Sub. Code : 3130906 Electrical Circuit Analysis ‘As Per New Syllabus - GTU - SEM - Ill (ELECTRICAL « Simplified & Conceptual Approach » Short Questions & Answers *Chapterwise Solved GTU Questions Winter 2005 to Winter 2020 * Solved Model Paper ( As Per 2018 Pattern ) * Solved GTU Question Papers Winter 2019 to Winter 2020 & PUBLICATIONS | Late A. V. Bakshi sce oA Up-Thrust for Knowledge : ZS TECHNICAL) vu. A. Bashi iil ii TOSS.Winter - 2019 Electrical Circuit Analysis (3130906) Semester - III (EE) Gujarat Technological University Solved Paper Time : 2 3 Hours] [Total Marks : 70 Instructions : 1) Attempt all questions. 2) Make suitable assumptions wherever necessary. 3) Figures to the right indicate full marks. Q1 a) State and explain reciprocity theorem. (Refer section 2.6) [3] b) State and explain maximum power transfer theorem with suitable example. (Refer section 2.5) [4] ¢) Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent resistance of the circuit given in Fig. 1 to the left of the terminals a-b. 7] so, 32 Ans. : Step 1: a - b is open 4 Step 2: Find V., = Vin From branch ¢ - d, 1.5i, =i s iy = -05ix ol) sv@ ip) i) 4a b Applying KVL to outer loop, 4 ; ~5i,-3i,—4i, +6 = 0 and use (1), ¢ ix = 1333A Fig. 4 (a) Vin = 4ix = 5.333 V 6-9Step 3 : Due to dependent source, enh = iy = -051 ret) Applying KVL around the branch ena, ihept at position 1 and steady stat ‘condition ig reached, AEE = switch i¢ moved to position 2 Fi the current in both the cases. (3) Fig. 2 ‘Ans. + Refer example 35:4 for the procedure and use the given values as V=100V, Ry #102, R; = 200, L= 05H Verify the answers as: (0°) = H(0*) = 2333 A, i) = 3.333 eA 1b) Explain me constant in case of series R-L and series R-C circuit TEOMA. PUBLEATION- ane Bratton as . G+R?+K+8)? = 400 Let Z= RX Zp = 5+ B+R+ X= G+R)+ XH) aXe BR re Yet Zr eer + +8) Caw 3) But I= 25 2-18, equating angle and magnitude, 5a 0 jorRy + +8 Toma, RAAT An at nr, , =)2 = 54)930052 snd L = 10 H while g 2108 ut circuit acing R at er . by) Bd i ee fs ae eS se De le of 100 V8 nal cunt zero. Applying KVL, toy 20 0H 0 wv = —_ Pe, “T @ te saceatch Fie. | +eett ©) The creat shen in Fig. 7 i perting inthe. sicusidl steady fon son HF state. Find 1 ad by lop nals “a T sd ermine rid VV, Assime mae me es 3) som Yo mason eel 1 ic=gesmn Fig. 7 NOMOURRCAIO Aa metmromag me ‘Applying KVL 1 et ap, 101-101, Fig. 710) +200 = 360555 2 r463t° Yo = Het; inzseaniory, caer Ye waa ane 22 et G4 a) Find driving point impedance of the sine netork she i ig 8. BL ayy we aa ‘Ans: The s-omain network is shown in the Fig. 8(@). Fo.8 2) = 24564 2 Fase 2) = BES ma a b) Find ines Laplace of ie FI Fis) = O22 eter example 66: Hee aeeo Trac LEAN tices2 a or tian on Pn JOR . La Q4 a) sepa anes Ge ei Fig. 9 , + (Geter section 643) z | 1 Damir, et 232i | 2 = Vo(s)/Tol (sof the erewit in ah . na m i. 1 203% ‘Anas 4) beach in pte wis (263,) “ae By curent di x nk Fig. 10 ints) = lol z Q.5 a) What is the condit 2 al Grater set gaye EMMY fo Aer! t prt parmats 7 » & MW 1b) Brigly describe parameters for «too port network (Refer section 84) ©) Obtain = parameters ofthe crc sow in Fig. 22 m 1 ts) ye RRR 13641 e : tthe circuit i, J8, £8. * ° eames cl re ‘Ans. The sdomain netwotk is shown in the Fig. 1 (a). (2) -}F: Hv ; ‘Ans: Assume loop current as shown in the Fig. 12 (a). S LL yb 28 4a an Ba. a Fig tt om i es Ere hy) { cy 8 h wi) 4: (3) ¥ * "T }s ae+si(3) ret ‘Apply KVL to loop 1, 1 ; =oe nA 21, 421g; #0 te Vas efi 2s e = ons Ae Be on 19 Pato | enc UCsored unorsty Question PAPA cca Crit myn SRR Apply KVL to loop 2, wtig-2ty-24-2y4% #0 be T= Ph-Zhe @) panned ag peateeaet a “ ‘ i) | a 5) rant ems of prin ‘Refer section 8.11.4) “ ©) Determine zparamcters ofthe ccuit shown in Fig. 4 (Refer example 825) m. Network Theorems ineorem, Norton theorem, Maximum Pow : ‘ ‘Compensation theorem. Analysis with depend 7 ay there ash Analssis. Concept of duality and dual networks es Second order networ! Fis a oder dferentil equations for Seles and work elements forced and Electrical Circult Analysis using Lapface Transforms Review of taplce Transform, Analysis cults using Laplace Transform for standard apts, eqral, inverse Laplace transform, transformed network with {nel condtons. Tra lon representation, Poles and Zeros. Frequency response (magnitade and phase plo), series and parallel resonances. (Chapters - 6, 7) 5. Two Port Network and Network Functions ‘Teo Port Nercorts, terminal pairs, relationship of two port variables, imped: Ferenetes adnitane parameters, tensmlsion parameters and hybrid paramet weconneevors of to port nego. (Chapter » 8) wo | | | = TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter-1 Basi Gtecks of Electrical Circuit Analysis Node Analysis) 1.3.2 Current Source 41.3.3 Dependent Sources... 1.4 Ohm's 15 Electrical Work... + 1.6 Electrical Power. 41.7 Electrical Energy.sans suepsto ABV ch series 1.12 Voltage Divs 2.5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem, 2.5: Explanation ofthe Maximum Mesh Anat 1.17 toop analyser . 1117: Pointsto Remember for Loop Analysis a7 asupermesh oo" 1273 epsforte too {LIB Node Ana mn 1.281 Pits to Remember fr Noda. 28.12 Graphical Method 2.9 Short Questions and Answers... $282 5uperode. ooeeooss 11483 Steps forthe Node Analysis. 41.19 Short Questions and Answers. Ghapter-2 Network Theorems and Duality 3.3 General and Particular Solutions. 2.1 eduction. 3.3.1 Homogeneous Equation 222 Stepsto Apply Superposition Theorem .. 23 Thevenin's Theorem...series crt for 0. excitation, rowan sves CTO as Transient Response sponse 443 Form Facto) 444 cretorPeakFoctorK) 48.Abdton 2nd Sibi conf6.14.4 Domain Network 663.8 nial Value Theorem 6:39 Final Value Theorer of Domain Network. with Zero Initial Conditions. {6.16 including intial Conditions in the Net {6.16.1 Initial Curent through inductor . feces Chapter-7 Network Functions and Resoi 7.1 System Function or Network Funetion cosine ton. ~ 4s opeenty Damped sn and Csi 65 cenoiton esr 6 inverse Laplace Transform. {66.1 Simple and eal cts 652 Muliple Ross. {663 Complex Conjugate 6 nverse Laplace Transform using Convolution integral 6:7 Special Case of loverse Laplace Tra 68 Sohing Diferenial Equations. 