Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • F29 SI - Refrigerants

    Uploaded by

    costa.berg
    10 views12 pages

    Original Title

    F29 SI _ Refrigerants

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    10 views12 pages

    F29 SI - Refrigerants

    Uploaded by

    costa.berg

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 12
    Related Commercial Resources CHAPTER 29 REFRIGERANTS Refigerant Properties Refrigerant Performance. Safety ‘Leak Detection Compatibility with Construction Materials 2.1 29.8 299 299) 299 JEFRIGERANTS are the working Muids in reftgeration,aie- conktioning, and heat-pumping systems. They absorb heat from ‘one area, such as an airconditioned space, and reject it into another, such as outdoors, usually through evaporation and condensation, respectively. These phase changes occur both in absomption and mechanical vapor compression systems, but not in systems operating ‘ona gas eyele using fluid such as air, (See Chapter 2 for more infor- mation on reftigeration cycles.) The design of the reftigeration equip- rent depends strongly onthe selected reigerant's properties, Tables 1 and 2 list standard reftigerant designations, some properties, and safety classifications from ASHRAF Standard 34 Reffigerant selection involves compromises between confiting desirable thermophyscal properties, A refrigerant must satisfy many requirements, some of which do not directly relate to its ability to transfer heat, Chemical stability under conditions of use isan essential characteristic. Safety codes may require a nonflammable refrigerant ‘of ow toxicity for some applications. Environmental consequences of reffigerant leaks must also be considered. Cost, availability, eff- ciency, compatibility with compressor lubricants and equipment ‘materials, and local and national regulations ar other concerns. Latent heat of vaporization is another important property. On a molar basis, lids with similar boiling points have almost the same latent heat. Because compressor displacement is defined on a volu- metric basis, refrigerants with similar boiling points produce similar reffigration effet with a given compressor. Ona mass bass, latent ‘heat varies widely among fluids. Efficiency of a theoretical vapor ‘compression cycle is maximized by fluids with tow vapor heat ‘capacity. This property is associated with fluids having a simple molecular structure and low molecular mass, “Transport properties (eg, thermal conductivity and viscosity) affect performance of heat exchangers and piping. High thermal ‘conductivity and low viscosity are desirable, 'No single fui satisfies all the antibutes desired ofa reftigerant; ‘consequently, various refrigerants are used. This chapter deseribes ‘the basic characteristics of various refrigerants, and Chapter 30 Fists ‘thermophysial properties REFRIGERANT PROPERTIES Global Environmental Properties Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) can affect both stratospheric ozone and climate change, Whereas hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) can affect climate change Minimizing all refrigerant releases from systems is important not only because of environmental impacts, but also because charge losses lead to insufficient system charge levels, which