Integrated Circuit Tutorial

This PDF Document is a great chance for

understanding about all Integrated Circuit on
mobile phones and their faults
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Acknowledgments
We appreciate the author who provided relevant information development of this PDF. In particular, we want to
thank ​Muhammad Asif Azeemi

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what is an Integrated Circuit

Integrated circuit ICs​ are the brain and heart in all mobile phone circuits. They are mostly black and silver in
colors "chips" that you find on every phone circuit boards. if you want to do repairs on modern phones and
tablets, IC is on every mobile phone you know, so that's why it's important to understand them. electronic
components used to make IC are not visible from outside.

Inside the Phone IC

ICs are built in a semiconductor material chips and the parts on the IC cannot be removed. Thousands and
millions of CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) and bipolar transistors FET are used in making of
an IC. The fundamental concept of IC is to obtain lots of electronics components and the connections between
them and reconstruct the whole thing in a microscopically tiny form on the surface of a piece of silicon
wafers. The integrated circuit was independently designed by Jack Kilby at ​Texas Instruments​ in late 1958 and
by Robert Noyce at ​Fairchild semiconductor​ camera and instrument in early 1959. To know what is integrated
circuit design? and when the integrated circuit was developed in which technology generation? watch this video

Definition of IC
IC is an integration more than one or two electronic components - operational transistors, resistors and
capacitors, diode building blocks, coil, and inductor etc. into to a small circuit chip and connected together to
achieve a common goal or specific task.

watch video here

Integrated Circuit IC of the smartphone is small in size and very light in weight. right now in this era, the goal of
phone manufacturer companies is to Make an IC that can produce excellent results at low battery power. Now
IC can be a function as a power amplifier, voltage clock oscillator, crystal clock oscillator timer, memory chip, or
RF processor.

if you don't know what is a ​smartphone circuit board​ read this blog post first

Types of Integrated Circuit According to Technology

There are three types of technology

● Linear IC
● Digital IC
● Mixed IC

What is Linear IC/Analog integrated circuits

It is also called analog integrated circuit. It works on an analog signal where the output signal varies according to
the variable input signal. linear ICs have continuously variable signal output depends on the input signal implies.
These vacuum tubes ICs are used as audio and radio frequency (RF) operational amplifiers. linear ICs is capable
of performing filtering, amplification, demodulation, and modulation, so that's why they are used in both mobile
phone and smartphone signal section in the circuit.

Digital IC

works on the digital signal and operates on defined levels. These ICs are also used in laptops. The fundamental of
digital ICs is logic gates work on binary data. binary data has two types of signal called low (logic 0) and high
(logic 1). On the basis of electronic in smartphone components, various types of digital IC are used. Extruding
terminals on digital IC connect to prints of a phone circuit. These are utmost importance to us because they're
what will go on to connect to the rest of the electronic components and copper wires in a smartphone circuit.

Mixed Integrated Circuit Chips

The combination of analog and digital ICs on a single chip called Mixed ICs. the mixed-signal chip is an integrated
circuit that has both analog circuits and digital circuits on a single semiconductor die. in applications,
mixed-signal designs best example is a smartphone. the smart mobile phone is more accurate to call the mixed
signal systems and able to process both analog and digital signals together. These ICs functions as convert
Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog also know as clock/timing function which enabled multiple RF functions
on a single chip.

In this blog post, we have discussed the integrated circuit including what is an integrated circuit? how ICs are
made! what's Inside the Phone IC and types of Integrated Circuit according to Technology. We have dealt with
the different types of integrated circuits like analog integrated circuit digital integrated circuit and Mixed
Integrated Circuit with examples. Now types of the integrated circuit according to their shape in mobile phone
PCB are explain.

ICs can be classified into different types based on different criteria in mobile phones, such as series IC and
parallel IC based on the size and manufacturing process. the external shape of ICs can be classified as follows:

Types of ICs According to Their Shape in Mobile Phone Circuit

● Single in-line package (SipIC)

● Dual in-line package (DipIC)
● Quad pin package IC
● Micro Chip
● Leadless Chip Carrier (LCC)
● Pin Grid Array Package (PGA)
● Ball Grid Array Package (BGA)
● Crystal IC

Single in-line package (SipIC)

SIP is a short form of Single in-line package. This IC package has one parallel rows of pins. black in color and
rectangular in shape used in the early ages of mobile phone circuits.

DIP (Dual in-line packages)

DIP is a short form of dual in-line package, that's a way the IC package has two parallel rows of pins and mostly in
rectangular shape

Quad Pin Package IC

There are many different abbreviations of Quard pin package IC. it is also called quad flat pack IC. This IC
package has four parallel rows of pins. black in color and square in shape used in the early ages of mobile phone
circuits. the pins are bent downwards on the printed circuit board.

Micro Chip

A microchip is manufactured from silicon material on a very small scale. you can watch the microchip electronic
circuits large scale integration on this video. the video show you manufacturing and integrated circuit tester also

watch video here

in the old age of the mobile phone circuit, this IC is used as a microprocessor

Leadless Chip Carrier (LCC)

A leadless chip carrier (LCC or LLCC) is an integrated circuit that has no leads/pins when we view it from
externally. in mobile phone PCB, it is also called filter IC. it makes use of metal pads at the inner edges to
establish a connection with the Prints on the phone circuit board.

Pin Grid Array Package (PGA)

Pin grid array is in a square and rectangular shape with pins arranged in a regular array. (PGA) used in the early
ages of mobile phone PCB.

