CIRCLES CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREA DIAMETER, RADIUS AND CIRCUMFERENCE EXERCISE 11a When you use a pair of compasses to draw ficuniternats a circle, the place where you put the point is the centre of the circle. The line that the pencil draws is the circumference of the circle. Any straight line joining the centre to a point on the circumference is a radius. A straight line across the full width of a circle (ie. going through the centre) is a diameter. The diameter is twice as long as the radius. If d stands for the length of a diameter and r stands for the length of a radius, we can write this as a formula d=2 In questions | to 5, write down the length of the diameter of the circle whose radius is given 1. 3. 15mm 4, 3.5em 5. 1km 2. 6. 4.6cm 7. For this question you will need some thread and a cylinder (e.g. a tin of soup, a soft drink can, the cardboard tube from a roll of kitchen paper). Measure across the top of the cylinder to get a value for the diameter. Wind the thread 10 times round the can. Measure the length of thread needed to do this and then divide your answer 173174 ST(P) Mathematics 24 by 10 to get a value for the circumference. If C stands for the Iength of the circumference and d for the length of the diameter, find, approximately, the value of C-+d (Note that you can also use the label from a cylindrical tin. If you are careful you can reshape it and measure the diameter and then unroll it to measure the circumference.) 8. Compare the results from the whole class for the value of C-+d. INTRODUCING 7 From the last exercise you will see that, for any circle, circumference = 3 x diameter The number that you have to multiply the diameter by to get the circumference is slightly larger than 3 This number is unlike any number that you have met so far. It cannot be written down exactly, either as a fraction or as a decimal: asa fraction it is approximately, but not exactly, 3, as a decimal it is approximately 3.142, which is correct to 3 decimal places. Over the centuries mathematicians have spent a lot of time trying to find the true value of this number. The ancient Chinese used 3. Three is also the value given in the Old Testament (1 Kings 7:23). The Egyptians (c.1600Rc) used 4 x(§)?. Archimedes (c.225nc was the first person to use a sound method for finding its value and a mathematician called Van Ceulen (1540-1610) spent most of his life finding it to 35 decimal places! Now with a computer to do the arithmetic we can find its value to as many decimal places as we choose: it is a never ending, never repeating decimal fraction. To as many figures as we can get actoss the page, the value of this number is 3.141592653589793238462643383279502884 197 169399375 105820974944 Because we cannot write it down exactly we use the Greek letter x ( to stand for this number. Then we can write a formula connecting the circumference and diameter of a circle in the form C= xd But d= 2r so we can rewrite this formula as C= 2nr where C = circumference and r = radiusCircle and Parts of a Circle Acircle is a collection of points that are at a fixed distance from the center of the circle. A circle is a closed geometric shape. We see circles in everyday life such as a wheel, pizzas, a circular ground, etc. The measure of the space or region enclosed inside the circle is known as the area of the circle. Parts of a Circle Circumference Radius: The distance from the center to a point onthe boundary is called the radius of a circle. Itis represented by the letter 'r' or'R'. Radius plays an important role in the formula for the area and circumference of a circle, which we will learn later. Diameter: A line that passes through the center and its endpoints lie on the circle is called the diameter ofa circle. Itis represented by the letter oe ‘d'or'D’. Diameter formula: The diameter formula of a circle is twice its radius. Diameter =2 x Radius d=2rorD=2R ifthe diameter of a circle is known, its radius can be calculated as: r=d/2orR=D/2r=d/2orR=D/2 Circumference: The circumference of the circle is equal te the length of its boundary. This means that the perimeter of a circle is equal to its circumference. The length of the rope that wraps around the circle's boundary perfectly will be equal to its circumference. The below-given figure helps you visualize the same. The circumference can be measured by using the given formula: Circumference of a Circle - 2nR- nD where 'r' is the radius of the circle and Tis the mathematical constant whose value is approximated to 3.14 or 22/7. The