in turn results in suboptimal operation and lowered efficiency Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. The sirstospherie ozone layer Stes out the UV-B portion ofthe sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, ‘Overexposure to this radiation increases the risk of skin cancer, “The prepartion ofthis chapter is assigned to TC 3.1, Refrigerants and ‘Secondary Coolant 29.1 Copyright © 2013, ASHRAE cataracts, and impaired immune systems. I also ean damage sensi- tive crops, reduce crop yields, and stress marine phytoplankton (and thus human food supplies from the oceans). In addition, exposure t0 ‘UV radiation degrades plastics and wood. Stratospheric ozone depletion has been linked to the presence of chlorine and bromine inthe stratosphere. Chemicals with longatmo- spheric lifetimes can migrate to the stratosphere, where the mole- cies break down from interaction with ultaviolt Hight of through chemical reaction. Chemicals such as CECs and HCFCs release chlorine, which eacts with stratospheric ozone, ‘Ozone depleting substances, including CFCs and HCFCS, are to be phased out of production under the Montreal Protocol (UNEP. 2009). In the United States, production and importation of CFCS ‘were banned completely in 1996. HCFCS are being phased down, with complete phaseout set for 2030, In 2010, to meet the Montreal Protocol phasedown schedule, U:S. regulations banned production and importation of HCFC: 142b and HCFC-22 for use in new equip ment, Reclaimed CFC and HCFC refrigerants that mect the require ments of AHRI Standard 708 ean continue to be used for servicing existing systems. A complete list of U.S. regulations for CFC and HCFC refrigerants, including phascout schedules, may be found at hnp/iwww-epa,govlozone/strathome.huml. Phaseout schedules for CFCs and HCFCs for both developed and developing counties are summarized on the Ozone Secretariat web site at hiips/ozone lunmfs.orgnew._sitelen/Treaties/control_measures_summary. php. Global Climate Change. The average global temperature is determined by the balance of energy from the sun heating the earth and its atmosphere and of energy radiated from the earth and the atmosphere to space. Greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as CO and Water vapor, as well as small particles trap heat at and near the sur- face, maintaining the average temperature of the Earths surface about 34 K warmer than would be the case i these gases and parti- ‘es were nat present (the greenhouse effect). Global warming (also called global climate change) isaconcerm because of an increase in the greenhouse effect from inereasing con- centrations of GHGs atibuted to human activities, The major GHG ‘of concem is CO, released tothe atmosphere when fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gus) are burned for energy. Methane (CH), nitrous ixide (NO), CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs, hydrofluoroethers (HFES), hy Arofluoroolfins (HFOs), perfuorocarbons (PFCs), nitrogen trifluor- ide (NF), an sulfur hexafluoride (SF,) are also GHGs. In 1988, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) established the Inter- governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to provide an objec tive source of information about the causes of climate