63 Response of Series Circuit to O.C Excitation... ‘6.10 Response ef AC Series Circuit to D.C. Excitation 7.2 One Port and Two Port Networks. 7.3 Network Functions of One Port Networ 7.4 Network Functions of Two Port Network 2% 7.53 Singularities, 2 754 D.C. Gain 7.6 Pole-Zero Plot. i: 7.7 Significance of Poles and Zeros. 7.8 Necessary Conditions for Driving Point Functicns... 7.9 Necessary Conditions for Transfer Function. au... 7.20 Time Domain Behaviour of Pole-Zero 7.11 Introduction to Resonance... 7.42 Q-Factor or Figure of Merit.7.34 Phasor Diag +132 Reactance Cures -°°°° 7.33.3 Vration meer pasa cafacor of Ser sasvougesaoestand Curae sndwith and Select ‘as2aPiaseangePiot. -« 7.46 Short Questions and Answer meters or Open Circuit Im £83 y-Parameters or Short Circuit Admittance Parameter 84h Parameters or Hybrid Parameter 8.5 ABCD Parameters or Transmis 882Condion ton of Symmetry for y Parameters... See ERE ER 88.3 Condition of Symmetry for h-Parameters £8.13 Short Questions and Answers. ‘Solved Model Question Paper eMBasics of Electrical Circuit Analysis (Mesh and Node Analysis) Syllabus Node and Mesh Analysis. Contents 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Basic Circuit Elements ............, Summer-14,16,17, Wintor-15, --- 1. Energy Sources seveveeeeees, Summer-13,14, Winter-15,16, -- 1.4 Ohm's Law 1.8 Electrical Work 1.6 Electrical Power 1.7 Electrical Energy 1.8 Network Terminology Winter-14, 1.8 Classification of Electrical Networks .... Summer-10,13,14,18, Winter-10,12,14,18, 1.10 Analysis of Series and Parate! Creuts 1.11 Kirchhoff Laws + Wintor-14,12, Summer-10,13,16,17,1 1.12 Voltage Division in Series Circuit of Resistances 1.13 Current Division in Paralie! Circuit of Resistances 1.14 Source Transformation . « . Wintar-09,10,92,13,15,17, 1.15 Source Shifting = =n Winter-09,11,12,18, Summer-12,13,14,18, 1.16 Concept of Loop Curent 41.17 Loop Analysis or Mesh Analysis Winter-06,11,13,14,15,17,18, ore Summer-09,13,14,15,16,17,18, 1.18 Node Analysis : +s ++- Wintterst0,14,12,13,14,15,16,17, - Summer, 12,13,15,18, + -+ 1.19 Short Questions and Answers a-n‘The Fig. 122 shows an inductance. Lee eT cre] * The time varying voltage v(t) is the voltage i across it It caries a current i) which is ales BB asic Circuit Elements tine varying Th ects panie cst mPa sane () CE or an inductance, te eee see i 6 poprnl to the rte of change of * Resitnce (R) Inductance arent passing. ough it. Pi a) [EIT resistance (8) : 5 ay = £0 nse prey of ea Fl a * The constant of propertnaliy inthe above equation i th ndactace L eppses the wo caret oo cet denoted as Rand its symbol is shown in the he om ine vag vas) the wollge a 4s known across an inductor then the current is given by, R and time varying current i) is flowing an ;. ij va | . te adatanee has N tums and the thx @ produced by the cuent i) ently links with the coil of N tums then according to Faraday’s law, vy = Ne * The total fhox linkages No are thus proportional tothe curent through the coil a No'= li "HONEA RRLCATEHS”. Ange or nope eee Rom RRO ey Ram "tareatesh and Node Anata) puesta creo An tt rit Anas cnc yea i ‘Tae power inthe inductor SE a [mes : ee sepa, The valage aos ts tine FO . ee ance gh iw agg ib: aie f Saige wing ‘i proportional 1: (EERE Fo cpu, the arent though aE olga a iw «8 ‘The constant of proportionality isthe capacitor C, ait y= cSt known 38 * Whe the mi of the care stored to the voltage across the eapacitor is opsasc fea | See Cet wn hay * The vollngs crs the captor 's siven by, * Temes sored in he pac is given by, = J rlddtas cy 0 * CRIN a | Sout cat ¥en ye eucor sven Lev jas EEE] Vonsge-curentnaatontip for stv Cement . pera a ge 1 tne te) ed pce) e mao ps, ecko apie “ae ee OTe Felationship is given in the Table 121, ¢_The behaviour ofthe thee elements canbe summarize a,pntnsrepsna en te anges et across R, L and ¢ the voltages “ and vo and C respectively. 12 vet sarough BL Nae ti TT i ae respectively while Ir : areas ew pve ys alg a SE! + There are bse) eal source ae) Prats Sure These are seed vote sue dda eegy ure whch ved SAN Wg ea ro pie of ecu zw trough ts terminals scone gnc own be F194 (6) Th corse ° ge aud as shown in Fg 131 0) «Aran tne the vale of age a oad tra remain same, This indicated by ‘Va characteris shown inthe Fig 134 (0) y Bae OT eee, Litt byCreut {e)Gharactristics Fig. 1.3.4 Weal voltage source Practical voltage source * But practically, every vlage source has small internal resistance shown in series wilt ta6e tource and i represented by R,, as shown in the Fig, 1.32. | Besse of | Trae, fw Vlg across terminals decreases slightly with increase in cue | Such a source par represented in the Ai) Time Variant Sources s # These are decid by sol tr This Ssstown in be Pg 723 0), EEE current source * Meal caren source the oure which gies conan! cure? at ts cos st ts eins {respective ofthe voltage appearing across ts terminals, . * The symbol for kel cen our is how ine F134 (a) Ths ome the load as shown in the Fig. 1.3.4 (b). 7 ° 7 te sar les firespective of voltage appearing across its terminals. This is explained by VI | haraceristis shown inthe Fig, 134 (@) TEOWACH PUBLCATOAS. saw Pat ionements ont aye ig. 1a oan out — eure: igh neal resist, er a races cure sa i own inthe “mre ean orc a ip mera k seal Tht 08 a, Facial fk * Te 6® yw - ‘ey characteristic (a) Cire 1.35 Practical curent source * fis terminals ‘decreases slightly with increase in + Because of Ry, curent Time invariant Sources: 2 moran oR carat ck vary wh tne ae krown as tne invariant current sources or D.C. soures. These are dented by capital letters. 4+ Such acuret source i represented in the Fig, 1.6 (a). 