Prof Marat Achmet @ M- 424 \ Ww E Boyce, Riel D Prima oe 2 Elementary Dif ferertie! | Equations } Bouunderg | Value Problems | G EationLateduetion 4afferential equation oe £ (4, *) (sy or df xc) _ t a 4, x )) (1) Examples: ax _Z% dt a - xt Pent dt Selution: a = Pe) ee at 2¢ Ex: x= e ; ‘ t cea = Ze 2é Pi) = fo zt a gefution of Can) e +s He eS AY Colutrous of (2) ere c-e” where an arkitrary an as CER as 2é. Constant, Ce ~ Hae plaice General Solution of C2) nutes taySeparaéle Equations Mex) + N( = ee 4 eGo enced) Moxa + Nady =O Mix) de = -hWiy)ay @ TE yes ag @ Solntiou of (Ci then Sim a) + N(yo) yoo [dx = = \odx O@ S Mosax + S Nw Fores 7 este dias Ho S NM lo AX S No Ags SM Eyoo YX uw Hw (a Ay) + H,y) = CO © Tt ae y= YO c)-a@s of (4), TY. Fmsje © olution gener a] Solutiey24 2y | a =0 Alty)z - = se - 4 Gaia lyf =C =*x*+tc oOef@ (gl co © 2x co (oe C arb, Const oe ds i2y = AX BY as = dx RY ——o Ss ax ay ZlKEO) én ty =itla P a H, (x) + H2(9)=C -IVP ad Use (4) y —2 = LO 4), (3) LH, (xo) + H.(e)=C TC : Y¥Ylxe)= Yo C4) Hence ZVvP 63) +04) H, (x) + Ha 63) = Thi = 7 C4 Tvp= Diff. Fant Trait. Cond] 2 H ce) * Hal Ye) or a the Separable H, Oo) - H, (ke) = Eqn, (1), Ly (do) - a) Ny) 222 0 or Mx) t (y) ax , H, (%) ~ Hx) * + Hio9)- Hz (4% )=Ox H, (0 - Hye) = \ meds Xe J Ly ty ~ He (= § MEsAS Sti stint teeta, | x g | S Mads + § Nosids = 0 Xo y, Ea eee eceee Y= YCX, Xo, Yo) yay y= 2 ©@ Ex. 4, @) Ylaj= 2, (By (4)=-2, Ya ce - tre genera Solution Ic 2) aA=zCe => -@ C=uA2-e -2 2% 2(%-4) Yetta erie =2-e 2- 8) -22=C-e@ = -Z C=-4°€ -2 9X 2 k-1) y=-Re “Car edi dy dX ay ae Ye Te 2 yk) dee ax Z Yer) x % ( dyX) _ Sx x £9%) x Y (Xe)= %o 4 x @ poo 7 Xo pe 24 [p= BON) [Yoel QK-Ko) }g} = f¥ole 1 2 Ck eo) yo yee . rae sr) ca) y= a-€ a cet) <8) ye- heLn tegra/ curves 96%, 4,2)28€ x ee \ Solve te TvP Ex R g'= 3x G$4)=0 34-4 Xo Yo =O LEH Solution, 3x* 3y*- 4 (3y°-4) dy = 3 x" ax d og Fie Peat Saat ane S38 48, o q g 23)" (Pony ,= Fh gi 4g 2 K-47 [edge tnt aeLiaeer Firs€ Order Fas ca) 2 is Hoax aw @ Teel anctant, 4 oo ree Ce ee ceastant, es te as XE)= Xo & (ic) xitax = @, 2B we red constants, ax ines, fn a FSS eee EEE Et x@= 2 ¢. zZ-c-é 65 HEEEPEeryE Cece Hee eesce Hw Selve tue | tale ere alsin ail @,8ER- constants Gat) yin axe ax atydt * Gr (xe@rl =o Se) ~Sae@dt pe eS Sa Te x Cte = ied t =D X= Xo axpL- San? | t,Tad eprading Factor CL 4) - €# © x' + Aa)x fo x's ace) pace) xe) = reece), JM - cntegrobing factor, Ox @® ‘o x + x cs) ve hice dit Consicter fuce SA, pale) = ac pan of Ca) —_— HE \ . Solution \ @) 246 & mM ——— es => Eypxq' =p be face) ecb) = S press Bee) dt ~s acs) ds oer @ Syne Ew@dt - GS ce (4) jos f ve ial eS rve x X(4) = C9) t me) = expel $ asrds dt} C3 )+(3) > XH = z ct 5 yues) Eos) as | z, Ca ioe 2 x) = oxpl-S asia | [ x.