change, its Potential environmental and socioeconomic consequences, and the !udaplation and mitigation options to respond tot. Agcording to PCC (2007), atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased bby more than 35% over the past250 years, primarily from buming fos. sil fuels, with some contribution from deforestation. Concentration of methane has increased by over 145%, and nitrous oxide by about 18%. IPCC (2007a) deems atmospheric concentrations of fuorochemicals, including Muorocarbon gases (CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs) and sulfur 29.2 2013 ASHRAI Handbook—Fundamentals (SI) Table 1 Refrigerant Data and Safety Classifications Refrigerant Molecular Normal Boling Safety Number (Chemical Formula? Mas eC Group Methane Series " “Trichloroflurometane cour ira ey al 2 Dichloroitinromethane coh: 1209 al 12B1 —_Bromochlordiluoromethane cBrcir 168.8 1B Chlororituoromethane corr, oa al 13BL——BromotiMuorometane cr, M89 AL 4 “Tevrauoromethane (carbon tewaluride) cr, 880 al 2 DishloroMuoromethane cuclF ims BI 2 Chlorodifturomethane cua, 865 al 2B “Trituoromethane CH, 700 al 30 Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) H.C, 39 m2 31 CChorofuoromethane cH.cF 655 3 Difloromethane (methylene fri) CH; 320 mL “0 CCoromethane (meth chloride) cH.cl S04 wm a Flyoromethane(methy Nuorde) CHF 340 50 Methane cH, 60 as Ethane Series us 1,1 2vihloro-122-iforoethane ccycer, sr 4“ al na | 24ichlor-1,.2.2-etafluoroethane co.cc; 1709 4 al us Chloopentasoroathane COIF,CF, sis 9 al 6 Hesafuorothane CECE, so 8 Al ns 2.2-dchloro-,,-iuorethane cHcicr, 10 2 BL 124 2-ehloro-11..2-trafluoroctbane cucircr, Bes 2 al ns Pentaflorosthane CHE,Cr, 1200 48 al 1Ma yh 24etraNuoroethane CHFCr, 20 26 al 14lb i ltieloro-t-fnroethane HCCI 0 2 1426 chloro, Liluoroethane cHCcIF, 100.5 “10 a 1432 Ltiforoethane cuiscrs 840 47 AL 1828 yfiuoroethane HCH, 660 a a 170 Ethane cHACH, 300 “99 a thers E170 iret eter cHocn, 460 2s a Propane Series 218 Octafropropane CrCRCrs 1880 a al 227ea 1. 1,123.3,3-heptauoropropane CF,CHFCF, 1700 “6 al 236f ——1,1.133.3-hemafluoropropane CFCHACF, 12.0 a al 24Sf 11.1.3. pentafluoropropane CF,CH.CHF, 140 1s BI 290 Propane CHACHCH, 40 42 ay Cycle Organte Compounds sce Table 2 for blends) C318 Octaluorvyelabutane (CFa}e 2000 6 al ‘Miscellaneous Organle Compounds Hydrocarbons 600 Butane cH,CH,CH.CH, 381 ° as {004 2methy propane (isobutane) CCHICH),CH, ss 2 a 01 —_Pentane CHYCH)CH, ps 361 a (Ola 2-methybutane (isopentane) (CH,CHCH.CH, = 7215 a8 a ‘Oxyzen Compounds 610 Ethyl ether ‘cHLCH.OCH,CH, 71 3s 61L——-Methy formate HCOOCH «oo 2 wm Sulfur Compounds 620 (Reserved for ature assignment) Nitrogen Compounds 630 Methanamine (methylamine) CHE au a 631___Ethainamine (ethyl amine) CHACHANHD, 451 0 Refrigerants 29.3 Table 1_ Refrigerant Data and Safety Classifications (Continued) Refrigerant Mlecolar Namiber Chemical Namet [Chemical Formulat "Mass organic Compounds 702-——Hydrogen % 20 a 708 Helium He 40 al 717 Ammonia Nis 0 Bat 78 Water Ho 180 al m0 Neon Ne 202 AL 78 Nitrogen \ 281 al 72 Oxygen oO 320 70 Argon Ae 399 al 7H Catbon dioxide co; 440 al THA Nitrous oxide xo Ho Tot Sulfur dioxide So; oa BI Unsaturated Organic Compounds 1150 Ethene (ethylene) cHecH, 231 a I2syf—23,33eurltuoo-I-propene crCECH, AL 12Max(E) Trans-13.33etaflvroI-propene