1 Time Vacant Sources; ‘+ The sources in which curent s varying with time ae known as tne variant curent sources of A.C. soures. These are denoted by small eters * Sec source i represented in the Fig. 1.36 (), o Fe 1238 (e)D.c. coe | 6 | Fig. 1.3.6 (b) A.C. source ORICA PIUCATOHE. Ann pat aves ** Dependent sources are those whose value of the circuit. Such sources are indicated bya further clasified as, |) Voltage Dependent Voltage Source : It produces a v elsewhere in the given circuit. Ths is called VDVS. Itt» source depends on voltage or current in amend as shown in the Fig. 137 ana lil) Current Dependent Voltage Source a vol elsewhere in the given circuit. This is called CDVS. It is 'y) Voltage Dependent Current Source : It produces a current as a function of voltage siezwhere in the given cicut. Tis i alled VDCS, I is shown inthe Fig 139 (6) kK v Ss constant and Yj and 1; are the voltage and current respectively, present elsewhere in the given circuit. ‘+ The dependent sources are also known as controlled sources. * The Ohm's law gives relationship between the potential difference (V), the current ) and the resistance (R) of a dc. circuit, * It states that, the current flowing through the electric circuit is directly proportional to the potential difference across the circuit and inversely proportional to the resistance (f the circuit, provided the temperature remains constant. in amperes, the V is the voltage applied and R is the resistance of the conductor, as shown in the Fig, L4.1. Fig. 14.4 Ohm's law 8 - + Mathematically, 1 Y where 1s the cuent foving 7 7 ence of te conductor as shown inthe Fig M41. ig, 44 Os lwthen It is defined a a | 5S xl lew Site tiation Le (BE Electrical Work fo an electic ict mverent of electrons ie. tansfer of charge is on isi oe ecco wek is dove when there isa tranefer of charge. comet : sch work Jou fei a ob et oi | | rouph pet eee of mit. atic! Crest Anaya 1:11 Gases o chica! Cieut Anais (Mesh and Node Ansys) I Etta! Chu Ara ash and Node Ant [EG] Electrical Power ‘The rate at which electrical work is done in an elect circuit is called an elcrca power. * Thus power consumed in an electric circuit is 1 watt if the potential diferece of 1 volt applied across the circuit causes 1 ampere current to flow through it Remember, 1 watt = 1 joute/sec | * As unit of power wat is smal, many a umes power is expressed as KW (100 watts) ‘or MW (1 x 108 watts). ‘An electrical energy is the total amount of electrical work done in an electric circuit . [SRST ERS ne] ‘+ Soit Vs potential ference in vlts and Q is charge in coulombs then we can WH, Beste wok W=VxQ J Butt = & |W = Vit} where = Time in seconds. ‘+ The unit of energy is joules or watt-sec. ‘The energy consumed by an elecitic circuit is sald to be 1 joule or watt-sec when it utilises power of 1 watt for 1 second. | + As watt-sec unit is very small, the electrical energy is measured in bigger units as ‘watthour (Wh) and kilo watt-hour (kWh). Wh = L watt «1 hour and [1 kwh» 1000 Wh= 1x 10? x 3600 J = 36 x 10° J 2 TEOMECAL PURUCATONS. Ho Mf opea ani as SNES Foy pasts id ee the energy for 1 hour ove of 18 ere nancial unit of When a power of 1 pened on thls 0 i :LkWh, This un charged ting “The cece bills we 1 energy eh oro oo (GEE Network Term cf the basic terms which are commonly son, we stall define S00 this section, ascciated with network EEE natu sources along with the different ee work i shown ia he Ay srangenent ‘electtical network. Such @ net ciclt hemes is ced 29 Fig 181 Gee Fig 181 on next age) terminals which can be connected to other Any individual eat eement with 0 ici emer is called a network element, «+ Nebrck elements can be eter ative elements or pasive elements. . «+ Active elements are the elements which supply power or energy to the networ 4 Vatage source ar cuen source are the examples of active elements. . + Passive elements atthe elements which either store energy or dissipate energy in form of hea. ‘Resistor, inductor and capacitor are the three basic passive elements. “+ Inductors and capactors can store energy and resistors dissipate energy in the form chat. (EEE Brenen oanuaus Tanti comets the various points of the network with ‘ee F181 8,5 CD DA, DE. CF and EF are the var + Abranch my consist more than one eee tea a ELCATONS. Jap path ecto * A point at which two or more elements af joined together is called junction points are also the nodes of the network. ate he * Inthe ntverk Shown Inthe ig, 183, A,B, CD, Ean F are he node & TER mesh (or Loop) * Mest (or Loop is ase of branches forming a closed path in netwak in sch « way that Af one branch is removed then reaning rather Go ay eg ht rm r a e » gal Bs in the Fig. 181 paths ABCDA ABCEEDA, — of ie D-CFED etc. are the loops of the network. =e * The difference between a mesh and a loop is that aR, E ‘mesh does not contain any other loop within it Thus a : % gh amas loop- A mes is away lop bute * Fla. 1.8.4 An slectical 2. Define rac, nade end junction point of ner GEE GE) Classification of Electrical Networks ‘The behaviour of the entire network depends on the behaviour and characteristics of its elements. Based on such characteristics electrical network can be classified as below : 4 Wht is the diftrenceBetaen a sk and laop ? |) Linear network : A circuit or network whose parameters ie, elements lke resistances, {inductances and capacitances are always constant irrespective of the change in time,Feplacing these combinations redraw the figure as shown inthe Fig. 2204 (a) 20 Swiss 120 12. fs cacti rent Fig. 1.10.4 (a) Fig. 1.1041 () Ung tata BIE ego atin BY? 7 gon Replscng the respective combinations redsaw the czcut as shown in te Fig 1.101 @), Now 32 and 4277 are in parallel, 32x 4.27 * Replacing them by 3374-27 | igo Rap = 1¢ 1.8904 = 283080 [ERD Kirehhotrs Laws GEE . In 1847, a German Physicist, Kirchhoff, formulated two fundamental awe of CEE) Fn he equisin resistance aA "| sleiricty. These laws are of tremendous importance from network sinplifcaton point ‘etn thet pits A et 8 sha in of view, te Fg. 1.301, a EEEED Kirchnofr's current Law (KCL) 5 i 4 4 | | Consider a junction point ina complex network as -: shown in the Fig. L111. w Solution : Identfy combinations of series Fig. 1.114 Junetion point and purl resistances The ressancs 5 and 6 arin series, 2 8 going to cary same cunt, Semi rite 65 + 6011.9 TECHOCAL PLBUEATONS- An rs riagethe eurent direction is to be marked as postive Batery Ey is geting taced from negative to positive be. it is a itis ‘Across Re ther isa voltage drop Ip Rp and as