circumference of a circle can be used to find the area of that circle. For a circle with radius ‘r’ and circumference ‘C’ * 1 = Circumference/Diameter * 1 =C/2r=C/d ° C=2nr Let us understand the different parts of a circle using the following real- life example. Consider a circular-shaped park as shown in the figure below. We can identify the various parts of a circle with the help of the figure and table given below. CanCircumference of circle: The distance around the circular region is called its circumference. The ratio of circumference of any circle to its diameter is constant. This constant is denoted by n and is read as pie. Circumference/Diameter = Pie ie, /d=n or c=nd We know that diameter is twice the radius, i.e., d = 2r C=nx 2dr 3C = 2nr Therefore approximate value of n = 22/7 or 3.14. HOU TO FIND THE CIRCUMFERENCE / AREA OF A CIRCLE incumrenence (¢) A secieic NumeeR: 3,141592653... piameteR (0) AREA: A= Tr* sous (9) A= Mx! 3.0K2 CHALE THE DIAMETER ‘ A=1xl6 USE THE FORMULAS: 1x 16 =503 aren: A= Tr? 3.142 x 16 = 50.3 CIRCUMFERENCE: c=2ur CIRCUMFERENCE c=2a0r CHAxMx = 25cm) | 6 — ar) — Lx THE RADIUS cemxb — D=Axben C= 251m = Bam1. Find the circumference and area of radius 7 cm. Solution: Circumference of circle = 2nr = Dear or = 44cm Area of circle = nr? = 22/7 x 7 x 7 cm? = 154 cm2 2. A race track is in the form of a ring whose inner circumference is 220 m and outer circumference is 308 m. Find the width of the track. Solution: Let rs and r2 be the outer and inner radii of ring. Then 2nri = 308 2 « 22/7 r1 = 308 = ra = (308 x 7)/(2 x 22) ari=49m 2nr2 = 220 32 22/7 x r2 = 220 3 12 = (220 x 7/(2 * 22) 3r=35m Therefore, width of the track = (49 - 35) m= 14m In case of concentric circles: The region enclosed between two concentric circles of different radii is called the area of the ring. Note: Circles having same centre but different radii are called concentric circles.Circles: Circumference and Area «175 CALCULATING THE CIRCUMFERENCE EXERCISE 11b Using 3.142 as an approximate value for rm, find the circumference of a circle of radius 3.8m. Using C = 2ar with m= 3.142 and r = 3.8 gives C= 2x3.142x3.8 ¢ DBS t0 3 sf YL Circumference = 23.9m to 3s.f. a Using 3.142 as an approximate value for x, or the x button on your calculator, and giving your answers correct to 3s.f., find the circumference of a circle of radius: — 23m 6. 250mm 41, Tem 2. 4.6em 7. 36cm 12, 28mm 3. 29cm 8. 4.8m 13. 14m 4. 53mm 9. 18m 44, 350m ~ < Am% Spm 5. 8.7m 10. 0.014 km Zi 5.6cm Find the circumference of a circle of diameter 12.6mm. Take m= 3.142 Method I: (wm \ Using C = 2nr, r= fof 126=63 ay, C= 2x3.142x63 = 396 to3sf, Method 2: Using C = nd C = 3.142 x 12.6 = 396 to 3sf. Circumference = 39.6mm to 3s.f.176 ST(P) Mathematics 24 Using = 3.14, or the x button on your calculator, and giving your answer correct to 2s.f., find the circumference of a circle of: 16. radius 154mm 20. radius 34.6cm 47. diameter 28 em 21, diameter 511mm 18. diameter 7.7m 22, diameter 6300m 19. radius 210mm. 23. diameter 9.1m PROBLEMS EXERCISE 1M1¢ Use 3.142 as an approximate value for x, or use the x button on your calculator, and give your answers correct to 3.f. Find the perimeter of the given semicircle. (The prefix “semi” means half.) Tam ‘The complete circumference of the circle is 2nr ‘The curved part of the semicircle is 4x 2nr S burs. 142x4m 12.56m 0 curved part + straight edge (12.56+8)m 20.56m 1 20.6m to 3sf. Wl Find the perimeter of each of the following shapes: 1 dem 2 OD (This is called a quadrant it is one quarter of a circle.)CHORDS SEGMENTS ARCS SECTORS CHORDS SEGMENTS SEGMENTS ARCS MINOR SECTOR ‘SECTORS MAJOR SECTORLENGTH OF ARC = a J LENGTH of ARC = 3 x CIRCUMFERENCE LENGTH OF ARC = Fy X ‘or FuLt cincle 13 b) CALCULATE THE LENGTH oF THE ARC AG. LENGTH oF ARC === xCircles: Circumference and Area 177 3. Zz : i I 1&4 ON WH (This is one third of a circle because 120° is $ of 360°.) ix ise ec % a 2 = A “slice” of a circle is called a Sem sector. Geo = §. so this sector is £ of a \. 