cr cH-cHE 140 aa 1270 Propene (propylene) cHcH-cH, 21 a roe ANSTASHRAE Sandan 3-201, ofthis smd Table 2 Data and Safety Classifications for Refrigerant Blends eter chemical mame lowe bythe popular ane prone Revig= No. Composition (Mass %) Composition Tolerances Mise Normar Babe Normal Dew Safety Mass# Point, °C Point °C Group Teowopes 300) 014, 2018 oie 402A, 028 4034, 3038 4044, 4054, 4064, 4074, 078 07 07 $078 s07F 4084, 404 3098 ‘1104, 108 aA, 4B 412A 4A, 4164 4148 5A, 4158 4164, 4174, 4176 12/114 (st be specifi) e22/152a/24 83.01.0340) R-22/152a/24 (61 111.0280) R-22/1524/124 33.0118.0520) R-125/290/22 (60.02.0380) Re125/29072 (38.02.0600) 290227218 (5075.0'200) 29022218 (5.056.039.0) Re125/143a/ 4a (4.052.040) 22/1524 1426318 (48.07.08 542.5) 2216001420 55.0:4041.0) 32/1284 (20 0140.00) 32/128/1348 (10.070.0200) .32/128/1340(23.025.0520) e32/128/1348 (15.018.0700) R-32/128/1340(25 015.0600) -32/128/1348 30.03.0400) Re125/1430722 (7.046.070) 22/1242) (60.028.015.0) 22/1244 (65.025.0100) 32/128 (50.0800), 32/128 (45.0550) R-127022/1524 (1.987 5/110) R-127022/1520(3.094030) 2272181426 (70.08.0725) R-218/1340/6000 (.0188.013.0) 122/124 1425 (31.0728 84.016 8) 1-22/124/600a/1426 (30.03.01 595) 22/1523 82.0180) 22/1522 25.0750) Re134a/124/600 59.0391 5) -125/1340'600 46.65003.4) Re 125/1344160 79.018.32.7) 620 /405-15110) (2/+05,-15:810) (205-15:410) (42040:1-1.0420) (2011-12) (402,-2482152) (902-2828) (281142) (62/2121 2) sum of R528 and RAD = (600,20) (anny (21.2132) 2.222) 23233) (2st (212! G05-15!15-05) jen (€2421205/405-1) (242405051) every een) (05,14, 058!41,-02) (e1aisi40.1-04) (21is1/04,-05) os 928 i ois 947 2 033 976 ms 9 0.1 9 862 as 21 7 ona 96.7 26 756 ea ss 922 tot 969 ms 819 m2 ims 1067 us “a6 364 “393 S40 aaa os 17 a4 380 449 at aes AL 308 Al “28 AL 470 AL “449 AL “23 AL “23 AL 458 AL 29.4 2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (S1) ‘Table2 Data and Safety Classifications for Refrigerant Blends (Continued) Reig Moles Normal Normal rant ‘ular Bubble Dem” Safety ‘No. Composition (Mass %) Composition Tolerances Mas Poln%C _Polnt,°C_ Group IRA R2902071524 1596025) (GOS/=1=03) 42401 AD 4194 RA2S/T34a E170 77.0119.) Given) 26 360 AD 4208 R-134a/L426 880/120) 1.00, 50 342A 421A Re12S/134a (58.0420) Gist) 0s 355 AL 4218 R-125/1349 85.0150) Gian) 487 Rs AL 224, R-12S/T 46008 (85.111 5/34) 01-04) 463 HAL 4221 R-125/134a1600a (55.042.03.0) Grus0.1-03) 05-356 Al 220 R-12S/1345600s ($2,015 03.0) Gvie101,-05) 453 23 At 22D RL1DS/134a16008 (65.131 573.4) Ws1/#0.1-08) “320 aRa AL 4234 R134a/227ea (52.5475) 242 BS AL 424A, R-12S/134a/6004/60016018(50.547.009/L.0046) (21/+1/+0.1,-02/+01-02/40.1,-02) ul 3A 4254, R32/134022Tea (18516951120) i205) kl 313 AL 4264" R-125/134a/60a/601a(5.193.01.30.6) (G1is140.1-02401-02) 283367 Al 427A R32/125/1834/1349 (15,025,010 01500) (22479) 430-363 AL 4284" R-125/143429016000 (77.5720.00 611.9) Gi2401-0201-02) 3 as at 4294, REI7O1 Sala (6, 0/10.0230.0) Graven 260-256 AB 804 R-1522/6004 (76.0240) Gen 26 4 431A R-290/1520 71.0290) evel “31 Bas 4824 RI2TOEI (80.0200) Gian 6586 AS 4334 R-1270290 30.0770.) an He 2S 4336 1270290 5.0950) Gen) 27 -Rs 4830 1270290 25.0750) Gian 430 8 4344 RL12S/143013al600a (6B.2/8.01602.8)——(=1/+1/*1/40.1-02) 40 3 Al 4354, R-EI7O/52 (80.0200) an 1 389 A 4364 R-2901600a (36.0440) ee) “43 ana 43 4368 R-290/6000 (52.0480) een 34 aso 437A. R-125/13431600601 (19.78.81. 