getting traced from +ve to -ve, Across getting traced is drop and | Ry there isa drop Ty Ry and as, from +ve to =ve, itis drop ‘Across Ry there is drop 1 Ry and as getting traced from +ve to ~ve, it is drop must lect! Crest Anais CEE) 5» tte sting Kv, dicing dv a mprtan ut following te sin comer nce te Te same sgn conven flowed ns ook ove th pce [EERIE] stops to Apply Kirchnotr's Laws to Got Network Equations The tps ate tated bated on he rach curent medos Step 4 2 Draw the circuit diagram from the given information and inser all the value (of sources with appropriate polarities and all the resistances, ‘esis odes and junction posts Kept the numberof unison canta nace far possble omit the mathematic cautions reed tooo ee Assumed directions may be wrong, in such cise answer of such eet eal be mathematically negative which nds the cretion ef he sae fee current leaving a particular source has sme maptade, ten sure sarees hae should enter that soure afer traveling through varous branche of te ac, ‘Stop 3: Mark all the polacties of vltge drops and rises a8 per direction of the assumed branch curren flowing tough various bunch resins ah eset This is necesary for application af KVL. to asous closed leone Step 4: Apply KVL to diferent closed paths in the network and obtain the corresponding, equations. Each equation must contain some element which fot Considered in any previous equating, CEI 1. ast be apt ect number of pec thi ah dnt of be netoork ince cst once in ay ft eatin, Step 5: Solve the simultaneous eguations for the unkrown cues Frm tise currents unknown voltages and power consumption in different resistances can be calculated. | What to do if current source exists ? SS © CRIED there tron sarc. he rook then'complee the current ‘etrbution |S eansidering "the eireent “source: But “while applying KVL the’ loops should’ not be * eansiderd insloing ciorent source’ The lop eguations ust be write tothe Lops © hich donot include ‘ei crent source, This i because drop across current source i TEOHNCAL PUBLEATONS. Ane at roFig. 1118 in Fig. 1.115 (0). using KCL is as shown in cereal Cie Anais 122 _ suet ence het Ar eh nd ee easy w= 5 = 25a from equation (1) fim tas CEERI ie teste aes A ond Bin the circuit shocon in Fig. 1116 ee ay ny, we 40k X Sia bag 5 Fig. 1448 fay A oY 7 PSs sve “Bsa, S40 00 a € 8 ae Solution: The two currents are as shove in the Fig. 1.11.6 (a) iw gbpemna R b= jours Trace the path ACDB with various voltage drops as shown in the Fo 1118 ta) Fig. L116 0). % \ Vap = 12+3.4285-2 A an og 2 a’ 8 . Seah ee Sd 1S V with Ave SEs a av sassy Fig. 1418 0) EERE TED) wher is power toss in 5.Q resistor of the Fig. 1.117. so Fig. 111.5 (a) BA) AVL sid not be eppid to help consisting current source. Solution : Applying KVL, From branch DE, i= 543, See ts: Tactkiera Applying KVL. toe loop BCD-EEGB without curent source, hi Bog = 1? x5 = (14285)? 5 = 10.208 W “1x6+3i)454, = 9 TECIWCAL PLICATIONS". Anup Bt rineca ant Ne to see ssc tt “Sa va! r0n3y, Bie waa 5} $ $ fs Series Circuit of Resistances reuit of two resistors Ry series circuit is equa to the ratio by the eure eotge, BEER rst rp a oy inn rn mache nt ofthat resistence value to the total resistance, multiplid Gute t eee Cea Ani te, "ONC RAMON tp tattrinamae re & eepes 2. SY we ie eee Fe 22 sits — _ Vv - 60 1A a» Series circuit 2 een tai a Setation: T= ROR eR OFFS 2 Sie * SN Ce ony ep ate aeCEEREED sent, te cre ty ech tue nt f ep rc resistance t0 the toll resistance clue, multiplied by th ttl current in the eine eres cineit 18 rato of tat CRRREED ret te guts of tt Ct Re itmce of ag Be so at yy sue he al est ‘current, current tinough Ry and Ry if Ry = 102, Ry = 200 ond Va 50 Y, of connected to the load having resistance R.- Now we can replace voltage source by equivalent current source.ol vad RL ine 4) Laem) ibe —™ - then load current mt Gk) pit iso be replaced by «cent . mH ce shown, Consider an equivalent cuent 4 Ra SR in the Fig, 1141 ©) “The total current i ‘T' tances will take SEEN pg 4.444 (B) Currant source (L143) so» Bquating denomits with printer since opal 6 Ry. CERRY cor sc ened 1 ote VelRe it i nora sits y gs on ane Sone = Re a * i - , ie “9 ari aisan Fig. 1.14.2 Source transformation SESE transfor owoltage source of 20 volts wth a interna resistance of 5.40 current source. Solution : Refer tothe Fig. 1.143 (a). ‘Then current of curent source is, 1= Ym 2 $A with internal pall resistance same a5 Ry ++ Equivalent current source is as shown in the Fig. 1143 (0). a) » Fig. 1.143 TECNICA PURLEATONS. Ar at owe(ESBS cores wet fan ante cota oo : oe . Fig A Seton : Th sven vaoes are 150.8 and R= For the equivalent voltage suse, Ve 1xRy = 9X10 = ov 02 Rye = Ry = 100in series Te opines pr sents ae Fig. 1445 CER Font te caren in 2, rene F source en si rm! to current sources, Yo = lyxtdsiey with posi = Positive i t Fig 1145 (©) on next page] 5 = M PLRUEATN. bg Pt te NELCATONS beNow each branch has With a series impedance "*US® fource directly applied. Shingiod an important role. Due to shifting of a source, ee ee een or epseent can be acleved th Which soure Slot ne pes amp theo he The fing of slags sue own a5 E shit matod whe the siting of ‘current source is known as I shift method. While doing the source shifting, it must be tener! at alae nd cure codon fhe gen network shoud et techege EEE] Voltage Source shitting ‘Consider the part of the network shown in the eg 1381 Thee & no sogle seks impedance with the souxe V and it cana be tasfonmed ts cument 2 i, aN wh vere of 2 and Nolter of the two, impedances is cinecy '@ «poten V, with respect to Base node. eld bene fn paralel with acumen source of amperes El marcenhonn pian a w J such a case, an additional identical series with Z, and Z, ind source ‘current source ‘is used in such a way that the = feng uss? MY 8 shown in eOxginally current 1 is leaving from node d reaching to a Simlar effect i obiained by [27] pshing curent source though nodes c and b.