PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

ERIK ERICKSON -- "healthy children will not fear in their elders have
integrity enough to fear of death.
 PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES of DEVT CRISIS -- a person goes through
 MALADAPTATION -- result from failure to effectivity resolve the
problem
 MALIGNACY -- " VIRTUE -- emerges when balance & resolution of
crisis attained.

PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY STAGES Stage

1. Infancy (birth – 2 years old)
Basic Conflict: Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)
Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Important Events: Toilet Training
Outcome:
 Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical
skills and a sense of independence.
 Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of
shame and doubt.
3. Stage: Preschool (3 to 5 years)
Basic Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt
Important Events: Exploration
Outcome:
  Children need to begin asserting control and power over the
environment.
 Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose.
 Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval,
resulting in a sense of guilt.

4. Stage: School Age (6 to 11 years)

Basic Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority
Important Events: School
Outcome:
 Children need to cope with new social and academic demands.
 Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in
feelings of inferiority.

5. Stage: Adolescence (12 to 18 years)

Basic Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion
Important Events: Social Relationships
Outcome:
 Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity.
 Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure
leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.

6. Stage: Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)

Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Important Events: Relationships
Outcome:
Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other
people.
Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness
and isolation.

7. Stage: Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)

Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Important Events: Work and Parenthood
Outcome:
Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by
having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people.
Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure
results in shallow involvement in the world.

8. Stage: Maturity (65 to death)

Basic Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Important Events: Reflection on life
Outcome:
 Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment.
 Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure
results in regret, bitterness, and despair.
 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
JEAN PIAGET -- "the school should be creating men & women who are
capable of doing new things not simply repeating what other generation
have done.
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVT
SENSORY MOTOR (BIRTH - 2y/o) -- infants knowledge.
PRE-OPERATIONAL (2-7y/o) -- pretend to play but still struggle with
logic, mental symbols interest.
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7-11) -- think logically, hypothetically and
concepts, solve problems
FORMAL OPERATIONAL (11-UP) -- deductive reasoning and
understanding of abstract ideas, think symbolically.

URIE BROFENBRENNER
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY
MICROSYSTEM -- surroundings of individual: family, friends,
neighborhood
MESOSYSTEM -- connections between context, school experiences to
church experience
EXOSYSTEM -- includes other people and places that the child herself may
not interact with often herself but that still have a large effect on her.
MACROSYSTEM -- which is the largest and most remote set of people and
placesand things to a child but which still has a great influence over the
child.
CHRONOSYSTEM – changes over time
 ALBERT BANDURA SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
 Environment affects child's personality
 Learning occurs by simply observing people
 People learned from what they see and the consequences of what
they did

REINFORCEMENTS
Positive -- presence of stimulus
Negative -- absence of stimulus
Escape -- removes stimulus
Avoidance -- prevents stimulus
Reinforcement -- increase of behavior
Punishment -- weakens response
FREUD'S PSYCHOSEXUAL/PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
1. ORAL (0-1 yrs. old) - Infant
2. ANAL (1-3 yrs. old) - Toddler
3. PHALLIC Preschool -
4. LATENCY- School Age
5. GENITAL - Adolescense
OEDIPUS - son to mom
ELECTRA - daughter to dad

BRUNER'S THREE MODES OF REPRESENTATION

1. ICONIC (1-6 yrs. old) - image-based information
2. ENACTIVE (0-1 yrs. old) - action-based information
3. SYMBOLIC (7+) - code/symbols such as language

CENTRAL TENDENCY - Central (middle location) Tendency

 MEAN - Average MODE - most occurring
 RANGE - highest score minus lowest score
 LOW SD-Homogenous, scores near to mean (almost same)
 HIGH SD - Heterogenous, scores far to mean (scattered)