40.6) 60S-L.8!15-0.740.1,-02/011-02) 9-292 AL 4384, R32/128/134/6000601a(8.5/48.04421.7106) (08-1 S/21 5/21 5/+0.1-020.1-02) Bo 64 AL 4394, R-32/12816008 (50.047.030) (et) “stn S18 AD 04, R290/13401528 (0.6'1.697.8) G0.11061:05) Bs 3 {4814 R-170290/6004600 (3.154.816.0361 (€05922/20622) 19 08 424, R32/125/134/1520/27ee (31.03,0/30,0530150) (21.051.0'1,0/051.0) si? 465-99 Al Recotropes Tetris. Composition “Azeatrople Molecular Normal Bolling Safety Nox” Composition (Mass %) ‘Tolerances ‘Temperatares,°C Mass Point," Group 300 i2i1S2a 73826) 0 993 = al S01 RAYI27S0250" 4t 93.1 4 al S02 R2Q/11S 88/512) io h20 45 al 503 R23/13 40.1599) “88 w5 38 S04 R32/115 482/518) 0 2 7 505 R121 780220" us 103.5 30 506 | RSI/TI4 (55.1449) is 937 <2 SOTAR128/143a 30.050.0) 40 989) 467A S084 R23/116 69.0610) 86 400.1 “86 AL S08 R23/116 46.0540) “4565 984 “883 al S094 R-22218 (44.0560) ° 40 47 AL S10A R-E17O:6008 (88.0120) (05.08) 252 4728 252 a SIA R290170 98.0550) evan -20%040 4419 “21 a S124 R13a/1$2a,5.0950) Gian) 201040 e724 260 AD Sarvs ANSTASHRAE Send 367010 “Motel mand orm ing poe ot pao ths and. *azeutopic reigns cob some sepaton of component contin often ‘tre apes ter ha thse awh hye oma Ee of serene ‘pnd the parte atop dare stm calrsion hexafluoride, to be a smaller contributor to global limate change. On whether observed warming is attributable to human influence, IPCC {(2007b) concludes that" Most ofthe observed increase in global aver- aged temperatures since the mid-twentieth century [about 0.65 K] is, ‘ery likely [90% confident] due tothe observed increase in anthropo- _zenic greenhouse gas concentrations.” “Bac comporion ois azomope fa gosto, and oral ene fest C8, a R30 te alowed designs for ROTA, RISA, a SOA bau of changin engin ate sige 0D hogs 09. Conesponitg cages wee nt made or 00 taugh R08. Global Environmental Characteristic of Refrigerants. Atmo- spheric release of CFC and HCFC refrigerants (see Table 3) contributes to depletion ofthe ozone layet The measure ofa materia’ ability to ‘deplete stratospheric ozone is its ozone depletion potential (ODP), a ‘value relative to that of R-I1, which is 1.0 tis the nonzero ODP of these refrigerants tht ldo theirphascout unde the Monteal Protocol ‘The global warming potential (GWP) of a GHG is an index describing its relative ability to trap radiant energy compared to CO; (R-744), which has a very long atmospheric lifetime, Mea- surements of climate impact of refrigerant emissions ae thus often reported in CO; equivalents. GWP may be calculated for any pat- ticular integration time horizon (ITH), Typically, 100-year ITH is used for regulatory purposes, and may be designated as GW? io Halocerbons (CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs) and many aonalocar- bons (et, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide) are GHGs, HFOs, or unsaturated HECs, and blends using them are being developed and promoted as low-GWP alternatives to the existing halocarbon reffigerants. HFOs are also GHGs, but their GWPs are much, much Tower than those of HFCs, ‘The energy refrigeration appliances consume is often produced from fossil fuels, which results in emission of CO, contributor to slobal