+ 4, t #H + J Be) exp [ Sanaa fac °°Ee EEE eee | i . Cd | x@) = oo o~ fet al ee 2 6 fata |] etre Staten’ * f be e* d ee 0 | yee FE eel ligeee Saas +t +4” tae oo Ge Ex y's dtr hte oe 8 juste ree GC) plalip Hw, Solve tee problem ie Ztdt $+e fyi ca pone =e. 4 — ui 7 — Take eae a ye \2 YoModeling Xa f 4x) (1) KX - Bo amount, 4- hime xe xd), xia) - Fhe rate of Change, Q tre Mabthes Law nlation Size oe sia = K XO (2) X@) = Xo @) K+ C4) X (bE) = Xe & ! | © KX &)= KX) F PH CS) &) XG) as a potion of a point vwuith nm7ass oie moment t. mm mx@®=f C6) fw Seconol Me w to's Law, Tp pa - wel te resem 4tauce force, firen el ae (#)Sebtitute ie myele-ky ©®) Serre ae (3) _ = x4) yayc -£y + Li) Pro A tank initially @Q contains 720 titers of pere water, A mixture Containing a contentratior of v a of valt enters at & rate of the tank 4 titers | ano the yuel/-stirred min Gs mixture Jeaves tie tank & the Same rate, Find an Oxp ressiot ty terms of y for of Salt + the time F. Alco the Limiting Amount of find ©: Salt in the tank &% ey the. amountfactor ae ZINN \Ve42ot}- Ie gS ¥ rig) a concentrate” of Salt, which enters ; X(t) oe {20 , X20 xee-txat ea €o Methed of Lantegratr§ @ fae : zol" face) = oe 4 a + Ay yt Lé ye ereoe” | © oO gst do € ee) XO = Yt 2120ve™ — 420% + Cr eg ant Eee xX) > 120° oeDifferences Between gq Nonlivear Linear an Ege atiors Ey istence & Une quences f Sofate ons Thm 4, Th ee R, oo oo are Continuvus On ~> £62 ther tere Gxsts a ree Golution Y= Plt) of ae y's pag = q@), Ylte) =o, Proof i Ww EE: : J pres) ay 3 / ds, + Where fucks exp § pes 4 % al io eee SEG9) are Conti arous an oy : a rectangle Ri *< " yt, oAy= 4 yee 2x 2%Exact Equa Aious anol Tutegcrating factors Tho, let dhe funetions Mow), NOM; M 4&9) aud Atk. g) be combines 48 oe ee Thea the equator Monge Noo a) qs Qn oxack aif ferent o equation <$£ My Oror= NO), (x, eR, Thats, more (2) satisfy ug B equations @ yy, cey) = M9) ye NO, satisfy C2), G3) Wied a £ M auol N Dehn. The eg vation Ct) is an exact DE (di fferen- bial equet! ou) fi af there execu @ funckéen C3) ts bree. ywouy) &4- d VLE YO OK ges) + Ys (X PO) ak MOK Boe) + NOX PK) Aa? _ O ax- VY. exists & feneti on Vx) (moss elExs. Deter mine whether the Mex t eg, woe exact, So/ve them, © ‘ong are (2x+3)+¢ (2y-2)4'2 O (4) M = 2x43, N=z29-2 My=O ete ee Conel.: (4) 8 @A exact DE. VYiowy) = 2x3 os) Yy (4:9) - by -% Céy <5) => yoy) = Xo 43% + Bos) cb)=> ¥ Ag) = 24-2 Ba f= at Ry te Hexce, Yoxg) = XP aK-2y a pede sx-2y2 S| Ke s+ @® (3x*- 2xKYy t2\)dx + C8) £ (6G x4 3) dy = O Me= Bx*_2xygrt2 NN 2 Oe + 3 My= -2% 5 N= 7 2x Conel: 6®) as QA EDBE Yous) = S Madxe= S (32 axy + dae3 vous) = K- xy st 2% 4 bes) YOK 9) = lg -xyr3y + Rr), \ sees herr ye axeda ec \9 Tntegrati ng factors to Mex.) dx t NO) aly =0l10) T£ (40) ws not EE