-37 bas of Encl Chet hoa ash and Nod ayes) Som meseniimmeyiinne Solution : Shifting the current of 2A as shown in the Fig, 11510 (a) wig cork sue aS ant Converting each current source to voltage source we got circuit as shown in 2a the Fig 11510 0), v Fig. 1.15.10 (a) combine resistinces 10 and 05 © The polarities of 1 V and 2 V are same, so get added as 3.V. Fig. 1.18:10 Applying KVL, 02061-21051 430 T= 09002 AL 4 | source transformation techniques find current i in the network shout : SEE 71Q) % i wW® © © Ww To Fig a8 ‘as shown in the Fig. 115.11 (a) Fig. 145:10 [Now a branch consisting 2 V source and 10 becomes redundant. Hence network can S ‘be simplified as shown in the Fig. 1.15.11 (). NOMA MALEATE ap materia TEOOUCAL ATONE. fan megs$99 _baues of ictal Ceut Analy (eahand Node Anas) 21_Explain theta of suc hing wad inna [EEE] Concept of Loop Current +A loop current is that current ni — aN wap Which simultaneously inks with all the branches, defining ay, f a OD HDEDO + The Fig. 1.164 shows a network = Lt A Jn this circuit, 1, is the loop * apapoin tat Fig. 148.1 Concept of loop curent simultaneously links withthe branches AB, BE, FE and EA, * Similarly 13 1s the second loop current for the loop BCGFB and 1, is the third P P 3 loop ‘current forthe loop CDFGC. Observe : ass with tate example 4. For the common branches of the various loops, multiple loop currents get associated with them. For example to the branch BF, both |, and I; are associated. 2.The branch current is always unique hence a branch current can be expressed jie 19 a ih ceases fe | z ne 7 . The tid Geiss wee was Epo ne al wo Or, um BBO FHA ow |___ tose ts an tne | if 7 wee Se BS gets 2h ee ee Ipp = I,-1; from BtoF and log =1)-1; from C toG a 3. The branches consisting current sources, direcly decide the values of the loop © jacana a © The branch DH consists current source of I, amperes and only the loop current 1; is, associated with the branch DH in opposite direction. Hehe ly = 1, be oan Vv iv 4. Assuming such loop currents and assigning the polarities for the drops across “O © various branches due to the assumed loop currents, the Kirchhot's voltage law can. be applied to the loops. Solving these equations, the various loop currents can be o ™ obtained. Fig 148.41 ‘© Once the loop currents are calculated, any branch current can be calculated. Applying KVL, 704; -1,- 035831; -142 = 9 Feta peared ck cert? <17831 = 1 Wat the diferce Ben lop Lk wat te ie 8 | = 05769 A = 05774, TOMA MACAO nap mater ECHUCA PURLEATENS: Anup Brat renea rust be ce en RV ‘So all such branches, ‘of 1o0P oa consisting of the equations for current SOU ‘rout wot ts — ato the two hone rrsang lope wich a8 SE WT cc SUPE a eee nthe Fg LITA, he oP wae cae supe [REE stop for to Loon Anse ul pt fit tg a sit urs fs el fox any sr la express the curtent sour independently ond OP | sng cnet op cents Repent is fr all the cue | c hich do not include ax 44s Ate the step 3 apply KVL to thee loops, which do no = mu of vw. alow he sgn convention step 5: Sle te eqns caine 8 slp 9 and step 4 simultaneously, __ obtain required unknowns. 0 nie (EET can cart gh este ang pana Fag. 1478 Solution : Assume loop currents 1,1 eae Ss 12 and 5. Also show polarities of voltage drops f * ‘espa op cet postive a shown in Fig. 1475 w laoly = 11267-2676) = 15493 A from C to F (EGIL inte tof at erent ond clea eel coe 4 re how in Fg: sag mech nah ar i nt , Fig. 1.176 © From 2A source, y In =2 From 5A source, Ty = 5A Applying KVL tothe loop excluding current sources, © = 2g —51 +5131; +15 +10~21; = 0 and use equation @),(esha Node kota —— $245 _ Bouts ct Ectsc! Creu = ~G Anaya tsh ard Node Ansa Fig. 147.7 Solution: The various mesh aA Ql) y ~@) currents are shown in the © Fig. 1.17.7 (a). ~~ From the branch A-E, A 3) wae —E ° . oS hh ak 0 AL a Gag ey From th baneh 1, uQ)s8 > FP Ou Tica aad) fase cee lgceor ince Ig =3A @ 7 ? av 7 een From the branch DE, : T W=3A 2O) Fi. 1.477 (0) 2466-24020 Lely =2A - Current through $2 sa % O51, = =1+1y while I, =-1ySoving iy = asst A, = O08 To find V across dependent sour Fig, 137,11 (a). The polaiies foliage ops ae ao pon aane 2A From branch BC, ~ 1, +1, = ie hea Bon a an eter mh cunt nd the vale of iret =i Fort=0,10-26+1)=0 te keg : > z a a ret laments using meth 8 NIT find the voltages and currents for vs Fig 742 ea MEAN. M6 tattoos temetamamcenmnemictal Creu Ansiyea £40 basis of Enctic! Creu Antes Mesh nt Nase ks) Solution + Applying KVL tothe loops without current sources, Solving, Ip = 2 The through 6 V source is 2 A hence power supplied by 6 V source is ny o ly was zs Find he it of Vn the cof Fig. 1.2724, ui mame OO Fig: 117.12 (a). : 6 an 3 arn series as shown in the Fi © The rsitances 519 Ging R= 50341290 Fig. 1.17.16 Solution : The various mesh currents aze shovn in the The equivalent cic fs shown inthe Fig 147.12 ©) b Applying KVL tothe a d A h +My = y= 1s 3 Fig. 4.47.16 () ‘From current source branches, Fenn Ty = -1A, y= 2A, 1-230 rn EO PAT sa at noi ALCAN 156 tthe may1667 A, Ig = 467 Vg = daly =~ 10667 V (SERIA he we sn * sing mesh analysis pox mes cu Fig. 117.5, find out undo oral $2 o> Fig. 4.47.48 2 “9 tsa Example 1.4743 In the circu shoam in Fig. 117.17, find the dren mech currents, ‘power delivered by each source andthe current through Ry. Fig. 1.17.18 (ans. :120, 20433334 Example 4.17.15. the circuit shown in Fig. 1.7.9, obtin the current though the 48 V[IED Node Analysis RERERI REE RETRO ‘The node analysis method fs based on the Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL). In ths MACAO 09 tte enna 1°83 _ bases of nce! Crat Ansys sh and Neds hss) there are N nodes including equations in this method. Ths this method. the reference node then we get (N~ 1) number of ‘ompared to loop analysis, we get one equation less in Explanation : Consider the network shown in the Fig. L181. In this circuit, the commen point ofall the branches is considered as reference node as shown, ‘The nodes B and C are the major nodes where node voltage variables are to be assumed. iisereeeecerd Show the various branch curents preferably leaving the nodes. The direction of I is towards the node C and must be considered as itis Apply KCL atthe nodes. -h-b-h = 0 at node B +h-l = 04 OR Which direction i tries to force current. Here V, check hat in jon it tries 5 ar en psn mn wh opt asd Trence V, oppnes Vp hence must be subtracted from V, while writing equation 1°83 Bases of Bsctica Creu, HE he branch curren sf At higher potential Renee eq Ma towards the node from base ‘Becomes as shown inthe Fig. 1 y n oa 4 4 : ® R ty. a “uO % bi ov mayoy “O8 ceurcoy . ev ov ° ye ® ode then base node is 86, ® ” © Pig. 118s Once the simultaneous equations are obtained then those can be slved to obtain requited node voltages. (GEERT Points to Remember for Nodal Analysis 1. While assuming branch curents, make sure that each unknown branch curent is considered at least once, 2 Convert the voltage source present into their equivalent current sources for node analysis, wherever possible. 