● explore acid/base analysis techniques that are applied:

- In industries
Food
Acid-Base titration used to analyse acid content for quality control of wine.
- Tartaric acid (H6C4O6) present in wine.
- Titrated against a standard solution of NaOH.
Red wine has an acid content of 0.6% and white wine has an acid content
of 0.7-0.8%.
H6C4O6(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2H4C4O6(aq) + H2O(l)

Pharmaceuticals
Back titration of Aspirin to determine the mol of acid present and assess it's
purity.
- Aspirin contains acetylsalicylic acid.
- It is dissolved in a known amount of excess NaOH. (It is not soluble in
water).
- Then titrated against HCl in order to find the mol of excess NaOH
reacted.
Acetylsalicylic acid(aq) + (Excess) NaOH(aq) → Sodium Acetylsalicylate(aq) +
H2O(l)
Then: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)→ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

- by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples

Acidic bull ant sting:

- neutralised using alkaline juice of crushed bracken fern leaves.
- Bull ant sting contains formic acid.
HCOOH(aq) + BOH(aq) → BHCOO(aq) + H2O(l) (where B is a base)

Alkaline nature of Clay:

Small balls of clay and ochre are ingested in order to treat diarrhoea,
stomach upsets and even gastrointestinal toxins produced by infections.
Helps neutralise excess stomach acids.
Applied onto skin to neutralise toxic stings.
 ● describe the importance of buffers in natural systems
A buffer is an aqueous solution that is able to maintain a stable pH.
→ Highly resistant to changes to pH (due to LCP/neutralises small
amounts of base/acid added to the system).

They are made up of weak acids and their conjugate bases:

CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
★ Cannot exist as only CH3COOH(aq) must add an equimolar amount of
NaCH3COO → Na+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) in order to produce more CH3COO-(aq)
to create a buffer.

Or weak bases and their conjugate acids:

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+(aq) + OH−(aq)
★ Addition of an equimolar amount of NH4Cl(s) → NH4+(aq) + Cl−(aq) for more
NH4+(aq) to create a buffer.

Natural system:
Blood: (must maintain a pH between 7.35-7.45)
Dihydrogen Phosphate (H2PO4-(aq)) buffer
★ H2PO4-(aq) is amphiprotic
(Acting as an acid - proton donor): H2PO4-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ HPO42−(aq) + H3O+(aq)
(Acting as a base - proton acceptor): H2PO4-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3PO+(aq) + HPO42−(aq)

Ocean Acidity Buffer: (Idk work it out yourself)

From the pearson textbook
pg 233.