warming, This indirect effect associated with energy con- sumption is frequently much larger than the direct effct of relrig- rant emissions. The total equivalent warming impact (TEWT) of an HVACR system isthe sum of direct refrigerant emissions ex- pressed in terms of CO, equivalents, and indirect emissions of CO, from the system's energy use over its service life (Fischer et al. 1991), Another measure is ife-eyee climate performance (LCCP), \which includes TEWI and add direct and indiret emissions effects associated with manufacturing the reffigerant and end-of-life dis- posal (ARAP 1999), ‘Ammonia (R-717), hydrocarbons, HCFCs, most HFCs, and HFOs have shorter atmosphere lifetimes than CFCs because they are largely destroyed inthe lower atmosphere by reactions with OH Table3_ Refrigerant Environmental Properties ‘Atmospheric Refrigerant Lifetime, yearst_ODP* EWP! Geir 5 Loop 50 crc Io 0820¢1 10900, crC-13 640 1.000(0— 14400 Cres 85 O8S0(08P 6130 crc 10 osKO(I 9180 crens 1020 0570(08 7230 HcRC-22 11904010085 1790 HOFCI23 13 ool0@a2 77 HCFC. 124 59 ogrmo022P 619 HCFC-142 172 .060f0.065° 2220 HEEI0 ois 0.000 HFC-23 m2 0.000 14200 11 7005 HFC-32 52 0.000 7161680" 220000 3420 2800¢ 40.000, 1370 (13009 471 0000 4180 (8007 15 0.000 133 409" 3890000 3580 (2900. HPC:236 282 0.000 5820 (63007 HFC-265f 77.000 100 HEO-24yt 002 0.000 aa HFO2MzeE) 0085 0.000, 6 PRC-116 0000 0.000, 12200 8200" PCI 2600 0.000, 8830 (7000 C29 os 0000 20 C600 Bois 0000 0 1He-6008 Bois 0000 0 HC-6ola 009 0.000 “0 e170 oo 0.000 “0 RaI7 8.00 3 Gowiasonatine BIT eee e i s aa nS 2 Chloroditvore- SOT T0035 > ‘ 3 oman ab ton aso a + wis 28 1 4 2B Wiheonetae = 63 7 : , : 32 Dioormetiane eT @ 117 Teeioe bar SF 21st 8 Tinwcclne aos a a i Ty Wacirananaane ———30— a8 To poe Ses + 2 ls 4590 2 socretatals ptt crete a6 sim 3 ws 3 Tis Datlonaciatoroaiane 311217 1 Trae —a Tr + 21 osm 2 ee ce . = $9070 TES Fetaatane TOS ST z ‘iret ise Tors Tons . Tehoo-b t= Ba ‘ruta ‘eaorctiane TE Chlordane SOFT —THTT z Tia Chorastatinroatane 2540 Tie Towers ol 25101 $ 125 —Pentaftuoroctiane 30498 7 101325 10170 6 Ba 3 ee Torso T T isi taaoroeane aos a BOTT IST TIS 25 TOIaT © 2987 9 EET se (arse Boe > tava Bob .133,bealrpopas 25 739 7 a a FSH 1.1.1335-penioropropane 25 682 T SNRSaATRS Sa Ton $ 250 Prague ae ey TN RSE a Tee RBS TOS STOTT a a a TARTS GOS) TOTS 251007 e we a a ee Soe et 281031 ° 3) TORRES GOST ELE MO z Paes 9 RRARIVTICGO — = OTT $ REI a 2 0 3t 5 SARIS Ta3a SOS 36a 308 wia_ 2518 ‘ 394 9 ERITH — = oT $ RK RDTISCIT “ae T aoe iad 3 sa 1 13251092 ‘ ae RTOS =o Tram oso 1007 T o_ 588 1 20 ose 4 77 hrmonla mas 15s se ToL 01 7 ie i= $a caaraaae Tors 0 T W346 ass 4 T2335 heaton propane 76 1 oes int 7 nf T1S0 EaiyTene 30 Lore T ambeent temperature SORT INT) ma we a . Stance 7 Than wd ODS) a Shera) tin aor rs rsa) {Dus fo El Donte Nemours & Co, ne 2 eahum ad De 1959), seman 19) ‘allows tal. 0990) 9 Ghar and Bye 201) ‘mesure weak vag, voli \OMtaerta oo) Iernces: 11 at em Hone TER 97 £4 Charan and Caoer (192) 5 Dan rom 1, DuPat de Nemours & ‘Colne bur a0, 29.8 Sound Velocity ‘The practical velocity ofa gas in piping or though openings is limited by the velocity of sound in the gas. Chapter 30 has sound locity data for many refrigerants. The velocity increases when temperate siereased and decreases when press i