Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OCIMFguidelines For STS Hoses
OCIMFguidelines For STS Hoses
Issued by the
Oil Companies International Marine Forum
29 Queen Anne’s Gate
London SW1H 9BU
United Kingdom
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7654 1200
Email: enquiries@ocimf.org
www.ocimf.org
First edition May 2021
© Oil Companies International Marine Forum
Terms of Use
While the advice given in this information paper (“Paper”) has been developed using the best information
currently available, it is intended purely as guidance to be used at the user’s own risk. No responsibility is
accepted by the Oil Companies International Marine Forum (“OCIMF”), the membership of OCIMF or by any
person, firm, corporation or organisation (who or which has been in any way concerned with the furnishing
of information or data, the compilation or any translation, publishing, supply or sale of the Paper) for
the accuracy of any information or advice given in the Paper or any omission from the Paper or for any
consequence whatsoever resulting directly or indirectly from compliance with, or adoption of or reliance on
guidance contained in the Paper even if caused by a failure to exercise reasonable care.
3 – Guidelines for the Handling, Storage, Use, Maintenance and Testing of STS Hoses
Contents
Glossary 5
Abbreviations 7
Bibliography 8
1 Introduction 9
1.1 Roles and responsibilities 9
Glossary
Abbreviations
Bibliography
1 Introduction
Hose strings used during Ship-to-Ship (STS) transfers in a side-by-side configuration are a critical
link between the two ships. They are subjected to repeated lifting, bending and folding and
to the dynamic forces of ship movements at sea. All of these can result in loads and stresses
within the hose. To provide greater reliability and longer life, hoses should be handled, stored,
maintained, inspected and tested correctly at appropriate intervals.
This paper provides guidance to STS Service Providers, Masters, and operators of ships that
use hose assemblies to transfer liquid-bulk cargoes via STS and to minimise hose damage from
improper handling and storing. Compliance with proper inspection and testing procedures will
also increase the probability of detecting potential failure areas at the right time.
Section two of this paper describes rubber hose assemblies which are commonly used for the
transfer of MARPOL Annex I cargoes. Helix-reinforced rubber hoses are used in some locations
for STS transfers but are not addressed in this paper. Section three relates to composite hoses.
Corrugated metallic hoses are generally not used for STS Transfer Operations and are therefore
not part of this guidance paper.
This paper does not cover specific details of hose construction as doing so might hinder the
introduction of improved construction methods and techniques.
This paper should be read alongside the Ship to Ship Transfer Guide for Petroleum, Chemicals
and Liquefied Gases (STS Transfer Guide) and the International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and
Terminals (ISGOTT) as it aims to provide additional guidance. Duplication between publications
has been avoided where possible.
2.4.1 Liner
The function of the liner is to carry the fluid being transported by the hose. The liner is usually
made from Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) and features:
• High chemical resistance to oils and fuels.
• High resilience and wear resistance.
• Good flexibility and adhesion to built-in steel fittings.
2.4.3 Reinforcement
The strength of a hose is provided by the reinforcement layer. Reinforcements are fabric
(typically polyester or rayon) encapsulated in rubber to provide adhesion and prevent abrasion.
The reinforcement layers typical properties are:
• High tensile strength.
• High fatigue resistance.
• High tenacity.
12 – Guidelines for the Handling, Storage, Use, Maintenance and Testing of STS Hoses
2.4.4 Filler
Some STS hoses have an additional filler block between the reinforcement layers. The filler block
is made from a high-compressive-modulus rubber compound that enhances the bending and
tensile characteristics of the hose.
2.4.5 Cover
The cover protects the reinforcement of the hose from damage. The cover is typically made from
a rubber compound that gives the following properties:
• High resilience and wear resistance.
• Cut resistance.
• Long fatigue life and high tensile strength.
• Smooth finish.
Composite STS hose assemblies are typically used for liquefied gas and chemical transfers.