4 circle.) ——,178 ST(P) Mathematics 24 EXERCISE 11d Take x as 3.142, or use the = button on your calculator, and give your answers correct to 38. he A circular flower bed has a diameter of 1.5m. A metal edging is to be placed round it. Find the length of edging needed and the cost of the edging if it is sold by the metre (ie. you can only buy a whole number of metres) and costs 60p a metre. ——— Using € = nd, C= 3.14215 =471 Length of edging needed = 4,71m to 3s¥. (Note that if you use C= 2nr, you must remember to halve the diameter.) As the length is 4.71 m we have to buy 5m of edging. Cost = 5x 60p =300p or £3 Measure the diameter, in millimetres, of a 2p coin. Use your ‘measurement to find the circumference of a 2p coin, Repeat question | with a 10p coin and a Ip coin. A circular table cloth has a diameter of 1.4m. How long is the hem of the cloth? A. rectangular sheet of metal 50cm measuring 50cm by 30cm has a | | semicircle of radius 15cm cut from i each short side-as shown. Find the aa perimeter of the shape that is left. | A bicycle wheel has a radius of 28m. What is the circumference of the wheel? How far does a bicycle complete revolution? How the bicycle travels a distanedUa 4 WV Horse Circles: Circumference and Area 179 What length of paper is needed to put a label on the tin if the edges just meet? J 7, A cylindrical tin has a radius of 2em. A square sheet of metal has sides of length 30cm. A quadrant (one quarter of a circle) of radius 1Scm is cut from each of the four corners. Sketch the shape that is left and find its perimeter. A boy flies a model aeroplane on the end of a wire 10m long. If he keeps the wire horizontal, how far does his aeroplane fly in one revolution? If the aeroplane described in question 9 takes Isecond to fly 10m, how long does it take to make one complete revolution? If the aeroplane has enough power to fly for I minute, how many turns can it make? ls 11. A cotton reel has a diameter of 2em. There are 500 turns of thread on the reel. How long is the thread? ‘A bucket is lowered into a well by unwinding rope from a cylindrical drum. The drum has a radius of 20cm and with the bucket out of the well there are 10 complete turns of the rope on the drum. When the rope is fully unwound the bucket is at the bottom of the well. How deep is the well? 13, A garden hose is 100m long. For storage it is wound on a circular hose reel of diameter 45cm. How many turns of the reel are needed to wind up the hose? The cage which takes miners up and down the shaft of a coal mine is raised and lowered by a rope wound round a circular drum of diameter 3m. It takes 10 revolutions of the drum to lower the cage from ground level to the bottom of the shaft How deep is the shaft?180 ST(P) Mathematics 2A FINDING THE RADIUS OF A CIRCLE GIVEN THE CIRCUMFERENCE If a circle has a circumference of 24cm, we can find its radius from the formula C = 2er either by using the formula as it stands, ie. 24 = 2x3.142xr and solving this equation for r or by first making r the subject of C = 2zr as follows Divide both sides by 2andx = C = 2xxxr ie, r= EXERCISE 11e Take x as 3.142, or use the x button on your calculator, and give your answers correct to 3s.f. ‘The circumference of a circle is 36 cm. Find the radius of this circle. Either: Using C = 2nr gives 36 = 2x3.142xr 36 = 6.284xr | wie dividing both sides by 6.284 Goeg =" (ividing both sides by 6.284) 1 =573 to 3st c Or: using r = & gives on 3" 1S «3.182 =573 to3sf ‘Therefore the radius is 5.73cm correct to 3s.f.Circles: Circumference and Area 181 Find the radius of the circle whose circumference 1. 14. 44om & 83lom 121mm 2, 362mm 550m 8, 391m 2750m 8, 582cm 462mm 10. 874m Find the diameter of the circle whose circumference is 52m, A roundabout at a major road junction is to be built. It has to have a minimum circumference of 188m. What is the corresponding, minimum diameter? A bicycle wheel has a circumference of 200cm. What is the radius of the wheel? A car has a turning circle whose circumference is 63m. What is the narrowest road that the car can turn round in without going on the pavement? When the label is taken off a tin of soup it is found to be 32cm long. If E> there was an overlap of lem when ee the label was on the tin, what is the radius of the tin? The diagram shows a quadrant of a sem circle. If the curved edge is 15cm long, what is the length of a straight edge? A tea cup has a circumference of 24cm. What is the radius of the cup? Six of these cups are stored edge to edge in a straight line on a shelf. What length of shelf do they occupy?182 SI(P) Mothematies 24 18. Make a cone from a sector of a circle as follows: On a sheet of paper draw a’ circle of radius Som. Draw two radii at_an angle of 90’. Make a tab on one radius as shown. Cut out the larger sector and stick the straight edges together. What is the circumference of the circle at the bottom of the cone? A cone is made by sticking together the straight edges of the sector of a circle, as shown in the diagram. => The circumference of the circle at the bottom of the finished cone is 10cm. What is the radius of the circle from which the sector was cut’? ‘The shape in the diagram is made up of a semicircle and a square. Find the length of a side of this square. 