BE TE (ME). an © Je) Mis) dx +f (x4) Nexgeley= O (171) (11) as FE afd (Joy = Ns or M My - Nit (My~ Ned = oO G4) Assume " POs that %S, ftg= Then (17)i M, - N, Tf — Xs a function ouly one Com Solve of x 4) for [ORfe@- Assume pL. (v4) toot i mM, =O. Then dpe Nees 44 i a T N,- NM Te ao 3 46 8 function can oe. of ¥ only | tron one Solve (42) We te Prd Finol au eguivalend ® Exact Equetion er (axtyn2uye Pax + (X44 Pay O Sojetion N,=?™, My = 3x4 Ze 4+ 3s M,- M23 ocr 3) My-Nx_ 3 ge Monet N 3% d an = 3lde | pore a Aas wer: eX (3x4 + day rf act eet +e (x +9) ey =Oo Systems of First order Linear Equations; Entre- duction, EO ig, Be) ky Ka a In, R= by Oa X= RAE = =~ (K#K x, tL AAO, m, d*x, - ye eesiee K, (%- wt ROS Ka Xs — Chat Kat, + Fa), C) te an first WY & 42%, 4g 2X, SeXy (2) Reotece order equation t Ge Ka, SF Lh = Ig : (Kat K2) Ke alo - Eat Bigs ge Fe) () ‘ ™, i ™, 33 4 2 ee Sy > Sy > K, +&: HH ay = a Ja : Sag + EG ms me® Systems ae Thin Assuure that Fi. , Fu, t Xe = Fy 4 X, Xe, 2. , Xn), of OF, OF atn 1 ‘2 cilia X= FAG Xe, 2,04, Xn, (yy]| 2%? HH?” OX) Xa! cee iieettaea : Wir) eg i” acre Get Xn = Fa (4X4, Xz,.., Xa D fa R: «hep, Kis MS Per ts 7 = c2> XGA), 0 Xe h® Get (ti X2,., XE RK. an caterval ° ; 4, (#02 %n . (3)| Then, rere es oO Ter Xqltel=%y-- > a 4- #4124, where exis%s nig te Solution Xe BOA, .. » Xn VE 4) ee tee IVP (4)4+ 03).Linear Syttens freee eo 1 aa +) a Peat et i: + P77 Xn Ea 3, @), XL = Pee bX 0 +2, O% + GO, @ Xn = Ph (E)% t-0% Pant da@ Thro dshume that bras Paiste » Paaces Pap, B4 ~~ 8, we Cort - Mnuors eu an taterval ais then Lreore. T: o «t <5 d tien eerste & Kuague Sola %y = BAL. %Ae BA due GVP. C4) + 13). Ex Show that Af X=x,08, re) 4= 4,0) and X= XO, Y= 4.0% two Lo lu Lio us of are fw eguati ns xls Pn OK + Pre OY & y= ae P.,O% btren err * Xe, Fe St 24. is @ho Solution of 65). Sofatiou Ze Lat Co x= = Xr Hea he 3 C, DT Pa %y + Pra te + So DL Paka + Pia Ge Pag E Cate # Ca Xo t Pye FO, G+ + Co %T> Pa + Prof. Siglarts, Bgl att se ~ BX + PaaSReview of Matrices Qyq Ga coe Gyn A= &, V2-+* Bn te eae | 2 (ais), Qyny One? Ann n Santee ae J= 42, pee 4 is Mmxn metbrix, Proper#ies: ) A=B «§ a2 yj fer 5 Ano ays0, For Vd 3) A+ B= (457%), Yi ay-Az 6a), ¥ 4d ro) A-B8= At (B) 6) AB=C, adovut iif) where C=(C;;), B= (83), defn, seal 7) AtezBra 3) CABYC = A (BC) 9 acBrey= Aer © jo) 5” genset Az + GA an trans pose A= (33) aa) conjugete A (44) At. ATMulti pli cation of Vectors fit ee IL LI Xe % Xe % X= : Bt 4 : pe oe eee Xu In T an Ty = aK acd Proper tres! T Tati xTy = x, xy+z)a Xot XB, = Cmax xe = we cxs) = CeY). the Scalar ? a Oagy= Sx 4%, ast ae T- cx) x 4, rooanner product t C% $F2)D = S (49) = CHO : = Oxy) + CX, 2), (*%%, 5) = = KG), CX KMS KX OHS) n awxX= DK = S be? at qed Wes CX 2 tne Reugth magni tude of