3% 39.6% 75.7% 35.7% 43.5%
Worldc 49.6% 60.1% 65.0% 70.2% 41.5% 69.1% 71.3%
education
corresponds to secondary education. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that begins at the primary level, and
offers more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialised teachers. If the enrolment rate is more than 100%, it means that there
secondary school enrolment.


Secondary school enrolmenta, 1990, 2000 and 2011 % of total corresponding population age group
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia 1990
Libya
2000
Madagascar
Malawi 2011
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-Saharan Africa
World
education
corresponds to secondary education. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that begins at the primary level, and
offers more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialised teachers. If the enrolment rate is more than 100%, it means that

Enrolment in tertiary educationa, 1990–2011
2011
Changeb,
1990-2011
Algeria 10.5% … 21.2% 32.1% 205.9% 38.3% 26.1%
Angola 0.6% … 3.0% … … … …
Benin 2.2% 3.9% 6.2% … … … …
Botswana … 5.6% 7.3% … … … …
Burkina Faso 0.7% 1.0% 2.1% 3.9% 449.6% 2.5% 5.1%
Burundi 0.6% 1.2% 2.4% … … … …
Cameroon … … 7.6% 20.4% … 23.7% 17.3%
Cape Verde 1.4% 1.9% … 3.0% 115.3% … …
Central African Republic … 0.8% 1.4% 2.3% … 0.9% 3.7%
Chad 0.6% 1.3% … 9.7% 1417.5% 8.9% 10.5%
Comoros 2.1% … … … … … …
Congo (DRC) 4.9% 5.2% … 9.0% 82.7% 6.6% 11.3%
Congo (Rep.) … 6.6% … … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire … 0.3% 2.1% 4.9% … 3.9% 5.9%
Djibouti 13.7% … 30.8% … … … …
Egypt … 3.3% … … … … …
Equatorial Guinea … 1.0% … … … … …
Eritrea 0.8% 1.2% 2.9% 7.6% 866.2% 4.6% 10.7%
Ethiopia … … … … … … …
Gabon … 1.0% … … … … …
Gambia … … 5.7% 12.1% … 9.2% 14.9%
Ghana 1.2% … 3.0% 11.3% 821.7% 5.9% 16.5%
Guinea … … 2.3% … … … …
Guinea-Bissau 5.7% … 11.0% 12.0% 112.5% 17.2% 7.2%
Kenya … 2.7% 3.0% … … … …
Lesotho 1.3% 2.1% 3.3% … … … …
Liberia … 19.1% … … … … …
Libya 11.9% 46.9% … … … … …
Madagascar 3.5% 2.3% 2.9% 4.1% 16.8% 3.9% 4.2%
Malawi 0.6% 0.3% 0.5% 0.8% 48.7% 0.6% 1.0%
Mali 0.6% 1.9% … 6.1% 870.1% 3.8% 8.3%
Mauritania 3.1% … 3.0% 4.7% 55.1% 2.8% 6.6%
Mauritius 3.0% 10.8% 21.6% 32.4% 979.2% 36.9% 28.1%
Morocco 10.9% 9.5% 11.4% … … … …
Mozambique … 0.7% 1.4% 4.9% … 3.8% 6.0%
Namibia … … 6.7% … … … …
Niger 0.7% … 1.1% 1.5% 104.0% 0.9% 2.3%
Nigeria … … 10.3% … … … …
Rwanda 0.6% 1.3% 2.9% 6.6% 1008.4% 5.6% 7.6%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … … … … … …
Senegal … … 5.8% … … … …
Seychelles … … … 2.6% … 4.2% 1.2%
Sierra Leone 1.4% 1.7% … … … … …
Somalia … … … … … … …
South Africa 12.0% … … … … … …
Sudan 2.6% 6.1% … … … … …
Swaziland 4.0% 4.5% 4.7% 5.9% 47.5% 6.1% 5.8%
Tanzania … … 1.5% … … … …
Togo 2.4% … … 10.5% 330.8% … …
Tunisia 7.9% 19.3% 30.9% 37.1% 367.3% 44.9% 29.5%
Uganda 1.1% 2.6% … 9.1% 700.8% 3.8% 14.5%
Zambia 2.1% 2.4% … … … … …
Zimbabwe 5.2% … … 6.0% 15.5% 5.2% 6.8%
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 6 August 2013
education
corresponds to the tertiary level in a particular country.


Enrolment in tertiary educationa, 1990, 2000 and 2011 % of total corresponding population age group
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea 1990
Guinea-Bissau 2000
Kenya 2011
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
education
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 6 August 2013
corresponds to the tertiary level in a particular country.

Share of pupils and students enrolled in private educationa, 2000-2011
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Country 2000 2005 2011 2000 2005 2011 2000 2005 2011
Algeria … … 0.5% … 0.0% … … … …
Angola … … … … … … … 33.2% …
Benin 10.1% 11.8% 15.7% 16.3% 25.1% 18.7% … … …
Botswana 4.9% … … 4.1% … … 100%b 100%b …
Burkina Faso 11.4% 13.8% 14.5% 34.2% 39.1% 41.2% … 16.6% 22.0%
Burundi … 1.4% 1.2% … 10.4% 9.3% … … …
Cameroon 27.3% … 20.9% 32.1% … 25.4% 9.8% 8.5% 14.9%
Cape Verde … … 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 13.7% … 52.1% 61.3%
Central African Republic … 9.8% 13.8% … … … … … 23.8%
Chad … … 8.9% 14.9% … 15.2% 8.6% … 28.2%
Comoros 10.7% … 14.1% 45.1% … … … … 11.5%
Congo (DRC) … … … … … 16.5% … … …
Congo (Rep.) 15.2% 26.5% 35.9% … … … 0.4% … 35.4%
Côte d'Ivoire 11.6% … 14.2% … … … … … …
Djibouti 6.7% 14.7% 11.8% 9.1% 23.3% 10.0% … … …
Egypt … 7.3% … … … … … … 18.6%
Equatorial Guinea … 29.9% 53.1% … … … … … …
Eritrea 10.1% 7.9% 7.3% 5.6% 5.8% 4.8% … … …
Ethiopia … … 9.6% … … 11.3% 12.4% … …
Gabon … … 43.9% … … … … … …
Gambia 13.6% 16.2% 27.0% … … … … … …
Ghana 17.4% 20.5% 19.3% 9.6% 14.2% 15.4% … … 11.3%
Guinea 16.1% … 28.9% … … 26.3% … … 25.3%
Guinea-Bissau 19.4% … … 12.8% … … … … …
Kenya … 4.5% … … … … … … …
Lesotho 0.0% 0.3% 0.7% 0.0% 2.1% 1.2% … … …
Liberia … … 32.6% … … … … … …
Libya … … … … … … 19.5% … …
Madagascar 22.6% 18.9% 17.8% … … … … 7.6% 24.8%
Malawi … … … … … … … … 10.3%
Mali … 37.0% 38.8% … 25.5% 31.3% … … …
Mauritania 2.8% 8.0% 11.1% … 12.6% 25.4% … … …
Mauritius 23.9% 25.1% 28.1% 67.7% … … 32.6% 38.5% 37.5%
Morocco 4.7% 6.6% 11.8% 5.0% … … 3.7% 5.2% …
Mozambique … 2.4% 1.7% … 14.7% 12.7% … 33.3% 29.5%
Namibia 4.2% 4.5% … … 26.7% … … … …
Niger 4.3% 4.1% 3.8% … 10.9% 18.1% … 31.8% 25.0%
Nigeria 6.5% … … … … … … … …
Rwanda … … 2.2% 43.7% … 20.6% … … 48.6%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 2.6% … … …
Senegal 10.6% 11.6% 14.4% 26.3% 23.5% 19.2% … … …
Seychelles 4.3% … 8.8% 3.0% … 8.0% … … …
Sierra Leone … … 3.5% … … … … … …
Somalia … … … … … … … … …
South Africa 1.7% 2.2% … 2.3% 2.8% … … … …
South Sudan … … … … … … … … …
Sudan 2.4% 5.3% … 8.6% 10.4% … … … …
Swaziland … … 1.0% … 0.0% 2.9% … … …
Tanzania … 0.9% … … … … … … …
Togo 36.9% 41.7% 30.3% … 29.2% 23.3% … … 11.7%
Tunisia 0.7% 1.1% 2.4% 7.6% 5.2% 4.8% … … 3.9%
Uganda … 8.5% 13.1% … … … … … 74.2%
Zambia … 3.4% 2.8% … … … … … …
Zimbabwe … … … … … … … … 13.0%
Sub-Saharan Africac 11.3% 12.9% 16.6% 14.4% 15.3% 18.3% … … …
education
Worldc 10.4% 12.2% 13.9% 19.2% 19.7% 21.8% … … …
a Private enrolment refers to pupils or students enrolled in institutions that are not operated by a public authority but controlled and managed,
business enterprise.
b Note that Botswana has 100% private tertiary enrolment, which seems unlikely. According to the Southern African Regional Universities
Association, Botswana has 25 publicly-funded universities and technical universities, and seven privately-funded universities and colleges.

Share of pupils and students enrolled in private education, 2011 % of total
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho Primary
Liberia
Libya Secondary
Madagascar Tertiary
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-Saharan Africa
World
education

Educational outcomes
Adult literacy and numeracya, 2000 and 2010
2010
Change , b
Country 2000 2010 Female Male
2000-2010
Angola … 70.1% … 58.1% 82.7%
Benin … 42.4% … 30.3% 55.2%
Botswana … 84.5% … 84.9% 84.0%
Burkina Faso … … … … …
Burundi 59.3% 67.2% 13.2% 61.8% 72.9%
Cameroon 68.4% … … … …
Cape Verde … 84.3% … 79.4% 89.3%
Chad 25.7% 34.5% 34.4% 24.2% 45.0%
Comoros 68.5% 74.9% 9.4% 69.7% 80.2%
Congo (DRC) … 66.8% … 57.0% 76.9%
Congo (Rep.) … … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 48.7% 56.2% 15.2% 46.6% 65.2%
Egypt … 72.0% … 63.5% 80.3%
Eritrea … 67.8% … 57.5% 78.7%
Ethiopia … … … … …
Gabon … 88.4% … 84.9% 91.9%
Gambia 36.8% 50.0% 35.7% 40.4% 60.0%
Ghana 57.9% 67.3% 16.2% 61.2% 73.2%
Guinea … 41.0% … 30.0% 52.0%
Guinea-Bissau 41.4% 54.2% 31.0% 40.6% 68.2%
Kenya 82.2% 87.4% 6.3% 84.2% 90.6%
Lesotho 86.3% 89.6% 3.9% 95.6% 83.3%
Liberia … 60.8% … 56.8% 64.8%
Libya … 89.2% … 82.7% 95.6%
Madagascar 70.7% … … … …
Malawi … 74.8% … 68.5% 81.1%
Mali … 31.1% … 20.3% 43.4%
Mauritania 51.2% 58.0% 13.3% 51.2% 64.9%
Mauritius 84.3% 88.5% 5.0% 86.2% 90.9%
Morocco … … … … …
Mozambique … 56.1% … 42.8% 70.8%
Namibia … 88.8% … 88.5% 89.0%
Niger … … … … …
Nigeria … 61.3% … 50.4% 72.1%
Rwanda 64.9% 71.1% 9.5% 67.5% 74.8%
São Tomé and Príncipe … 89.2% … 84.7% 93.9%
Senegal … … … … …
Seychelles … 91.8% … 92.3% 91.4%
Sierra Leone … 42.1% … 31.4% 53.6%
South Africa … … … … …
Sudan 61.3% 71.1% 15.8% 62.0% 80.1%
Swaziland 81.7% 87.4% 7.1% 86.8% 88.1%
Tanzania … 73.2% … 67.5% 79.0%
Togo 53.2% … … … …
Tunisia … … … … …
Uganda … 73.2% … 64.6% 82.6%
Zambia … 71.2% … 61.7% 80.7%
Zimbabwe … 92.2% … 89.9% 94.7%
Sub-Saharan Africac 57.4% 62.6% 9.0% 54.2% 71.0%
education
Worldc 81.8% 84.1% 2.7% 79.7% 88.6%
simple statement on their everyday life and make simple arithmetic calculations.

Adult literacy and numeracya, 2000 and 2010 % of total adult population
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar 2000
Malawi
Mali 2010
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-Saharan Africa
World
education

Male and female adult literacy and numeracya, 2010 % of total adult population
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius Female
Morocco Male
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Sub-Saharan Africa
World
education

Youth literacy and numeracya, 2000 and 2010
2010
Changeb,
Country 2000 2010 Female Male
2000–2010
Angola … 73.1% … 65.8% 80.5%
Benin … 55.0% … 44.6% 65.6%
Botswana … 95.3% … 96.9% 93.6%
Burkina Faso … … … … …
Burundi 73.3% 77.6% 5.8% 77.6% 77.6%
Cameroon 83.1% … … … …
Cape Verde … 98.3% … 99.1% 97.5%
Chad 37.6% 47.0% 25.3% 40.6% 53.5%
Comoros 80.2% 85.6% 6.8% 85.3% 85.9%
Congo (DRC) … 65.0% … 61.8% 68.3%
Congo (Rep.) … … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 60.7% 67.0% 10.4% 61.9% 72.2%
Egypt … 87.5% … 84.3% 90.6%
Eritrea … 89.3% … 86.7% 92.0%
Ethiopia … … … … …
Gabon … 97.7% … 96.8% 98.7%
Gambia 52.6% 66.7% 26.9% 61.7% 71.9%
Ghana 70.7% 80.8% 14.3% 79.9% 81.7%
Guinea … 63.4% … 57.0% 69.6%
Guinea-Bissau 59.5% 72.1% 21.1% 65.3% 78.9%
Kenya 92.5% 92.8% 0.3% 93.9% 91.7%
Lesotho 90.9% 91.9% 1.1% 98.1% 85.8%
Liberia … 76.5% … 82.1% 71.0%
Libya … 99.9% … 99.8% 99.9%
Madagascar 70.2% … … … …
Malawi … 87.1% … 87.0% 87.2%
Mali … 44.3% … 33.9% 56.4%
Mauritania 61.3% 68.3% 11.4% 65.3% 71.3%
Mauritius 94.5% 96.7% 2.2% 97.7% 95.7%
Morocco … … … … …
Mozambique … 71.8% … 65.1% 78.5%
Namibia … 93.1% … 95.1% 91.1%
Niger … … … … …
Nigeria … 72.1% … 66.1% 78.0%
Rwanda 77.6% 77.5% -0.2% 77.8% 77.1%
São Tomé and Príncipe … 95.3% … 95.9% 94.7%
Senegal … … … … …
Seychelles … 99.1% … 99.4% 98.8%
Sierra Leone … 59.4% … 50.1% 69.1%
South Africa … … … … …
Sudan 78.2% 86.7% 10.9% 83.6% 89.6%
Swaziland 91.9% 93.6% 1.9% 95.1% 92.1%
Tanzania … 77.3% … 76.5% 78.2%
Togo 74.4% … … … …
Tunisia … … … … …
Uganda … 87.4% … 85.5% 89.6%
Zambia … 74.4% … 67.1% 81.7%
Zimbabwe … 99.0% … 99.6% 98.5%
Sub-Saharan Africac 68.7% 71.8% 4.5% 66.8% 76.3%
Worldc 87.2% 89.6% 2.8% 87.1% 92.2%
education
Source: World Bank, Education Statistics – All indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org/, accessed 21 May 2013
a Youth literacy is the number of people aged 15 to 24 years who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement on their
everyday life, and make simple arithmetic calculations.

Male and female youth literacy and numeracya, 2010 % of total
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Female
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau Male
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
education
Source: World Bank, Education Statistics – All indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org/, accessed 21 May 2013
a Youth literacy is the number of people aged 15 to 24 years who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement on their
everyday life, and make simple arithmetic calculations.

Outbounda and inboundb students as share of total, 2000–2011
2000 2005 2011
Country Outbound Inbound Outbound Inbound Outbound Inbound

Algeria … … 3.1% 0.7% 2.0% 0.5%
Angola … … 15.3% … … …
Benin 11.1% … 9.3% … … …
Botswana 33.6% … 59.8% 4.2% … …
Burkina Faso 11.3% … 8.0% 3.1% 5.3% 3.6%
Burundi 12.4% 2.9% 4.5% … … …
Cameroon 16.0% … 15.6% 1.6% 8.7% 1.4%
Cape Verde 502.3% … 164.0% … 42.8% 1.4%
Central African Republic 16.5% … … … 7.3% …
Chad 39.1% … 20.9% … 14.4% 4.0%
Comoros 271.0% … … … 59.2% …
Congo (DRC) … … … … 1.2% 0.5%
Congo (Rep.) 23.4% … … … 19.5% 0.1%
Côte d'Ivoire … … … … … …
Djibouti 636.5% … 123.1% … 35.5% …
Egypt … … 0.4% 1.3% 0.7% …
Equatorial Guinea 94.4% … … … … …
Eritrea 17.9% 1.3% … … … …
Ethiopia 5.3% … 1.9% … … …
Gabon … … … … … …
Gambia 60.6% 5.5% … … … …
Ghana … … 6.9% … 2.8% 2.0%
Guinea … … 12.9% … 5.9% 1.3%
Guinea-Bissau … … 45.1% … … …
Kenya 11.8% … 12.3% … … …
Lesotho 36.8% … 50.8% … … …
Liberia 1.4% … … … … …
Libya 0.6% … … … … …
Madagascar 8.9% … 9.2% 2.7% 5.4% 1.7%
Malawi 28.9% … 28.9% … 17.1% …
Mali 7.9% 6.5% … … 5.0% 0.5%
Mauritania … … 27.1% … 23.9% …
Mauritius 36.6% … 35.4% … 20.5% 1.8%
Morocco 15.4% 1.6% 12.5% 1.4% … …
Mozambique 22.7% … 12.5% … 2.4% 0.3%
Namibia … … 46.8% 6.3% … …
Niger … … 15.8% … 14.6% 6.6%
Nigeria … … 1.8% … … …
Rwanda 16.4% … 6.4% … 3.9% …
Senegal … … 19.1% … … …
Seychelles … … … … 214.3% …
Sierra Leone 14.0% … … … … …
Somalia … … … … … …
South Africa … … … … … …
Sudan 1.6% … … … … …
Swaziland 26.7% 2.3% 47.8% … 43.5% 0.9%
Tanzania … … 8.2% … … …
Togo … … … … 5.2% …
Tunisia 5.7% 1.5% 4.8% … 5.1% 0.5%
Uganda 3.8% … … … 1.2% 5.2%
Zambia 20.4% … … … … 0.1%
Zimbabwe … … … … 27.3% 0.7%
Sub-Saharan Africac 5.8% … 5.5% … 4.5% 1.9%
education
Worldc 1.8% 2.0% 1.8% 2.0% 2.1% 2.0%
Source: World Bank, Education Statistics – All indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org, accessed 24 September 2013
a Outbound students are students from a given country in tertiary education abroad, as a percentage of the total tertiary enrolment in that
country.
b Inbound students are students from abroad in tertiary education in a given country, as a percentage of the total tertiary enrolment in that
country.

Tertiary graduates by selected disciplines as share of total, latest year
engineering,
Countrya Latest year manufacturing and science health and welfare
construction
Algeria 2011 13.2% 11.7% 3.5%
Burkina Faso 2011 2.8% 15.0% 0.6%
Chad 2000 … 13.7% …
Eritrea 2000 7.6% 19.5% 3.0%
Ethiopia 2005 8.1% 7.2% 9.9%
Kenya 2000 17.9% 12.2% 9.0%
Lesotho 2000 … 7.3% …
Liberia 2000 9.1% 18.3% 26.8%
Madagascar 2011 8.1% 14.9% 3.4%
Mauritius 2011 4.6% 7.3% 2.9%
Mozambique 2011 5.5% 3.4% 2.9%
Namibia 2005 … 3.8% 4.1%
Seychelles 2011 16.7% 8.3% 8.3%
Sierra Leone 2000 0.6% 2.0% 2.7%
Swaziland 2005 3.5% 2.6% 5.1%
Uganda 2000 7.4% 7.0% 2.6%
Zimbabwe 2011 13.7% 9.4% 2.9%
Tertiary graduates by selected disciplines, latest year % of total tertiary graduates
60%
Health and welfare

50%
Science
Engineering, manufacturing and

40% construction
30%
20%
10%
0%
0)
5)
0)
1)
0)
5)
1)
1)
1)
0)
0)
1)
0)
0)
5)
1)
education
11
01
01
01
01
01
00
00
00
00
00
01
00
00
00
00
00
20
(2
(2
(2
(2
(2
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(2
(2
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so
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bw
ha
ny
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ga
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au
az
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a
ag
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ra
Sw
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oz
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Si
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Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education, accessed 26 June 2013

Research in Africa, by number of research papers publisheda, 2004–2008
Top 13 African countries
Rank Country Number of research papers per year

1 South Africa 25,560
2 Egypt 16,294
3 Tunisia 7,025
4 Nigeria 5,045
5 Morocco 4,072
6 Algeria 4,009
7 Kenya 2,364
8 Tanzania 495
9 Uganda 245
10 Ghana 140
11 Cameroon 76
12 Namibia 51
13 Ethiopia 42
Source: Thomson Reuters, Global Research Report Africa April 2010

For the years 1999-2008, the total of about 27,000 peer-reviewed papers published in Africa per year is approximately the same output as
that of the Netherlands.
a
, 2004–2008
Number of research papers Field of research Publishing countries by rank

South Africa, Egypt, Tunisia, Nigeria,
10,613 Clinical Medicine
Morocco
Egypt, South Africa, Algeria, Tunisia,
8,604 Chemistry
Morocco
6,890 South Africa, Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Tunisia
Egypt, South Africa, Algeria, Tunisia,
5,707 Engineering
Morocco
Egypt, South Africa, Algeria, Morocco,
5,254 Physics
Tunisia
South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, Tunisia,
3,472
Morocco
Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, South Africa,
3,386 Materials Science
Morocco
South Africa, Kenya, Egypt, Nigeria,
3,051 Environment/Ecology
Tanzania
South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania,
2,979 Social Sciences, General
Ghana
2,732 Agricultural sciences Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt, Kenya, Tunisia
South Africa, Egypt, Morocco, Algeria,
2,551 Geosciences
Tunisia
South Africa, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt,
2,205 Mathematics
Algeria
Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria, Morocco,
1,401
Tunisia
South Africa, Egypt, Tunisia, Kenya,
1,213 Microbiology
Cameroon
South Africa, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania,
1,193 Immunology
Egypt
South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia,
1,006 Computer Science
Morocco
880 Psychiatry/Psychology South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, Uganda, Kenya
South Africa, Egypt, Namibia, Morocco,
748 Space Science
Algeria
South Africa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Nigeria,
671
Tunisia
South Africa, Egypt, Tunisia, Kenya,
631
education
Morocco
South Africa, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco,
525
Nigeria
Source: Thomson Reuters, Global Research Report Africa April 2010

