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Chapter 5 - Mass Transfer Equipment

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162 views18 pages

Chapter 5 - Mass Transfer Equipment

Uploaded by

ngoc.nguyenlam
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Chapter 5 Mass transfer equipment Dr. Tran Tén Viet a mm HEE] FALLING FILM + ating fim absorbers are _iterential contactors, and are mainly used when a large amount of heat is removed during absorption. Faling fim absorbers are also ‘ertcal shell and tube heat exchangers +The solvent enters atthe top and falls down the tbe asa fm. Gas enters a the bottom of top to produce countercurrent or cocutent flow. The absorption of contaminants from the 1925 to the solvent depends on gas velocity, quid gas dlstibuion, and the tube surface conaton FALLING FILM ADVANTAGES Liga guid ia Low pressure drop. ‘Minimal static head and residence time. Ideal for heat-sesitve fluids. L Easy cleanup. z Continuous heat removal. wo DISADVANTAGES SPRAY COLUMNS GENERAL INFORMATION Spray columns are differential Film breakup. ‘contactors, and as such they use continuous contact between the two phases, as Evaporation may deteriorate components. ‘opposed to the stages used in staged contactors. Restricted by pressure drop. Need continuous heat removal Liquid must be uniformly supplied. ADVANTAGES \ Y Low pressure drop. | Only one stage. ‘Most effective for solutes with high liquid solubility a BUBBLE COLUMNS Bune columns area type of sparged tank. na paged tank tbe ges sream eocd othe ‘xm o small bute ad acts a te agate + gas antes at he botiom tough a ga date ‘Sr pager, The lui can be inosiced a the {op or the bei, resulog nother coun fow ‘or content ow, especvely, + Tig tin at voeny sen ye ‘ey fee Spargere ‘onsson buble ses. s0 tat al the bubies. foo at the samo vey. The bubbles may ‘oman envaed iq, wich ay Fesutn more feldup st igh ects, DISADVANTAGES High pumping cost “Entrainment; gas caries liquid as mist oor mass transfer. Low residence times. Back mixing Droplets may form improperly or coalesce. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES VENTURI SCRUBBERS +The gas and iquid streams enter tom the top, The qué jet enters tough a nozzle A Low contact efficiency toa wetapproach of flooded wall enty esigned to avoid buildup. Below the fentry isa throat where dropets are formed by sheating. Gas contaminants Back mixing fo ech! is bete Gaps he Binge siage + alow the venti @ flooded eow, trav a revere wea. The fo High gas pressure drop. fF crouated in te enranment by 2 pump. The gas steam and the droplets fate futher separated in a. cycone Separator or demister. The lighter gas flows out the top, andthe heavier droplets fal to tye bottom, where they ext withthe entrained liquid ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Pump is needed to circulate flow through the entrainment. Large gas pressure drop. Large power consumption. Limited to co-current flow. PACKED BEDS PACKED BEDS + A packed bed column containg a + Acommon apparatus used in is the packed tower Support plate, @ liquid distributor, as shown in Figure below anda mist eliminator. The liquid bor des caer Gr stream "flows, through a liquid aa a ncoan ee eee a) cylindrical column or tower flow, ceosson, of courent fom. b) gas inlet and distributing space at the bottom fe wepr bo the Band duo to ©) liquid inlet and distributor at the top een oe eee eee 4) gas & liquid outlets at the top & bottom, Between phases for this transter. respectively €) tower packing — supported mass of inert solid shapes PACKED TOWER PACKED BEDS PACKINGS + The liquid inlet + The packing ~ Pure solvent or weak liquor - provides a large area of contact between the liquid Packings Data The top line in the figure represents the general flooding condition for many packings. The flooding condition however hhas been found to vary as a function of the packing factor F (dimensionless packing factor tabulated below) Recent studies showed that when F is in the range of 10 to 60, the pressure drop can be expressed by: DP hing = 0.11572? Determining Tower Diameter First abscissa value is calculated CLG pa/(PL-Pa)”s Where this value intercepts the flooding line on Figure A, move horizontally to the left and read the value of the ordinate: (GPFOM)/EP-PoPo Calculate the G’ and take 30 to 70% of it to prevent flooding Tower crossectional area: A= GIG" Evaluate the tower diameter Determining Tower Diameter and Expected Pressure Drop per Unit Height of Tower. Determining Expected Pressure Drop per Unit Height of Tower First calculate actual G’ and Land then calculate the abscissa and the ordinate for use in Figure 13.6 From those values the intersection on the figure defines the pressure drop per foot of packed height Another emprical correlation found in the litrature for the DP in packing when operating below the load point is DP/Z = 10%m[ 10%" (G"2/rg) m and n are packing constants see Table 6.2 Example Atay towers so be designed to remove 95% ofthe ammonia fom seous mine of 8 perc amon and 92% ai by volume, The ow rate ofthe gs mature entering the tower of 25°C a Lam i 40 timo. Water containing no aruoni it be the seven. The veloiy of gas in cower is 05 ns. Determine [Te gs-phase flow ates far the solute and cari as. 2 The mole tos ofthe gat and liquid pases tine and out and the reuied waterate( ines the misma water had been wed, 5. The gas and gu ates for carr es solute gas, ttl as iid solve, solue i iid, ad ol iguid 4. The tower diameter. 5. The real tay ad th eight of this tower Example Determine composition ofthe liquid at the exit(X;) (lt liquid concentration since pure water i used is x=X.-0) ‘Use equilibrium data for ammonia-sirwater mixtures which are given ‘below for 68 F and 14.7 psa PX [0.0206 [0.0810 [0.0407 [0.0502 [0.0735 [0.0962 fy [0.0138 [0.024 [0.0329 [0.0418 [0.0660 [0.0920 Inonde wo determine composition of liquid at the exit, we need to calculate the minimam solvent flow rte fist, By ploting X vrs Y atthe equilibrium, we ean evalate the ‘minimum solvent and then operating solvent rate Tower Height ‘The equation can be also written for liquid resistance part. N,A(adz)= MG,,») = Ad(G'y) K ave 7 vide = d(G,'y) ay G Determination of an Absorption Tower H Hight of packed tower = fthe overall resistance to mass transfer bbetwoon the gas and liquid phases, the average driving force and interfacial area) ‘Consider a differential height of the absorber dZ. In height dZ, the rate of ‘mass transfer of species A. N ,A(adz )= d(G,y) = 4d (G'y) a: interfacial area available to mass transfer per unit volume of the packing A: cross-sectional area of the tower Tower Height Gud ao Kyaty ~ To solve the above equation we can determine the overall value of K,a (K,a) based on experimental “pilot plant” operated with a certain packing and

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