These hoses are resistant to cryogenic cargoes, high-aromatic-content cargoes and various other
cargoes that are not compatible with rubber compounds.
Composite STS hoses are very different from rubber hose assemblies, and it is important that
users understand these differences as well as their properties. Composite hoses are lightweight
and flexible, but it is important that the manufacturers’ minimum bend radius (MBR) guidance is
strictly followed.
3.4.1 Liner
The inner layer of films is called the liner. Liner materials vary depending on the specification
and characteristics of the product being transferred. They should be compatible with the
product being transferred.
Figure 3.3: Typical epoxy-sealed end fitting – (swaged and wet seal)
16 – Guidelines for the Handling, Storage, Use, Maintenance and Testing of STS Hoses
Figure 3.4: Typical dry-sealed end fitting – (crimped and dry seal)
Blind flanges are used to cap the end of the hose and protect its sealing surface when it is not in
use. The design of the blind flange should be appropriate for the intended purpose.
LPG hoses may be fitted with ANSI 300 class flanges, which are suitable for use with pressurised
LPG carriers.
PTFE or polyamide blanks are used between the hose flange face and the blind flange. These are
intended to protect the blind flange from coming into contact with corrosive chemicals. These
blanks should not be used as stand-alone blind flanges. See figure 4.1.
Hose assemblies are typically fitted with slip-on weld or lap-joint flanges. Slip-on weld flanges
are fixed to the built-in nipple, which can create challenges when trying to connect the hoses to
the manifold. Lap-joint floating flanges are also available and can be advantageous, especially
in large-bore diameters. With a floating flange, the gasket face is integral to the hose nipple, but
the flange is separate and free to rotate around the nipple. This means the flange can be rotated
to facilitate alignment during connection. Because the gasket face is raised, longer fasteners are
required for floating flange hoses.
For more detail on gaskets, see section 5.7.6.
Chemical resistance is only one aspect of hose compatibility. Operators should also
consider physical or mechanical compatibility, particularly when transferring heavy oils or
high-viscosity cargoes.
Highly viscous cargoes may not be compatible with some types of composite hoses. There have
been cases where the wire helices have failed because of the turbulent flow of heavy crude or
fuel oils. This type of hose failure can be worsened if the internal helix has been damaged (for
example, due to kinking or heavy particles striking the helix).
Special hoses are required for use with high and low temperature cargoes after taking into
account manufacturer’s recommendations. Relevant standards should be referred to such as
BS EN 13482:2013 and BS 4089:1999.
Caution: If during a cargo transfer there is an unexplained increase in pressure and/or decrease
in flow rate, the operations should be stopped, and the hoses should be disconnected and
visually inspected. These are possible indicators of a collapsed inner helix.
5.2 Lifting/Support
Rubber hoses should be lifted from one end when oriented vertically. The MBR will be exceeded
when a long hose is lifted by both ends. Although collapsible, some manufacturers’ studies have
shown that rubber STS hoses can be damaged after 5,000 cycles of 180° bending.
The outer helices of composite hoses are relatively delicate and susceptible to damage, which
can lead to catastrophic failure of the hose. Hoses should be handled and supported with great
care and should never be dragged across a deck or over ground.
5.3 Strops
Strops should be rated and certified by the manufacturer.
Hose-lifting strops should be positioned so that the hose will not fold over on itself (sharp kinks
in the hose should be avoided). Wide strops are preferred. Strops should be placed strategically
to allow the flange to align horizontally. This will improve hose connection efficiency.
The strop should be placed as shown in figure 5.1. This will keep the hose bore horizontal when
lifted. If a camlock and spool piece are fitted to the end of the hose, position the strop just
behind the flange. This supports the additional weight of the Quick-Release Coupler (QRC).
For composite hoses, strops should be wide enough to support several turns of the outer helix.
Strops narrower than the helix pitch should not be used. It is generally best to suspend the hose
by the ferrule near the flange as opposed to lifting a hose along its body. Devices can be used to
reduce likelihood of excessive bending during hose handling (see figure 5.3).