Top African universities, 2013
Shanghai Jiao Tong Academic ranking of World

Times Higher Education World University Rankingsa, 2013/2014
Universitiesa, 2013
Africa World Africa
Institution Institution World rankingc
rankingb rankingc rankingb
University of Cape Town (South 201- University of Cape Town (South
1 1 126
Africa) 300 Africa)
University of the Witwatersrand University of the Witwatersrand
2 301-400 2 226-250
(South Africa) (South Africa)
University of KwaZulu-Natal (South Stellenbosch University (South
3 401-500 3 251-275
Africa) Africa)
American University in Cairo (Egypt) 4 401-500
Source: Times Higher Education, Top 400 Universities, www.timeshigher
Source: Shanghai Ranking Consultancy, World Top 500 education.co.uk, accessed 2 November 2013
Universities, www.shanghairanking.com, accessed 2 November
2013 a Universities are ranked by teaching, research, knowledge transfer and
international outlook. Institutions with less than 200 research papers
a Universities are ranked by academic or research
performance, including alumni and staff winning Nobel b As calculated by the author
Prizes and Fields Medals, highly cited researchers, papers c As calculated by the source
published in Nature and Science, papers indexed in major
citation indices, and the per capita academic performance of
an institution.
CWTS Leiden Rankinga, 2013
Impactb Collaborationd
QS World University rankingsa, 2013
Institution (number of (number of
Africa World publicationsc) publicationsc)
Institution
rankingb rankingc
University of Cape Town (South
University of Cape Town (South Africa) 1 145 1 (2291) 1 (4685)
Africa)
University of the Witwatersrand (Egypt) 2 313 Stellenbosch University (South
American University in Cairo (Egypt) 3 348 2 (1724) 4 (3164)
Africa)
Stellenbosch University (South Africa) 4 387 University of the Witwatersrand
3 (1722) 2 (3312)
University of Pretoria (South Africa) 5 471-480 (South Africa)
University of KwaZulu-Natal (South University of Kwazulu-Natal (South
6 501-550 4 (1530) 5 (2787)
Africa) Africa)
Cairo University (Egypt) 7 551-600 University of Pretoria (South Africa) 5 (1484) 6 (2649)
Rhodes University (South Africa) 8 551-600 Cairo University (Egypt 6 (1920) 3 (3247)
Ain Shams University (Egypt) 9 601-650
University of Johannesburg (South Source: Leiden University, ,
10 601-550 www.leidenranking.com, accessed 2 November 2013
Africa)
Al Azhar University (Egypt) 11 651-700 a University ranking is based on publications in Thomson Reuters' Web
Alexandria University (Egypt) 12 651-700 of Science database in the period 2008–2011. Book publications,
publications in conference proceedings, and publications in journals not
Source: Quacquarelli Symonds, Top 500 Universities, www. indexed in the Web of Science database are not included.
topuniversities.com, accessed 2 November 2013 b The average number of citations of a university’s publications
c The ranking counts publications published from 2008 to 2011.
a Universities are rated on research, teaching, employability d The proportion of publications of a university that have been co-
of graduates, facilities, internationalisation, innovation, authored with one or more other organisations, countries and industrial
engagement and access. partners.
education

Quality of education, 2012–2013 (Scores 1 to 7, 1=worst and 7=best)
Quality of the overall educational system Quality of maths and science education
Rank out of 144 Country Score (1 to 7)a Rank out of 144 Country Score (1 to 7)b
1 Switzerland 6.0 1 Singapore 6.3
2 Finland 5.8 2 Finland 6.2
3 Singapore 5.8 3 Belgium 6.2
... ... ... ... ... ...
29 Gambia 4.6 49 Mauritius 4.3
30 Zimbabwe 4.5 50 Zimbabwe 4.3
37 Kenya 4.3 51 Benin 4.3
39 Zambia 4.2 53 Morocco 4.3
46 Mauritius 4.1 62 Rwanda 4.1
48 Seychelles 4.1 66 Botswana 4.1
50 Rwanda 4.1 72 Seychelles 4.0
55 Botswana 4.0 73 Côte d'Ivoire 4.0
56 Liberia 4.0 74 Gambia 4.0
62 Ghana 3.8 75 Cameroon 3.9
64 Cape Verde 3.8 76 Kenya 3.9
65 Malawi 3.8 77 Zambia 3.9
66 Cameroon 3.7 79 Senegal 3.8
69 Uganda 3.7 80 Burkina Faso 3.8
71 Benin 3.6 82 Madagascar 3.8
73 Senegal 3.6 87 Liberia 3.7
80 Tanzania 3.5 92 Nigeria 3.6
83 Nigeria 3.5 93 Ghana 3.6
85 Ethiopia 3.4 96 Malawi 3.6
95 Côte d'Ivoire 3.3 105 Guinea 3.4
102 Lesotho 3.2 107 Cape Verde 3.4
105 Morocco 3.1 108 Uganda 3.4
110 Swaziland 3.1 109 Ethiopia 3.4
113 Chad 3.0 110 Swaziland 3.2
117 Madagascar 3.0 111 Chad 3.2
118 Mali 2.9 112 Burundi 3.2
119 Mozambique 2.9 119 Lesotho 3.0
124 Burkina Faso 2.8 121 Mali 2.8
125 Sierra Leone 2.8 122 Tanzania 2.8
126 Namibia 2.7 123 Gabon 2.8
127 Gabon 2.7 126 Mauritania 2.7
128 Guinea 2.7 127 Namibia 2.7
131 Algeria 2.5 129 Algeria 2.7
138 Mauritania 2.3 131 Mozambique 2.6
139 Egypt 2.3 134 Sierra Leone 2.5
140 South Africa 2.2 135 Libya 2.4
... ... ... ... ... ...
142 Libya 2.0 139 Egypt 2.3
143 Burundi 2.0 142 Domican Republic 2.1
144 Yemen 1.8 143 South Africa 2.0
144 Yemen 1.9
Source: World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013

African countries in the table are those for which there was a score. The world's top three and bottom three are included for comparison.
a The WEF evaluated the overall quality of education by asking business leaders: “How well does the educational system in your country meet
b The WEF evaluated the quality of mathematics and science education by asking business leaders: “How would you assess the quality of
education

Failure of educationa, 2012
Schoolchildren... Gender Income Region

not not
not
Country learning learning Male Female Wealthy Poor Urban Rural
learning
to read to count
Algeriab … … … … … … … … …
Angola … … … … … … … … …
Benin 41.7% 44.8% 38.5% … … … … … …
Botswana 16.5% 10.6% 22.4% 20.2% 13.0% 7.4% 30.4% 12.4% 21.0%
Burkina Faso 28.2% 31.4% 24.9% … … … … … …
Burundi 16.1% 16.6% 15.5% … … … … … …
Cameroon 9.6% 9.0% 10.2% … … … … … …
Cape Verde … … … … … … … … …
Central African Republic … … … … … … … … …
Chad 40.0% 45.0% 34.9% … … … … … …
Comoros 34.2% 37.5% 30.8% … … … … … …
Congo (DRC) … … … … … … … … …
Congo (Rep.) 34.9% 37.9% 31.9% … … … … … …
Côte d'Ivoire 41.0% 33.6% 48.3% … … … … … …
Djibouti … … … … … … … … …
Egyptb … … … … … … … … …
Equatorial Guinea … … … … … … … … …
Eritrea … … … … … … … … …
Ethiopia 55.3% 54.2% 56.3% … … … … … …
Gabon 8.6% 6.2% 10.9% … … … … … …
Gambia … … … … … … … … …
Ghana 32.1% 21.1% 43.1% … … … … … …
Guinea … … … … … … … … …
Guinea-Bissau … … … … … … … … …
Kenya 9.6% 8.0% 11.2% 9.4% 10.0% 4.3% 12.1% 6.3% 11.4%
Lesotho 31.5% 21.2% 41.8% 33.1% 30.2% 22.4% 38.4% 22.7% 36.0%
Liberia … … … … … … … … …
Libyab … … … … … … … … …
Madagascar 15.1% 23.6% 6.5% … … … … … …
Malawi 48.3% 36.6% 59.9% 44.6% 52.1% 41.3% 52.4% 37.4% 51.7%
Mali … … … … … … … … …
Mauritania … … … … … … … … …
Mauritius 11.2% 11.1% 11.2% 14.2% 8.1% 1.9% 21.9% 10.3% 12.0%
Moroccob … … … … … … … … …
Mozambique … … … … … … … … …
Namibia 30.7% 13.6% 47.7% 32.1% 29.4% 16.2% 41.3% 17.8% 38.9%
Niger … … … … … … … … …
Nigeria 58.3% 65.7% 51.0% … … … … … …
Rwanda … … … … … … … … …
São Tomé and Príncipe … … … … … … … … …
Senegal 21.6% 24.0% 19.2%
Seychelles 14.8% 11.8% 17.8% 20.7% 8.6% 6.5% 29.4% 14.6% 15.1%
Sierra Leone … … … … … … … … …
Somalia … … … … … … … … …
South Africa 33.7% 27.2% 40.2% 36.8% 30.7% 10.5% 52.9% 19.3% 48.2%
South Sudan … … … … … … … … …
Sudan … … … … … … … … …
Swaziland 5.0% 1.4% 8.6% 4.6% 5.4% 3.1% 7.0% 3.1% 5.9%
Tanzania 8.4% 3.5% 13.3% 6.8% 9.9% 3.4% 11.7% 4.1% 10.4%
Togo … … … … … … … … …
Tunisiab … … … … … … … … …
Uganda 29.6% 20.4% 38.8% 27.9% 31.2% 19.3% 36.4% 15.8% 34.8%
Western Saharab … … … … … … … … …
Zambia 55.7% 44.1% 67.3% 52.9% 58.7% 38.9% 62.6% 48.5% 59.8%
education
Zimbabwe 22.6% 18.5% 26.6% 25.3% 20.4% 7.2% 31.6% 5.9% 29.1%
Source: Centre for Universal Education at the Brookings Institution, Africa Learning Barometer 2012, www.brookings.edu/research/interactives,
accessed 2 November 2013
a This indicator uses data from regional and national assessments to estimate the proportion of children who are in school, but whose education
has not improved by the end of primary school. Literacy and numeracy tests are given in grade 4 or 5 to measure learning. They assess the
b North African countries were excluded from the study.

9
Living conditions
living conditions
QUAlITY oF lIFE IndICAToRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Human development index, 2000-2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Life expectancy at birth, 1990 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Extreme poverty, latest years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Undernourishment, 1990-1992 and 2006-2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Access to clean water in urban and rural areas, 1990 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Sanitation infrastructure, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Access to sanitation in urban and rural areas, 1990 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Urban housing conditions, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Access to electricity, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Adult literacy, 1992 and 2005-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Press freedom rankings, 2005 and 2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Gender inequality index, 1998 and 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Property rights index, 2008-2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
ThE mIllEnnIUm dEVEloPmEnT goAlS (mdgS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Overall progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, 2010-2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
MDG progress in sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

living conditions

Quality of life indicators
Living conditions
Human development indexa, 2000-2013
World rank Africa rank

2000 2005 2013 Change ,b
2013
Country
(out of 174) (out of 177) (out of 187) 2000-2013 (out of 52)
Algeria 107 103 93 +14 4
Angola 160 160 148 +12 19
Benin 157 162 166 -9 32
Botswana 122 131 119 +3 8
Burkina Faso 172 175 183 -11 48
Burundi 170 169 178 -8 43
Cameroon 134 148 150 -16 20
Cape Verde 105 105 132 -27 12
Central African Republic 166 171 180 -14 45
Chad 167 173 184 -17 49
Comoros 137 132 169 -32 35
Congo (DRC) 152 167 186 -34 51
Congo (Rep.) 139 142 142 -3 16
Côte d’Ivoire 154 163 168 -14 34
Djibouti 149 150 164 -15 30
Egypt 119 119 112 +7 7
Equatorial Guinea 131 121 136 -5 14
Eritrea 159 161 181 -22 46
Ethiopia 171 170 173 -2 39
Gabon 123 123 106 +17 6
Gambia 161 155 165 -4 31
Ghana 139 138 135 +4 13
Guinea 162 156 178 -16 43
Guinea-Bissau 169 172 176 -7 41
Kenya 138 154 143 -5 17
Lesotho 127 149 158 -31 26
Liberia ... ... 174 ... 40
Libya 72 58 64 +8 2
Madagascar 141 146 151 -10 21
Malawi 163 165 170 -7 36
Mali 165 174 182 -17 47
Mauritania 147 152 155 -8 25
Mauritius 71 65 80 -9 3
Morocco 124 124 130 -6 11
Mozambique 168 168 185 -17 50
Namibia 115 125 128 -13 10
Niger 173 177 186 -13 51
Nigeria 151 158 153 -2 23
Rwanda 164 159 167 -3 33
São Tomé and Príncipe 132 126 144 -12 18
Senegal 155 157 154 +1 24
Seychelles 53 51 46 +7 1
Sierra Leone 174 176 177 -3 42
Somalia ... ... ... ... …
South Africa 103 120 121 -18 9
South Sudan ... ... ... ... …
Sudan 143 141 171 -28 37
Swaziland 112 147 141 -29 15
Tanzania 156 164 152 +4 22
Togo 145 143 159 -14 27
Tunisia 101 89 94 +7 5
Uganda 158 144 161 -3 28
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... …
Zambia 153 166 163 -10 29
Zimbabwe 130 145 172 -42 38
Source: UN Development Programme, Human Development Report 2000, 2005, 2013
a The Human Development Index (HDI) measures how well a country provides conditions for a long healthy life, knowledge and a decent
b Changes in ranking position should only be taken to indicate trends because the total number of countries changed between years.

living conditions
Life expectancy at birth, 1990 and 2010
Life expectancy in years Africa ranking, 2010

Country Changea, 1990-2010
1990 2010 (out of 48)
Algeria 67 73 +6 2
Angola 41 51 +10 16
Benin 49 56 +7 11
Botswana 64 53 -11 14
Burkina Faso 48 55 +7 12
Burundi 46 50 +4 17
Cameroon 53 51 -2 16
Cape Verde ... ... … …
Chad 51 49 -2 18
Comoros ... ... … …
Congo (DRC) 47 48 +1 19
Congo (Rep.) 56 57 +1 10
Côte d’Ivoire 53 55 +2 12
Djibouti ... ... … …
Egypt 62 73 +11 2
Equatorial Guinea ... ... … …
Eritrea 48 61 +13 7
Ethiopia 47 59 +12 8
Gabon 61 62 +1 6
Gambia 53 58 +5 9
Ghana 57 64 +7 5
Guinea 44 54 +10 13
Guinea-Bissau 43 48 +5 19
Kenya 59 56 -3 11
Lesotho 59 47 -12 20
Liberia 42 56 +14 11
Libya 68 75 +7 1
Madagascar 51 66 +15 4
Malawi 47 53 +6 14
Mali 44 51 +7 16
Mauritania 56 58 +2 9
Mauritius 69 73 +4 2
Morocco 64 72 +8 3
Mozambique 43 50 +7 17
Namibia 61 62 +1 6
Niger 41 54 +13 13
Nigeria 46 51 +5 16
Rwanda 33 55 +22 12
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... … …
Senegal 53 59 +6 8
Somalia 45 51 +6 16
South Africa 62 52 -10 15
South Sudan … 62 … 6
Sudan 53 61 +8 7
Swaziland 59 48 -11 19
Tanzania 51 57 +6 10
Togo 53 57 +4 10
Tunisia 70 75 +5 1
Uganda 47 54 +7 13
Western Sahara ... ... … …
Zambia 47 48 +1 19
Zimbabwe 61 50 -11 17

Living conditions
Extreme povertya, latest years
Changeb (Year 1 -
Country Year 1 Year 2 Year 2)
Algeria 1988 8% 1995 7% -11%

Angola … … 2000 54% …
Benin … … 2003 47% …
Botswana 1986 36% 1994 31% -12%
Burkina Faso 2003 57% 2009 45% -21%
Burundi 1998 86% 2006 81% -6%
Cameroon 2001 11% 2007 10% -11%
Cape Verde … … 2002 21% …
Central African Republic 2003 62% 2008 63% 1%
Chad … … 2003 62% …
Comoros … … 2004 46% …
Congo (DRC) … … 2006 88% …
Congo (Rep.) … … 2005 54% …
Côte d’Ivoire 2002 23% 2008 24% 2%
Djibouti … … 2002 19% …
Egypt 2005 2% 2008 <2% …
Ethiopia 2000 56% 2005 39% -30%
Gabon … … 2005 5% …
Gambia 1998 66% 2003 34% -49%
Ghana 1998 39% 2006 29% -27%
Guinea 2003 56% 2007 43% -23%
Guinea-Bissau 1993 52% 2002 49% -6%
Kenya 1997 20% 2005 43% 121%
Lesotho 1994 46% 2003 43% -6%
Liberia … … 2007 84% …
Libya … … … … …
Madagascar 2005 68% 2010 81% 20%
Malawi 1998 83% 2004 74% -11%
Mali 2006 51% 2010 50% -2%
Mauritania 2004 25% 2008 23% -8%
Mauritius … … … … …
Morocco 2001 6% 2007 3% -60%
Mozambique 2003 75% 2008 60% -20%
Namibia 1993 49% 2004 32% -35%
Niger 2005 50% 2008 44% -13%
Nigeria 2004 63% 2010 68% 8%
Rwanda 2006 72% 2011 63% -12%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … 2001 28% …
Senegal 2001 44% 2005 34% -24%
Seychelles 2000 <2% 2007 <2% …
Sierra Leone 1990 63% 2003 53% -15%
South Africa 2006 17% 2009 14% -21%
Sudan … … 2009 20% …
Swaziland 2001 63% 2010 41% -35%
Tanzania 2000 85% 2007 68% -20%
Togo … … 2006 39% …
Tunisia 2000 3% 2005 … …
Uganda 2006 52% 2009 38% -26%
Zambia 2004 64% 2006 69% 7%
Zimbabwe … … … … …
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 20 September 2013
a Population living below $1.25 a day as % of total (2005 purchasing power parity $). Data are for most recent year available. Available data for
different countries shows different survey periods. Approximately 442m people in Africa live below this poverty line, out of a total population of
one billion.

living conditions
Undernourishmenta, 1990-1992 and 2006-2008
Share of population undernourished Changeb, (1990-1992) and (2006-

Country (1990-1992) (2006-2008) 2008)
Algeria … … …
Angola 67% 41% -39%
Benin 20% 12% -40%
Burkina Faso 14% 8% -43%
Burundi 44% 62% 41%
Cameroon 33% 22% -33%
Cape Verde … … …
Central African Republic 44% 40% -9%
Chad 60% 39% -35%
Comoros … … …
Congo (DRC) … … …
Congo (Rep.) 42% 13% -69%
Côte d’Ivoire 15% 14% -7%
Egypt … … …
Eritrea 67% 65% -3%
Ethiopia 69% 41% -41%
Gabon 6% <5% …
Gambia 14% 19% 36%
Ghana 28% 5% -82%
Guinea 20% 16% -20%
Kenya 33% 33% 0%
Lesotho 15% 14% -7%
Liberia 30% 32% 7%
Libya … <5% …
Malawi 43% 27% -37%
Mali 27% 12% -56%
Mauritania 12% 8% -33%
Mauritius 7% 5% -29%
Morocco 6% <5% …
Mozambique 59% 38% -36%
Namibia 32% 18% -44%
Niger 37% 16% -57%
Nigeria 16% 6% -63%
Rwanda 44% 32% -27%
Senegal 22% 19% -14%
Sierra Leone 45% 35% -22%
Somalia … … …
South Africa <5% <5% …
Sudan 39% 22% -44%
Togo 43% 30% -30%
Tunisia <5% <5% …
Uganda 19% 22% 16%
Zambia 35% 44% 26%
Zimbabwe 40% 30% -25%
a Undernourishment occurs when a person’s diet continuously delivers too little energy to allow a healthy life, making it harder to perform
physical activity. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, the average minimum energy requirement per person is about 1,800
kilocalories per day. A person’s age, body size, activity level and physiological conditions such as illness, infection, pregnancy and lactation
determine the exact requirement.

Living conditions
Access to clean watera in urban and rural areas, 1990 and 2010
Rural Urban Changeb, 1990-2010
Country 1990 2010 1990 2010 Rural Urban

Algeria 88% 79% 100% 85% -10% -15%
Angola 40% 38% 30% 60% -5% 100%
Benin ... 84% ... 68% ... ...
Botswana 88% 90% 100% 99% 2% -1%
Burkina Faso ... ... ... ... ... ...
Burundi 68% 71% 97% 83% 4% -14%
Cameroon 31% 51% 77% 92% 65% 19%
Cape Verde ... ... ... ... ... ...
Central African Republic 47% 51% 78% 92% 9% 18%
Chad ... ... ... ... ... ...
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 27% 28% 90% 80% 4% -11%
Congo (Rep.) ... 34% ... 95% ... ...
Côte d’Ivoire 67% 68% 90% 93% 1% 3%
Djibouti ... ... ... ... ... ...
Egypt 86% 98% 96% 100% 14% 4%
Eritrea 39% 57% 62% 74% 46% 19%
Ethiopia 8% 26% 77% 98% 225% 27%
Gabon ... ... ... ... ... ...
Gambia ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ghana 37% 74% 84% 90% 100% 7%
Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ...
Guinea-Bissau ... ... ... ... ... ...
Kenya 32% 52% 91% 83% 63% -9%
Lesotho 57% 81% 88% 97% 42% 10%
Liberia 34% 51% 86% 79% 50% -8%
Libya 55% ... 54% ... ... ...
Madagascar 16% 29% 78% 71% 81% -9%
Malawi 33% 77% 90% 95% 133% 6%
Mali ... ... ... ... ... ...
Mauritania ... ... ... ... .... ...
Mauritius 99% 99% 100% 100% 0% 0%
Morocco 55% 60% 94% 98% 9% 4%
Mozambique 26% 29% 73% 77% 12% 5%
Namibia 51% 88% 99% 99% 73% 0%
Niger ... ... ... ... ... ...
Nigeria 30% 42% 79% 75% 40% -5%
Rwanda 66% 62% 96% 77% -6% -20%
Senegal 43% 52% 88% 92% 21% 5%
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... ... ...
Somalia ... 9% ... 67% ... ...
South Africa 66% 78% 98% 99% 18% 1%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 58% 52% 85% 64% -10% -25%
Swaziland ... 61% ... 92% ... ...
Tanzania 46% 45% 94% 80% -2% -15%
Togo ... ... ... ... ... ...
Tunisia 62% 84% 95% 99% 35% 4%
Uganda 39% 64% 78% 91% 64% 17%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 23% 46% 89% 87% 100% -2%
Zimbabwe 70% 72% 99% 99% 3% 0%
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators and African Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 18
September 2013
a Refers to the percentage of the population with access to an improved water source. This means reasonable access to an adequate amount
of water from an improved source, such as a tap in the household, public tap or pipe, borehole, protected well or spring, or rainwater tank.

living conditions
Access to clean watera in urban and rural areas, 2010 % of total urban or rural population
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Cote d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia Rural
Libya
Madagascar Urban
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
September 2013
a Refers to the percentage of the population with access to an improved water source. This means reasonable access to an adequate amount
of water from an improved source, such as a tap in the household, public tap or pipe, borehole, protected well or spring, or rainwater tank.

