SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN &

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Assignment: MBA-IT-2

NAME-ABHILIPSA SATAPATHY
Enrollment No-AR
Q1. What is System Analysis and Design?
As businesses grow and develop, their systems may
become outdated or less efficient. Creating complements to
an existing system or replacing it as required often helps
companies improve their performance. To complete this
process effectively, business professionals interested in
developing methods to improve their organization's
efficiency may benefit from learning about system analysis
and design.
In this article, we define the process of system analysis and
design, outline the benefits of this process and list seven
tools and techniques that may aid your organization in
implementing its next system analysis and design process.
System analysis and design is a process that many
companies use to evaluate particular business situations
and develop ways to improve them through more optimal
methods. Companies may use this process to reshape their
organization or meet business objectives related to growth
and profitability. System analysis and design also typically
emphasize how systems act, their relationships to other
subsystems and the ability of both to meet a specific goal.
This often involves analyzing a system's performance and
the quality of its output.
System analysis refers to the process of gathering data,
interpreting information, identifying issues and using the
results to recommend or develop possible system
improvements. During this stage, companies may also
evaluate future business needs and how improvements may
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answer them. System design involves the process in which
an organization, in an appropriate situation, develops a
newer system or strategy to complement or replace an
existing one. This design and development cycle includes
planning, analysis, design, implementation and
maintenance.

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Q3. Write the benefits of system analysis and design

Benefits of system analysis and design

The most common benefit of system analysis and design is
improving upon a previous system and enjoying increased
operational efficiency. Here's a list of other benefits you
and your employing organization may enjoy from this
practice:
 Enabling comprehension of complicated structures
 Allowing for better management of any business
changes
 Aligning the organization with its environment and
strategic priorities
 Minimizing IT issues and reducing the workload of IT
employees
 Reducing costs in certain areas, saving the
organization money and resources for use in other
departments
 Identifying potential risks and threats to the processes
before they arise
 Improving the overall quality of the system
 Improving the usability of the system by employees
 Increasing productivity and customer satisfaction

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Q4. Discuss the 7 tools and techniques of system analysis
and design.

1. Data flow diagrams (DFD) or bubble charts

This technique helps organizations by organizing the initial
requirements of a system in graphical form. Many
companies find this technique helpful when users want a
notational communication language, but the required
system design remains unclear. DFDs illustrate how
information flows between various system functions and
demonstrate the current implementation process of the
system. They also summarize what information the system
processes, which transformations it performs, where it
stores data, what result it produces and where those results
go. DFD graphic design often makes communication
easier between a user and an analyst or an analyst and a
designer.
These diagrams come in two forms. A physical DFD
describes how a current system operates and how an
organization can implement a new one. It reveals which
functions a system performs and provides details on
hardware, software, files and people. A logical DFD
focuses only on the data flow between processes. It
describes how the business operates, not just the system.
Logical DFDs also explain system events and the data
required for each event.

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2. Data dictionaries
A data dictionary is a structured receptacle for data
elements in a system. It stores descriptions of all data
elements in data flow diagrams. These data elements may
include processes, details and definitions of data flows,
data stores and data within those data stores. It also stores
information about the relationship between data elements.
Data dictionaries generally improve the communication
between users and system analysts. They're also an
important part of building a database because analysts can
use them to manipulate and control access of the database.
There are two types of data dictionaries. An active
dictionary relates to a specific database and updates
automatically with a data management system. Its
connection to a specific database sometimes makes it more
challenging to transfer data. A passive data dictionary
doesn't connect to a specific server or database, which can
improve data transference efforts. These dictionaries don't
update automatically and require manual maintenance to
prevent asynchronous metadata.
3. Decision trees
Decision trees assist businesses with defining complex
relationships and decisions in an organized diagram. These
diagrams reveal alternate conditions and actions in a
horizontal tree shape and demonstrate which conditions an
organization may consider first, then each one in order of
importance. A decision tree illustrates the relationship of
each condition to its action, which allows analysts to
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consider decision sequences and identify the best one. This
depicts a single representation of relationships between the
conditions and actions, which may limit information about
other combinations of actions an analyst can test.
4. Decision tables
Decision tables can improve the general understanding of a
complex logical relationship by providing a matrix of rows
and columns for defining an issue and possible actions.
Organizations may find this tool useful in situations where
certain actions rely on the occurrence of one or a
combination of conditions. In a decision table, decision
rules define the relationships between decisions, conditions
and actions. Here are the general components of a decision
table:
Condition stub: This section is the upper left quadrant
and lists all the conditions a professional can check in a
situation.
Action stub: This is the lower left quadrant and defines
the actions the system can perform to meet a specific
condition.
Condition entry: This is the upper right quadrant and
provides answers to questions an organization asks in the
condition stub section.
Action entry: This is the lower right quadrant and
identifies the appropriate action from the answers to the
conditions in the condition entry section.
5. Structured English
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System analysts often use structured English because it
often provides more understandable and precise
descriptions of a process. It often helps non-technical users
understand a computer program's design by separating it
into logical steps using straightforward English words.
Organizations may benefit from this method when they
consider sequences and loops in a program and an issue
requires sequences of actions with decisions.
This process results from a structured programming
language based on procedural logic that employs
imperative sentences and construction to perform
operations for an action. It doesn't contain a strict syntax
rule and expresses all logic through sequential decision
structures and iterations. Here are a few of the guidelines
that professionals typically follow when using Structured
English:
Write clear and unambiguous statements.
Use one line per logical element.
Capitalize keywords.
Underline words or phrases that appear in a data dictionary.
Mark comment lines with an asterisk.
6. Pseudocodes
A pseudocode typically uses structural rules of a normal
programming language, but professionals use it for human
interpretation instead of machine interpretation. This
means that pseudocodes often omit details required for