3. Follow the same sign convention, curents entering at node are to be considered sitive, while currents leaving the node are to be considered as negative. 4. As far as possible, select the directions of various branch currents leaving the respective nodes. EEEZ] supernode fh the nodes in superode 4 inferno mip pent elthe mg A387 Ragen at iteoarce votage connecting, them cy, vag a 8 a7 we we * relation beteren such node Te separately obtained, In the = Vs = vse" y= Vsels abe nodes assuming fren ty, iy KCL necting Supernodes In adalition to this equations 4PEY 1 otage source, Cor =~ corer th nes Te cet Ogee KC. eatin. Then the ree be expressed items of node YUE TSS ised simultaneously t0 obtain ‘equations and supemode equation required unknown FEEEIE] steps for the Node Analysis 7 Choowe the nodes and ode voltages tobe obtained 151.4: ] + Chooe the cunts pelely lensing the node at each branch connect | tweach nde : | | stp 3: Apply KCL at exch node wih proper sgt convention | | stop 4: If there are supemodes, obtain the equations directly interms of node | voltages which are directly connected through voltage source. |e 6: cata tin nec lo te Yala] | _and subsite in the equations obtained in step 3. | | Si 6: Soe a he quo cb in ep 4 and tp 5 simultaneously | [ete eet erraneis 2 SE EERE 1 trae many mer of ones pl i to nde mod i edema fr he nor CRT) eng ste tage ets find ite erentFig. 1.18.22 (0). TEGO PURICATINS An at psictal Shut Anais votes Vie VaVs and Vyas sham 1% te network i Fs: 11833, nang ihe nodal analy. Solution : The various branch cents are shown in the Fig. 1.1813 (a) From supemode region, Va-2-Vs 20 Aping Kat te ie fyafe-fyrla 2 8 LeBel ‘Applying KCL atthe nodes Vz and 7 YY + IL Jw re wl] P1983 ‘Z2a] <-ww—' | "Z20 -0 * = 1222s os ys % Ig=Vq~Vy, m= we | wT gusting 1-05 Vp 3 -@ Solving equations (1) and (2, V3 = 4, =0 ie 140933 +025V2=195 = ll Now current in1 i814 =Y2=V8 te vy 0 sv Ve-Vs ai ie 1B Y,-vy 045 -O canentin 20 = YO= 9 02 hence Vy 44 Vy =6¥ 6 SEED ti 0 be Vy~1883V,=-9 SAME Tae EOL TREY, vn 7 and Vy 218 V GEE, Le fe Va=Vyp 2 Ly 14 frente eg GERD ee eee “A neucone. ‘M0 Dnt he rowtcgeig 18.14 (0) KCL at the two nodes gi¥8 ‘ 1yslytly 0 and 1p? * Th va ei fa EAD or noes inal eS as i 1.1815 and find 7 RAP 6 tat moses Women, ‘Becta Creu Arayts 1:69 bases or Enc! Crcut Anas (les ad ade Aria {Ere Fig. 1.10.15, Solution : The node voltages and branch currents are shown in the Witt #2 5a Fig. 118.15 (a). a i at 104 20 18 5A b== 4 vp and 19 im Setution : arin ae a ate os Dracaena xO) ‘Ph strode Iy4ly4ly #0 Ve . - ta y= MePevy-2e 0207-20 2007 A [Negative sig off indicates that the assumed curent direction of fy is opposite the actual curent dtecion's0 we can conclude that I; = 22307 A flowing towanls CEEREEEETDD te ner of Fig. 11817, dtd te wd ing node eas Solution: The node Encl thoy en Neha ode vet shown in the Fig. 1.1817 (). ™ “MOMM An the Fig 13817, Fg. 118.7 Using above expressions inthe equations (2) and @), 7 () 2M [ME] co te is yevee2 Me Yee Me [VS] oo te 28 vse¥s00 [Now the last node forms a supemode region withthe reference hence V3 =2+snd pover Wess in 2D and 05 q ED Fig. 11818 ‘Solution : The various branch currents a6 shown in the Fig. 11818 (2). From the rode Vz, conneced through voltage t Fig. 1.98.18 (a) y, EV? 21 ie yeray ectial Creu Anais t EE bat rt ra rh nd Aly the circuit shown “in Fig. 1.2819, oA am % Fig, aaa Example 14812 Using nodal s find current "Tin get ea, fot T in the creuit sham in Fig. 1.1820 ans, 08883.) ‘Example 1.48.3 Find out the current in each branch of the circuit shou in Fig. 1.28.22. Fig 11821 3a 12 |. 8A : Yana: 1.9078, 30118, 216054, 0827 4) the curt 1,12 a Hy ‘ato5y, 321082, 226914, 2421054, 20288}find V, which makes Iq =7.5 mq, For the near so sample I Fe ti 2 a fe 0: wt a en Sea 1203 Rot ig, 19023, Ans. 0.7048, Example 1.18.16. Deterine the voltages at each nade ofthe circuit shown in Fig, 118.4 20 3A 4 I 30 Fig 11824 (Ana. 13.3017 v, 17.788 V, 1.72061 [2 Byun te mt map ed SS "i analysis wed inthe cin 2 intent TS Bocticl CreutAnayis ' LE _ fet ee rt ri tae eae FFREEI short questions and Answers ff of charge inn eee ned Ts ened in amperes) 42. bene ste sett an pot! tne Ste er te Ane: The ait of» caged pret do he woth nee wok i cae The lec poe ‘ofw pts dened ay be wok donee heen ot ent charg rom yf tht pte mend tase The difercre between he elec potentials any to gre plain «cet cand potential ference even we fre pins I's eta we) 3 Give vgs curen,enryratons fr sites R ae Fe Give voltage, current, energy relations for an Inductance L. ve) = LD, ia) ab fone We Energy = 4 2Q) “amar Jy z QS Give voltage, currant, anergy relations for a capacitor C. vit) / x 1 = CEP, wong fina wetoeay= Lore 5 Deine Kea votage source Ans: Test vlage sources defined as the energy furs which gives cost Tollage aco te termina respective ofthe curent dn Hoag ema The Intra estance ofan dea valge wus eo. G7 Deli lea! cure source ‘Ane. deal cent source 1 defined asthe every source which gives cont aaret a it tends tnepecve ofthe voltage appearing aco i emia. The ‘Stor rsitune ofan al cet sure init. fat Draw the graph of tml! volage verses loxd cunt fr an ics! an faves] eke practical de. voltage source. TEC PIRICADONE gr enNetwork Theorems and Duality Syllabus Repeater Therein theorem Norion trem, imam power re earn, Rerrosy stores, Conpeatinthram. dna wih apace crt od ee sources Node and Mesh Anat Concp of aly ond aa otro PHEE