Living conditions
Sanitation infrastructure, 2011
Population sharing
Share of the population with Prevalence of
Country unimproved sanitation
access to improved sanitationa open defecation
facilities
Urban Rural National Urban Rural National Urban Rural National
Algeria 98% 88% 95% ... ... ... 1% 10% 3%
Angola 86% 19% 59% ... ... ... 3% 59% 26%
Benin 25% 5% 14% 37% 12% 23% 27% 76% 54%
Botswana 78% 42% 64% 6% 11% 8% 0% 35% 13%
Burkina Faso 50% 6% 18% 36% 9% 16% 9% 75% 58%
Burundi 45% 51% 50% 36% 6% 9% 2% 3% 3%
Cameroon 58% 36% 48% 18% 8% 13% 1% 12% 6%
Cape Verde 74% 45% 63% ... ... ... 18% 42% 27%
Central African Republic 43% 28% 34% 24% 14% 18% 3% 31% 20%
Chad 31% 6% 12% 18% 1% 5% 14% 80% 65%
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 29% 31% 31% 25% 13% 17% 1% 13% 9%
Congo (Rep.) 19% 15% 18% 39% 25% 34% 3% 17% 8%
Côte d’Ivoire 36% 11% 24% 23% 12% 18% 6% 50% 27%
Djibouti 73% 22% 61% 6% 3% 5% 2% 54% 14%
Egypt 97% 93% 95% 3% 7% 5% 0% 0% 0%
Equatorial Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Eritrea ... 4% ... ... ... ... 0% 96% 0%
Ethiopia 27% 19% 21% 42% 6% 12% 8% 53% 45%
Gabon 33% 30% 33% 36% 25% 34% 1% 2% 1%
Gambia 70% 65% 68% 25% 15% 21% 0% 5% 2%
Ghana 19% 8% 13% 72% 44% 59% 6% 32% 18%
Guinea 32% 11% 18% 40% 6% 18% 1% 30% 20%
Guinea-Bissau 33% 8% 19% 28% 4% 15% 2% 43% 25%
Kenya 31% 29% 29% 47% 19% 26% 3% 17% 14%
Lesotho 32% 24% 26% 29% 4% 11% 5% 49% 37%
Liberia 30% 7% 18% 30% 23% 26% 25% 62% 44%
Libya 97% 96% 97% ... ... ... ... ... ...
Madagascar 19% 11% 14% 30% 16% 20% 19% 49% 39%
Malawi 50% 53% 53% 45% 31% 33% 2% 7% 6%
Mali 35% 14% 22% 38% 9% 19% 4% 19% 14%
Mauritania 51% 9% 27% 18% 4% 10% 15% 76% 51%
Mauritius 92% 90% 91% 8% 9% 9% 0% 0% 0%
Morocco 83% 52% 70% 14% 6% 11% 0% 38% 17%
Mozambique 41% 9% 19% 8% 2% 4% 13% 55% 42%
Namibia 57% 17% 32% 20% 4% 10% 19% 72% 52%
Niger 34% 4% 10% 25% 2% 6% 20% 91% 78%
Nigeria 33% 28% 31% 36% 13% 24% 15% 31% 23%
Rwanda 61% 61% 61% 22% 7% 10% 1% 2% 2%
São Tomé and Príncipe 41% 23% 34% 6% 7% 6% 48% 66% 55%
Senegal 68% 39% 51% 22% 11% 16% 1% 28% 17%
Seychelles 97% 97% 97% ... ... ... 1% 1% 1%
Sierra Leone 22% 7% 13% 42% 18% 28% 9% 39% 27%
Somalia 52% 6% 24% 30% 6% 15% 3% 83% 52%
South Africa 84% 57% 74% 9% 6% 8% 2% 15% 7%
South Sudan 16% 7% 9% 6% 2% 3% 58% 81% 77%
Sudan 44% 13% 24% 10% 4% 6% 20% 59% 46%
Swaziland 63% 55% 57% 29% 18% 21% 1% 18% 15%
Tanzania 24% 7% 12% 23% 4% 9% 2% 16% 12%
Togo 26% 3% 11% 43% 5% 20% 20% 74% 54%
Tunisia 97% 75% 90% 2% 9% 4% 0% 16% 5%
Uganda 34% 35% 35% 50% 16% 21% 1% 10% 9%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 56% 33% 42% 23% 8% 14% 2% 27% 17%
Zimbabwe 52% 33% 40% 44% 17% 27% 2% 40% 26%
Source: World Health Organisation and the United Nations Children’s Fund, Joint Monitoring Programme, http://www.wssinfo.org, accessed 18 June
2013
a Refers to the proportion of the population with at least adequate access to waste disposal facilities. Improved facilities range from simple but

living conditions
Access to sanitationa in urban and rural areas, 1990 and 2010
Rural Urban Changeb, 1990-2010

Country
1990 2010 1990 2010 Rural Urban
Algeria 77% 88% 99% 98% 14% -1%
Angola 6% 19% 58% 85% 217% 47%
Benin 0% 5% 14% 25% ... 79%
Botswana 20% 41% 58% 75% 105% 29%
Burkina Faso 2% 6% 43% 50% 200% 16%
Burundi 44% 46% 41% 49% 5% 20%
Cameroon 35% 36% 65% 58% 3% -11%
Cape Verde ... ... ... ... ... ...
Central African Republic 5% 28% 21% 43% 460% 105%
Chad 4% 6% 21% 30% 50% 43%
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 4% 24% 23% 24% 500% 4%
Congo (Rep.) ... 15% ... 20% ... ...
Cote d’Ivoire 8% 11% 38% 36% 38% -5%
Djibouti ... ... ... ... ... ...
Egypt 57% 93% 91% 97% 63% 7%
Eritrea 0% 4% 58% 52% ... -10%
Ethiopia 1% 19% 21% 29% 1800% 38%
Gabon ... 30% ... 33% ... ...
Gambia ... 65% ... 70% ... ...
Ghana 4% 8% 11% 19% 100% 73%
Guinea 6% 11% 19% 32% 83% 68%
Guinea-Bissau 4% 9% ... 44% 125% ...
Kenya 27% 32% 24% 32% 19% 33%
Lesotho 32% 24% 29% 32% -25% 10%
Liberia 3% 7% 21% 29% 133% 38%
Libya 96% 96% 97% 97% 0% 0%
Madagascar 6% 12% 14% 21% 100% 50%
Malawi 41% 51% 50% 49% 24% -2%
Mali 10% 14% 33% 35% 40% 6%
Mauritania 10% 9% 33% 51% -10% 55%
Mauritius 90% 88% 93% 91% -2% -2%
Morocco 27% 52% 81% 83% 93% 2%
Mozambique 4% 5% 36% 38% 25% 6%
Namibia 9% 17% 66% 57% 89% -14%
Niger 2% 4% 19% 34% 100% 79%
Nigeria 36% 35% 39% 27% -3% -31%
Rwanda 22% 56% 35% 52% 155% 49%
Senegal 22% 39% 62% 70% 77% 13%
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 5% 6% 22% 23% 20% 5%
Somalia ... 6% ... 52% ... ...
South Africa 58% 67% 80% 86% 16% 7%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 23% 14% 63% 44% -39% -30%
Swaziland ... 55% ... 64% ... ...
Tanzania 23% 7% 27% 20% -70% -26%
Togo 8% 3% 26% 26% -63% 0%
Tunisia 44% 64% 95% 96% 45% 1%
Uganda 40% 34% 35% 34% -15% -3%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 36% 43% 62% 57% 19% -8%
Zimbabwe 37% 32% 58% 52% -14% -10%
September 2013

Living conditions
Access to sanitation in urban and rural areas, 2010 % of total urban or rural population
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Cote d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau Rural
Kenya
Urban
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
September 2013

living conditions
Urban housing conditionsa, 2012
Country Home ownershipb Household sizec

Algeria 67% 4.2
Angola ... ...
Benin 59% 5.9
Botswana 61% 4.2
Burkina Faso ... 6.2
Burundi ... 4.7
Cameroon 73% 5.2
Cape Verde ... ...
Central African Republic 85% 5.2
Chad ... 5.1
Comoros ... ...
Congo (DRC) 5.4
Congo (Rep.) 76% 10.5
Côte d’Ivoire ... 5.4
Djibouti ... ...
Egypt ... 4.7
Equatorial Guinea ... ...
Eritrea ... ...
Ethiopia 54% 4.8
Gabon ... 5.2
Gambia ... ...
Ghana 57% 5.1
Guinea 76% 6.7
Guinea-Bissau ... ...
Kenya 72% 4.6
Lesotho 84% 5
Liberia 1% 4.8
Libya ... 6.4
Madagascar 81% 4.9
Malawi 86% 4.4
Mali ... 5.6
Mauritania ... ...
Mauritius 87% 3.9
Morocco ... 5.9
Mozambique 92% 4.4
Namibia 5.3
Niger 77% 6.4
Nigeria 5
Rwanda 79% 4.4
São Tomé and Príncipe ... ...
Senegal 74% 9.2
Seychelles ... ...
Sierra Leone ... 6.8
Somalia ... ...
South Africa 43% 3
South Sudan
Sudan 86% 5.8
Swaziland 5.4
Tanzania 82% 4.9
Togo ... ...
Tunisia 71% 8
Uganda 76% 4.7
Zambia 94% 5.3
Zimbabwe 94% 4.8
a Data is from national population and housing censuses conducted across varying years.
b Percentage of privately-owned (not rented) dwellings out of total national dwellings. Privately owned and owner-occupied units are included,
c The average number of persons occupying a dwelling

Living conditions
Urban household sizea, 2012 Average number of persons per dwelling
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
a Data is from national population and housing censuses conducted across varying years.

living conditions
Access to electricitya, 2009
Country Share of population with access Population without electricity

Algeria 99% 200,000
Angola 26% 13,700,000
Benin 25%
Botswana 45% 1,100,000
Burkina Faso 15% 12,600,000
Burundi …
Cameroon 49% 10,000,000
Cape Verde … …
Central African Republic … …
Chad … …
Comoros … …
Congo (DRC) 11% 58,700,000
Congo (Rep.) 37% …
Côte d’Ivoire 47% 11,100,000
Djibouti … …
Egypt 100% 300,000
Eritrea 32% 3,400,000
Ethiopia 17% 68,700,000
Gabon 37% 900,000
Gambia … …
Ghana 61% 9,400,000
Guinea … …
Guinea-Bissau … …
Kenya 16% 33,400,000
Lesotho 16% 1,700,000
Liberia … …
Libya 100% 0
Madagascar 19% 15,900,000
Malawi 9% 12,700,000
Mali … …
Mauritania … …
Mauritius 99% 0
Morocco 97% 1,000,000
Mozambique 12% 20,200,000
Namibia 34% 1,400,000
Niger … …
Nigeria 51% 76,400,000
Rwanda … …
São Tomé and Príncipe … …
Senegal 42% 7,300,000
Seychelles … …
Sierra Leone … …
Somalia … …
South Africa 75% 12,300,000
South Sudan … …
Sudan 36% 27,100,000
Swaziland … …
Tanzania 14% 37,700,000
Togo 20% 5,300,000
Tunisia 100% 100,000
Uganda 9% 28,100,000
Zambia 19% 10,500,000
Zimbabwe 42% 7,300,000
Source: International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2011
a Access to electricity involves cabling and connection to mains, use of generators and renewable energy. According to the source, the threshold
level of electricity consumption for rural households is assumed to be 250 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year and for urban households it is 500
refrigerator, a second mobile telephone per household and another appliance, such as a small television or a computer.

Living conditions
Share of population with access to electricitya, 2009 %
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2011
a Access to electricity involves cabling and connection to mains, use of generators and renewable energy. According to the source, the threshold
level of electricity consumption for rural households is assumed to be 250 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year and for urban households it is 500
refrigerator, a second mobile telephone per household and another appliance, such as a small television or a computer.

living conditions
Adult literacya, 1992 and 2005-2010
Literate adults as a share of total adult population

Changeb, 1992 and 2005-2010
Country 1992 2005-2010
Algeria 57% 73% 27%
Angola 43% 70% 65%
Benin 33% 42% 28%
Burundi 33% 67% 104%
Cameroon 60% 71% 19%
Cape Verde 66% … …
Central African Republic 54% 55% 2%
Chad 45% 34% -24%
Comoros 56% … …
Congo (DRC) 74% 67% -10%
Congo (Rep.) 71% … …
Côte d’Ivoire 37% 55% 50%
Djibouti 43% … …
Egypt 49% 66% 34%
Equatorial Guinea 75% … …
Eritrea … 67% …
Ethiopia 33% 30% -8%
Gabon 59% 88% 49%
Gambia 36% 46% 29%
Ghana 61% 67% 10%
Guinea 33% 39% 18%
Kenya 75% 87% 17%
Lesotho 69% 90% 31%
Liberia 35% 59% 67%
Libya 72% 89% 23%
Madagascar 81% 64% -21%
Malawi 54% 74% 37%
Mali 27% 26% -4%
Mauritania 36% 57% 57%
Mauritius 81% 88% 9%
Morocco 41% 56% 38%
Namibia 40% 89% 123%
Niger 12% 29% 134%
Nigeria 53% 61% 16%
Rwanda 57% 71% 25%
São Tomé and Príncipe 60% … …
Senegal 31% 50% 64%
Seychelles 77% … …
Sierra Leone 29% 41% 43%
Somalia 27% … …
South Africa 81% 89% 10%
Sudan 43% … …
Togo 48% 57% 19%
Tunisia 63% 78% 24%
Uganda 59% 73% 25%
Zambia 75% 71% -6%
a The proportion of those aged 15 and older who are able to count basic numbers; and understand, read and write a short and simple
statement about their everyday life

Living conditions
Literate adultsa, 1992 and 2005-2010 % of total adult population
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad 1992
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
2005-2010
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
a The proportion of those aged 15 and older who are able to count basic numbers; and understand, read and write a short and simple
statement about their everyday life

living conditions
Press freedoma rankings, 2005 and 2013
World rank Africa rankc

Country Changeb, 2005-2013
2005 (out of 167) 2013 (out of 179) 2013 (out of 52)
Algeria … 125 ... 36

Angola 76 130 -54 37
Benin 25 79 -54 20
Botswana ... 40 ... 4
Burundi 90 132 -42 39
Cameroon 83 120 -37 33
Cape Verde 29 25 +4 2
Central African Republic 82 65 +17 12
Chad 109 121 -12 34
Comoros 88 51 +37 7
Congo (DRC) 146 142 +4 44
Congo (Rep.) 71 76 -5 19
Côte d’Ivoire 144 96 +48 26
Djibouti 121 ... ... ...
Egypt 143 158 -15 47
Equatorial Guinea … 166 ... 49
Eritrea 166 179 -13 53
Ethiopia 131 137 -6 42
Gabon 103 89 +14 25
Gambia 130 152 -22 45
Ghana 66 30 +36 3
Guinea 104 86 +18 23
Guinea-Bissau 72 92 -20 26
Kenya 110 71 +39 15
Lesotho 81 81 +0 21
Liberia 84 97 -13 29
Libya 162 131 +31 38
Madagascar 97 88 +9 24
Malawi 89 75 +14 18
Mali 36 99 -63 30
Mauritania 127 67 +60 13
Mauritius 35 62 -27 11
Morocco 120 136 -16 41
Mozambique 49 73 -24 17
Namibia 27 19 +8 1
Niger 57 43 +14 5
Nigeria 124 115 +9 32
Rwanda 122 161 -39 48
Senegal 79 59 +20 9
Seychelles 73 93 -20 27
Somalia 149 175 -26 52
South Sudan ... 124 ... 35
Sudan 134 170 -36 51
Swaziland 118 155 -37 46
Tanzania 75 70 +5 14
Togo 95 83 +12 22
Tunisia 147 138 +9 43
Uganda 80 104 -24 31
Zambia 94 72 +22 16
Zimbabwe 153 133 +20 40
Source: Reporters Without Borders, World Press Freedom Index, http://www.rsf.org, accessed 19 March 2013.
a The level of press freedom in a country is weighted based on: pluralism, media independence, environment and self-censorship, legislation,
transparency, and infrastructure. The total score is added to a score on violence or imprisonment of journalists. 179 countries were scored
in 2013 based on full information; questionnaires completed by 18 freedom of expression institutes around the world, a network of 150
journalists, researchers, jurists and human rights activists.
c Countries with positive numbers are less restricted than in previous years.

Living conditions
Gender inequality indexa, 1998 and 2013
World ranking Africa ranking
Country 1998 2013 2013

Changeb, 1998-2013
(out of 187) (out of 187) (out of 37)
Algeria 91 74 +17 4
Angola ... ... ... …
Benin 132 135 -3 28
Botswana 101 102 10
Burundi ... 98 ... 9
Cameroon 134 137 -3 30
Cape Verde 88 ... ... …
Central African Republic 138 142 -4 34
Chad ... ... ... …
Comoros 113 ... ... …
Congo (DRC) 125 144 -19 36
Congo (Rep.) 114 132 -18 27
Côte d’Ivoire 129 138 -9 31
Djibouti ... ... ... …
Egypt 99 126 -27 22
Equatorial Guinea 109 ... ... …
Eritrea 131 ... ... …
Ethiopia 141 ... ... …
Gabon ... 105 ... 11
Gambia 134 128 +6 23
Ghana 105 121 -16 18
Guinea ... ... ... …
Guinea-Bissau 140 ... ... …
Kenya 112 130 -18 25
Lesotho 104 113 -9 14
Liberia ... 143 ... 35
Libya ... 36 ... 1
Madagascar 116 ... ... …
Malawi 136 124 +12 20
Mali 137 141 -4 33
Mauritania 122 139 -17 32
Mauritius 61 70 -9 3
Morocco 103 84 +19 6
Mozambique 139 125 +14 21
Namibia 98 86 +12 7
Niger 143 146 -3 37
Nigeria 124 ... ... …
Rwanda 135 76 +59 5
São Tomé and Príncipe ... … ... …
Senegal 128 115 +13 15
Seychelles ... ... ... …
Sierra Leone ... 139 ... 32
Somalia ... ... ... …
South Sudan ... ... ... …
Sudan 118 129 -11 24
Swaziland 93 112 -19 13
Tanzania 127 119 +8 17
Togo 120 122 -2 19
Tunisia 86 46 +40 2
Uganda 130 110 +20 12
Western Sahara ... ... ... …
Zambia 126 136 -10 29
Zimbabwe 106 116 -10 16
Source: UN Development Programme, Human Development Report 2000 and 2013
a The gender inequality index (GII) measures inequality between women and men in three areas: reproductive health, empowerment
(representation in parliament and access to education), and the labour market. The Netherlands ranked as the least unequal country in the
world, while Niger was the most unequal. The lowest position (146th) is less than the number of countries (187) because some countries are
tied at the same position.
b Gender inequality is ranked from 1 to 187. Lower rankings show less inequality, higher rankings show more inequality. Countries with positive
numbers are less unequal than in previous years.

living conditions
Property rights indexa, 2008-2013 (Scores 0-100, where 0=worst and 100=best)
Country 2008 2013

Algeria 30 30
Angola 20 15
Benin 30 30
Botswana 70 70
Burkina Faso 30 30
Burundi 30 20
Cameroon 30 30
Cape Verde 70 70
Chad 20 20
Comoros … 30
Congo (DRC) 10 10
Congo (Rep.) ... 10
Côte d’Ivoire 30 25
Djibouti 30 30
Egypt 40 35
Eritrea ... 10
Ethiopia 30 30
Gabon 40 40
Gambia 30 30
Ghana 50 50
Guinea 30 20
Guinea-Bissau 10 20
Kenya 35 30
Lesotho 40 40
Liberia ... 30
Libya 10 10
Madagascar 50 40
Malawi 40 40
Mali 30 30
Mauritania 30 25
Mauritius 60 70
Morocco 35 40
Mozambique 30 30
Namibia 30 30
Niger ... 30
Nigeria 30 30
Rwanda 30 30
São Tomé and Príncipe ... 20
Senegal 50 40
Seychelles ... 50
Sierra Leone 10 10
Somalia ... ...
South Africa 50 50
South Sudan ... ...
Sudan ... ...
Swaziland 50 40
Tanzania 30 30
Togo 30 30
Tunisia 50 40
Uganda 30 30
Zambia 40 30
Zimbabwe 10 10
Source: The Heritage Foundation, Index of Economic Freedom 2008 and 2013
a The property rights index measures the ability of individuals to acquire private property, the existence of laws to secure the right of private
ownership, and government’s ability to enforce those laws. The index also analyses the independence of the judiciary and the ability of
individuals and businesses to enforce contracts.
Scores
80-100 Free
70-79.9 Mostly free
60-69.9 Moderately free
50-59.9 Mostly unfree
0-49.9 Repressed

Living conditions
Property rights indexa, 2008 and 2013 (Scores 0-100, where 100=best)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros 2008 2013
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: The Heritage Foundation, Index of Economic Freedom 2008 and 2013
a The property rights index measures the ability of individuals to acquire private property, the existence of laws to secure the right of private
ownership, and government’s ability to enforce those laws. The index also analyses the independence of the judiciary and the ability of
individuals and businesses to enforce contracts.
Scores
80-100 Free
70-79.9 Mostly free
60-69.9 Moderately free
50-59.9 Mostly unfree
0-49.9 Repressed

The millennium development goals (mdgs)
living conditions
-
ing poverty alleviation, education, health and other priority areas. At the UN Millennium Summit in 2000, 189 states agreed
to meet these targets by 2015. Worldwide, the targets that have already been met include halving the number of people liv-
ing in extreme poverty and providing more than two billion people with access to clean drinking water. Most countries have
also made great strides on health targets and are within close reach of achieving them by 2015. However, sub-Saharan
Africa lags behind the rest of the world on most of the targets.
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

1.A. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 a day
1.B. Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people
1.C. Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

2.A. Ensure that children everywhere, boys and girls, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

3.A. Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education in all levels of education
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Goal 5: Improve maternal health

5.A. Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio
5.B. Achieve universal access to reproductive health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

6.A. Halt and reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
6.B. Achieve universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
6.C. Halt and reverse malaria and other major diseases
Goal 7: Ensure envionmental sustainability

7.A. Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of
environmental resources
7.B. Reduce biodiversity loss
7.C. Halve the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Goal 8: Global partnership for development
8.B. Address the special needs of least developed countries

8.C. Address the special needs of landlocked and small island developing countries
8.D. Deal comprehensively with the debt of developing countries
8.E. Provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries
8.G. Monitor aid delivery
Overall progress
Share of goals Moderately Seriously

Region
reached progress progress off target off target data
38% 4% 0% 4% 4% 50%
78% 4% 0% 0% 0% 17%
48% 7% 7% 3% 14% 21%
69% 8% 0% 0% 8% 15%
South Asia 63% 25% 0% 0% 0% 13%
Sub-Saharan Africa 24% 11% 11% 4% 39% 11%
Developing World 46% 8% 5% 3% 17% 21%
Source: World Bank, Global Monitoring Report, http://www.blogs.worldbank.org, accessed 18 July 2013