ee yao > *+3 cx octhege- hal te 9) ‘i - A oO Toleutity: La : is eresZanverse Me trv A - uxn matrex, gsAsto, If Ag=8A=T =? B= AT A ag collled monsi ager and 4 an caverta fle. Ober wise iene cree A as sengetar $ non iver? able. ( aet A=0) “Shean pmappnation Gauss Elimjnati or Row Reoleec C10” to Cvaluate an ANVEL eS Ma trix A ae @ by 1. Tn be rchange of pwo rows, 2 Ma [tiple cation of a Trew %& a hou- FO scalar 3 eld i #°2? of one Tow to Que ener prow. Ex, A= c 2 3 ) A -2 Apply Gaussian Eli mi hedvon(AIF) oe 4 A -2( 04 ce G) interchange the rows RGR, ae | aot, o4 \a oO (47) aad 2R, to Ro > C 7 | ° _ 5 Oaths 16 2 (444) multiply Ra By CA, CAR, dee . ( " °) Z o A -4 7% Civ) ada a ei -2 -3 “hs a)? =(T A") = Sareea ate (72 72). Check: dats (23YC2 EY Matcix xe ) Xd) = ee D Q,, (8). 0 Bn @) nacbrorws Ae - = (a) ae) aj ee teh ieAA _ da; 2 ( at b 8 (deat = ‘ \ a; “) a a& Rules : cy SF (cals c aa : C- constant} at Matrix Cac) 1 (A+B)= ae at “db at SEE CHEy 4B, aA (it) Z (a8) =Naat ae B. Exs coe. A= ( to ) -e 3¢e : 2t dA e at ] 4 § Aerie = Q C. 2e2€ e-4 @ + + -+ eo ©Systems of Linear Algebraic Lonear Tudlepen Fyeations: dence, Exganvelacs i Eugen - vectors eee eee 4X +A, Xp to +A pnXn 28, ; Pp @ By Bat Og Xero +Q,, en = Fh or Ax=€é cs be bn where 426@.) b (1) TE Bz0, thes tae Syston Cl) Coc €2)) as homogeneors @O other KKC~e | ad 4S fre nhom ese ne ous pee eaeeneecet) anne (7) TP det A+ O, Cab (2) fas @ Uni gue solute xs ATE co oo and £-0, then @) admits C3) Unique Solutecou X=O, “ TL det A=0, then Ay =O, has anfiaibely mang Solutions an addition to the trivial Sclation X=Q® Ruel Te det A=0 emt +0 (8,4)=0 he ad es Satisfy Aye O, then (2) adrai tS aufrni telg nang Solu ti ons of the form oo (s) (4) where Kis partie lar Selution of (2) @ad Zs Any Solution of Ax=o0 (6) Cv) If (4) as tree SQ het for all Soleti ous op Ay = 0, then there “ no : Loluti ons f (2). gay 4 “2X, + 3x, =F C#) eee a4) . ey _r det A=1 #0 Ege = (71°73) . f -43 sees i) = ( -4. ) 5 the 2) teeta eS i aupmented eS cae for (4)CA add +o RB, fae Wealtcple BR, eee a . X- 2X, 4 “X= Ke-% x, sdttr. = S4{-2.% =-44 _ 7 74h oe) @ *) Bx, t14x,24 ~ ix, ~F¥x,=2 C3) a 14 ae Ge 7 =-56+56=0 Allies *) (~ Fil2 > ee a 4 -4 -F 2 > c oO -4X,- 442 52 g s O =0.%, +O% = s (3) does wok rave Se lutsrons |3) 3x, 114K, =-4 ~4X,7~ FX. = 2 (3) det A=O SA4) 24 cc -4 .) fat -4 -4) 2 > eit 8 44 ) (** -4 ee oO oO | °o ) -4yx, -4x = 2 OX + O% = oO ew E R C4e) ae) ( a as @ ‘ee ae Solution of (2) aud aay . « S$ E A 7 xe a Q seluhien of Ax=0, Answer; tere Ore an Leacke ty hnang Solations of C8) Cit)Linear Independence A set of K Vectors x”, ee Recut a6 said to Fe linearly aepewdeut af there axists @ Set of adé feast numbers 0), C2, .., Sk, stp: Ohe of bhceh «Ss nonzero, seek thet ce) G . tC,X% +O, rr (40) TL Uis sats fred only =G,50, then with C=Qz-: of to be # x! x xO Hie are Sai linearly cadepan lent, aoe x ana XO Pineacly dependent . a ut 2f IG, Gl, Gy AS £0, ot 5 te Oe) y 2) ee ee Cs 9]. G44 C2-oA a]. det oe \ 40 #4), 0,20 aud =O, satisfy Ct), x” and seer Linearly hence That 23, andependeu ayO (2) iO fl a) w” (2) iG 4% + C2% at 1¢,+ ©63)@ (2) 2 ee C,- 3S2 = 0 24 -6 =O Ce CaO O.G + OCe =O C= 8 C, CS eee ts Thes, co 3x4 7x =O. ) G x ana KX That 4s, are Acnearly depend ena, Eigen Values Quel Evo evectorS Va lees of \ that satisty tue Cguation Ax =2X% vean- ZCTO (7/3) vrth 7 Vector X% ere called exgau vectors of matrix A, aad the Aon ~2ec0 veetocs C8olatie4s) called an (18) areecger Vectors of Ai Cores - Pording to ca) ~ (A-AD REO (14) has hon zere Coletious “ff ger(B-AT)=0 5) fe as(5 7) — 4 . |G e = 5-2 -4 = (3°) dez [A-4r]= (5-d) (1-4) #3= AAT = tuat ei penvValnr, - Kt 6448 =O @ 4h = g+\o-e-3td=4a We Eigenvalaes of A are: A=2, Ng=F 3-1) (% A-*A.T)*= G at) Gk)-0 3X,-X270, xg=4, k= 3 X= & | Xz = Bog x3) hor rahi eal if Nxtod (xi = = x24%2 4) , ote Gots d, 8 Ve . por mali zed ese Vector @) 3 et ft Cm a(+) a CA- de D\x= (3 \y 20 -~3 Kk ZO | Xe = X, 3(%)- & FO yte xz es eed. bormalized sen Vector ~s 7 : Out 41 OA? f) det(h-a) => 1° i c2eny—4 =O Qtn2t4 F As -2t4, ne-B, Agee 7 Cy Gee (2) mg) Cl 4 Ca)= (5) =k /® kX, 7 Xa An Eipenvecter An G'penvector +S c \ &| Ce det (A-AT)= ee a) | 4-4-4 = Ni2%+5=0 a4+\l-5 ef{ta2d ya -&% 4 - Aa 2-2 4 -2- 212 A-2i -2 7 -B- je. c ) (2-2) %, = BX 4x, = &r2t)x, ) Ate fee 2 ae ar2'on OD +20 (2-21) S444 & 4x,2@Q4+20 Xo & 4 — % = Gea 4 = aaa 4 ¢ Ko = (a (,-:) Ave : Atdi ~-2Q Caz) ah g-at=( 4 7) on a 4 A) (2)<(2) Multiply the . Rew By (1-4)(4-2) CA+21) (-t)62) A-2i te Qld -Q+8i 4 -2+ Ze we Awe obtained the Second bwue Thas there ACE Row. t egquatr ons. equiva len 4x *ae ae @4OX.basic Theory of Systems of Equations First Order Linear ‘ x) = Py, OK, #02 Pin A¥nt+ GO), ay xh = Pa OE * Pan (t) Xn t Ga O xis PQ@ye +9) cz) Pays (PO), ge a Bn gM=0, (L) as homey eneeus eqn, gueo, (L) as equ, hone mogen2o'S Notation? Xu) xMaye| Xa J,. Xna @) x., Y= Xp Xe CY « ye es % ne @) Xnk ow (+), x = Pex, (>) ox e ae worth Constants cy anol Cz a solution of (3)[vectors as (a:,) a: cen = (4:2) Q OF - A's (O;,) are frearts ane olependend ak as Ayn det Aaa Aan +0 al Ana aun Sy ee OO, Consioler gus Re eile las of (3) ard the matrix Xa Kae Xan STS Xo Kez: Ban = x : Ln MY yeona Kun a 2) a 7 eCX kyr eae Tutroduce ( Wronskian) @ Wy = WE? Ja der TO Tam.2 Sus CO eeece ere 2.4. at 4eT°E R «iff Wa) £9 ty Colew tix un) i ¢ of (3) Den. Sns %s3-0 9 binearly indepen des ou Tis Said to Be a fundamen tel Set of Solutious, oe ee eine a fad ameatal se¢ of Sas of @), then (oN Pes Ce ye # Cn® eral Solution