Figure 5.2: Hose support ropes passed through fairleads and secured to cruciform bitts
22 – Guidelines for the Handling, Storage, Use, Maintenance and Testing of STS Hoses
Figure 5.4: Tightening sequence for 8", 10" and 12" flanges
5.7.5 Fasteners
Hoses should be delivered by the STS Service Provider with enough fasteners to fill each hole.
If bolts are used, they should be oriented so that the threads do not project outboard from the
blind flange. Studs and nuts are preferred since either of the nuts can be removed if one of the
nuts is damaged or stripped through thread galling. In any case, entire threaded section of nuts
should be used when fastened using bolts or studs.
24 – Guidelines for the Handling, Storage, Use, Maintenance and Testing of STS Hoses
The fasteners used to connect hoses should be appropriately matched to ANSI Class 150 flanges
typical of STS hoses. The fasteners should also be compatible with the gaskets used and the
ambient and cargo temperatures. Guidance can be found in ASME B16.5, Pipe Flanges and
Flanged Fittings.
Low-strength fasteners with yield strength greater than or equal to 206MPa (30ksi) are suitable
for Class 150 flanges. Carbon steel fasteners should only be used where temperatures are greater
than -20°C. Stainless steel fasteners should be carbide solution-treated.
Studs or bolts that have been strain hardened should be considered. These are Class II fasteners
and are of intermediate strength. These are suitable with all listed materials and gaskets as long
as it is verified that sealed joints can be maintained under rated pressures and temperatures.
In general, fasteners should never be repair welded, and undersized nuts/bolts or bolts with
drilled heads should not be used.
5.7.6 Gaskets
Gaskets used on flanged connections are designed to absorb any irregularities in the flange faces
and create a liquid-tight joint.
Gaskets should be compatible with the type of cargo being transferred as well as the working
pressure and temperature. The recommendations of the gasket manufacturer should be
followed for cargo compatibility and fastener tightness. Typical gaskets for the transfer of
petroleum products are 3mm (1/8") thick compressed-fibre rings. A new gasket should be used
every time the flange is opened.
There are three gasket material categories:
• Metallic.
• Semi-metallic.
• Non-metallic soft gaskets.
Materials commonly used in the manufacture of gaskets are:
• Vegetable fibres.
• Elastomers (rubber compounds).
• Flexible graphite.
• Laminated graphite (tang).
• Asbestos Free Material (AFM).
• PTFE.
• Silicone.
• Stainless steel.
Gaskets are available in several different patterns, each designed for specific flange types or
applications. The most common are:
• Ring-type gaskets. These are positioned around the bore but inside of the bolt circle.
On raised face flanges, these gaskets sit on the raised face. These gaskets are simple to
manufacture and can be installed without completely disassembling the joint (drop-in
gaskets). Three measurements are required when specifying ring-type gaskets: thickness,
inside diameter (bore size) and outside diameter (typically bolt circle diameter minus one bolt
diameter).
• Full-face gaskets. These have outside diameters equal to the flange diameter. Bolt holes
should therefore be cut into these flanges so hose fasteners can pass though. Alignment
is easier with full-face gaskets, but the entire joint should be disassembled for installation
and removal. The required specifications for full-face gaskets are: inside diameter, outside
diameter, thickness and bolt configuration (number and diameter of bolt holes and the
diameter of the bolt circle). Measuring pitch circle diameter can be done by selecting two
opposite bolt holes. Measure the distance between the outside edge of one hole to the inside
edge of the opposite hole. This is the diameter on which the bolt holes are centred.
25 – Guidelines for the Handling, Storage, Use, Maintenance and Testing of STS Hoses
• Envelope gaskets. These are used for severely corrosive products and are made from
corrugated metal or rubber sheets enveloped in PTFE jackets. Envelope gaskets are sized
similarly to ring-type gaskets.