Living conditions
Progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, 2010-2013
(MDG Progress Index scores: 0-8, where 8=best; and individual MDG scores: 0.0=off track, 1.0=on track)
MDG Progress Index Scorea 2013 Individual MDG Scores
Education
2010-2013
HIV/AIDS
Changeb,
Mortality
Mortality
Maternal
Extreme
Country
Poverty
Hunger
Gender
Water
Child
2010
2012
2013
2011
Algeria 4.5 4.0 3.5 2.5 (2.0) - 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 … 0.0
Angola 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.5 ... 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0
Benin 2.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 2.5 ... 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
Botswana 3.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 (1.5) - 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.0
Burkina Faso 5.0 5.5 6.0 5.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
Burundi 0.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
Cameroon 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
Cape Verde 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 1.0 ... 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0
Central African Republic 1.5 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.5
Chad 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 ... 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Comoros 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 0.5 ... 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
Congo (DRC) 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 ... ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 ... 0.0
Congo (Rep.) 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.0 (1.5) ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
Côte d’Ivoire 1.5 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.0
Djibouti 2.5 2.0 3.5 3.5 1.0 ... 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 1.0
Egypt 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 0.5 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Eritrea 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.5
Ethiopia 5.0 4.5 6.0 5.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.5
Gabon 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.5 - 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5
Gambia 4.5 5.0 4.5 5.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 1.0
Ghana 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 1.0
Guinea 4.0 3.5 4.5 4.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 1.0
Guinea-Bissau 0.0 0.5 2.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
Kenya 3.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5
Lesotho 3.5 3.0 2.0 2.0 (1.5) 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Liberia 1.5 1.5 3.0 3.5 2.0 ... 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.0
Libya 3.0 1.5 2.5 2.5 (0.5) - 0.0 - 1.0 1.0 0.5 … 0.0
Madagascar 2.0 2.5 4.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.5
Malawi 5.0 4.5 5.5 5.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.0
Mali 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0
Mauritania 4.5 3.5 4.5 4.0 (0.5) 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5
Mauritius 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 (2.0) - 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
Morocco 4.5 4.0 5.0 4.0 (0.5) 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.5
Mozambique 3.0 3.5 4.0 3.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
Namibia 4.0 4.0 5.0 3.5 (0.5) 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.0
Niger 2.0 4.0 4.5 4.5 2.5 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5
Nigeria 1.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 1.5 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5
Rwanda 3.0 3.5 5.5 6.0 3.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0
São Tomé and Príncipe 2.5 2.5 4.5 4.5 2.0 ... 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0
Senegal 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.0
Seychelles 3.0 3.0 1.5 3.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 … … 0.5
Sierra Leone 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 ... 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 …
South Africa 1.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 1.5 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5
Sudan 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 ... 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.0
Swaziland 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Tanzania 1.0 1.5 3.0 2.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.0
Togo 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 1.0 ... 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0
Tunisia 7.0 5.5 6.0 6.0 1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5
Uganda 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.5 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0
Zambia 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.5 1.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 ... 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0
Zimbabwe 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 (0.5) ... 0.5 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5
Source: ONE, MDG Progress Report 2013
a Countries are allocated scores on each target (1 for on track, 0.5 for partially on track and 0 for off track), which are added to obtain a total
score. A total score of eight means a country is on track to meet all of the index’s targets.

living conditions
MDG progress in sub-Saharan Africa and North Africaa
Target Indicator Notes Yearsb
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

1A: Halve the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day
1.1: Proportion of population The extreme poverty line was raised from $1.00 to $1.25 per day when 1990/2010
below $1.25 (PPP) per research in 2005 showed that the cost of living in poor countries was
day higher than previously thought.
1.2: Poverty gap ratio at $1.25 The poverty gap ratio indicates how much money would be needed 1990/2010
a day (2005 PPP $) to raise the poor from their present incomes to the poverty line, as a
percentage of the poverty line.
1.3: Share of poorest quintile in Shows how much of a country's national consumption is accounted for Not available
national consumption
1B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people
1.4: Growth rate of gross a) Annual growth rate of GDP per person employed 2001/2012
domestic product (GDP)
per person employed
b) GDP per person employed, 2005 purchasing power parity $ 1991/2012
1.5: Employment-to-population a) Share of a country's working-age population that is employed 1991/2012
ratio
b) i) Men .../2012
b) ii) Women .../2012
b) iii) Youth .../2012
1.6: Proportion of employed 1991/2012
people living below $1.25 are employed, but live in a household whose members are estimated
(PPP) per day to be living below the poverty line.
b) The same indicator as above, expressed as share of total employment 1991/2012
1.7: Proportion of own-account a) The number of workers in self-employment who do not have 1991/2012
and contributing family workers employees, plus unpaid family workers, as a share of total
in total employment employment.
b) Men 1991/2012
c) Women 1991/2012
1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
1.8: Prevalence of underweight 1990/2011
they should at their age, as a share of all children in the country.
of age
b) i) Boys .../2006-2010
b) ii) Girls .../2006-2010
c) i) Rural .../2006-2010
c) ii) Urban .../2006-2010
.../2006-2010
.../2006-2010
1.9: Proportion of population Measures how many people in a country suffer from hunger or food 1990-92/2010-12
below minimum level deprivation, as a share of the total population.
of dietary energy
consumption
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
2A: Ensure that children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
2.1: Net enrolment ratio in a) The number of children who are attending primary school, as a share 1990/2011
primary education of all children who ought to be attending primary school.
b) i) Boys 1990/2011
b) ii) Girls 1990/2011
2.2: Proportion of pupils 1990/2011
starting grade 1 who reach school who are expected to reach the last grade of primary school,
last grade of primary regardless of repetition.
b) i) Boys 1990/2011
b) ii) Girls 1990/2011

Living conditions
Sub-Saharan Africaa North Africaa
Earliest Gap, target Earliest Gap, target
Latest year Changed Target 2015 Latest year Changed Target 2015
year vs. actualc year vs. actualc
56.5% 48.4% -14.3% 28.3% -20.2 5.2% 1.4% -73.1% 2.6% 1.2
25.3% 21.0% -17.0% ... 0.8% 0.3% -62.5% ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
0.8% 1.5% 87.5% ... 1.2% 1.7% 41.7% ...
4,627 5,603 21.1% ... 17,454 23,312 33.6% ...
63.0% 64.3% 2.1% ... 41.6% 42.7% 2.6% ...
... 70.9% ... ... ... 67.9% ... ...

... 57.8% ... ... ... 18.1% ... ...
... 46.5% ... ... ... 23.5% ... ...
100.5 132.2 31.5% ... 1.3 0.4 -69.2% ...
55.0% 39.6% -28.0% ... 4.2% 0.8% -81.0% ...
83.1% 76.8% -7.6% ... 37.5% 34.3% -8.5% ...
78.3% 70.0% -10.6% ... 33.4% 30.1% -9.9% ...

89.5% 85.1% -4.9% ... 54.7% 49.5% -9.5% ...
29% 21% -27.6% 14.5% -6.5 10% 5% -50.0% 5.0% 0
... 23% ... ... ... ... 6% ... ... ...

... 19% ... ... ... ... 4% ... ... ...
... 22% ... ... ... ... 6% ... ... ...
... 15% ... ... ... ... 5% ... ... ...
... 28% ... ... ... ... 7% ... ... ...
... 11% ... ... ... ... 4% ... ... ...
32.2% 26.8% -16.8% 16.1% -10.7 3.8% 2.7% -28.9% 1.9% -0.8
52.6% 77.2% 46.8% 100% -22.8 79.6% 97.3% 22.2% 100% -2.7
58.0% 79.2% 36.6% 100% -20.8 87.9% 99.1% 12.7% 100% -0.9
47.2% 75.2% 59.3% 100% -24.8 71.0% 95.4% 34.4% 100% -4.6
52.2% 69.2% 32.6% 100% -30.8 73.10% 95.60% 30.8% 100% -4.4
57.6% 72.6% 26.0% 100% -27.4 81.70% 96.80% 18.5% 100% -3.2
46.6% 65.8% 41.2% 100% -34.2 64.10% 94.40% 47.3% 100% -5.6
continues >

living conditions
MDG progress in sub-Saharan Africa and North Africaa (continued)
2.3: Literacy rate of 15-24 a) Also known as the youth literacy rate, this indicator measures how 1990/2011
year-olds, women and many 15-24-year-olds can both read and write, with understanding, a
men short simple statement on everyday life, expressed as a share of all
15-24-year-olds.
b) i) Men 1990/2011
b) ii) Women 1990/2011
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary, secondary and tertiary education
3.1: Ratio of girls to boys in a) Primary education: this indicator is also known as the Gender Parity 1990/2011
primary, secondary and Index. It is calculated by dividing the number of girls enrolled in
tertiary education education by the number of boys similarly enrolled. A ratio of 1 means
that as many girls as boys are enrolled.
b) Secondary education 1990/2011
c) Tertiary education 1990/2011
3.2: Share of women in wage The number of women who are employed in services or industry and 1990/2011
employment in the non- earning a wage, as a share of all those similarly employed
agricultural sector
3.3: Proportion of seats held The share of all occupied seats in parliament (single or lower chamber) 1990/2013
by women in national held by women
parliament
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
1990/2012
expressed as deaths of children per 1,000 live births

4.2: Infant mortality rate 1990/2012
expressed as deaths of children per 1,000 live births

4.3: Proportion of one-year- The share of children under one year of age who have received at least 1990/2011
old children immunised one dose of measles-containing vaccine
against measles
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
5A: Reduce by three-quarters the maternal mortality ratio
5.1: Maternal mortality ratio The annual number of maternal deaths from any cause related to 1990/2010
pregnancy during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of the end
5.2: Proportion of births The proportion of total live births that are attended by a skilled birth 1990/2011
attended by skilled health attendant trained in providing life-saving obstetric care
personnel
5B: Achieve universal access to reproductive health
5.3: Contraceptive prevalence The percentage of women, 15-49 years old and married or in a 1990/2011
rate partnership, who are currently using, or whose sexual partner is currently
using, at least one contraceptive method
5.4: Adolescent birth rate The annual number of live births to adolescent women, aged 15-19 1990/2010
years, per 1,000 adolescent women
5.5: Antenatal care coverage a) The percentage of women aged 15–49 with a live birth that received 1990/2011
(at least one visit and at antenatal care provided by skilled health personnel at least once
least four visits) during their pregnancy.
b) As above, at least four visits. 1990/2011
5.6: Unmet need for family The percentage of women of reproductive age, either married or in 1990/2011
planning a partnership, who are fecund and sexually active but are not using
contraception, and report not wanting any more children or wanting to
delay the birth of their next child for at least two years

Living conditions
65.5% 69.5% 6.1% 100% -30.5 67.5% 89.2% 32.1% 100% -10.8
72.9% 75.7% 3.8% 100% -24.3 77.2% 92.8% 20.2% 100% -7.2
58.6% 63.8% 8.9% 100% -36.2 57.3% 85.5% 49.2% 100% -14.5
0.83 0.93 12.0% 1.00 -0.07 0.82 0.94 14.6% 1.00 -0.06
0.76 0.83 9.2% 1.00 -0.17 0.76 0.98 28.9% 1.00 -0.02
0.48 0.61 27.1% 1.00 -0.39 0.64 1.07 67.2% 1.00 0.07
23.7% 32.5% 37.1% 50% -17.5 19.2% 19.1% -0.5% 50% -30.9
9.60% 21% 118.8% 50% -0.29 2.60% 17.60% 576.9% 50% -32.4
178 105 -41.0% 59.3 -45.7 77 23 -70.1% 25.7 2.7
107 68 -36.4% ... 59 20 -66.1% ...
56% 74% 32.1% ... 84% 96% 14.3% ...
850 500 -41.2% 212.5 -287.5 230 78 -66.1% 57.5 -20.5
42% 48% 14.3% ... 47% 82% 74.5% ...
...
12.4% 25.1% 102.4% ... 43.3% 62.8% 45.0% ...
125.4 117.8 -6.1% ... 43.1 29.2 -32.3% ...
69% 79% 14.5% ... 50% 79% 58.0% ...
52% 49% -5.8% ... 23% 66% 187.0% ...
27.4% 25.3% -7.7% ... 22.6% 12.0% -46.9% ...
continues >

living conditions
Goal 6: Combat HIV/Aids, malaria and other diseases

6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/Aids
6.1: HIV incidence and a) The HIV incidence rate is the number of new HIV infections per year 2001/2011
prevalence per 100 people aged 15-49.
b) The HIV prevalence rate is the number of individuals over the age of 1990/2011
15 living with HIV, expressed as a share of the total population of that
age.
6.2: Condom use at last high- The number of men and women aged 15–24 who used a condom the 2007/2012
risk sex last time they had sexual intercourse with a non-marital, non-cohabiting
partner, as a share of those who had sex with such a partner in the last
12 months (data from 27/21 countries in sub-Saharan Africa)
6.3: Proportion of population The percentage of the population aged 15–24 that can correctly identify 2007/2012
aged 15-24 years with the two major ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV (using
comprehensive correct condoms and limiting sex to one faithful, uninfected partner), who know
knowledge of HIV/Aids that a healthy-looking person can transmit HIV, and who reject the two
most common local misconceptions about HIV transmission (data from
32/27 countries in sub-Saharan Africa)
6.4: Ratio of school attendance School attendance is the proportion of children in a given group 2007-2012 (31
of orphans to school countries)
attendance of non-orphans whose biological parents have both died
aged 10-14 years
6B: Achieve universal access to treatment for HIV/Aids for all those who need it
6.5: Proportion of population The share of adults and children who are currently receiving antiretroviral 2010/2011
with advanced HIV therapy (ART) of all adults and children eligible for ART
infection with access to
antiretroviral drugs
6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
6.6: Incidence and death rates a) The incidence rate of malaria is the number of new cases of malaria .../2010
associated with malaria per 1,000 people per year.
(per 1,000 population)
b) The death rate associated with malaria is the number of deaths .../2010
caused by malaria per 100,000 people per year.
6.7: Proportion of children a) The proportion of children aged 0-59 months who slept under an .../2008-2012
under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated mosquito net the night prior to the survey (data are
insecticide-treated bednets for 39 countries in sub-Saharan Africa)
b) i) Urban .../2008-2012
b) ii) Rural .../2008-2012
6.8: Proportion of children a) The percentage of children aged 0-59 months who were ill with a fever .../2008-2012
under 5 with fever who are in the two weeks before the survey and who received any anti-malarial
treated with appropriate drugs during that time (data are for 35 countries in sub-Saharan
anti-malarial drugs Africa). (It is not clear how the percentage for the whole population
can be lower than those for the urban and rural populations.)
b) i) Urban .../2008-2012
b) ii) Rural .../2008-2012
6.9: Incidence, prevalence and 1990/2011
death rates associated TB cases in one year per 100,000 population, including HIV-infected
with tuberculosis sufferers.
b) The prevalence of tuberculosis is the number of TB cases in a 1990/2011
c) Death rates associated with tuberculosis are the estimated number 1990/2011
of deaths, excluding HIV-infected victims, due to TB in one year per
100,000 population.
6.10: Proportion of tuberculosis a) The TB detection rate is the number of estimated new TB cases 1990/2011
(TB) cases detected detected in a given year using the DOTS approach expressed as a
and cured under directly percentage of all new TB cases.
observed treatment short
(DOTS) course
b) The TB treatment success rate is the number of new TB cases in a 1994/2010
given year that were cured or completed a full treatment of DOTS
expressed as a percentage of all new TB cases.

Living conditions
...
...
0.61 0.37 -39.3% ... 0.01 0.01 0.0% ...
2.4% 4.6% 91.7% ... <0.1% 0.1% ... ...
34.1% 54.7% 60.4% ... ... ... ... ...
28.20% 37% 31.2% ... ... ... ... ...
... 0.95 ... ... ... ... ... ...
48% 56% 16.7% 100% -0.44 31% 36% 16.1% 100% -0.64
... 264 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... 88 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... 37% ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... 36% ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... 41% ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... 37% ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... 48% ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... 39% ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
251 264 5.2% ... 64 51 -20.3% ...
388 298 -23.2% ... 111 74 -33.3% ...
42 27 -35.7% ... 9 5.2 -42.2% ...
32% 60% 87.5% ... 57% 74% 29.8% ...
60% 82% 36.7% ... 80% 86% 7.5% ...
continues >

living conditions
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of natural resources
7.1: Proportion of land area The amount of forest area in the total land area 1990/2010
covered by forest
7.2: CO2 emissions, total, per a) The total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy, industrial 1990/2010
capita and per $1 GDP processes, agriculture and waste (minus CO2 removal by sinks),
(PPP) presented as total emissions in millions of metric tonnes.
b) As above, emissions per head in metric tonnes. 1990/2010
c) As above, emissions per $1 of gross domestic product, expressed in 1990/2010
terms of purchasing power parity (PPP).
7.3: Consumption of ozone- The sum of consumption of all ozone-depleting substances controlled 1986/2011
depleting substances under the Montreal Protocol, expressed in tonnes of ozone depletion
(tonnes of ozone depletion potential
potential)
Not available by
within safe biological limits level of maximum sustainable biological productivity. The maximum region
sustainable biological productivity is the largest catch that can be
Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY).

7.5: Proportion of total water The total volume of groundwater and surface water withdrawn from .../2006
resources used their sources for human use (in the agricultural, domestic/municipal
and industrial sectors), expressed as a percentage of the total actual
renewable water resources
7.6: Proportion of terrestrial a) The proportion of a country's total terrestrial and marine area that is 1990/2012
and marine areas designated as a protected area
protected
b) Terrestrial area includes total land area and inland waters 1990/2012
1990/2012
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as belts of coastal
waters extending at most twelve nautical miles from the baseline
(usually the mean low-water mark) of a coastal state.
7.7: Proportion of species The proportion of threatened species expected to go extinct in the near 1990/2012
threatened with extinction future without additional conservation action. It is an index based on the
number of species in each category of extinction risk on the International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.
Note: the measurement shows the percentage of species NOT
expected to become extinct in the near future.
7C: Halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
7.8: Proportion of population a) The share of the population that uses any type of improved drinking 1990/2011
using an improved water source, a facility that is protected from outside contamination,
drinking water source particularly with fecal matter. Improved drinking water sources do not
include unprotected wells, unprotected springs, water provided by
carts with small tanks/drums, tanker truck-provided water and bottled
water (if the secondary source is not improved) or surface water
taken directly from rivers, ponds, streams, lakes, dams, or irrigation
preparation and basic hygiene purposes.

b) i) Urban 1990/2011
b) ii) Rural 1990/2011
7.9: Proportion of population The proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility. An 1990/2011
using an improved improved sanitation facility is a facility that hygienically separates human
sanitation facility excreta from human, animal and insect contact. Unimproved facilities
elsewhere; pit latrines without a slab; bucket latrines; hanging toilets or
of water.
b) i) Urban 1990/2011
b) ii) Rural 1990/2011

Living conditions
31.2% 28.1% -9.9% ... 1.4% 1.4% 0.0% ...
462 711 53.9% ... 229 464 102.6% ...
0.91 0.83 -8.8% ... 1.91 2.8 46.6% ...
0.55 0.41 -25.5% ... 0.43 0.43 0.0% ...
36,347 1,640 -95.5% ... 14,214 860 -93.9% ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... 3.2% ... ... ... 89.0% ... ...
10.7% 15.2% 42.1% ... 2.9% 6.9% 137.9% ...
11.0% 15.4% 40.0% ... 3% 6.9% 130.0% ...
1.5% 7.5% 400.0% ... 2.3% 6.2% 169.6% ...
93.6% 93.3% -0.3% ... 98.0% 96.9% -1.1% ...
49.0% 63.0% 28.6% 74.5% -11.5 87% 92% 5.7% 94% -2.0
83.0% 84.0% 1.2% 91.5% -7.5 94% 95% 1.1% 97% -2.0
36.0% 51.0% 41.7% 68.0% -17.0 80% 89% 11.3% 90% -1.0
26.0% 30.0% 15.4% 63.0% -33.0 72% 90% 25.0% 86% 4.0
43.0% 42.0% -2.3% 71.5% -29.5 92% 94% 2.2% 96% -2.0
19.0% 24.0% 26.3% 59.5% -35.5 54% 84% 55.6% 77% 7.0
continues >

living conditions
7.10: Proportion of urban This is the proportion of the urban population that live in households 1990/2012
population living in slums lacking one or more of the following basic services: improved water,
tenure.
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
8B: Address the special needs of the least developed countries

8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing states
8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make
debt sustainable in the long term
8.1: Net ODA, total and to the Not available by
least developed countries, and ODA to the least developed countries that is provided by donor region.
as percentage of OECD/ countries of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the
DAC donors' gross Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
national income expressed as a percentage of their gross national income (GNI).
$125.7 billion in 2012.

b) As above, as share of OECD/DAC donors' gross national income. Not available by
region.
in 2012.
8.2: Proportion of total bilateral, This indicator is the proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable Not available by
sector-allocable ODA region.
of OECD/DAC donors for Economic Cooperation and Development/Development Assistance
to basic social services Committee (OECD/DAC) donor country directly to a developing country,
(basic education, primary that is committed for improving basic social services, including basic
health care, nutrition, safe education, primary health care (including reproductive health and
water and sanitation) population programmes), nutrition programmes and safe water and
sanitation programmes.
The total was $2.9 billion (10.1% of bilateral, sector-allocable aid) in

1999 and $14.7 billion (18.7%) in 2011.
8.3: Proportion of bilateral Not available by
assistance (ODA) excluding technical cooperation and administrative region.
assistance of OECD/DAC costs provided by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
donors that is untied Development/ Development Assistance Committee (OECD/DAC) donor
countries directly to developing countries that is untied. Untied aid is
the associated goods and services from all countries.
The total for 1990 was $16.3 billion (67.6% of all aid) and for 2012 $65.1
billion (84.6%).
8.4: ODA received in Not available by
landlocked developing received by an individual landlocked developing country (LLDC) , as a region.
countries as a proportion proportion of the country's gross national income (GNI).
of their gross national
incomes
$25.7 billion (3.4%) for 2012.
8.5: ODA received in small Not available by
island developing states received by small island developing States (SIDS) as a proportion of region.
as a proportion of their their gross national income (GNI) .
gross national incomes
The total was $2.1 billion (1.9% of recipients’ GNIs) for 1990 and $5.3
billion (4.1%) for 2011.
8.6: Proportion of total a) The indicator is the ratio of developed countries duty-free imports from 1996/2011
developed country imports developing countries (or the least developed countries) to total imports
(by value and excluding made by developed countries from developing countries (or from the
arms) from developing least developed countries), excluding arms.
countries and least
developed countries,
admitted free of duty
b) As above, excluding arms and oil. 1996/2011

Living conditions
70.0% 61.7% -11.9% ... 34.4% 13.3% -61.3% ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
78% 99% 27% ... 52% 97% 87% ...
88% 97% 10% ... 20% 95% 375% ...
continues >

living conditions
8.7: Average tariffs imposed by a) This indicator is the average tariff imposed by developed countries on 1996/2011
developing countries on agricultural products from developing countries.
agricultural products and
textiles and clothing from
developing countries
b) As above, textiles. 1996/2011
c) As above, clothing. 1996/2011
8.8: Agricultural support The agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage Not available by
estimate for OECD region.
countries as a percentage of transfers to agricultural producers in a country as a percentage of the
of their gross domestic gross domestic product (GDP) of the country.
product
2011.
8.9: Proportion of ODA The proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity is the Not available by
provided to help build region.
trade capacity provided by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development/
Development Assistance Committee (OECD/DAC) donors directly to a
developing country that is committed for activities that help build trade
The aid for trade share of total aid was 38.5% in 2001 and 31.4% in
2011.
8.10: Total number of countries Not available by
that have reached their indebted poor countries (HIPC) initiative assistance and that have region.
HIPC decision points and reached their decision point or completion point under the enhanced
number that have reached HIPC initiative. The HIPC decision point is the date at which an HIPC
their HIPC completion commits to undertake additional reforms and to develop and implement
points (cumulative) a poverty reduction strategy. HIPCs reach the decision point if they have
a track record of macroeconomic stability, have prepared an Interim
Poverty Reduction Strategy through a participatory process, and have
cleared or reached an agreement on a process to clear outstanding
arrears to multilateral and all other external creditors. The HIPC
completion point is the date at which countries successfully complete
the key structural reforms agreed at the decision point, including the
development and one-year implementation of a poverty reduction
strategy.
In 2000 there were 34 eligible countries, of which 1 had reached

completion point, 21 had reached decision point but not completion
point, and 12 were yet to be considered for decision point. In 2012 there
were 39 eligible countries. 35 had reached completion point, 1 had
reached decision point but not completion point and 3 were yet to be
considered for decision point.
8.11: Debt relief committed The debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI initiatives is the amount Not available by
under heavily indebted of debt relief committed under the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) region.
poor countries (HIPC) initiative when a country reaches its decision point and the multilateral
and multilateral debt relief debt relief initiative (MDRI) when a country reaches its completion point
(MDRI) initiatives under the enhanced HIPC Initiative.
In 2000 $32 billion (cumulative) had been committed to countries that
$94 billion (cumulative).