DENobrore Theorems "8 ne vy Bracrcal Creat hash 29 - llel, series-paralle] Hc [EBT introduction ste wi of ee Pale in EEE] Explanation of Superposition tn cha ot eral reduction form that is a Consider a network, shown in meee mc eats, Scot em eee etch ei sitar. ae network meet 8 sources Ey and Bp” i Sige uource and an guvae now and deals Bul also iy et alt alee te cant eS in acm \-B of the network, fd oP eat, eseing fase EHTS WE TAR VG i rpantion eet wing These theorems ‘rit. The following fundamental nyjyay SUPP and some nortiese electrons OO analysis igh ned in is PLE Case) According to Sy me sPerposition theorems a crem 2 Trevenn EOE theorem, consider each Pune L itor fer theorem independently. Let source E;Z0° V is = — 4. Maximum power nL eee no renee re sete ee Seu nese A i Se 1 ek TREMOR | Pedances. But as internal impedance of [222] Superposition Theorem [Sil pau — E, is not given, the source Ey must be networks. Let us see the statemm replaced by short circuit. Hence circuit ‘This theorem is appliabe for linear and bites! becoses, a8 shown in the ig 222. Fig 2a2 of the theorem. ang any ofthe neta recon tchques cid in lt dpe sin be fee aig Ec dene, nag) ont thine ore In ony, maisoce comple: ner ‘dont network is equal to the sum of 8 Capa i) Now consider source E alone, lacrss or current ough, ey given cement of the = 2 india oes or cares, produced indent cas in tha element by each was with Ey replaced by a short canal i " Ow : laced iy their respective intesd obtain the current tough branch AD, sing inked eo omg sues place ty a srt hgh bch AB. 1f the itor ingtces of te sources are unknown then the independent voltyg Fig. 223. \sources must be replaced by short circuit while the independent current sources mist Obtain Tip due to Ep alone, by using {laced by ov open cic. there are dependent current and voltage sources preset! any of the network reduchon techniques 3 acd mate tt a cen ld stb placed by open nt et discussed in chapter 1. Fe lien and must be kept siti, Suck sources have zero value only when vollage oF branch AB is & | Case ll) According to Superposition theorem, the total current through cooing then im EES the algebraic eum of the carers tough branch A, produced by ach sone eceg say inet is ako known as Superposition principle. In other words, # a ™ {ndependently. Co ae SY seme oid natend ising tee 4 Total ag = Tap due to By +1jy due to Ea cs eae Prodced by the sources, cach eH ‘ews the vollage across the element ot the current it EXER 1 epestin then 7 does w SPY fh me 7 et pti TECINCAL PUBLCATENS™ Ap Pr npn ON AMCs nano) network Theoroms and Duaity a [EI steps to Apply Superposition ‘Theorem Neen ee ee 1 ES, . vance 02h ‘lone. Short the other voltage sources and open} owe 43 sts pt ot snows a : heir internal impedances. ‘step 2: aa meant through or te volage aon the required element 51 step 2: inde iden, wang a stable network Sempifiation W=Nnis | [stop 3: Repeat the above two steps for all the sources: ‘stop 4: eral th individual eflecs produced by individual sources, to obtain the otal current in or voltage across the element, ‘corrent and voltage sources present in the circuit then. (BE ee ae pendent should not be replaced by open and short circuit but such dependent suet trot be hep ses whe apppving the theorem fea (EERE et tg sr 10 sir te ret sa iF. 224 is Sepesion here FicranestOaa| ta roa “t “9 3k Fig. 224 Solution : Step 1 : Consider 10 mA ji alone, short 15 V source torA a 2b —et=0A ‘The 3 KO and 1 10 are in parallel. he stp etom)x aia wn sing || gaa iy = (Om) Gas 1a) % = 75mA Redundant A Vip = 1a ty = 75, with a postive ‘Step 2+ Consider 15 V aloe, open 10 mA source ae (GB 9D) * Tris aor * 875 mA ECHUCA PURLEATONS. sg ale tou = 875 V with a posi Note. & - that Vs with b postive and its polaries are opposite to Vi iy hence subtracted from Vj, 0 yy @ se Ov» O BRED a sia ww as roryltpset errata e225 wing sips harem feat Solution : Step 1: Consider 90 V, short 60 V, open 2A i Ic porte 4 nai vn a0 120 - sa we Hi-asa Fig, 225 = Due to 90 V alone o y= Mee ee ae Taamcas este sa tbe2A ‘stop 2: conse 0 V, sort 99 VP : | is 1203 aH, oe © g Fig. 225 so ass Te ys a yng crnt dso le 1 225 (0+ " 1x8 33871 x8 5 qg677 Ad Wa pes” B ‘tap 3: Consider 2A, short 90 V and 60 V ; x nai ie oy ea » foe Hi-we c) sev Due to 60 V alone rea g.225 ‘Applying curen vision rule to Fig, 225 (9, rece Due to 2 A alo Ip = @ayxstt sos ad sWe-272At te 2202 AT lwo # (EELS using superposition theorem find Vyy in the network shonon in the Fig. 226. as MATCH te rowge Stop 1: Consider 50 ‘current sources Y PS: Op 24a aa + Open circuit 8 A and : a a »v@) a T4523 = 254 from Ato ‘Step 3: Consider 3.4 ‘open 8 A source. Short 30 V source and Stop 4 : By superposition principle, Van = Vis +Via+Vip=5+(-8)42=-1¥ GED interne ce yon ‘Stop 1; Consider 10V, open 2A, ‘Short 20 V, as shown in the Fig, 2.27 (a). Applying KVL, 7351 4201, = 10 201,-80l, = 0 TENA PURICATION- Ane Pt nopeFig. 22.8 ‘Thus ' = 06 A + througt ® resistances due to 12 V, Sah Sn Step 2 + Consider 10 ony, and 20 V sources. ytet ny From branch AB, R-h=0 ay and hey Applying KVL tothe outer loop, 51, -101,~51,=0 + +1Q+Sh=0 |g Solving. equations (1) and (2) Step 3 : Consider 20 V only, short 12 V and open 10 A source Li ‘Thus I” = 1A « through both 5 resistances. Using superposition principe, Fig. 228 (e) Current through left 5 = 06A++25AC+1AG=29A6 Solution : Current through right 59 = 06A++75A3+1Ae=72A4 19 oO» Case 1: Consider 4 V only, open 2 A source CERES 1 epee sence must be hh at fora he cautions : 4 = 095734 Tr? end a at Totes PLAICE a9 Yt rhageovert Teares ond Duty 210 ct Crt A e sine syse22220 229 (by Using curent vision ale 1 FE 4e1250 ‘ yo 1 am aes “F 20 se 28 1 o ° Fig. 229 @ 5 0879x5950 A+ Feige to Case 2: Consider 2 A alone, short 4 V source. 