1S.em The curved edge of a sector of angle 60° is 10cm. Find the radius and the perimeter of the sector.What is the Area of Circle? The area of acircle is the amount of space enclosed within the boundary of a circle. The region within the boundary of the circle is the area occupied by the circle. It may also be referred to as the total number of square units inside that circle. Area of circle: The measure of the region enclosed inside the circle is called its area. = Area Area of Circle Formulas The area of a circle can be calculated in intermediate steps from the diameter, and the circumference of a circle. From the diameter and the circumference, we can find the radius and then find the area of a circle. But these formulae provide the shortest method to find the area of a ele has a radius 'r’ then the area of circle = Tr? or circle. Suppose a TId®/4 in square units, where 11 = 22/7 or 3.14, and d is the diameter. Area ofa circle, A= r® square units Circumference / Perimeter = 2T1r units Area of a circle can be calculated by using the formulas: © Area =1 xr, where'r'is the radius. * Area = (11/4) x d?, where ‘d' is the diameter. * Area = C?/4T1, where 'C’ is the circumference.FIND THE AREA AND CIRCUMFERENCE OF THIS CIRCLE aren: A = TUr* Ride our: +2 = Sem Tx 5* = 78.5cm? A — CIRCUMFERENCE: c=10 =1xi0_ Area of a Circle Using Diameter The area of the circle formula in terms of the diameter is: Area of a Circle =11d2/4, Here 'd’ is the diameter of the circle. The diameter of the circle is twice the radius of the circle. d = 2r. Generally from the diameter, we need to first find the radius of the circle and then find the area of the circle. With this formula, we can directly find the area of the circle, from the measure of the diameter of the circle. Area of a Circle using Diameter Area = 3 * diameter?Area of a Circle Using Circumference The area of a circle farmula in terms of the circumference is given by the (Circumference)? formula |. There are two simple steps to find the area 7 of a circle from the given circumference of a circle. The circumference of acircleis first used to find the radius of the circle. This radius is further helpful to find the area of a circle. But in this formulae, we will be able to directly find the area ofa circle from the circumference of the circle. Area of a Circle using Circumference Area of a Circle-Calculation The area of the circle can be conveniently calculated either from the radius, diameter, or circumference of the circle. The constant used in the calculation of the area of a circle is pi, and it has a fractional numeric value of 22/7 or a decimal value of 3.14. Any of the values of pican be used based on the requirement and the need of the equations. The below table shows the list of formulae if we know the radius, the diameter, or the circumference of a circle. Area of a circle when the radius 2 is known. a Area of a circle when the 2, diameter is known. md Area of a circle when the fs c2yan circumference is known.Circles: Circumference and Area 183 THE AREA OF A CIRCLE ‘The formula for finding the area of a circle is Aaa You can see this if you cut a circle up into sectors and place the pieces together as shown to get a shape which is roughly rectangular. Consider a circle of radius r whose circumference is 2xr Area of circle = area of “rectangle” = length x width =erxr sar EXERCISE 11f Take 7 as 3.142, or use the x button on your calculator, and give your answers correct to 35.f. Find the area of a circle of radius 2.5m. Using 4 = nr? with t= 3.142 and r = 2.5 gives A = 3.142 x (2.5)? 19.6 to 3s.f. Area is 19.6cm* to 3s.f. Find the areas of the following circles: 1. 2.184 ST(P) Mathematics 2A C=) tbecarehall) This is a sector of a circle. Find its area, am = §x3142x 9m? = 353m? to 3sf. Find the areas of the following shapes:HOW TO CALCULATE THE ARER OF A SECTOR AND THE LENGTH OF AN ARC 1 AREA OF SECTOR = —— x _ AREA OF Be ECTS & FULL CIRCLE x Trt +|- x _ AREA OF FULL CIRCLE I x Tr* AREA OF SECTOR = +|- +|- +|- T x 6" = 28.3emeV 13 a= ARER OF AREA OF SECTOR = FH x , AAEROF | 13 . — r 360" ™ n3 r — = 222: a 360 xx 15 mm? / a) CALCULATE THE ARER OF THE Sector OAD AREA OF SECTOR =< x Thr? 360 10 2 =— jh? = 2 360 XT x th = 10cm? ¥PROBLEMS EXERCISE 11g Circles: Circumference and Area 185 an 15. \9. 