8.12: Debt service as a The debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services is 1990/2011
percentage of exports of the sum of a country's debt service on long-term public and publicly
goods and services guaranteed debt and International Monetary Fund (IMF) repurchases
and charges, expressed as a percentage of that country's exports of
goods and services and net income from abroad.
8E: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries
8.13: Proportion of population The proportion of population with access to affordable, essential drugs No global or
with access to affordable on a sustainable basis is the share of the population that has essential regional data
essential drugs on a medicines continuously available and affordable at public or private available.
sustainable basis health facilities or medicine outlets that are within one hour's walk from
the homes of the population.

Living conditions
7.4% 3.2% -57% ... 6.6% 6.0% -9% ...
3.9% 2.9% -26% ... 8.0% 3.7% -54% ...

8.5% 2.6% -69% ... 11.9% 5.3% -55% ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
17.6% 2.2% -87.5% ... 39.8% 3.9% -90.2% ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
continues >

living conditions
8.14: Fixed telephone lines per Fixed-telephone subscriptions refers to the sum of the active number 1995/2011
100 inhabitants
8.15: Mobile cellular 1995/2011

subscriptions per 100 subscriptions per 100 population.
inhabitants
8.16: Internet users per 100 This indicator is the percentage of individuals using the Internet. 1995/2011
inhabitants
Sources: UN, Millennium Development Goal Indicators Database,
a The MDG regional grouping “ North Africa” comprises Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Western Sahara. “Sub-Saharan” Africa includes all other
c Where the indicator is a percentage, the gap is given in percentage points. All gaps are shown as negative if the target has not yet been reached, zero if it has
Goal 1A—Share of population living below $1.25 purchasing power parity (PPP) per daya %
70 1990
2010
60 2015 (target)
50
40
30
20
10
0
a
an
ia
ia
ia
ia
ia
ns
ric
ric
si
As
As
As
As
an
io
be
lA
Af
Af
eg
ce
n
rn
n
ib
tra
er
er
er
an
R
ar
n
he
en
er
st
t
r
es
C
as
g
ut
ha
Ea
th
n
C
e
W
E
So
pi
or
Sa
th
h-
o
N
an
el
ut
b-
d
an
ev
So
Su
s
su
D
a
ic
ca
er
au
Am
C
tin
La
Source: UN, Millennium Development Goals, Targets and Indicators, 2013
a The extreme poverty line was changed from $1.00 to $1.25 per day when research in 2005 showed that the cost of living in poor countries
was higher than previously thought.

Living conditions
1.1 1.4 27.3% ... 4.5 10.5 133.3% ...
0.1 53.3 53,200% ... <0.1 106.1 ... ...
0.10% 12.60% 12,500% ... <0.1% 35% ... ...
African countries covered by the Africa Survey, plus Mayotte and Réunion.
been reached, positive if it has been exceeded.
Goal 1C—Share of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumptiona %
35 1990-1992
2010-2012
30 2015 (target)
25
20
15
10
0
a
an
ia
ia
ia
ia
s
on
ric
ric
si
As
As
As
As
an
be
lA
Af
Af
gi
ce
n
n
ib
tra
re
er
er
er
er
n
O
ar
er
en
g
st
st
t
ar
es
n
ut
th
Ea
Ea
pi
ah
W
So
or
th
o
h-
d
S
N
el
an
ut
b-
&
ev
So
Su
D
ic
su
er
ca
Am
au
C
tin
La
Source: UN, Millennium Development Goals, Targets and Indicators, 2013
a This indicator mesures how many people in a country suffer from hunger or food deprivation, as a share of the total population.

living conditions

Crime and security 10
ARmIES And ARmEd ConFlICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Arms exports to a country or region, 2000-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Military personnel, 1991-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
United Nations missions in Africa, 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Global terrorism index, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Crime and seCurity

Global peace index rankings, 2007-2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
CRImES AgAInST PEoPlE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

Homicides, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Homicides in cities, latest years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Assault, 2003-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Rape, 2003-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Sexual offences against children, 2003-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Kidnapping, 2003-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Robbery, 2003-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
Theft, 2003-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
CRImES AgAInST PRoPERTY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Corruption perceptions index, 2007 and 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Business losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism and arson, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Software piracy, 2007 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
dRUgS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Cannabis consumption, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Youth cannabis consumption, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Cocaine consumption, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Drug seizures, 2004-2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
FreeExistence index of worldwide drug freedom, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
CRImE And PUnIShmEnT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Police personnel, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Illegal aliens removed from the US by criminal status and country of nationality, 2001 and 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Prison population, latest year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Death penalty, 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

Number of international Number of years in Share of years spent in Number of battle
Country a
deaths on home soilb
Algeria 2 16 27% 343,113
Angola 3 29 48% 233,799
Benin 0 0 0% ...
Botswana 1 1 2% ...
Burkina Faso 1 2 3% 150
Burundi 0 15 25% 8,605
Cameroon 1 2 3% 4,820
Cape Verde 0 0 0% ...
Central African Republic 1 2 3% 219
Chad 7 39 65% 43,921
Comoros 0 2 3% 83
Congo (DRC) 3 16 27% 181,345
Congo (Rep.) 1 6 10% 9,791
Côte d'Ivoire 0 3 5% 1,200
crime and security
Djibouti 0 0 0% ...
Egypt 6 22 37% 22,774
Equatorial Guinea 0 1 2% 185
Eritrea 1 5 8% 225,391
Ethiopia 4 44 73% 83,592
Gabon 1 1 2% 30
Gambia 1 1 2% 650
Ghana 0 3 5% 103
Guinea 1 5 8% 1,400
Guinea-Bissau 1 2 3% 9,005
Kenya 0 1 2% 13,273
Lesotho 1 1 2% 114
Liberia 0 12 20% 12,684
Libya 4 25 42% 4,250
Madagascar 0 1 2% 7,080
Malawi 0 0 0% ...
Mali 2 4 7% 350
Mauritania 1 5 8% 392
Mauritius 0 0 0% ...
Morocco 3 18 30% 16,514
Mozambique 1 16 27% 139,749
Namibia 2 5 8% 25,000
Niger 2 6 10% 489
Nigeria 2 8 13% 75,812
Rwanda 2 12 20% 9,758
São Tomé and Príncipe 0 0 0% ...
Senegal 3 12 20% 1,644
Seychelles 0 0 0% ...
Sierra Leone 1 10 17% 12,997
Somalia 1 22 37% 68,435
South Africa 3 28 47% 3,775
South Sudan ... ... ... ...
Sudan 2 34 57% 81,866
Swaziland 0 0 0% ...
Tanzania 1 2 3% 1,923
Togo 0 2 3% 55
Tunisia 1 2 3% 3,435
Uganda 2 28 47% 120,484
Zambia 0 0 0% ...
Zimbabwe 2 18 30% 27,000
Source: Human Security Report Project, miniAtlas of Human Security, http://www.hsrgroup.org/docs/Publications/miniAtlas/miniAtlas_en_data_

table.pdf
at least 25 reported battle deaths a year.

a
(% of 60 years, 1946-2006)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Crime and seCurity

Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: Human Security Report Project, miniAtlas of Human Security, http://www.hsrgroup.org/docs/Publications/miniAtlas/miniAtlas_en_data_

table.pdf
at least 25 reported battle deaths a year.

Battle deathsa b
, 2007
Deaths from one-sided

Countryc State-based battle deathsd Non-state battle deathse
violencef
Algeria 468 ... ...
Angola 25 ... ...
Burundi ... 50 ...
Central African Republic ... ... 81
Chad 69 126 200
Congo (DRC) 632 25 29
Ethiopia 171 ... 222
Guinea ... ... 45
Mali 39 ... ...
Niger 81 ... ...
Rwanda ... ... 29
Somalia 1,393 ... 25
Sudan 217 667 115
Uganda 91 25 35
Africag
crime and security
3,186 ... ...

Worldg 16,773 1,865 3,501
Hundreds
15
State-based battles
Non-state battles
One-sided violence
10
0
Algeria Angola Burundi Central Chad Congo Ethiopia Guinea Mali Niger Rwanda Somalia Sudan Uganda
African (DRC)
Republic
Sources: Human Security Report Project, UCDP/Human Security Report Project Datasets: http://hsrgroup.org/our-work/security-stats/state-
battle-deaths-countries.aspx, http://hsrgroup.org/our-work/security-stats/non-state-battle-deaths-countries.aspx, http://hsrgroup.org/our-work/
security-stats/deaths-one-sided-violence-countries.aspx, accessed 23 May 2013
a Battle deaths are reported and codable deaths that are the direct result of combat between warring parties. The majority of battle deaths will
25 per calendar year threshold, a new episode will be coded for the year that the battle-death toll between the parties next reaches the 25
threshold.
parties, one of which is the government of a state, results in 25 or more battle deaths in a calendar year.
largely within the territory of the state in question.
it, receives support, in the form of troops, from one or more foreign states.
results in 25 or more battle deaths in a calendar year.

f A campaign of one-sided violence is the use of armed force against civilians by the government of a state, or a formally organised group, that
results in 25 or more reported and codable deaths in a given country in a calendar year. The 25 or more deaths must occur in a given year;
however, they need not occur at the same time.

Arms exports to a country or region, 2000-2011a
2000-2005 (US$m, 2006-2010 (US$m, Total, 2000-2011

2011 (US$m)
average annual) average annual) (US$m)
Algeria 360 833.4 783 6,748
Angola 109.8 17.4 … 636
Beninb 1.4 0.8 0 11
Botswana 17.2 4.6 … 110
Burkina Faso 3.8 1.4 15 41
Burundi 1 0.4 … 7
Cameroon 3.6 2.6 … 29
Cape Verde 0.2 0.4 … 2
Central African Republicb 0 1.8 4 13
Chad 3.2 32.4 … 178
Comorosb 0 1.2 … 6
Congo (DRC) 25 46.4 19 376
Congo (Rep.) 0.8 3.8 … 22
Côte d'Ivoireb 21.2 0 … 106
Djiboutib
Crime and seCurity

3.2 0 … 16
Egypt 844.8 510.8 545 7,324
Equatorial Guinea 5.6 26.2 149 307
Eritrea 58 0.8 … 294
Ethiopia 115.2 10.8 … 630
Gabon 1.2 10.4 4 60
Gambiab 1 0 … 5
Ghana 10.4 4.6 77 153
Guinea 5.6 0 1 28
Kenya 3 20.6 14 132
Lesotho 1.4 0.2 … 8
Liberiab 1.6 0 … 8
Libyab 0 15.6 1 79
Malawib 0 0.6 … 3
Mali 4.2 3.8 … 40
Mauritania 13 0.4 7 73
Mauritiusb 1.2 0 … 6
Morocco 82 45.2 1,558 2,192
Mozambiqueb 0.2 0 2 4
Namibia 9 31.8 3 208
Niger 2.8 1.6 … 21
Nigeria 23.4 67.6 82 536
Rwanda 2.8 8 … 52
Senegal 3 7.6 13 66
Seychellesb 3 0 6 21
Sierra Leoneb 0 1.8 2 11
Somaliab 0 0 … 0
South Africa 60.6 475 175 2,851
South Sudanb 0 16.4 61 143
Sudan 156.2 83.8 63 1,262
Swaziland 0.4 0 … 2
Tanzania 13.2 4.2 8 96
Togob 0 0.2 … 1
Tunisia 50.4 2.4 7 271
Uganda 15.4 14 269 416
Uganda
0 0 … 0
(Lord's Resistance Army)b
Zambia 7 7.2 1 72
Zimbabwe 10.6 5 … 77
African Unionc 10.6 3.8 ... 72
Source: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, accessed 7 December 2012
a Figures are SIPRI Trend Indicator Values (TIVs) expressed in US$m at constant (1990) prices.
b 0 indicates that the value of deliveries is less than US$0.5m

Military expenditure, 1991-2011
Total expenditure, constant (2010) US$m Expenditure as a share of GDP

a
Multiple ,
Country 1991 2001 2011 Country 1990 2000 2010
2011:1991
Algeria 718.0 2,958.0 8,170.0 11.4 Algeria 1.5% 3.4% 3.6%
Angola 152.0 1,321.0 3,281.0 21.6 Angola ... 6.4% 4.2%
Benin ... 25.5 ... … Benin 1.7% 0.6% ...
Botswana 282.0 385.0 344.0 1.2 Botswana 4.4% 3.3% 2.4%
Burkina Faso 65.1 57.1 129.0 2.0 Burkina Faso 2.2% 1.2% 1.3%
Burundi 55.1 78.4 ... … Burundi 3.4% 6.0% ...
Cameroon 216.0 227.0 321.0 1.5 Cameroon 1.5% 1.3% 1.6%
Cape Verde ... 8.4 8.8 … Cape Verde ... 1.3% 0.5%
Central African Republic 25.4 ... ... … Central African Rep. ... ... 2.6%
Chad ... 55.9 226.0 … Chad ... 1.9% 2.7%
Comoros … … … … Comoros … … …
Congo (DRC) ... ... 211.0 … Congo (DRC) ... 1.0% 1.3%
Congo (Rep.) ... 81.2 ... … Congo (Rep.) ... ... 1.1%
crime and security
Côte d'Ivoire 194.0 ... 325.0 1.7 Côte d’Ivoire 1.3% ... 1.6%
Djibouti 60.4 36.5 ... … Djibouti 6.7% 5.1% ...
Egypt 4,192.0 4,575.0 4,107.0 1.0 Egypt 4.7% 3.2% 2.0%
Equatorial Guinea ... ... ... … Equatorial Guinea ... ... ...
Eritrea ... 559.0 ... … Eritrea ... 32.7% ...
Ethiopia 315.0 632.0 286.0 0.9 Ethiopia 8.5% 7.5% 0.9%
Gabon ... 160.0 ... … Gabon ... 1.8% 0.9%
Gambia 3.4 2.6 ... … Gambia 1.2% 1.0% ...
Ghana 41.7 57.7 96.0 2.3 Ghana 0.3% 0.7% 0.4%
Guinea 66.8 125.0 ... … Guinea ... 1.5% ...
Guinea-Bissau ... 11.3 ... … Guinea-Bissau ... 4.4% ...
Kenya 646.0 481.0 507.0 0.8 Kenya 2.9% 1.3% 1.9%
Lesotho 30.9 60.1 53.9 1.7 Lesotho 4.5% 4.0% 3.1%
Liberia ... ... ... … Liberia 3.7% ... 0.9%
Libya ... 433.0 ... … Libya ... 3.1% ...
Madagascar 68.2 101.0 63.8 0.9 Madagascar 1.2% 1.2% 0.7%
Malawi 18.7 15.3 ... … Malawi 1.3% 0.7% ...
Mali ... 110.0 180.0 … Mali 2.0% 2.2% 1.9%
Mauritania 37.4 86.3 ... … Mauritania 3.8% 3.5% ...
Mauritius 16.7 14.2 8.8 0.5 Mauritius 0.3% 0.2% 0.1%
Morocco 1,933.0 2,346.0 3,186.0 1.6 Morocco 4.1% 2.3% 3.5%
Mozambique 81.3 77.6 ... … Mozambique 5.9% 1.3% ...
Namibia 246.0 203.0 403.0 1.6 Namibia 8.1% 2.7% 3.9%
Niger ... 47.0 ... … Niger ... 1.2% 0.9%
Nigeria 584.0 1,189.0 2,215.0 3.8 Nigeria 0.9% 0.8% 1.0%
Rwanda 154.0 89.7 74.0 0.5 Rwanda 3.7% 3.5% 1.3%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … … … São Tomé and Príncipe ... ... ...
Senegal 113.0 122.0 ... … Senegal 2.0% 1.3% 1.6%
Seychelles 18.9 10.8 9.4 0.5 Seychelles 4.0% 1.7% 1.3%
Sierra Leone 23.7 35.5 23.9 1.0 Sierra Leone 1.4% 3.7% 1.2%
Somalia ... ... ... … Somalia ... ... ...
South Africa 5,200.0 3,702.0 4,827.0 0.9 South Africa 3.7% 1.5% 1.3%
South Sudan … … ... … South Sudan … … ...
Sudan 571.0 996.0 ... … Sudan 3.5% 4.5% ...
Swaziland 27.1 43.4 115.0 4.2 Swaziland 1.2% 1.5% 3.0%
Tanzania 154.0 172.0 253.0 1.6 Tanzania 2.0% 1.5% 1.2%
Togo 65.6 ... 54.6 0.8 Togo 3.1% ... 1.7%
Tunisia 337.0 461.0 583.0 1.7 Tunisia 2.0% 1.8% 1.4%
Uganda 90.0 201.0 247.0 2.7 Uganda 3.0% 2.5% 1.6%
Western Sahara … … … … Western Sahara ... ... ...
Zambia 271.0 ... 285.0 1.1 Zambia 3.7% ... 1.7%
Zimbabwe 191.0 120.0 147.0 0.8 Zimbabwe 4.4% 4.7% 1.3%
Source: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), SIPRI Database, accessed 7 December 2012
expenditure was twice as large in 2011 as in 1991.

Military expenditure, 1991-2011 Constant US$m
0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Crime and seCurity

Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti 1991
Egypt
2011
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), SIPRI Database, accessed 7 December 2012

Military personnela, 1991-2011
As a share of
As a share of to-
Changeb, 1991- Africa's total
Country 1991 2001 2011 tal labour force,
2011 armed forces,
2011
2011b
Algeria 126,000 305,200 317,200 152% 9.56% 2.65%
Angola 150,000 145,500 117,000 -22% 3.53% 1.59%
Benin 7,000 7,300 9,450 35% 0.28% 0.23%
Botswana 7,000 10,000 10,500 50% 0.32% 1.04%
Burkina Faso 10,000 14,200 11,450 15% 0.35% 0.16%
Burundi 12,000 51,000 51,050 325% 1.54% 1.15%
Cameroon 24,000 31,100 23,100 -4% 0.70% 0.27%
Cape Verde 1,000 1,300 1,200 20% 0.04% 0.53%
Central African Republic 4,000 4,200 3,150 -21% 0.09% 0.15%
Chad 50,000 34,900 34,850 -30% 1.05% 0.78%
Comoros ... ... ... … … …
Congo (DRC) 60,000 81,400 134,250 124% 4.05% 0.54%
Congo (Rep.) 9,000 12,000 12,000 33% 0.36% 0.70%
crime and security
Côte d'Ivoire 15,000 ... ... … … …

Djibouti 3,000 12,600 12,950 332% 0.39% 4.49%
Egypt 434,000 768,000 835,500 93% 25.18% 3.14%
Equatorial Guinea 1,000 1,600 1,320 32% 0.04% 0.35%
Eritrea ... 171,900 201,750 … 6.08% 7.05%
Ethiopia 120,000 252,500 138,000 15% 4.16% 0.33%
Gabon 10,000 6,700 6,700 -33% 0.20% 1.13%
Gambia 2,000 800 800 -60% 0.02% 0.11%
Ghana 9,000 7,000 15,500 72% 0.47% 0.15%
Guinea 15,000 17,300 12,300 -18% 0.37% 0.27%
Guinea-Bissau 12,000 11,300 6,450 -46% 0.19% 0.93%
Kenya 20,000 29,400 29,100 46% 0.88% 0.18%
Lesotho 2,000 2,000 2,000 0% 0.06% 0.24%
Liberia 5,000 15,000 2,050 -59% 0.06% 0.14%
Libya 86,000 76,500 ... … … …
Madagascar 21,000 21,600 21,600 3% 0.65% 0.20%
Malawi 8,000 6,800 6,800 -15% 0.20% 0.10%
Mali 13,000 15,200 12,150 -7% 0.37% 0.30%
Mauritania 17,000 20,600 20,850 23% 0.63% 1.76%
Mauritius 1,000 1,600 2,500 150% 0.08% 0.41%
Morocco 195,000 246,500 245,800 26% 7.41% 2.15%
Mozambique 65,000 11,000 11,200 -83% 0.34% 0.10%
Namibia 8,000 15,000 15,200 90% 0.46% 1.70%
Niger 5,000 10,700 10,700 114% 0.32% 0.20%
Nigeria 94,000 160,500 162,000 72% 4.88% 0.32%
Rwanda 30,000 79,000 35,000 17% 1.05% 0.66%
São Tomé and Príncipe 1,000 ... ... … … …
Senegal 18,000 15,600 18,600 3% 0.56% 0.32%
Seychelles ... 500 870 … 0.03% …
Sierra Leone 5,000 6,000 10,500 110% 0.32% 0.46%
Somalia ... ... 3,200 … 0.10% 0.11%
South Africa 80,000 67,000 77,582 -3% 2.34% 0.42%
South Sudan ... ... 210,000 … 6.33% …
Sudan 65,000 124,000 264,300 307% 7.97% 2.32%
Swaziland 3,000 ... ... … … …
Tanzania 40,000 28,400 28,400 -29% 0.86% 0.12%
Togo 8,000 10,300 9,300 16% 0.28% 0.31%
Tunisia 35,000 47,000 47,800 37% 1.44% 1.23%
Uganda 60,000 56,800 46,800 -22% 1.41% 0.33%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 16,000 23,000 16,500 3% 0.50% 0.29%
Zimbabwe 45,000 60,800 50,800 13% 1.53% 0.75%
Africac 2,027,000 3,098,600 3,318,072 64% … …
Worldc 22,726,000 28,211,700 28,020,079 23% … 0.85%
a Active duty military personnel, including paramilitary forces


Military personnel as a share of total labour forcea, 2011
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Crime and seCurity

Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
a Active duty military personnel, including paramilitary forces, as calculated by the author.
United Nations missions in Africa, 2013
Mission Start of
Country Mission name
acronym mission
Congo (DRC) United Nations Organisation Stabilisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo MONUSCO 2010
Côte d'Ivoire United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire UNOCI 2004
Liberia United Nations Mission in Liberia UNMIL 2003
Morocco United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MINURSO 1991
South Sudan United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan UNMISS 2011
Sudan African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur UNAMID 2007
Sudan United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei UNISFA 2001

Global terrorism indexa, 2012 (Scores 1-10, where 10=worst impact of terror)
Rank (out of Property

Country Rating Incidents Fatalities Injuries
116) damagedb
Algeria 15 5.83 15 25 34 4
Angola 65 1.7 0 0 0 0
Benin 114 0.03 0 0 0 0
Botswana 116 0 0 0 0 0
Burkina Faso 116 0 0 0 0 0
Burundi 24 4.9 8 47 30 3
Cameroon 51 2.63 3 4 0 0
Cape Verde ... ... ... ... ... ...
Central African Republic 25 4.84 3 35 3 1
Chad 46 3.01 0 0 0 0
Comoros ... ... ... ... ... ...
Congo (Rep.) 116 0 0 0 0 0
Congo (DRC) 12 6.18 14 47 8 4
Côte d'Ivoire 34 3.99 3 23 3 0
crime and security
Djibouti 116 0 0 0 0 0
Egypt 27 4.58 16 26 107 9
Equatorial Guinea 95 0 0 0 0 0
Eritrea 35 3.92 1 17 5 0
Ethiopia 37 3.73 3 2 3 0
Gabon 116 0 0 0 0 0
Gambia 116 0 0 0 0 0
Ghana 116 0 0 0 0 0
Guinea 116 0 0 0 0 0
Guinea-Bissau 98 0.16 0 0 0 0
Kenya 18 5.27 40 40 111 8
Lesotho 113 0.04 0 0 0 0
Liberia 116 0 0 0 0 0
Libya 93 0.35 2 0 0 0
Madagascar 89 0.43 1 0 0 0
Malawi 116 0 0 0 0 0
Mali 43 3.39 4 4 2 0
Mauritania 54 2.18 3 1 4 1
Mauritius 116 0 0 0 0 0
Morocco 40 3.6 1 17 24 0
Mozambique 96 0.2 0 0 0 0
Namibia 116 0 0 0 0 0
Niger 44 3.27 2 4 6 0
Nigeria 7 7.24 168 437 614 33
Rwanda 38 3.73 2 2 49 0
Senegal 36 3.86 4 21 6 0
Seychelles ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 116 0 0 0 0 0
Somalia 6 7.24 175 294 493 35
South Africa 111 0.05 0 0 0 0
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 11 6.3 34 183 117 5
Swaziland 75 0.06 0 0 0 0
Tanzania 101 0.12 0 0 0 0
Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tunisia 53 2.36 3 4 0 1
Uganda 30 4.49 0 0 0 0
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 116 0 0 0 0 0
Zimbabwe 71 1.36 1 0 0 0
Source: Institute for Economics and Peace, Global Terrorism Index 2012
Index_Report.pdf
a The Global Terrorism Index (GTI) combines a number of factors associated with terrorist attacks to build a thorough picture of the impact
of terrorism over a 10-year period. GTI is based on data from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) which is collected and collated by the
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START); this information is then weighted and a country is given
violence by a non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation”.
b Incidents of damage to or destruction of property due to terrorism

Global peace indexa rankings, 2007-2012
Change in rankc,
Countryb 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007
2007-2012
Mauritius 21 ... ... ... ... ... …
Botswana 31 35 33 34 46 42 11
Mozambique 48 48 47 53 50 50 2
Namibia 49 54 59 65 77 64 15
Ghana 50 42 48 52 40 40 -10
Zambia 51 52 51 58 53 53 2
Sierra Leone 52 61 53 ... ... ... …
Lesotho 53 ... ... ... ... ... …
Morocco 54 58 58 63 63 48 -6
Tanzania 55 56 55 59 58 57 2
Burkina Faso 56 51 57 71 81 ... …
Djibouti 56 ... ... ... ... ... …
Malawi 60 39 52 47 73 68 8
Tunisia 72 44 37 44 47 39 -33
Crime and seCurity

Gambia 74 62 ... ... ... ... …
Gabon 75 81 74 51 55 56 -19
Senegal 78 77 79 80 71 65 -13
Swaziland 85 70 73 ... ... ... …
Equatorial Guinea 87 75 69 61 64 71 -16
Guinea 92 92 ... ... ... ... …
Angola 95 87 86 100 110 112 17
Guinea-Bissau 95 ... ... ... ... ... …
Cameroon 97 86 106 95 92 76 -21
Uganda 98 96 100 103 114 104 6
Madagascar 99 105 77 72 43 41 -58
Liberia 101 97 99 ... ... ... …
Mali 102 100 109 96 99 ... …
Congo (Rep.) 104 98 102 106 117 ... …
Egypt 111 73 49 54 69 73 -38
Benin 114 ... ... ... ... ... …
Niger 116 119 ... ... ... ... …
Rwanda 119 99 75 86 76 ... …
Kenya 120 111 120 113 119 91 -29
Algeria 121 129 116 110 112 107 -14
Eritrea 122 104 ... ... ... ... …
Mauritania 125 130 123 124 120 ... …
South Africa 127 118 121 123 116 99 -28
Côte d'Ivoire 134 128 118 117 122 113 -21
Ethiopia 137 131 127 128 121 103 -34
Burundi 138 132 131 127 ... ... …
Zimbabwe 140 140 135 135 124 106 -34
Chad 145 141 141 138 135 ... …
Nigeria 146 142 137 129 129 117 -29
Libya 147 143 56 46 61 58 -89
Central African Republic 151 144 136 133 134 ... …
Congo (DRC) 154 148 140 139 128 ... …
Sudan 156 151 146 140 138 120 -36
Somalia 158 153 148 142 139 ... …
Source: Institute for Economics and Peace, Global Peace Index 2012
a The Global Peace Index (GPI) ranks 158 nations according to their “absence of violence”.
b Countries ranked from most peaceful to least peaceful in Africa in 2012

Crimes against people
Homicidesa, latest year
Rate per Female

Country Latest year Count Sourceb Male Victims
100,000 Victims
Algeria 2011 280 0.8 CTS 72.3% 27.7%
Angola 2008 3,426 19 WHO 79.6% 20.4%
Benin 2008 1,262 15.1 WHO 83.4% 16.6%
Botswana 2009 287 14.5 CTS 75.6% 24.4%
Burkina Faso 2008 2,786 18 WHO 90.8% 9.2%
Burundi 2008 1,726 21.7 WHO 75.9% 24.1%
Cameroon 2008 3,700 19.7 WHO 75.9% 24.1%
Cape Verde 2007 56 11.6 UN-OCHA 81.6% 18.4%
Central African Republic 2008 1,240 29.3 WHO 75.0% 25.0%
Chad 2008 1,686 15.8 WHO 74.8% 25.2%
Comoros 2008 85 12.2 WHO 67.9% 32.1%
Congo (DRC) 2008 13,558 21.7 WHO 82.0% 18.0%
Congo (Rep.) 2008 1,180 30.8 WHO 78.1% 21.9%
Côte d'Ivoire 2008 10,801 56.9 WHO 84.8% 15.2%
crime and security
Djibouti 2008 29 3.4 WHO 90.9% 9.1%

Egypt 2009 992 1.2 CTS 87.7% 12.3%
Equatorial Guinea 2008 137 20.7 WHO 74.5% 25.5%
Eritrea 2008 879 17.8 WHO 82.4% 17.6%
Ethiopia 2008 20,239 25.5 WHO 81.8% 18.2%
Gabon 2008 200 13.8 WHO 74.6% 25.4%
Gambia 2008 176 10.8 WHO 70.4% 29.6%
Ghana 2008 3,646 15.7 WHO 81.5% 18.5%
Guinea 2008 2,152 22.5 WHO 79.1% 20.9%
Guinea-Bissau 2008 294 20.2 WHO 77.6% 22.4%
Kenya 2008 7,733 20.1 WHO 91.9% 8.1%
Lesotho 2010 764 35.2 NSO 78.0% 22.0%
Liberia 2008 371 10.1 WHO 83.6% 16.4%
Libya 2008 176 2.9 WHO 92.0% 8.0%
Madagascar 2008 1,588 8.1 WHO 80.6% 19.4%
Malawi 2008 5,039 36 WHO 87.8% 12.2%
Mali 2008 1,157 8 WHO 91.4% 8.6%
Mauritania 2008 485 14.7 WHO 61.4% 38.6%
Mauritius 2010 33 2.5 CTS 66.7% 33.3%
Morocco 2010 447 1.4 CTS 80.5% 19.5%
Mozambique 2007 1,925 8.8 Various NGOs 85.8% 14.2%
National police/
Namibia 2004 352 17.2 86.8% 13.2%
Interpol
Niger 2008 552 3.8 WHO 83.3% 16.7%
Nigeria 2008 18,422 12.2 WHO 75.4% 24.6%
Rwanda 2008 1,708 17.1 WHO 81.1% 18.9%
São Tomé and Príncipe … … … … 81.9% 18.1%
Senegal 2008 1,027 8.7 WHO 72.3% 27.7%
Seychelles 2006 7 8.3 CTS 53.6% 46.4%
Sierra Leone 2008 837 14.9 WHO 78.4% 21.6%
Somalia 2008 138 1.5 WHO 52.5% 47.5%
South Africa 2010 15,940 31.8 National police 81.5% 18.5%
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 2008 10,028 24.2 WHO 65.8% 34.2%
Swaziland 2004 141 12.9 CTS 83.5% 16.5%
Tanzania 2008 10,357 24.5 WHO 93.0% 7.0%
Togo 2008 627 10.9 WHO 75.7% 24.3%
Tunisia 2008 117 1.1 WHO 88.1% 11.9%
Uganda 2008 11,373 36.3 WHO 94.0% 6.0%
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 2008 4,710 38 WHO 77.8% 22.2%
Zimbabwe 2008 1,775 14.3 WHO 84.8% 15.2%
accessed 25 March 2013

Homicidea rate, latest year Per 100,000 people
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Algeria (2011)
Angola (2008)
Benin (2008)
Botswana (2009)
Burkina Faso (2008)
Burundi (2008)
Cameroon (2008)
Cape Verde (2007)
Chad (2008)
Comoros (2008)
Congo (DRC) (2008)
Congo (Rep.) (2008)
Crime and seCurity

Djibouti (2008)
Egypt (2009)
Equatorial Guinea (2008)
Eritrea (2008)
Ethiopia (2008)
Gabon (2008)
Gambia (2008)
Ghana (2008)
Guinea (2008)
Kenya (2008)
Lesotho (2010)
Liberia (2008)
Libya (2008)
Madagascar (2008)
Malawi (2008)
Mali (2008)
Mauritania (2008)
Mauritius (2010)
Morocco (2010)
Mozambique (2007)
Namibia (2004)
Niger (2008)
Nigeria (2008)
Rwanda (2008)
Senegal (2008)
Seychelles (2006)
Sierra Leone (2008)
Somalia (2008)
South Africa (2010)
South Sudan (...)
Sudan (2008)
Swaziland (2004)
Tanzania (2008)
Togo (2008)
Tunisia (2008)
Uganda (2008)
Western Sahara ( )
Zambia (2008)
Zimbabwe (2008)
UNODC Homicide Statistics 2012

accessed 25 March 2013

Homicidesa in cities, latest years
Changeb, Year
Country City Variable Available years
1 - Year 2 ,%
2005 2008
Algeria Algiers Rate per 100,000 0.8 0.5 -35%
Number 21 19 -10%
2009
Botswana Gaborone Rate per 100,000 ... 16.1 ...
Number ... 36 ...
2010
Congo (DRC) Kinshasa Rate per 100,000 ... 1.6 ...
Number ... 163 ...
2003 2009
Egypt Cairo Rate per 100,000 0.2 0.6 291%
Number 11 43 291%
2008 2009
Ghana Accra Rate per 100,000 1.3 1.3 4%
crime and security
Number 46 48 4%
2004 2008
Kenya Nairobi Rate per 100,000 7.1 4.0 -44%
Number 201 117 -42%
2007 2009
Lesotho Maseru Rate per 100,000 64.1 61.9 -3%
Number 146 141 -3%
2007 2010
Liberia Monrovia Rate per 100,000 4.6 4.9 9%
Number 46 50 9%
2005 2009
Mauritius Port Louis Rate per 100,000 5.4 7.4 38%
Number 8 11 38%
2003 2009
Morocco Casablanca Rate per 100,000 1.0 1.4 42%
Number 35 52 49%
2007 2008
Sierra Leone Freetown Rate per 100,000 5.8 8.0 38%
Number 52 72 38%
2001 2007
South Africa Cape Town Rate per 100,000 77.0 59.9 -22%
Number 2,306 2,018 -12%
2008
Sudan Khartoum Rate per 100,000 ... 5.0 ...
Number ... 263 ...
2004
Tanzania Dar es Salaam Rate per 100,000 ... 12.9 ...
Number ... 362 ...
2008 2009
Uganda Kampala Rate per 100,000 13.4 15.3 14%
Number 401 459 14%
2004 2010
Zambia Lusaka Rate per 100,000 8.5 8.1 -5%
Number 128 121 -5%
UNODC 2011 Global Study on Homicide, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/homicide.

html, accessed 23 May 2013

Homicidesa
- Number of Homicide by
Countryb Latest year arm as a share of homicides by Sourcec
total homicides 100,000
Algeria 2008 4.8% 20 0.06 CTS
Congo (DRC) 2010 33.2% 248 1.56 UN-PKO
Egypt 2009 69.1% 453 0.57 CTS
Liberia 2010 13.2% 17 0.43 UN-PKO
Mauritius 2006 2.0% 1 0.1 CTS
Sierra Leone 2008 87.7% 128 2.28 CTS
South Africa 2007 45.0% 8319 17.03 National police
Uganda 2009 10.5% 280 0.87 CTS/National police
Zambia 2010 11.7% 28 0.35 National police
Zimbabwe 2000 65.6% 598 4.78 CTS
10 largest
economies
Brazil 2008 70.8% 34678 18.1 Health ministry
Crime and seCurity

China … … … … …
England and Wales 2009 6.6% 41 0.1 CTS/NSO
Germany 2010 26.3% 158 0.2 CTS/National police
India 2009 7.6% 3093 0.3 CTS
Japan 2008 1.8% 11 0 WHO-MDB
Mexico 2010 54.9% 11309 10 NSO/CTS
Russia … … … … …
Turkey 2006 16.8% 535 0.8 CTS
U.S.A. 2010 67.5% 9960 3.2 CTS
100%
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UNODC 2011 Global Study on Homicide, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/homicide.

html, accessed 20 April 2013
b Countries shown are those for which data are available. The top ten economies are included for comparative purposes.
c See p. 392

Firearms in the possession of civilians, 2007
World rank by rate of Average total all civilian

Country Firearms per 100 people
ownership a
Algeria 7.6 78 1,900,000

Angola 17.3 34 2,800,000
Benin 1.4 137 120,000
Botswana 4.9 102 87,000
Burkina Faso 1.1 149 148,000
Burundi 1.2 145 200,000
Cameroon 2.8 119 340,000
Cape Verde 5.4 96 9,500
Central African Republic 1 153 40,000
Chad 1.1 149 109,000
Comoros 1.8 127 11,000
Congo (Rep.) 2.7 122 100,000
Congo (DRC) 1.4 137 800,000
Côte d'Ivoire 2.4 124 400,000
crime and security
Djibouti 2.8 119 22,000

Egypt 3.5 115 1,900,000
Equatorial Guinea 19.9 29 100,000
Eritrea 0.5 169 20,000
Ethiopia 0.4 174 320,000
Gabon 14 46 190,000
Gambia 0.8 157 123,000
Ghana 0.4 174 80,000
Guinea 1.2 145 110,000
Guinea-Bissau 1.6 129 25,000
Kenya 6.4 86 740,000
Lesotho 2.7 122 47,000
Liberia 1.6 129 51,000
Libya 15.5 40 900,000
Madagascar 0.8 157 150,000
Malawi 0.7 160 92,000
Mali 1.1 149 143,000
Mauritania 1.6 129 50,000
Mauritius 14.7 44 180,000
Morocco 5 101 1,500,000
Mozambique 5.1 99 1,000,000
Namibia 12.6 51 260,000
Niger 0.7 160 93,000
Nigeria 1.5 133 2,000,000
Rwanda 0.6 164 58,000
Senegal 2 125 230,000
Seychelles 5.4 96 4,600
Sierra Leone 0.6 164 34,000
Somalia 9.1 66 750,000
South Africa 12.7 50 5,950,000
Sudan 5.5 93 2,000,000
Swaziland 6.4 86 72,000
Tanzania 1.4 137 550,000
Tunisia 0.1 178 9,000
Uganda 1.4 137 400,000
Zambia 8.9 68 230,000
Zimbabwe 4.4 106 400,000
Source: Geneva Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Small Arms Survey 2007

Firearms in the possession of civilians, 2007 Per 100 people
0 5 10 15 20 25
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (Rep.)
Congo (DRC)
Crime and seCurity

Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: Geneva Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Small Arms Survey 2007

Assaulta, 2003-2010
Number
Countryb 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Algeria 23,050 20,234 32,920 36,205 34,380 37,053 ... ...
Botswana ... ... ... ... ... ... 15,133 17,457
Cameroon 2,998 3,056 3,140 3,136 3,482 ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire ... ... ... ... 9,821 10,124 ... ...
Egypt 31 28 39 36 35 73 66 ...
Guinea ... ... 286 ... 293 ... ... ...
Kenya ... 1,424 12,715 13,186 12,089 11,479 14,189 ...
Lesotho ... ... ... ... 9,337 9,957 7,332 ...
Mauritius 105 144 122 106 140 148 274 238
Morocco 48,662 46,067 32,623 36,161 31,432 30,934 31,106 ...
Mozambique ... 1,350 1,272 800 724 728 526 ...
São Tomé and Príncipe 1 1 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Senegal ... ... 279 252 181 543 291 305
crime and security
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... 18,620 19,871 ... ...
Swaziland 14,725 14,587 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda 19,491 25,744 35,092 43,782 28,839 21,186 17,118 22,979
Zimbabwe 78,464 95,581 92,510 77,525 63,803 51,247 ... ...
Rate per 100,000 population
Countryb 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Algeria 72.2 62.5 100.1 108.4 101.4 107.6 ... ...
Botswana ... ... ... ... ... ... 763.7 869.8
Cameroon 17.9 17.8 17.9 17.5 19.0 ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire ... ... ... ... 52.7 53.3 ... ...
Egypt 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 ...
Guinea ... ... 3.2 ... 3.1 ... ... ...
Kenya ... 4.1 35.7 36.1 32.3 29.9 36.0 ...
Lesotho ... ... ... ... 443.3 468.0 341.2 ...
Mauritius 8.5 11.6 9.7 8.4 11.0 11.5 21.2 18.3
Morocco 163.5 153.1 107.3 117.8 101.4 98.8 98.3 ...
Mozambique ... 6.7 6.1 3.8 3.3 3.3 2.3 ...
São Tomé and Príncipe 0.7 0.7 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Senegal ... ... 2.6 2.3 1.6 4.6 2.4 2.5
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... 339.9 354.1 ... ...
Swaziland 1,352.5 1,331.6 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda 73.2 93.5 123.4 149.1 95.1 67.6 52.9 68.7
Zimbabwe 622.1 758.7 735.9 618.7 511.2 411.6 ... ...
United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems, http://www.
unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/United-Nations-Surveys-on-Crime-Trends-and-the-Operations-of-Criminal-Justice-Systems.html,
accessed on 10 December 2012
a Police recorded offences. “Assault” means physical attack against the body of another person resulting in serious bodily injury; excluding
indecent/sexual assault, threats and slapping/punching. Assault leading to death should also be excluded. Please note that when using the
in countries, or the different methods of offence counting and recording.


Rapea, 2003-2010
Number
Countryb 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Algeria 723 630 376 495 836 812 ... ...
Botswana ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,754 1,865
Cameroon 451 555 592 580 447 ... ... ...
Egypt 20 21 44 48 63 87 ... ...
Guinea ... ... ... ... 92 ... ... ...
Kenya ... 1,440 1,365 1,291 876 735 847 ...
Lesotho ... ... ... ... 1,797 1,878 1,777 ...
Mauritius 53 40 38 64 77 69 57 51
Morocco 618 453 475 1,063 1,215 1,130 1,507 ...
Mozambique ... 102 64 46 41 47 44 ...
Senegal ... ... 301 159 167 416 710 693
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... 135 79 ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ... 1,189 ... ...
Crime and seCurity

Swaziland 785 849 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda 537 549 732 750 599 1,536 619 709
Zimbabwe 3,858 4,997 4,790 4,967 4,762 3,186 ... ...

b 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Country
Algeria 2.3 1.9 1.1 1.5 2.5 2.4 ... ...
Botswana ... ... ... ... ... ... 88.5 92.9
Cameroon 2.7 3.2 3.4 3.2 2.4 ... ... ...
Egypt 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ... ...
Guinea ... ... ... ... 1.0 ... ... ...
Kenya ... 4.1 3.8 3.5 2.3 1.9 2.1 ...
Lesotho ... ... ... ... 85.3 88.3 82.7 ...
Mauritius 4.3 3.2 3.0 5.1 6.0 5.4 4.4 3.9
Morocco 2.1 1.5 1.6 3.5 3.9 3.6 4.8 ...
Mozambique ... 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 ...
Senegal ... ... 2.8 1.4 1.5 3.5 5.9 5.6
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... 2.5 1.4 ... ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ... 2.9 ... ...
Swaziland 72.1 77.5 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda 2.0 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.0 4.9 1.9 2.1
Zimbabwe 30.6 39.7 38.1 39.6 38.2 25.6 ... ...
different methods of offence counting and recording.


Sexual offences against childrena, 2003-2010
Count
Countryb 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Kenya ... 1,233 1,067 1,445 1,984 1,849 2,621 ...
Mauritius ... ... ... ... ... ... 256 297
Uganda ... ... 12,545 15,385 12,230 8,635 7,360 7,564
Cameroon 333 126 117 131 268 177 ... ...
Algeria ... ... ... ... 614 789 ... ...
Egypt 109 81 113 97 67 102 88 ...
Morocco 395 475 1,993 1,554 1,356 1,945 1,521 ...
Botswana ... ... ... ... ... ... 487 518
Guinea ... ... ... ... 90 ... ... ...
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... 695 623 ... ...

crime and security
Countryb 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Kenya ... 3.6 3.0 4.0 5.3 4.8 6.6 ...
Mauritius ... ... ... ... ... ... 19.8 22.9
Uganda ... ... 44.1 52.4 40.3 27.6 22.7 22.6
Cameroon 2.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.5 0.9 ... ...
Algeria ... ... ... ... 1.8 2.3 ... ...
Egypt 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ...
Morocco 1.3 1.6 6.6 5.1 4.4 6.2 4.8 ...
Botswana ... ... ... ... ... ... 24.6 25.8
Guinea ... ... ... ... 1.0 ... ... ...
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... 12.7 11.1 ... ...

