Illustrate all the error control mechanism available in data link layer?

Error Control focuses on detecting and connecting errors that may occurs. occurs during data
transmission to remain data integrity and reliability. Here are some error control mechanism
in networking.
Error Detection: a) parity check: Parity bits are added data to checked the single bit errors.
Even parity ensures that the total number of 1S in the data and parity but bit is even while
acknowledgement. If an error is detected the sender transmits all frames from
odd parity ensure on odd count
the corrupted onwards
b) Hamming Distance: The hamming distance is the a measure of the difference between
c>Selective Report ARQ: Similar to the Gro-back-N but the sender transmits
two Striges of equal length in error detection. It is used to detect single bit errors.
corrupted frames.
c>Linear Block code: Linear block codes are a class of error connecting codes that add
Flow control: a>Sliding window flow control: ensures efficient and controlled data flow
redundancy to the transmitted data to detect and connect errors.
between the sender and receiver by allowing a specific number of unacknowledged
Error Correction: Automatic Repeat Request ARO: a>Stop wait ARQ :The sender waits for
frames (window size) to be in transmitting. It prevents overwhelming the receiving
an acknowledgement before sending the next frame.
congesting the net-
b>Go and back ARQ: The sender can transmit multiple frames before receiving
Error Recovery: a) Positive Ack with Retransmission:(PAR): The receiver send PAR for
error free frames, while the sender retransmits frames not acknowledged or detected
as faulty.
b) Negative Ack with Retransmission:The receiver, sends negative NAR to indicate
faulty frames, promting the senderto transmit them.
Error Prevention: a) Bit stuffing: used in protocols like HDLC and PPP, it prevents
accidental interoption of control characters as data by adding an extra bit when
specific bit patterns unencountered.