110m 16. Iem 20m 7 | \ 1 comt I ' Take 1 as 3.142, or use the x button on your calculator, and make a rough sketch to illustrate each problem. Give your answers to 3s. A circular table has a radius of 75cm. Find the area of the table top. The top of the table is to be varnished. One tin of varnish covers 4m*. Will one tin be enough to give the table top three coats of varnish? Area of table top is xr? = 3.14275 x 75cm? = 17670em? to 4st = 17670 + 100? m? = 1767m? to4 sf For three coats, enough varnish is needed to cover 3x 1.767 m? = $.30m? to 3 si So one tin of varnish is not enough.186 ST(P) Mathematics 2A 1. ie in The minute hand on a clock is 15cm long. What area does it pass over in 1 hour? What area does the minute hand described in question 1 cover in 20 minutes? The diameter of a 2p coin is 25mm. Find the area of one of its flat faces, The hour band of a clock is 10cm long. What area does it pass over in | hour? A circular lawn has a radius of Sm. A bottle of lawn weedkiller says that the contents are sufficient to cover 50m?. Is one bottle enough to treat the whole lawn? ‘The largest possible circle is cut from a square of paper 10cm by 10cm. What area of paper is left? Circular place mats of diameter Sem are made by stamping as many circles as possible from a rectangular strip of card measuring 8cm by 64cm, How many mats can be made from the strip of card and what area of card is wasted? A wooden counter top is a rectangle measuring 280m by 45cm. There are three circular holes in the counter, each of radius 10cm. Find the area of the wooden top. The surface of the counter top described in question 8 is to be given four coats of varnish. If one tin of varnish covers 3.5m’, how many tins will be needed? Take a cylindrical tin of food with a paper label: —_ BAKED BAKED BEANS ~ oes : Measure the diameter of the tin and use it to find the length of the label. Find the area of the label. Now find the total surface area of the tin (two circular ends and the curved surface).Circles: Circumference and Area 187 Count Buffon’s experiment Count Buffon was an eighteenth-century scientist who carried out many probability experiments. The most famous of these is his “Needle Problem”. He dropped needles on to a surface ruled with parallel lines and considered the drop successful when a needle fell across a line and unsuccessful when a needle fell between two lines. His amazing discovery was that the number of successful drops divided by the number of unsuccessful drops was an expression involving . You can repeat his experiment and get a good approximation for the value of x from it: Take a matchstick or a similar small stick and measure its length. Now take a sheet of paper measuring about }m each way and fill the sheet with a set of parallel lines whose distance apart is equal to the length of the stick. With the shect on the floor drop the stick on to it from a height of about Im. Repeat this about a hundred times and keep a tally of the number of times the stick touches or crosses a line and of the number of times it is dropped. Then find the value of 2 x number of times it is dropped number of times it crosses or touches a line MIXED EXERCISES Take 7m as 3.142, or use the = button on your calculator. Give your answers to 3s. EXERCISE 1th 1. Find the circumference of a circle of radius 2.8 mm. Find the radius of a circle of circumference 60m. Find the circumference of a circle of diameter 12cm. Find the area of a circle of radius 2.9m. Find the area of a circle of diameter 25cm. Find the perimeter of the quadrant in the diagram, ind the area of the sector in the diagram, Sem188 — ST(P) Mathematics 24 EXERCISE 11i EXERCISE 11j 1. Find the circumference of a circle of diameter 20m. Find the area of a circle of radius 120m. Find the radius of a circle of circumference 360m. Find the area of a circle of diameter 8m, Find the diameter of a circle of circumference 280mm. Find the perimeter of the sector in the diagram, Xe) 1am Find the area of the shaded part of "J sum the diagram. A Find the area of a circle of radius 2 km. Find the circumference of a circle of radius 49 mm. Find the radius of a circle of circumference 88m. Find the area of a circle of diameter 14cm. Find the area of a circle of radius 3.2cm. An ornamental pond in a garden is a rectangle with a semicircle on each short end. The rectangle measures Sm by 3m and the radius of each semicircle is Im. Find the area of the pond. A formal flower bed is square in shape with a quarter circle cut from each corner. The square (before the quadrants are removed) measures 4m by 4m. The radius of each quadrant is 1m, Sketch the flower bed and find its perimeter.