Kidnappinga, 2003-2010
Count
Countryb 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Algeria 220 149 101 147 353 331 ... ...
Botswana ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 3
Egypt 16 21 18 29 36 47 70 ...
Kenya ... 235 152 220 173 73 95 ...
Lesotho ... ... ... ... 64 40 62 ...
Mauritius ... ... ... ... ... ... 34 35
Morocco 392 342 295 264 233 217 307 ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ... 616 ... ...
Swaziland 122 96 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda ... ... ... ... 54 65 202 ...
Zimbabwe 139 198 43 90 256 222 ... ...
Crime and seCurity

b 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Country
Algeria 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.0 ... ...
Botswana ... ... ... ... ... ... 0.2 0.1
Egypt 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 ...
Kenya ... 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.2 ...
Lesotho ... ... ... ... 3.0 1.9 2.9 ...
Mauritius ... ... ... ... ... ... 2.6 2.7
Morocco 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.0 ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ... 1.5 ... ...
Swaziland 11.2 8.8 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uganda ... ... ... ... 0.2 0.2 0.6 ...
Zimbabwe 1.1 1.6 0.3 0.7 2.1 1.8 ... ...
a “Kidnapping” means unlawfully detaining a person or persons against their will (including through the use of force, threat, fraud or enticement)
countries, or the different methods of offence counting and recording.


Robberya, 2003-2010
Number
Countryb 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Kenya ... 7,967 6,936 5,234 3,492 3,401 2,938 ...
Mauritius 855 1,047 1,350 1,217 1,633 1,441 1,410 1,085
Mozambique ... 7,534 6,826 5,543 6,008 5,744 5,267 ...
Uganda 3,904 4,919 7,309 8,167 5,666 4,258 7,519 5,985
Zimbabwe 14,028 12,666 11,146 11,654 9,274 8,796 ... ...
Algeria 3,782 ... 25,147 24,162 21,197 21,204 ... ...
Egypt 337 435 435 529 631 747 732 ...
Morocco 16,291 15,297 15,017 21,749 22,393 23,269 25,935 ...
Sudan … ... ... ... ... 3,017 ... ...
Botswana ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,004 2,403
Lesotho ... ... ... ... 994 1,080 1,270 ...
Swaziland 2,723 3,392 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire ... ... ... ... 666 591 ... ...
crime and security
Guinea ... ... ... ... 151 ... ... ...

Senegal ... ... 2,744 2,601 1,589 2,699 2,606 2,503
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... 167 184 ... ...

b 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Country
Kenya ... 23.0 19.5 14.3 9.3 8.8 7.4 ...
Mauritius 69.3 84.1 107.4 96.1 128.0 112.2 109.2 83.5
Mozambique ... 37.2 32.9 26.0 27.5 25.7 23.0 ...
Uganda 14.7 17.9 25.7 27.8 18.7 13.6 23.2 17.9
Zimbabwe 111.2 100.5 88.7 93.0 74.3 70.6 ... ...
Algeria 11.9 ... 76.5 72.4 62.5 61.6 ... ...
Egypt 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.9 ...
Morocco 54.7 50.9 49.4 70.8 72.2 74.3 82.0 ...
Sudan ... ... ... ... ... 7.3 ... ...
Botswana ... ... ... ... ... ... 151.6 119.7
Lesotho ... ... ... ... 47.2 50.8 59.1 ...
Swaziland 250.1 309.6 ... ... ... ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire ... ... ... ... 3.6 3.1 ... ...
Guinea ... ... ... ... 1.6 ... ... ...
Senegal ... ... 25.2 23.3 13.8 22.9 21.5 20.1
Sierra Leone ... ... ... ... 3.0 3.3 ... ...
a Police recorded offences. “Robbery” means the theft of property from a person; by force or threat of force. Where possible, the category
“Robbery” should include muggings (bag-snatching) and theft with violence, but should exclude pick-pocketing and extortion. Please note

Thefta, 2003-2010
Number
Countryb 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Algeria 9,466 24,972 28,973 33,560 32,277
Botswana 21,343 29,716
Cameroon 11,839 12,290 12,013 13,652 9,862
Egypt 30,116 32,240 33,529 34,984 36,048 38,058 28,036
Guinea 1,348
Kenya 12,778 12,200 10,255 10,404 11,012 17,586
Lesotho 4,759 4,967 4,497
Mauritius 11,062 13,991 14,325 13,464 15,751 15,209 12,540 10,782
Morocco 69,789 65,299 62,094 73,572 79,175 79,947 78,397
Mozambique 6,184 5,554 4,743 5,284 5,016 4,741
Senegal 2,503
Sierra Leone 10,056 10,505
Sudan 75,093
Crime and seCurity

Swaziland 21,535 20,851
Uganda 23,513 35,824 55,059 69,618 47,204 32,958 27,589 23,429
Zimbabwe 176,648 163,601 110,509 117,519 99,839 91,456

b 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Country
Algeria 29.7 75.9 86.8 99.0 93.8
Botswana 1,077.1 1,480.7
Cameroon 70.5 71.6 68.4 76.1 53.7
Egypt 42.1 44.3 45.2 46.3 46.9 48.6 35.2
Guinea 14.4
Kenya 36.8 34.3 28.1 27.8 28.6 44.6
Lesotho 226.0 233.5 209.2
Mauritius 896.7 1,123.2 1,139.9 1,062.9 1,234.7 1,184.6 970.9 829.9
Morocco 234.4 217.1 204.3 239.6 255.3 255.2 247.8
Mozambique 30.5 26.7 22.3 24.2 22.5 20.7
Senegal 20.1
Sierra Leone 183.6 187.2
Sudan 181.3
Swaziland 1,978.0 1,903.4
Uganda 88.3 130.2 193.7 237.0 155.6 105.2 85.2 70.1
Zimbabwe 1,400.5 1,298.6 879.1 937.9 799.9 734.5
a Police-recorded offences. “Theft” means depriving a person or organisation of property without force with the intent to keep it. “Theft” excludes
countries, or the different methods of offence counting and recording.


Crimes against property
Corruption perceptions indexa, 2007 and 2012 (Scores 0-100, where 100=best)
CPI Score CPI Score Changeb, Rank (out of Rank (out of Changeb,
Country
2007 2012 2007-2012 179), 2007 174), 2012 2007-2012
Algeria 30 34 13% 99 105 6
Angola 22 22 0% 147 157 10
Benin 27 36 33% 118 94 -24
Botswana 54 65 20% 38 30 -8
Burkina Faso 29 38 31% 105 83 -22
Burundi 25 19 -24% 131 165 34
Cameroon 24 26 8% 138 144 6
Cape Verde 49 60 22% 49 39 -10
Central African Republic 20 26 30% 162 144 -18
Chad 18 19 6% 172 165 -7
Comoros 26 28 8% 123 133 10
Congo (DRC) 21 21 0% 150 160 10
Congo (Rep.) 19 26 37% 168 144 -24
Côte d´Ivoire 21 29 38% 150 130 -20
crime and security
Djibouti 29 36 24% 105 94 -11

Egypt 29 32 10% 105 118 13
Equatorial Guinea 19 20 5% 168 163 -5
Eritrea 28 25 -11% 111 150 39
Ethiopia 24 33 38% 138 113 -25
Gabon 33 35 6% 84 102 18
Gambia 23 34 48% 143 105 -38
Ghana 37 45 22% 69 64 -5
Guinea 19 24 26% 168 154 -14
Guinea-Bissau 22 25 14% 147 150 3
Kenya 21 27 29% 150 139 -11
Lesotho 33 45 36% 84 64 -20
Liberia 21 41 95% 150 75 -75
Libya 25 21 -16% 131 160 29
Madagascar 32 32 0% 94 118 24
Malawi 27 37 37% 118 88 -30
Mali 27 34 26% 118 105 -13
Mauritania 26 31 19% 123 123 0
Mauritius 47 57 21% 53 43 -10
Morocco 35 37 6% 72 88 16
Mozambique 28 31 11% 111 123 12
Namibia 45 48 7% 57 58 1
Niger 26 33 27% 123 113 -10
Nigeria 22 27 23% 147 139 -8
Rwanda 28 53 89% 111 50 -61
São Tomé and Príncipe 27 42 56% 118 72 -46
Senegal 36 36 0% 71 94 23
Seychelles 45 52 16% 57 51 -6
Sierra Leone 21 31 48% 150 123 -27
Somalia 14 8 -43% 179 174 -5
South Africa 51 43 -16% 43 69 26
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...
Sudan 18 13 -28% 172 173 1
Swaziland 33 37 12% 84 88 4
Tanzania 32 35 9% 94 102 8
Togo 23 30 30% 143 128 -15
Tunisia 42 41 -2% 61 75 14
Uganda 28 29 4% 111 130 19
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 26 37 42% 123 88 -35
Zimbabwe 21 20 -5% 150 163 13
Source: Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index, 2007 and 2012
a The CPI scores and ranks countries based on how corrupt a country’s public sector is perceived to be. It is a composite index, a combination
of surveys and assessments of corruption, collected by a variety of institutions. A country’s score indicates the perceived level of public sector
corruption on a scale of 0-100, where 0 means that a country is perceived as highly corrupt and 100 means that a country is perceived as very
clean. A country's rank indicates its position relative to the other countries in the index. Ranks can change merely if the number of countries
included in the index changes.

Corruption perceptions index scoresa, 2007 and 2012 (Scores 0-100, where 100=best)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (DRC)
Congo (Rep.)
Côte d´Ivoire
Crime and seCurity

Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
2007
Liberia
Libya 2012
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index, 2007 and 2012
a The CPI scores and ranks countries based on how corrupt a country’s public sector is perceived to be. It is a composite index, a combination
of surveys and assessments of corruption, collected by a variety of reputable institutions. A country’s score indicates the perceived level of
public sector corruption on a scale of 0-100, where 0 means that a country is perceived as highly corrupt and 100 means that a country is
perceived as very clean. A country’s rank indicates its position relative to the other countries in the index. Ranks can change merely if the
number of countries included in the index changes.

Bribesa
Country Years available Year 1 Year 2 Changeb, % Year 1-Year 2

Algeria 2002/2007 75.2% 67% -11%
Angola 2006/2010 46.8% 49% 4%
Benin 2004/2009 57.7% 55% -5%
Botswana 2006/2010 27.6% 7% -74%
Burkina Faso 2006/2009 87.0% 9% -90%
Burundi 2006/... 56.5% ... ...
Cameroon 2006/2009 77.6% 51% -34%
Cape Verde 2006/2009 5.6% 6% 7%
Central African Republic 2011/... 41.8% ... ...
Chad 2009/... 41.8% ... ...
Comoros … ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 2006/2010 83.8% 66% -22%
Congo (Rep.) 2009/... 81.8% ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 2009/... 38.5% ... ...
Djibouti … ... ... ...
crime and security
Egypt 2004/2008 21.2% 15% -28%

Equatorial Guinea … ... ... ...
Eritrea … ... ... ...
Ethiopia 2006/2011 12.4% 4% -68%
Gabon 2009/... 41.8% ... ...
Gambia 2006/... 52.4% ... ...
Ghana 2007/... 38.8% ... ...
Guinea 2006/... 84.8% ... ...
Guinea-Bissau 2006/... 63.1% ... ...
Kenya 2003/2007 63.0% 79% 26%
Lesotho 2003/2009 33.3% 28% -16%
Liberia 2009/... 55.4% ... ...
Libya … ... ... ...
Madagascar 2005/2009 24.5% 22% -11%
Malawi 2006/2009 35.7% 11% -70%
Mali 2003/2010 59.6% 19% -67%
Mauritania 2006/... 82.1% ... ...
Mauritius 2005/2009 17.5% 6% -66%
Morocco 2007/... 13.4% ... ...
Mozambique 2007/... 14.8% ... ...
Namibia 2006/... 11.4% ... ...
Niger 2006/2009 69.7% 35% -49%
Nigeria 2007/... 40.9% ... ...
Rwanda 2006/2011 20.0% 6% -69%
São Tomé and Príncipe … ... ... ...
Senegal 2003/2007 25.3% 18% -28%
Seychelles … ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 2009/... 20.4% ... ...
Somalia … ... ... ...
South Africa 2003/2007 2.1% 15% 609%
South Sudan … ... ... ...
Sudan … ... ... ...
Swaziland 2006/... 40.6% ... ...
Tanzania 2003/2006 32.0% 50% 54%
Togo 2009/... 16.7% ... ...
Tunisia ... ... ... ...
Uganda 2003/2006 39.2% 52% 32%
Zambia 2002/2007 44.4% 14% -68%
Zimbabwe 2011/... 7.2% ... ...
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2012, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 19 March 2013

Business losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism and arson, latest year
Losses as a share of Losses as a share of Changea, %

Years available
sales, Year 1 sales, Year 2 Year 1-Year 2
Algeria 2007/… 0.9% ... ...
Angola 2006/2010 0.4% 1.5% 275%
Benin 2004/2009 0.3% 1.9% 459%
Botswana 2006/2010 1.3% 1.5% 15%
Burkina Faso 2006/2009 0.2% 0.3% 50%
Burundi 2006/… 1.1% ... ...
Cameroon 2006/2009 1.5% 1.6% 7%
Cape Verde 2006/2009 1.8% 1.6% -11%
Central African Republic 2011/… 4.7% ... ...
Chad 2009/… 2.5% ... ...
Comoros …/… ... ... ...
Congo (DRC) 2005/2011 2.0% 1.8% -10%
Congo (Rep.) 2009/… 3.3% ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 2009/… 3.4% ... ...
Crime and seCurity

Djibouti …/… ... ... ...
Egypt 2007/2008 0.0% 3.0% …
Equatorial Guinea …/… ... ... ...
Eritrea 2009/… 0.0% ... ...
Ethiopia 2006/2011 1.4% 0.3% -79%
Gabon 2009/… 0.4% ... ...
Gambia 2006/… 2.7% ... ...
Ghana 2007/… 0.9% ... ...
Guinea 2006/… 2.0% ... ...
Guinea-Bissau 2006/… 1.1% ... ...
Kenya 2003/2007 0.8% 3.9% 406%
Lesotho 2003/2009 0.1% 2.9% 1971%
Liberia 2009/… 2.8% ... ...
Libya …/… ... ... ...
Madagascar 2005/2009 1.9% 1.2% -35%
Malawi 2006/2009 2.3% 5.7% 153%
Mali 2003/2010 0.5% 0.5% 6%
Mauritania 2006/… 0.6% ... ...
Mauritius 2005/2009 0.1% 1.4% 1300%
Morocco 2004/2007 0.0% 0.0% -100%
Mozambique 2007/… 1.8% ... ...
Namibia 2006/… 1.3% ... ...
Niger 2006/2009 0.6% 0.9% 50%
Nigeria 2007/… 4.1% ... ...
Rwanda 2006/2011 1.3% 0.6% -54%
São Tomé and Príncipe …/… ... ... ...
Senegal 2003/2007 0.6% 0.5% -21%
Seychelles …/… ... ... ...
Sierra Leone 2009/… 0.8% ... ...
Somalia …/… ... ... ...
South Africa 2003/2007 0.5% 1.0% 122%
South Sudan …/… ... ... ...
Sudan …/… ... ... ...
Swaziland 2006/… 1.3% ... ...
Tanzania 2003/2006 1.9% 1.2% -38%
Togo 2009/… 2.4% ... ...
Tunisia …/… ... ... ...
Uganda 2006/… 1.0% ... ...
Zambia 2007/… 1.0% ... ...
Zimbabwe 2011/… 0.5% ... ...
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://www.databank.worldbank.org, accessed 19 March 2013

a
, non-normalised, 2001 and 2010
2001, 2010, Annual averageb, 2001-2010,

Totalb, 2001-2010, US$m
US$m US$m US$m
Algeria 1,626 0 15,627 1,563
Angola 207 0 25,555 2,556
Benin 0 0 324 32
Botswana 939 1,573 14,317 1,432
Burkina Faso 166 380 2,397 240
Burundi 0 37 499 50
Cameroon 325 362 7,550 755
Cape Verde 3 20 89 9
Central African Republic 33 0 520 52
Chad 0 0 6,628 663
Comoros 27 11 204 20
Congo (DRC) 516 260 12,095 1,209
Congo (Rep.) 1,142 1,761 20,348 2,035
Côte d'Ivoire 45 76 12,304 1,230
crime and security
Djibouti 222 434 3,392 339

Egypt 1,124 2,033 60,757 6,076
Equatorial Guinea 848 2,904 10,956 1,096
Eritrea … … … …
Ethiopia 672 5,679 17,847 1,785
Gabon 835 1,688 14,582 1,458
Gambia 53 161 781 78
Ghana 461 682 2,808 281
Guinea 304 378 3,199 320
Guinea-Bissau 15 69 589 59
Kenya 72 0 1,334 133
Lesotho 18 62 2,293 229
Liberia 0 631 9,691 969
Libya 4,289 11,326 56,488 5,649
Madagascar 24 32 4,232 423
Malawi 135 684 4,289 429
Mali 52 373 2,787 279
Mauritania 0 … 153 38
Mauritius 215 13,310 14,152 1,415
Morocco 343 821 18,128 1,813
Mozambique 9 0 813 81
Namibia 412 1,625 11,965 1,196
Niger 50 554 1,278 128
Nigeria 3,753 32,877 193,438 19,344
Rwanda 50 490 1,584 158
São Tomé and Príncipe 0 0 0 0
Senegal 9 0 69 7
Seychelles 82 0 1,594 159
Sierra Leone 24 0 511 51
South Africa 11,323 3,615 98,237 9,824
Sudan 376 11,095 32,583 3,258
Swaziland 38 239 3,046 305
Tanzania 0 71 1,674 167
Togo 154 120 2,037 204
Tunisia 917 0 9,066 907
Uganda 26 1,261 6,801 680
Zambia 95 2,631 8,835 884
Zimbabwe 342 0 4,189 419

Software piracy, 2007 and 2011
Pirated software as a share of total

Commercial value of unlicensed software, US$m
software
Changeb,
Countrya 2007 2011 2007 2011
2007-2011
Algeria 84% 84% 86 83 -3%
Botswana 82% 80% 14 16 14%
Cameroon 84% 83% 5 9 80%
Côte d'Ivoire 81% 81% 15 16 7%
Egypt 60% 61% 131 172 31%
Kenya 81% 78% 28 85 204%
Libya 88% 90% 22 60 173%
Mauritius 57% 57% 4 7 75%
Morocco 67% 66% 66 91 38%
Nigeria 82% 82% 114 251 120%
Senegal 80% 78% 6 9 50%
South Africa 34% 35% 284 564 99%
Tunisia 76% 74% 54 51 -6%
Crime and seCurity

Zambia 82% 82% 2 3 50%
Zimbabwe 91% 92% 3 4 33%
Other Africa 85% 86% 76 363 378%
World 38% 42% 47,809 63,456 33%
Pirated software, 2007 and 2011 % of total software

100%
2007
90%
2011
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
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Li
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Af
W
w
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ig
Iv
ba
Tu
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am
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Source: Business Software Alliance, 2011 Business Software Alliance Global Software Piracy Study


drugs
Cannabis consumptiona, latest year
Year of
Countryb Best estimate Estimate (Low) Estimate (High) Source
estimate
Algeria 5.7% 5.2% 6.4% 2006 Council of Europe
Burkina Faso 2.9% 2.9% 2.9% 2006 UNODC Estimate
Cape Verde 8.1% 8.1% 8.1% 2004 UNODC Estimate
Comoros 2.9% 2.9% 2.9% 2002 UNODC Estimate
Egypt 6.2% 2.9% 9.6% 2006 Govt; Academic Research
Kenya 2.1% 0.3% 4.0% 2007 Govt
Liberia 3.2% 1.5% 4.8% 2008 UNODC Estimate
Madagascar 9.1% 9.1% 9.1% 2004 ARQ
Mauritius 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% 2009 Government
Morocco 4.2% 4.2% 4.2% 2004 ARQ
Namibia 3.9% 3.9% 3.9% 2000 ARQ
Nigeria 14.3% 11.8% 16.8% 2008 ARQ
Sierra Leone 5.4% 3.5% 7.3% 2010 UNODC Estimate
Somalia 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 2002 UNODC Estimate
crime and security
South Africa 4.3% 3.5% 6.2% 2008 ARQ

Togo 1.0% 0.2% 3.1% 2009 ARQ
Zambia 9.5% 4.0% 15.6% 2004 Govt; Academic Research
Zimbabwe 6.9% 6.9% 6.9% 2000 UNODC Estimate
World Drug Report 2012, consumption statistical annex
a Annual prevalence of use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 (unless otherwise indicated)
Youth cannabis consumption, latest year
% of young % of young
Age group % of young
a people who have people who have
Country people who have Year of estimate
coveredb used at least once
used in the past used in the past
year month
Egypt 15 18.9% … … 2006
Ethiopia 11.0% … … 1999
Ghana 13-15 … 17.1% … 2007
Kenya 15-17 1.1% 0.9% 2007
Madagascar 15-19 … 18.5% … 2004
Mauritius 14-18 10.9% 2.2% … 2004
Morocco 15-17 6.6% 4.6% 2.9% 2005
Seychelles 11-16 … 0.3% … 2001
South Africa 13-22 12.7% … 9.7% 2008
Sudan 18-20 3.0% … … 2009
Togo 14-18 1.9% 1.2% … 2009
Zambia 13-16 (approx.) 35.3% … … 2004
World Drug Report 2012, youth drug tables annex
Cocaine consumptiona, latest year
Year of
Countryb Best estimate Estimate (Low) Estimate (High) Source
Estimate
Cape Verde 0.23% 0.23% 0.23% 2004 UNODC Estimate
Egypt 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 2006 Government; Academic Research
Kenya 0.30% 0.20% 0.40% 2007 Government source
Morocco 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 2004 ARQ
Nigeria 0.70% 0.28% 1.11% 2008 ARQ
South Africa 0.78% 0.64% 1.17% 2008 ARQ
World Drug Report 2012, consumption statistical annex
a Annual prevalence of use as a percentage of the population aged 15-64 (unless otherwise indicated)

Drug seizures, 2004-2009
2004-2009 (total seizuresa)

Country
Cannabis herb (kg)
Algeria 57
Angola 6,372
Benin 4,614
Botswana 2,714
Burkina Faso 18,359
Burundi 2,551
Cameroon 3,636
Cape Verde 3,921
Central African Republic ...
Chad ...
Comoros ...
Congo (DRC) ...
Congo (Rep.) 2,981
Côte d'Ivoire 19,422
Crime and seCurity

Djibouti ...
Egypt 451,068
Equatorial Guinea ...
Eritrea 41
Ethiopia 1,321
Gabon 1,488
Gambia 1,420
Ghana 52,782
Guinea 3,559
Guinea-Bissau 375
Kenya 62,241
Lesotho 24,450
Liberia 205
Libya ...
Madagascar 7,634
Malawi 366,213
Mali 2,131
Mauritania ...
Mauritius 319
Morocco 1,133,758
Mozambique 11,532
Namibia 2,724
Niger 2,988
Nigeria 1,047,165
Rwanda 2,403
São Tomé and Príncipe ...
Senegal 15,625
Seychelles 0
Sierra Leone 10,812
Somalia ...
South Africa 1,776,984
South Sudan ...
Sudan ...
Swaziland 20,119
Tanzania 1,525,771
Togo 5,393
Tunisia ...
Uganda 12,496
Western Sahara ...
Zambia 89,413
Zimbabwe 5,435
World Drug Report 2012, Drug Seizures annex