increased REFPROP software (NIST 2010) can be usedto calculate the sound ‘locity at superheated conditions, The velocity of sound can be cal alate from the equation a= [Cb7ABY, = RaTaRY, 0 where = sound ela > posure, Pa = desi kein? f= ela of speci 2013 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (S1) 'S~ entropy (kek T= temperture, K Sound velocity can be estimated from tables of thermodynamic properties. Change in pressure with a change in density (dp“dp) can ‘be estimated at either constant entropy or constant temperature. Is, ‘simpler to estimate at constant temperature, but the ratio of specific heats must also be known, REFRIGERANT PERFORMANCE, Chapter 2 describes several methods of caleulating refrigerant performance, and Chapter 30 includes tables of thermodynamic, roperti of reftigerants ‘Table 8 shows the theoretical caleulated performance of a numberof refrigerants fora standard cycle of various evaporation ‘Tuble8 Comparative Refrigerant Performance per Kilowatt of Refrigeration ‘Specie Com Net Reftig- Volume Com- Power Coeff presor Refrigerant Refrigerant Liquid “of pressor Cone cient" Diss Com- crating Circa Grew: Suction Diplace- sump- of charge ‘Chemical Name or Composition pression Effect, lated, lated, Gas, ment, ton, Perfor. Temp, Ne. (ey mass) Ratio” kk gs Ls mg Ls KW omance °C Bvaporator 31 PC Condenser 30°C 144 Catbon dioxide 535 121757 0012 028s 02160 05802 1.698 913 170 Ethane $6 1536 GSI 0.0236 OSH% 03567 O5947 oR 579 1270 Propylene 637 372 M0075 02266 0822 03471 28K 49.1 SOTA REBSTA34 (50150) 134 559 0.0097 0.009 09860 —O3887 2873381 404A RDS/I434/134a 445214) 746 954 0.0093 0.1005 0.9565 03853 2595 389 S02 RONIISaRN/SI2) T4918 1022 0.0085 0.0924 0.9470 O3651 2739 413 22 Chloroiftaromethane TEL 155.3 G44 1.0055 O.L44K 09325 03369 2967 654 717 Ammonia Insi 10791093 G01 10125 0.9683 03327 3007 1409) Evaporator -6.°CiCondenser 30°C 744 Carbon diode 248 7.72 00130 00127 00877 o2845 3514613 170 Ethane 23 613 0.0222 0M263 161202786 358466, 32 —_Difivoomethane 295 387 0041 0.0563 02178 01690 5926 597 410A 832125 80350) 294 585 0.0087 0.0406 02381 01728 578 466 SOTA ReI2S/t439 5050) 29 870 GO0KS OBS 03389 1798 S554 342 404A RDS 1434/1340 (4482 292 842° 00083 0405 03410 OI78S S598 346 1270 Propylene 20 540 0.0058 0.008 03359 GI67S 5975393 502 RATS (484/512) 26 513 0077 ORR 03827 1724 5799 354 22 Chlorodiftuoromethane 299 603 0.0051 Ose 03520 0.1637 610s 478 onc R3V125/134a 2325/52) 319 598 0.0053 O0SKK 03518 O168 593 439) 290 Propane 2s 347 00072 0.1180 04093 01669 5987349) 717 Ammonia 351 090 Do01s 03689 03313 m.1599 6254 24 1B34yf23,33-Teratuoropapenst 3B 830 00077 OTIS 03554 GITIS 5835 300 hd Tetiluorosthane 337 654 0.0055 O0RSD 05785 01650 6053 4 12342) wans-1,33,3-TeaMooropropene 344 716 0.0063 0.1086 0.7798 1658 603300. 6000 Isobutane® 32 360 0065 0.2984 1.0725 01620 6.171 300. Evaporator 7.2°C/Condenser 30°C 32 Difuoromethane Los 1981.89 343 0.0040 0.0360 0.1381 0844 10602 469 410A R32125 80°50) 1000886189 S71 0085 0.260 O.1484 0.0965 10379 398 502 R2VI15 (488/512) 0703 1304188 S67 0.0073 00252 02187 00955 10474 332 407 R3YI25/1340 2325/52) O40 1267198 5.16 0.0081 0.0367 02112 00939 10658 303 22 Chloroiftsromethine 096 11219 55 0.0080 0.0377 02205 0918 10885 403 290 Propane osss 107984 329 006K OTK? 02580 00931 10743 326 717 Ammonia O55 L167 209 O89 O01 0.2258 0.1998 00893 11.186 SKB. 500 RavT82a (73.8262) 0488 os 192 665 0.0059 0.0453 03010 a0916 10925 46 IB4yf_23.33-Tetafluoropopene* 04010783 1.96 178 0072 0.0453 03814 0941 10623 300. 