10 4a 40 ah. . i on rate © fig. 229 Using current division rule to the Fig. 2259 (e), othe = degptgg = OS A Using current dvson re tothe Fg. 229 2 _ osisex F = Tynyh yo Ta T+ 20526 A+ 010526 Ae 65 A) = (00896 A) = 0421 A 0.10526 A Gari) Example 22.7 Delornine he node alga Vy rant le luis Vs dV the etcrk dm Ta Fig 22.10, Fig. 22:10 Example 22.8 Find the covet in 52 resists using superposition tren. 1 Soggy 2 rev Fig 221 An. 108A 1867504 I 81 he 209A TAA. a 8-3 Example 22.9 Using superposition theorem find Vag cov “an Fig. 22:12 (ns. : 4 V with A+ ye, 2V wth Avo, Vin #5 V wth A negative with respect to 6] Example 2.2.10 Using Superposition theorem find current ‘Ty’ in the circuit shown in the Fig. 2213, (ans.:5A 1,625 7,281,075 U1 ce (ans. Vi 278, Vee = V.Va= 2.28 Tecewcns PRION: bn bat rotFig. 22.18 ans 12 25AL,K 204125 A tylaq #2625 Aly ee | Ct ——— (E23) Explanation of Thevenin’s Theorem ‘The concept of Thevenin's equivalent across the terminals of interest is shown in thé Fig, 231. ve nha AB ae the teminals where load impedance Ry, is connecteé ‘The Trove equaet across the oad terminal AB is shown in the Fig, 231 @) NONCA MILANO sn ona moses “sit and cunt sources by open cheult Ths shown fx ns So cP (AUR © 8 a 3 Fig. 234 While obtaining Vy, any of the network simplification techniques may be used. When the circuit is replaced by Thevenin’s equivalent across the load terminals, then the load current can be obtained as, = Ym Rta By using this theorem, curert dough any branch of the cut can be obined, treating that branch impedance as the load impedance and obtaining Thevenin’s ‘equivalent across the two terminals ofthat branch. [ZEW stops to Apply Thevenin’s Theorem Step 1: Remove the branch impede hoagh whch reat gud f be icalculated = : ake ‘ad : thee open creed terminal, by using any eee se eeiaton tetagaes, Tae ngs is Theveni’s equivalent voltage Ven i i |etre CrcultAnayie “6 so reistance avd hence find the crrent through i 20 4a an Ste 9 Clete sec tt ety A woo, wo, (Presses bel 4 = x . [ © adv ina aS t ba @ : Fig, ¢ aaa ator Theorams nd Duty * Raq = Rap 244 = 3ames.g Step 4: Thevenis's egret shown in the Fig. 233 Step 5: Hence curent is, Vou 21.4285 Is a Req Ry” Sazaseig = M29 AL eal Method of Calculating Ror Ry for Network with Dependent 1 must be noted that. f the given network consists of some dependent sousces, then these dependent sources must be kept as itis while calculating equivalent impedance and should not be shorted or open circuited whether tis voltage or cuzent sure. There are two methods of calculating Re fr such cases. Method 1: In this method, use the following expression to calculate Rg, X = Mowe, Re = Ee Ro Where Voc = Vin ‘= Thevenin’s equivalent volage While Isc = Short circuit current obtained bby shorting the terminals across which Ray ina = M1 sienplication network siplficaton the terms A sere apt a & Nene of Os short or open tell sau grealy Then the Rog across the fe Noo . Stia Ba" Te he eto 2 now sat a epee ty e ‘The Rg is them given by Rag = FP v Re = Ra Solution : Step 1: AB is open. Step 2: Find Vay = Vy = Viqy yeh 105 Yi = 24201; «amsa0xMb 1 aot. teem ie that, while ent sce as well as dependent en voltage Fig. 235 ‘oc eurrent should be Feplaced by es ee of vee Exel ox age sue ON Te dependent Fig. 238 20v O+ oa 3 Fig. 237 w= From Fig. 237 () MCL AMCOON twat mma Vi = Vin = 280 Step 3: Due to dependent Yor. Vy Rey = =n Fig. 237 (a) z0v M, “ =F Ih h Fig. 2.3.7 (c) * 2 = MewAnty A Re ‘ . aa IN . ‘Step 4 : Thevenin’s equivalent across A - B is as shown in the asov' Fig. 237 (@). . [EEX] Limitations of Thevenin's Theorem Fig. 2.37 (a) ‘The limitations of Thevenin’s theorem are, 1. Not applicable to the circuits consisting of nonlinear elements. 2. Not applicable to unilateral networks. 3. There should not be magnetic coupling between the load and circuit to be = ae ignetic coupling circuit to be replaced 4. In the load side, there should not be controlled sources, controlled from some other part of the circuit., recrons and Duty owt 28 ence ential Ort ranch. shown in the Fig. 238 (3) 40, Solution : Step 11 Remove the 5216 Step 2: Find Viet 2 Vp im the circuit a Fig. 238 and ig from the current source branch iy = ~ 25 A: Step 3 :To find Ryy open the curzent sources and short the voltage sources as Fg. 238 (6) TEOMA PULEATONS. Ag tt moae peceie! Crt Anaya ea tate Teo Se. From room vay ‘The 1 and 2 01 ae in the Fig. 238 (0) Ra = 3))da 3x4 ay Sl SRE = 17189 step 4: The Thevenins equa shown in the Fig. 238 ¢), Step 5+ Hence the came trouph 5s, aod «mH = 317108 5+ 7ia3 * 47233 AL Solution + Step 1 : Remove 60. branch. Step 2:Calculate the open circuit voltageV ry. The cireuit i redrawn as shown in the ©¥ Fig, 239 (@). 1, and ly are loop . Aopiying xv, courts Vag = Vig = 6667-1333 = 5330 V with A+ ¥6 TECUcAs UCATONS. Ane at cetop 20 = stor net ov source 1p Find Rog Short pew ‘Step 3: ind Rey ee . aaa sei ‘at ia) 2 y=, ot a pon a hg = sso.r5s0= 16670 4 } fea $ 186872 Vm. 338 von 2) #22950 agllig wr a 82 . the Fig. 239 (0) yaivalent is shown in stop 4: Thevers step 5: = 0695644 Solution: Step 1: Open the load branch. Step 2: Calculate open circuit voltage Voc = Virus =) -@ OCH PURLCATENS. Jap rat br nog Step 3 + Refer step 3 of Example 246 in Secon 94 ‘Step 4 : The Thevenin's equivalent . inthe Rg. 2310@) em Ste id Vr iid Ry forthe network shown in the Fig, 2.3.1 : EEE fos Foe ove cae Fig. 2311 Solution : Step 1: Open circuit terminals a and b by removing load Ry. ‘Stop 2: Calculate Voc Le. Vyy. Let current through 30:2 leaving node L be 1;. Same current flows through 45 connected to node M as node a is open terminal Similarly Jet Iz be the current through branch NO.veto dae pa CTO gta, 1p OSMSA Aare Miya =O WR sy 6 ~The 5 OSIM work a8 shown Vm 45h source, Redrawing network 7 calaste Rr sot he ¥9 : ‘step 3: To M Fg 2311 0 E, N sa > 0 + 0 ° ao, ey => a 50 “Rw a . soy ‘ba ne © Fig. 23.11 nef ig 7831 (Bry = 0 $4 20 4) 18418936 : ‘top 4 : Hence Thevenin's equivalent circuit consisting ‘me eg 2311 and Ryy is as shown in “oe hs : Fig. 23.11 (0) Fig. 23:12 (9) 5 Vs shown in the Fig. 23.12 (). Req = 5110-3350 oe Pall Fig, 23.42 (0) Fig. 23:12 (0) Stop 4: The Thevenin's equivalent i shown in the Fig. 2312 (0 hs may tsad S A = BR, = 5025 ER si csr in rig 2818 show at eeu Therein mere ond Ry st i GEE fore nt oe 232. Also find ® ~ inky. i ea pos eee es | ins: z Fig 23:12 Seluion: Sip 1: RenoveR, ‘Step 2: Fi it : 92 Fd pec vege Vy, pane oS LLsS wea nanan ee Toe ORT maha