Ball Grid Array Package (BGA)

Ball grid array (BGA) also called (SMT) in the electronic term and used for packaging many integrated circuits
into one IC. BGA is made up of many overlapping layers that can contain one to a million multiplexers, flip-flops,
logic gates, or other circuits. when we view it from externally we don't see its balls legs. view it form internally to
see the unlimited Ball grid.

Crystal IC

Crystal IC is popular, as they are light in weight, adaptable to a wide range of applications and are considered
ideal for running mobile applications operation internally on a smartphone circuit. below are common types of
EMI ESD and Crystal IC chips pictures used among various smartphone's circuit.

Integrated circuits are prevalent in so many forms across mobile phone electronics, it's hard to cover everything
in one blog post. Here are a few of the more common ICs you might encounter in mobile phone electronics.

DSP (Digital Signal Processor), DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory), ROM (Read Only Memory), PROM
(Programmable Read Only Memory) Memory Chips, Power Management ICs, microcontrollers,
microprocessors, and Sensors. all main functions in the smartphone are control by Touch Controller, USB
Charging Port Controller, Power Management, Application Processor, baseband processor, and Nand ICs.

Mobile Phone Hardware Repairing ( about faults comes with IC )

We can divide all Mobile phone damages into Hardware, Software and Settings faults. when we think about
hardware damages or faults mainly we want to know what are the smartphone main ICs and faults comes with
IC. Old phones had ICs more than the latest phones. However when you get complete idea about that ICs then
you will be able to find the solution for damages in your phone properly. Check the following list of ICs and try to
understand about those faults.
● Power Amp
● Antenna Switch
● RF Processor (Hagar)
● Power IC
● CPU
● Charging IC
● Flash ( ROM or EEPROM)
● Oscillator (VCO)
● SIM IC

Antenna Switch IC

The phone will heat Antenna Switch, Antenna switch helps to filter frequency Bands as 900Mhz, 1800Mhz and
connect Rx, Tx( Receiver and Transmitter). Therefore when damage this IC we can see faults as following.

● Signal Drop
● No Network found
● Some Frequency band are not worked properly RF Processor ( Hagar IC)

Power Amp

This is a very important IC for (Tx) on any cell phone. Power Amplifier IC is work as a Tx amplifier (Transmitting
signal) and it gets 3.7 volts directly from the phone external battery. When it is damage we can see the following
faults in mobile phones.

● Battery low quickly

● No signal
● Signal drop
● no network access
● cannot make outgoing calls android ( Tx does not work properly )
● phone heating up and draining battery

RF Processor (Hagar)

RF( Radio Frequency ) Processor is the main signal IC in any cell phone PCB. RF Processor IC is used for
processing Rx (receive signal) and Tx (Transmitting signal) for modulating and demodulating in mobile
frequency. sometimes it makes a very low frequency clock signal is used to start CPU IC functions. Therefore
when damage RF IC we can see faults as following.

● power on failure on mobile phones

● Signal drop
● no network access on a phone
● call drop
 ● Tx and RX signals are not working properly

Power IC

Power IC distribute current to all the components and ICs in mobile phone PCB. Power IC get direct voltage to
form mobile phone battery and distributes to other corresponding chips in the mobile phone PCB. it is work as a
voltage regulator and stabilize the voltage flow to other integrated circuits on phone therefore if it's not
working properly the phone will not switch on.

● No Power on
● The phone will heat when you press the power switch
● Auto Restart

CPU (Control Processing Unit)

This IC is the brain of any cell phone and controls all commands given by the mobile phone user. that's
right the CPU function control by the mobile owner. CPU controls all the main functions of the phone.
it always check flash IC before booting mobile phone then it will give a software command to Power IC
to supply current to other integrated circuits on a mobile phone. When it damages we can see the
following faults

● After power on the phone will heat up

● The phone will Auto Restart
● Phone stuck on startup screen

Flash IC ( EEPROM)

Flash memory ic chip holds mobile operating system software or booting information. EEPROM full
form or EPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM ​Read Only Memory​ in the
smartphone, PCB knows as NAND flash memory. When Flash IC damage we list down software
problems you see in mobile phones.

● phone stuck on boot screen

● Auto Restart
● Phone hang
 ● non removable battery phone hangs
● phone will hang on some applications (camera, Video, message inbox, ...etc)

SIM IC

The sim IC is that which allows the sim card to detect a mobile network on any cell phone. in a mobile
schematic, it is also called sim card protector IC. sim IC is used for processing mobile SIM card data.

when this IC is not working properly on any mobile phone you can see the following faults.

● insert sim card

● Sim card not accepted
● insert sim card error
● phone cant detect sim card

Charging IC

Nowadays charging ic meaning wireless charging ic or wireless charging receiver ic is among the latest
phone. However, it is used to maintain the charging voltage for controlling charging. when Charging IC
is damage the phone shows the following faults
 ● No charging
● Not Charging
● Auto charging
● Charger not support
● Bad contact charger
● mobile phone show charging but the battery percentage not increasing
● Phone Battery charging slow
● Battery won’t charge to 100% in smartphones

Now you know Integrated Circuit faults! but dont try to remove any ICs form mobile phone PCB.
Because there is a method for solving every fault in mobile phone repairing. Therefore firstly try to
understand about mobile phone ICs, mobile phone ic identification, mobile phone ic details and about
its works and also damages. The more information about how do integrated circuits work? what is
integrated circuit testing? will be updated in the coming week on this PDF document so stay tuned

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I love smartphone repairing and enjoys sharing with

others what I have learned

Writer
Muhammad Asif

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