• Spiral-wound gaskets. These are manufactured by winding strips of metal and soft fillers on a
mandrel while under tension. Thick fillers wound under low pressure loads are used for lower
pressure applications. These gaskets should be sized to ensure the winding component is
seated properly between flat surfaces. Spiral-wound gaskets cannot extend beyond the raised
face nor protrude inside of the flange bore.
• Corrugated gaskets. These are typically metallic gaskets available for Class 150 and 300
flanges where bolt loading is minimal. They are typically used for heat exchanger applications
but can also be used for standard flange connections.
Each hose should be pressure tested with water. The procedure should be as follows:
1. Lay out the hose straight on level supports that allow free movement of the hose when the
test pressure is applied. Conduct an electrical continuity test.
2. Seal the hose by bolting blanking-off plates to both ends, one plate to be fitted with a
connection to the water pump and the other to be fitted with a hand operated valve to
release air through a vent. Fill the hose with fresh water until a constant stream of water is
delivered through the vent.
3. Connect the test pump at one end and apply a pressure of 0.7 bar. Measure and record the
overall length of the hose assembly between the measuring points.
4. Slowly increase the pressure up to the MWP. Hold this pressure for ten minutes.
5. Re-measure the length of the hose over the same surface as before.
6. Ascertain the temporary elongation and record the increase as a percentage of the
original length.
7. Release the pressure to zero bar.
8. Leave the assembly relaxed for 15 minutes and then raise the pressure to 0.7 bar.
9. Re-measure the length of the hose over the same surface as before.
10. Slowly raise the pressure to 1.5 times the MWP and hold this pressure for five minutes.
11. Examine the hose assembly and check for leaks and any sign of distortion or twisting.
Conduct an electrical continuity test with the hose at test pressure.
12. Reduce the pressure to zero and drain the hose assembly. Re-test for electrical continuity.
150% MWP
MWP L1
10 minutes
0.7 Bar L0 L2
0
15 minutes
Figure 5.8: Rubber hose assemblies: hydrostatic pressure test and timeline
During hydrostatic testing at the time of manufacture, the maximum temporary elongation
should not exceed 5% and the permanent elongation should not exceed 2% of the original
length for the type of hoses used in STS operations (Type L) in accordance with BS EN 1765:2016.
30 – Guidelines for the Handling, Storage, Use, Maintenance and Testing of STS Hoses
Temporary elongation (T.E.) is derived from the formula: % T.E. = 100 x (L₁ – L₀)
L₀
Permanent elongation (P.E.) is derived from the formula: % P.E. = 100 x (L₂ – L₀)
L₀
Permanent elongation can be determined if recommended by the hose manufacturer and is
considered part of hose retirement criteria.
In accordance with BS 1435-2: 2005 (Part 2 – Recommendations for storage, testing and
use) during hydrostatic testing in service, different criteria apply (see examples below). To
determine the maximum acceptable percentage of temporary elongation, multiply the T.E. at
the time of manufacture (according to the certificate) by 1.5 (150%) except where the T.E. at
the time of manufacture was less than 2.5%. In these cases, add 2.0 to the T.E. indicated on the
manufacturer’s certificate to determine the maximum T.E. permissible in field testing.
Example 1:
Temporary elongation at factory acceptance testing is 3.5%. The maximum allowable percentage
of T.E. in field testing is 5.25 (3.5 x 150% = 5.25). If the T.E. calculated is 5.25 or less, then the hose
is acceptable for continued use.
Example 2:
Temporary elongation at factory acceptance testing is 1.5%. The maximum allowable percentage
of T.E. in field testing is 3.5 (1.5 + 2 = 3.5). If the T.E. calculated is 3.5 or less, then the hose is
acceptable for continued use.
STS lightweight hoses should not be subjected to a vacuum test.
The following criteria should be assured before returning the hose to service:
• Temporary elongation not greater than the limits defined in BS 1435-2:2005.
• No leaks.
• No visual damage.
• No cracks or damaged parts during internal inspection.