FreeExistence index of worldwide drug freedom, 2012 (Scores 0-10, where 10=most free)
Drug
Country Notes
Freedom
Algeria 1.0 Death penalty for some drug offences
Angola 2.0
include mandatory prison sentences.
Benin 2.0 Drug offences involving any drugs involve mandatory prison sentences, regardless of quantity
Botswana 2.5 Marijuana and other drugs are illegal, with strict penalties.
Burkina Faso 2.5

years in prison. Enforcement levels unknown, although cannabis usage is somewhat common.
Burundi 2.0 Marijuana and other drugs appear to be illegal with harsh penalties.
Growing cannabis for any reason is illegal, though AIDS and cancer patients are allowed to
Cameroon 4.0
use the drug to treat their symptoms.
Cape Verde 3.0 of larger amounts of “soft drugs” can lead to 1-5 years in prison, or 5-15 years for hard drugs.
Enforcement levels unknown.
crime and security
Central African Republic 2.0

imprisonment.
Chad 2.0
imprisonment.
Comoros 2.5 While once legal in the 1970's, marijuana possession and use is now illegal.
Congo (DRC) 1.0 Capital punishment for some drugs.
Congo (Rep.) 2.0

and hard labor.
Côte d'Ivoire 2.0 Marijuana is illegal; penalties are harsh.
Djibouti 2.0 Khat is widely used, although drugs are illegal, as is public drunkenness.
Marijuana possession is illegal and can result in long imprisonment, although convictions are
Egypt 1.5
very rare for personal use. Use is widespread and part of every day culture.
Equatorial Guinea 2.0 Drugs are illegal with prison penalties.
Eritrea 2.0 Drugs are illegal with prison penalties.
Ethiopia 3.0
is illegal, it is tolerated to some extent.
Gabon 2.5 Drugs are illegal with stiff penalties.
Gambia 2.0 Drugs are illegal with prison penalties.
Ghana 4.5 Marijuana is seemingly illegal, but tolerated to a large extent.
All drugs are strictly illegal. Penalties for use, possession, and sale include “medium term
Guinea 2.0
This nation's drug laws are unclear, but there seems to be little drug-related prosecution and
Guinea-Bissau 3.0
Kenya 2.5
Marijuana and hashish are illegal, but widely produced (and to a lesser extent, used; most
Lesotho 3.5 production is for the South African market). Also societal acceptance exists for muscle
relaxants matekoane and diazepam.
Penalties for drug possession are severe and may include long prison sentences. (See: http://
Liberia 2.0
www.prisontalk.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-168331.html, accessed May 2011)
Libya 1.5 Death penalty for drug crimes.
Penalties for drug offences, including “soft drugs”, include prison sentences. Enforcement
Madagascar 2.5
levels unknown.
Malawi 2.0 Marijuana is strictly illegal, with low societal tolerance.
Mali 2.0 Drugs are illegal with prison penalties.
Mauritania 2.0 Drugs are illegal with prison penalties for offenders.
Marijuana is illegal to possess or cultivate, and the drug laws are strictly enforced. Even the
Mauritius 2.0
Marijuana is illegal, with a penalty of ten years imprisonment. However, enforcement varies
Morocco 2.5
considerably, and “kif” is widely used.
Mozambique 3.5
Marijuana is illegal here, but tolerated to an extent. However, the government is currently
Namibia 2.0
attempting to enact much harsher sentences (e.g., multiple decades for possession).
Niger 2.0 Drugs are illegal with possible prison penalties.
continues >

FreeExistence Index of Worldwide Drug Freedom (continued)
Drug
Country Notes
Freedom
Marijuana is illegal to possess and use, and simple possession can bring a ten-year prison
Nigeria 1.5 sentence. However, widespread governmental corruption leads to varying enforcement. A
Rwanda 2.5 Drug possession and use are illegal, but are tolerated to some extent.
São Tomé and Príncipe 2.0 Drugs are illegal with possible prison penalties for offenders.
Senegal 2.0 All drugs are strictly illegal. Enforcement appears inconsistent, however.
Seychelles 2.0
Sierra Leone 2.0 Drugs are illegal with possible prison penalties for offenders.
Somalia 1.5
light of the political chaos in Somalia, wide variability in enforcement is probable.
Marijuana is illegal, but possession of small quantities is generally overlooked or given a
South Africa 4.0
warning.
South Sudan ... ...
Crime and seCurity

Marijuana and hash are illegal here, but allegedly readily available and enforcement is
Sudan 1.5
offences.
Marijuana is illegal here, although this runs up against Swazi traditions relating to the growing
Swaziland 2.5 and use of marijuana which indicates societal tolerance for cannabis. Recent crackdowns have
targeted growers.
Tanzania 3.0 Marijuana is illegal but tolerated, and enforcement is generally lax.
Marijuana is illegal here, but enforcement can be somewhat lax. Penalties for possession
Togo 2.5
Severe penalties; possession of even a small amount of drugs can lead to imprisonment, with
Tunisia 1.5
more serious charges resulting in 20 years imprisonment.
Uganda 3.0 Marijuana is illegal but tolerated, and enforcement is often lax.
All drugs are illegal here. Possession can result in a prison term of up to ten years, although it
Zambia 2.0
in 25 years imprisonment. Enforcement levels are unknown.
All drugs are illegal. However, marijuana and cocaine are available, and enforcement of drug
Zimbabwe 2.5
laws is lax due to a lack of police resources.
Margin of error: +/- 2.0 index points due to reliance on several anecdotal references (due to lack of availability of complete, primary
English language legal sources for many countries)
Explanation of scale: Tentative criteria:

10.0 Hard drugs (e.g., cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine) legal to possess and use
9.0 Both hallucinogenics and hash are generally legal, in addition to marijuana
8.0 One of the group consisting of hallucinogenics and hash is generally legal, in addition to marijuana
7.0 Sale of non-medical marijuana is allowed
6.0 Personal possession, use, or cultivation of marijuana is allowed
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0 Drugs illegal, imprisonment penalty for possession
1.0 Drugs illegal, death penalty on the books
Source: FreeExistence, http://www.freeexistence.org/, accessed 18 March 2013

Crime and punishment
Police personnel, latest year
Police personnel
Source and latest year
Countrya Count Rate per 100,000
Botswana Interpol, 2013 8,500 ...
UNODC, 2009 8,645 436.3
Comoros Interpol, 2013 500 ...
Côte d'Ivoire UNODC, 2008 15,770 83.1
Gambia Interpol, 2013 5,000 ...
Ghana Interpol, 2013 23,000 ...
Guinea Interpol, 2013 10,000 ...
UNODC, 2008 5,617 58.8
Kenya Interpol, 2013 35,000 ...
UNODC, 2010 41,252 104.5
Lesotho Interpol, 2013 2,404 ...
UNODC, 2010 3,513 163.5
Liberia Interpol, 2013 4,100 ...
crime and security
Mali Interpol, 2013 7,000 ...

Mauritius UNODC, 2010 11,038 849.6
Morocco UNODC, 2010 52,097 164.7
Niger Interpol, 2013 8,700 ...
Nigeria Interpol, 2013 350,000 ...
Sierra Leone UNODC, 2008 9,707 173.0
Somalia UNPOS, 2013 7,000 ...
South Africa SAIRR, 2013 199,345 ...
South Sudan Interpol, 2013 52,000 ...
Swaziland Interpol, 2013 4,164 ...
UNODC, 2004 2,937 268.1
Togo Interpol, 2013 4,000 ...
Uganda UNODC, 2010 37,549 112.3
Zimbabwe Interpol, 2013 50,000 ...
UNODC, 2008 28,772 231.1
Police personnel rate, latest year Per 100,000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Botswana Côte Guinea Kenya Lesotho Mauritius Morocco Sierra Swaziland Uganda Zimbabwe
d'Ivoire Leone
Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Database, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-

analysis/statistics/data.html, accessed 18 July 2013

Countries contributing personnel to UN police, June 2012
Countrya Male Female Total

Benin 117 6 123
Burkina Faso 223 30 253
Burundi 90 13 103
Cameroon 67 46 113
Chad 46 8 54
Côte d'Ivoire 124 26 150
Congo (DRC) 25 2 27
Djibouti 49 4 53
Egypt 421 0 421
Ethiopia 21 0 21
Gambia 194 60 254
Ghana 237 50 287
Guinea 39 6 45
Kenya 38 6 44
Crime and seCurity

Madagascar 31 6 37
Malawi 41 20 61
Mali 69 5 74
Namibia 17 36 53
Niger 152 27 179
Nigeria 598 63 661
Rwanda 327 131 458
Senegal 719 20 739
Sierra Leone 180 77 257
South Africa 51 20 71
Tanzania 89 44 133
Togo 148 3 151
Uganda 36 8 44
Zambia 209 17 226
Zimbabwe 34 24 58
Countries contributing personnel to UN police, June 2012 Total
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
a n
ep n
C d ad
D C)
Eg ti
G pia
G ia
G na
M K a
ag ya
i
am i
N a
R eria
Si Sen da
nz a
ia
Za da
ba a
M ar
lic
A e
i
So Le al
U go
Bu so
N r
e
(D e
Et ypt
aw
N al
fri am nd
e
ou
in ni
R o
ne
Ta fric
m bi
ut on
bw
go oir
ib
an
ra g
c
ig
ub
M
R
ad en
n ero
ôt Ch
ha
an
n
Fa
To
rk Be
o
am
Zi m
l A C ru
er e
as
al
jib
ui
ig
ga
on 'Iv
hi
h
e
Bu
ca
C
tra
en
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Source: UN, UN Police Magazine, July 2012

Judgesa, correctional staffb and prosecutorsc, latest year
Judges per Correctional staff Prosecutors per

Countryb Year Year Year
100,000 per 100,000 100,000
Algeria 10.4 2008 50.7 2006 1.7 2006
Botswana ... ... 73 2000 ... ...
Burkina Faso 1.6 2007 ... ... ... ...
Cameroon 1.5 2008 ... ... ... ...
Egypt 9.8 2006 13.2 2001 25.4 2000
Ethiopia 0.2 2002 ... ... 0.2 2002
Kenya 0.9 2009 34.2 2006 ... ...
Mauritius 5.2 2009 73.8 2006 4.0 2006
Morocco 10.2 2006 16.4 2006 1.8 2006
South Africa 4.3 2002 47.7 2002 5.5 2002
Swaziland 0.9 2000 103.6 2006 4.4 2006
Zambia 9.8 2000 17.4 2000 0.2 2000
Zimbabwe 0.7 2000 61.7 2004 1.4 2000
10 largest economies
crime and security
Brazil … … … … … …
China 15.9 2002 22.1 2000 13.5 2000
England and Wales 7 2006 85.1 2004 5.8 2006
France 11.5 2000 … … 2.7 2000
Germany 17.8 2006 43.8 2006 6.1 2006
India … … 4.2 2005 … …
Italy 10.9 2006 82.6 2006 3.8 2006
Japan 2.6 2006 12.8 2006 2.0 2006
Russia 46.4 2000 … … 30.3 2000
U.S.A. 10.8 2001 138.3 2000 8.8 2005
Judges, correctional staff and prosecutors, latest year Per 100,000
120
Judges
100 Correctional staff
Prosecutors
80
60
40
20
0
ia
nd
a
so
e
o
t
yp
iu
an
oo
pi
ny
ric
bi
bw
c
r
ge
la
Fa
oc
rit
o
m
Eg
Ke
Af
w
er
hi
ba
au
az
Za
or
Al
ts
am
a
Et
m
M
in
Bo
Sw
M
ut
Zi
rk
So
Bu
Source: European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, International Statistics on Crime and Justice 2010
appeal courts, and to make dispositions in a court of law. Also includes authorised associate judges and magistrates.
b Correctional staff means all individuals employed in penal or correctional institutions, including management, treatment, custodial and other
(maintenance, food service etc.) personnel.
accused of committing a criminal offence.

d Countries shown are those for which data are available. The top ten economies are included for comparative purposes.

Illegal aliensa removed from the US by criminal status and country of nationality, 2001 and 2010
2001 2010
Criminal Criminal
Non- aliens as Non- aliens as
Country of nationality Total Criminalb Total Criminalb
criminal % of total criminal % of total
aliens aliens
Africa 1,532 570 962 37% 1,695 641 1,054 38%
Algeria 23 8 15 35% 14 D D …
Angola 13 4 9 31% 8 D D …
Benin D D … … 7 4 3 57%
Burkina Faso 3 D D … 8 3 5 38%
Cameroon 15 6 9 40% 65 19 46 29%
Cape Verde 46 36 10 78% 46 36 10 78%
Congo (DRC) 8 3 5 38% 10 4 6 40%
Congo (Rep.) 13 … 13 … 23 D D …
Côte d'Ivoire 28 10 18 36% 28 4 24 14%
Egypt 95 16 79 17% 112 39 73 35%
Crime and seCurity

Eritrea 5 … 5 … 5 … 5 …
Ethiopia 22 13 9 59% 65 30 35 46%
Gambia 42 16 26 38% 25 8 17 32%
Ghana 227 47 180 21% 177 62 115 35%
Guinea 60 10 50 17% 24 6 18 25%
Kenya 50 20 30 40% 140 54 86 39%
Liberia 46 29 17 63% 48 26 22 54%
Malawi D D … … 5 … 5 …
Mali 44 D D … 30 4 26 13%
Mauritania 6 D D … 13 … 13 …
Morocco 35 17 18 49% 67 37 30 55%
Niger 23 9 14 39% 18 4 14 22%
Nigeria 421 238 183 57% 348 179 169 51%
Rwanda … … … … 5 D D …
Senegal 72 14 58 19% 62 12 50 19%
Sierra Leone 38 9 29 24% 33 10 23 30%
Somalia 40 7 33 18% 29 6 23 21%
South Africa 37 15 22 41% 56 12 44 21%
Sudan 13 3 10 23% 21 15 6 71%
Tanzania 11 5 6 45% 28 14 14 50%
Togo 9 4 5 44% 16 6 10 38%
Tunisia 14 3 11 21% 27 10 17 37%
Uganda 18 8 10 44% 26 10 16 38%
Zambia 10 D D … 22 5 17 23%
Zimbabwe 19 3 16 16% 29 5 24 17%
All other African countries 37 14 23 38% 106 39 67 37%
Source: US Department of Homeland Security, ENFORCE Alien Removal Module (EARM), January 2011; Enforcement Integrated Database
(EID), December 2010
States without inspection or were admitted temporarily and stayed past the date they were required to leave.
b Refers to persons removed who have a criminal conviction.
D Data withheld

Prison population, latest year
Prison population rate per

Country Total prison populationa Year
100,000 of national population
Algeria 58,000 164 2010
Angola 16,183 87 2009
Benin 6,908 75 2010
Botswana 5,216 267 2009
Burkina Faso 5,238 32 2010
Burundi 9,844 114 2010
Cameroon 23,368 119 2009
Cape Verde 1,300 253 2010
Central African Republic 1,320 29 2010
Chad 3,416 34 2005
Comoros 130 19 2010
Congo (Rep.) 1,000 26 2010
Congo (DRC) 30,000 57 2004
Côte d'Ivoireb 11,143 56 2008
crime and security
Djibouti 600 68 2010

Egypt 64,378 81 2006
Eritrea … … …
Ethiopia 85,450 99 2010
Gabon 2,750 196 2006
Gambia 780 45 2009
Ghana 13,573 56 2010
Guinea 2,780 28 2008
Kenya 49,757 120 2010
Lesotho 2,498 120 2010
Liberia 1,524 50 2010
Libya 13,242 203 2010
Madagascar 18,647 93 2010
Malawi 11,672 73 2010
Mali 6,700 52 2009
Mauritania 1,700 50 2010
Mauritius 2,354 182 2009
Morocco 61,405 189 2010
Mozambique 15,249 65 2010
Namibia 4,251 186 2010
Niger 7,000 43 2010
Nigeria 50,000 31 2011
Rwandac 62,000 595 2010
São Tomé and Príncipe 305 185 2010
Senegal 7,550 60 2009
Seychelles 432 507 2010
Sierra Leone 2,237 39 2010
Somalia … … …
South Africa 159,265 316 2011
Sudan 19,144 45 2009
Swaziland 2,628 219 2009
Tanzania 40,111 92 2009
Togo 4,116 59 2010
Tunisia 31,000 297 2011
Uganda 30,312 89 2010
Zambia 15,544 120 2009
Zimbabwe 15,000 121 2010
Source: International Centre for Prison Studies, World Prison Population List (9th Edition)
a Number in penal institutions, including pre-trial detainees

b Data refers only to prisons under government control
c Prison population includes many thousands sentenced or awaiting trial in connection with the 1994 genocide

Prison population rate, latest year Per 100,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Congo (Rep.)
Congo (DRC)
Crime and seCurity

Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Western Sahara
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: International Centre for Prison Studies, World Prison Population List (9th Edition)
a Number in penal institutions, including pre-trial detainees. For Côte d’Ivoire, data refers only to prisons under government control. For
Rwanda, prison population includes many thousands sentenced or awaiting trial related to the 1994 genocide.

Death penalty, 2012
Total death Year of last Total

Country sentences, Status of death penalty execution/ Executions, Method of execution
2007-2012 abolition date 2007-2012
Algeria 752 Abolitionist in practicea 1993 0 Shooting
Angola … Abolitionist 1992 … …
Benin 6 Abolitionist in practicea 1987 0 Beheading, Shooting
Botswana 7 Retentionist 2012 4 Hanging, Other
Burkina Faso 8 Abolitionist in practicea 1988 0 Shooting
Burundi 1 Abolitionist 2009 0 Hanging, Shooting
Cameroon 0 Abolitionist in practicea 1997 0 Shooting
Cape Verde … Abolitionist 1981 … …
Central African Republic 14 Abolitionist in practicea 1981 0 Shooting
Chad 13 Retentionist 2012 0 Shooting
Comoros Retentionist 2012 Shooting
Congo (Rep.) Abolitionist in practicea 1982 0 Beheading, Shooting
Congo (DRC) 74 Retentionist 2012 0 Hanging, Shooting
Côte D'Ivoire … Abolitionist 2000 … …
crime and security
Djibouti … Abolitionist 1995 … …

Egypt 704 Retentionist 2012 12 Hanging
Equatorial Guinea 4 Retentionist 2012 7 Hanging, Shooting
Eritrea Abolitionist in practicea 1989 0 Hanging, Shooting
Ethiopia 55 Retentionist 2012 1 Shooting
Gabon … Abolitionist 2010 … …
Gambia 31 Retentionist 2012 0 Hanging, Shooting
Ghana 31 Abolitionist in practicea 1993 0 Hanging, Shooting
Guinea 19 Retentionist 2012 0 Shooting
Guinea-Bissau … Abolitionist 1993 … …
Kenya 16 Abolitionist in practicea 1987 0 Hanging
Lesotho Abolitionist in practicea 1996 Hanging
Liberia 15 Abolitionist in practicea 2000 0 Hanging
Libya 0 Retentionist 2012 39 Shooting
Madagascar 14 Abolitionist in practicea 1958 0 Shooting
Malawi 4 Abolitionist in practicea 1992 0 Hanging
Mali 41 Abolitionist in practicea 1980 0 Shooting
Mauritania 33 Abolitionist in practicea 1987 0 Shooting, Stoning
Mauritius … Abolitionist 1995 … …
Morocco 27 Abolitionist in practicea 1993 0 Shooting
Mozambique … Abolitionist 1990 … …
Namibia … Abolitionist 1990 … …
Niger 1 Abolitionist in practicea 1976 0 Shooting
Hanging, Shooting,
Nigeria 341 Retentionist 2012 0
Stoning
Rwanda … Abolitionist 2007 … …
São Tomé and Príncipe … Abolitionist 1990 … …
Senegal … Abolitionist 2004 … …
Seychelles … Abolitionist 1993 … …
Sierra Leone 7 Abolitionist in practicea 1998 0 Hanging, Shooting
Somalia 57 Retentionist 2012 23 Shooting
South Africa … Abolitionist 1995 … …
South Sudan 1 Retentionist 2012 5 Hanging
Sudan 166 Retentionist 2012 30 Hanging, Stoning
Swaziland ... Abolitionist in practicea 1983 ... Hanging
Tanzania 5 Abolitionist in practicea 1995 0 Hanging
Togo … Abolitionist 2009 … …
Tunisia 27 Abolitionist in practicea 1991 0 Hanging, Shooting
Uganda 134 Retentionist 2006 0 Hanging, Shooting
Western Sahara ... ... ... ... ...
Zambia 91 Abolitionist in practicea 1997 0 Hanging
Zimbabwe 17 Retentionist ... 0 Hanging
Source: Amnesty International, Death Sentences and Executions in 2012
a Countries which retain the death penalty for ordinary crimes such as murder but can be considered abolitionist in practice in that they have
not executed anyone during the past ten years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions. This
also includes countries which have made an international commitment not to use the death penalty.

Death penaltya (Year of last execution/date of death penalty abolition)
Crime and seCurity
Source: Amnesty International, Death Sentences and Executions in 2012
a “Death penalty not practised” refers to countries that have not executed anyone during the past ten years and are believed to have a policy or
established practice of not carrying out executions. This also includes countries which have made an international commitment not to use the
death penalty. On the preceding page, these countries are referred to as “Abolitionist in practice”, following Amnesty International’s style.

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AFRICA SURVEY 2013

Good Governance Africa

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GOOD GOVERNANCE AFRICA

4 // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

delete or amend the earlier ones.

long-term trends for the continent.

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // v

Politics and governance

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // vii

viii // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // ix

x // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // xi

Crime and security

xii // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // xiii

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // xv

xvi // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

$ United States dollar CEPGL Economic Community of the

... data unavailable Chadema Party for Democracy and Progress

m Millions CIA Central Intelligence Agency

ACE Africa Coast to Europe CN-KNK National Convergence-Work Only

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // xvii

GNE Gross National Expenditure MMP Mixed Member Proportional

GNI Gross National Income MNSD National Movement for Society

IMF International Monetary Fund ODA

Interpol International Criminal ODM Orange Democratic

IOC Indian Ocean Commission PAICV African Party for the

xviii // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // xix

xx // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

lAngUAgE, CUlTURE And RElIgIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // 1

Census, latest year

Country Year Years since latest census (as of 2013)

Source: United Nations Statistics Division, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/vitstats/seratab2.pdf, accessed 17 January 2013

2 // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

Source: United Nations Statistics Division, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/vitstats/seratab2.pdf, accessed 17 January 2013

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // 3

a Source: World Bank, World Population Prospects 2013

4 // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2012

a As calculated by the source

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // 5

Population projectionsa, 2010-2100

Country 2010 2015 2020

a Medium fertility future population projection (see notes)

6 // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

Notes: Medium-fertility projections:

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // 7

Change in population, 2010-2100a People, m

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

8 // Africa Survey 2013 Good Governance Africa

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2012

a As calculated by the author

Good Governance Africa Africa Survey 2013 // 9

Population density, 1990-2010

People per km2 of land

Country 1990 2000 2010 Changea, 1990-2010

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2012

a As calculated by the author