of (3) 418 4 ger ere arbitrary rea C2,.., 0%, Constants bl tek Bak Yip Horege neous Linea @ Lystems rhe Covstant Coe fficier®s x= Ax (4) Az (4), AER, He 4 97 Aaxn metlix. A as X= ge C2) rée =A ze (A _rl)Z=° 03) Zan (2) supposed to Be vector, heace hou- zere |ergenvalee, vis to Ge %Fed Find 4 fandamectal set of Solutions Qual the geueral Solution of the Ly stens 3-2 xs 2a)” xe ( <)) ), Ae Gu (4) t (5) det (A-0 2) =\*)" |. 4 -2 A-nte= (7) oo. 2%,-%,=0, = (1), x“aye (1) en (2) ce) @,54, #22 at) ] A-n l= = (2G) ©), 7,22 %2, %,- 2 7,=0, 2,22, aied72 ar ey z =(; wel 4 fa ut 2t e AINE + ae | 7 Oo ede 2e e WEe at 2b + -t_ of ag ot eitte! _4ee - e -4%e-2 36 £o, yt R. \ \ wa ee yO ore 1) i) Ain vad. oy ye K Conseg renely dice fuwa. set of Sus & 4), Ceneral Sousteom = + Cx Caw Cy (z)e+ as Ex, 2 ‘ -2 4 Ks C; ‘)\x on en) 4 q 2 (A) ~ an eigen vector Agus of 69). © ; -3+ 6s: VEAL) ET Complex Ergen values A- ea real matrex, Vi, M2 7 - Complex dy en values, wpe hedge, eho eM mew Sia eeeeean een (a-7I) f° =° Henee, Ve au 735 weno Value anual gos & = etGea-Wg nb ee Uy) Tos arid , qi". Gets xa, = (aré8) ee = @+8) eC Cospnt + 4 sin poe) Upon Separating x(k) auto See eee eters pus, re of tain May =e ucen + 19), where t uct) = ba ( aces jut ~ B Sin pub), gay = asin pt + Boos me), [, similaris, @® xe) = ule) 9 OLE d x” @) R 4 ide o Oo ~a-2ti 2 O ~AeeVRi ~A1-iVe -4- i023 Co) TY Ry - CBR, 1 Rs 4 ive 9 Oo -2-2vai q © ° i 4,+:0% 7, =O C2-2vgei)t+& 4, fitecaal $,=-V2 4 %,24+ 8+ A @) at ae At\2v ,ast ~V2t qe e ae : Gund e ta 0Bi ii a “V2 i + 4 e | Casae - i Siu] = 44022 oe Je Sinvad ~iV2 comet e cos Vat at 8iul2 = ceosvat + ie KuYatt + cape canttsuketd iN Vy Sin fae Cos V2 E -+ 4u@)=e Cos Veet U2SinVet ~Va cot2t Je cos vat + sive 2c, Malt Co We) t ee) ob Cus @ | ~ stata t Va cos Unt +StuVoe 6S: 2 -2e xa) = & ( 2) € + 1 -Va Sin Vet £o,e | os % j + cosh ete Sua + ~ V2 cos 02 t e+ wat is + Cy e ~ bin V%@ WV Fundamental Matriceg x= PH «x (0) Paes Cpr), 6f242-,2 TL «arg XPM, -> ML) ac a fundamental set of SAS f (4), ther a fo) z Wns (8, , ® wy) = a a ww Ka (2) xa x it sat te be a fundamental matrix for (4). etee x cey () 6S. xtnsc, KG. LT = ee) Can Fe written &S xa) = VES cay iia X (te) = Xo Cs) -4 = VY Ce) % KG) = VG OPC That a the Solutio w of the IVP (5) 45 XG) = Wwayy Ge) *e. cé) a fundem entol LL A as matex St. ve)= I, then xy = YE) Xo (3)fa Fon @) 4-2 = (oes 2%,-%=20 v=(2) x= fo Saal c *)\ 5 © OG), xe G AG + ze @ YW) = C +e?” { Zé t Riad tt) 8.6, Ute )=7=(64) [econ iiier: : — a ae £0 also Sate’ on of @), fan: Pymel= Veit YES = =Alw-c) t vic =AVO® We AN” verce (4 7 ) oye eC)The matrix exp (At) T+ . ner + ae fae + A zt 7 kl At - € ee a nea dre® = dre }=[T+ 2 vey nz " : = G+t2 Ae, 3 a 2! sf . , ae k! a ; attic At 22 “ae + 47 At a c«-1!