• No cracks or damaged parts during end fitting inspection.
• Electrical continuity: see Electrical Continuity Test – Rubber Hoses.
• Manufacturer’s recommendations.
5.8.6.2 Composite hoses
Composite hoses are hydrostatically tested in the same manner as rubber hose assemblies.
However, due to the nature of their construction, composite hoses will elongate to a much
greater extent than rubber hoses.
Each hose should be pressure tested with water. The procedure should be as follows:
1. Lay out the hose straight on level supports that allow free movement of the hose when the
test pressure is applied. Conduct an electrical continuity test.
2. Seal the hose by bolting blanking-off plates to both ends, one plate to be fitted with a
connection to the water pump and the other to be fitted with a hand operated valve to
release air through a vent. Fill the hose with fresh water until a constant stream of water is
delivered through the vent.
3. Connect the test pump at one end and apply a pressure of 0.7 bar. Measure and record the
overall length of the hose assembly between the measuring points.
4. Slowly increase the pressure up to 1.5 times the MWP. Hold this pressure for ten minutes.
5. Re-measure the length of the hose over the same surface as before.
6. Ascertain the temporary elongation and record the increase as a percentage of the original
length.
7. Slowly lower the pressure to 0.7 bar and stabilise.
8. Re-measure the length of the hose over the same surface as before.
9. Reduce the pressure to zero and drain the hose assembly. Re-test for electrical continuity.
31 – Guidelines for the Handling, Storage, Use, Maintenance and Testing of STS Hoses
150% MWP L1
10 minutes -
or until pressure stabilises
Composite Hose Assemblies
Temporary Elongation
100 x (L1 - L0)
%T.E. =
L0
MWP
0.7 Bar L0 L2
0
Stabilize
Figure 5.9: Composite hose assemblies hydrostatic pressure test and timeline
If the maximum temporary elongation exceeds 10% the hose should be retired from service in
accordance with EN13765.
It should be noted that composite hoses should not be subjected to a vacuum test.
The following criteria should be assured before returning the hose into service:
• Temporary elongation not greater than 10%.
• No leaks.
• No visual damage.
• No cracks or damaged parts during internal inspection.
• No cracks or damaged parts during end fitting inspection.
• Electrical continuity (see section 5.8.7.1).
• Manufacturer’s recommendations have been followed.
Hoses should be stored in a cool, dark, dry area or building with freely circulating air. If closed
storage is not possible, hoses should be covered to protect them from sunlight. For locations
with extreme temperatures, additional measures may be needed, such as storing the hoses in a
climate-controlled warehouse.
The ends of hoses should be covered with blanks. Hose lengths should not be stored next to
operating equipment that could generate ozone or heat.
The serial number, and month and year of manufacture or date code number, should be carefully
recorded to ensure that the oldest hose is issued first, using a rotational system.
After retirement from operational use, the hose should be drained completely and flushed
fully with water to remove toxic or combustible liquids/vapours. Ensure that the waste water
is disposed of in an environmentally responsible way and in accordance with all applicable
company and regulatory requirements.
Figure 5.10: Camlock coupling – integral and bolt-on short spool piece
5.8.12.1 Installation/Operation
Once the flanges are mated, the lobes of the camlock coupling are rotated by hand into the
locked position using a specially designed spanner. The lobes should not be tightened with a
hammer, as this can damage the mechanism. Most camlock couplings have an integral short-
distance spool piece to allow connection to the manifold using standard fasteners instead of
the lobes.
5.8.12.2 Maintenance/Inspection
Camlock couplings should be visually inspected before each use. Camlock couplings typically
require a lot of maintenance, which is the most common reason they are not used. Poorly
maintained camlock couplings should not be used.
35 – Guidelines for the Handling, Storage, Use, Maintenance and Testing of STS Hoses
Oil Companies
International Marine Forum
29 Queen Anne’s Gate
London SW1H 9BU
United Kingdom
ocimf.org