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machine-reading, such as language-specific code. It
expresses logic in plain English and often uses physical
programming logic while not using actual coding.
Professionals may use this alongside structured
programming as well. They typically create a pseudocode
while initially managing a new algorithm and then
translate that code into the target programming language. It
often replaces flowcharts in a program.
7. Simulations
A simulation usually involves developing a numerical
model that illustrates a system's activity in the form of
individual events in the system's individual segments. This
method helps system analysts conduct testing
investigations on the general model of a system. It often
helps organizations evaluate the effects of changes in a
process or segment. Analysts can also use simulations to
predict how new systems may function and perform
compared to an old system.

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Q5. What is system analysis and design in software
engineering?
System Analysis and System Design are two stages of the
software development life cycle. System Analysis is a
process of collecting and analyzing the requirements of
the system whereas System Design is a process of
creating a design for the system to meet the requirements.
Both are important stages as it helps to create an effective
system with all the features and functions.
What is System Analysis?
System Analysis is a process of understanding the system
requirements and its environment. It is one of the initial
stages of the software development life cycle. System
analysis is the process of breaking the system down into
its individual components and understanding how each
component interacts with the other components to
accomplish the system’s overall goal. In this process, the
analyst collects the requirements of the system and
documents them.
Characteristics
It is the study of the existing system to identify the
problem areas.
It is a process of understanding the system requirements
and its environment.
It involves gathering and understanding the user’s
requirements.

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It involves analyzing the system in terms of its current
and future needs.
Advantages
It helps to identify the problems and their causes.
It helps to understand the functional and non-functional
requirements of the system.
It helps to develop better solutions.
It helps identify the areas of improvement.
Limitations
It can be time-consuming.
It can be costly.
It can be difficult to get accurate information.
What is System Design?
System Design is the process of creating a design for the
system to meet the requirements. System design is the
process of designing the architecture, components,
modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy the
specified requirements. It involves the design of the
system architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and
data.
Characteristics
It is the process of creating a design for the system.
It involves the design of the system architecture,
components, modules, interfaces, and data.

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It involves identifying the modules and components of the
system.
It involves creating the user interface and database design.
Advantages
It helps to create an efficient system.
It helps identify the areas of improvement.
It helps to reduce the development cost.
It helps to create a better user experience.
Limitations
It can be time-consuming.
It can be costly.
It can be difficult to get accurate information.

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Q6. What is the difference between system analysis and
design and software engineering?
Differences between System Analysis and System Design

Factors System Analysis System Design

System Analysis is
System Design is
the process of
the process of
gathering and
specifying
analyzing information
elements of a
to assess the
Purpose system such as
suitability of a current
modules,
system and to
architecture,
determine the
components, and
requirements of a
their interfaces.
new system.

System Analysis is a System Design is

top-down approach a bottom-up
where the analyst approach where
Approach looks at the big the analyst starts
picture first and then with the details
delves into the and moves up to
details. the big picture.

System Analysis System Design

Scope focuses on the needs focuses on the
of the user, the design of the

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Factors System Analysis System Design

current system, and system, its

the business architecture, and
processes that the the components
system must support. that make up the
system.

System Design
System Analysis
produces the
produces the
design document
requirements
Output that describes the
document that
architecture and
describes the desired
components of the
system.
system.

System Analysis is a System Design is

one-time process that an ongoing
Time occurs at the process that
beginning of the occurs throughout
project. the project.

System Analysis System Design

relies on a structured relies on an
Methodology approach such as the iterative approach
Waterfall Model or such as the Spiral
the Agile Model.

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Factors System Analysis System Design

Methodology.

System Design
System Analysis
utilizes tools such
utilizes tools such as
as data flow
Tools interviews, surveys,
diagrams and
questionnaires, and
object-oriented
observation.
diagrams.

System Design is
System Analysis is
the second step in
the first step in the
Process the software
software development
development
process.
process.

The goal of
The goal of System
System Design is
Analysis is to identify
to create a design
and understand the
that meets the
Goals user requirements and
user requirements
the business
and supports the
processes that the
business
system must support.
processes.

Risk System Analysis System Design

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Factors System Analysis System Design

involves minimal involves

risk. significant risk, as
the design may
not meet the user
requirements or
support the
business
processes.

System Design
System Analysis
focuses on
Problem focuses on problem
problem-solving
Solving identification and
and finding
definition.
solutions.

Conclusion
System Analysis and System Design are two important
stages of the software development life cycle. System
Analysis is a process of collecting and analyzing the
requirements of the system whereas System Design is a
process of creating a design for the system to meet the
requirements. System Analysis helps to identify the
problems and their causes while System Design helps to
create an efficient system. Both are necessary for creating
an effective system with all the features and functions.

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