12 Dichirodituoromethine Oe 0784192 78K 0.0061 0.0489 03536 0.0910 11004 331 1a TevraMaorotiane 03770770 208 621 0.0052 008K 3364 GOIN 10903 326 1234z0(8) tans-133.3-Tetaluoropropene* 0280 0378 2.06, STL 0.0059 0.0668 04483 00918 10899 300. 6002 Isobutane® 0201 0405 201 337 0.0062 0.1879 04332 0.0801 11.084 300. 600° Butane" 010283 211 306 0.0054 02853048725 0891 11226 300 123 DichlortiNuoroethane 08s 110 244 643° G04 03309 2.1369 OORT 11397 300. 113 __Trchlonotriflaorosthane™ 021 oss 257 727 0047 0.5878 42686 00476 11.409 300. Sips aque Dam NIST CYCLE, 40, 0 sb, 20 spate unless no lino, 10% iene erage tempers. Refrigerants temperatures and 303 K condensation, For blend refrigerants, the average temperature in the evaporator and condenser is used. In mast eases, suction vapor i assumed tobe saturated, and compres- son is assumed adiabatic or at constant entropy, For R-113 and R-600a, for example, these assumptions cause some liquid in the discharge vapor In these cases itis assumed that discharge vapor is saturated and that suetion vapor is slightly superheated. Note that sctual operating conditions and performance may differ signifi cantly from numbers in th table Because of additional Factors such 8s compressor efliciency and transport properties, SAFETY “abe 1 and 2 summarize toxicity and flammability charactris- tics of many refrigerants. In ASHRAE Standard 34, reftigerants are classified aecording to the hazard involved in their use. The toxicity and flammability classifications yield six safety groups (Al, A2, ‘A3, BI, B2, and B3) for refigerants. Group A religerants ae the least hazardous, group B3 the most hazardous. The capital leer designates a toxicity class based on allowable exposure: + Class A: Reffigerants that have an occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 400 ppm or greater. + Class B: Reftigerants that have an OEL of less than 400 ppm, ‘The numeral denotes flammability: + Class 1: No flame propagation in air at 60°C and 101.3 kPa + Class 2: Exhibits lame propagation in air at 60°C and 101.3 KPa, lower flammability limit (LFL) greater than 0.10 kg at 23°C and 101.3 kPa, and heat of combustion less than 19 000 kI/kg + Optional class 2L: cass 2 refigerans may be clasiied as 2L if they exhibita maximum burning velocity of no more than 100 mm sat 23,0°C and 101.3 KPa + Class 3: Exhibits fame propagation in air at 60°C and 101.3 KPa ‘and LL. less than or equal to 0.10 ky? at 23.0°C and 101.3 kPa ‘or heat of combustion greater than or equal 19 000 ki/kg Refrigerant blends are assigned the flammability safety classi- fication of the worst case of fractionation of the blend (ie, the composition during factionation that results inthe highest concen- tration of flammable components) For class 2 of 3 refrigerants oF refrigerant blends that show no flame propagation when tested at 23.0°C and 101.3 kPa (.c.,no LFL), an elevated temperature lame limit at 60°C (ETFL60) is used in leu ofthe LFL for determining flammability classifications. LEAK DETECTION Leak detection in refrigeration equipment is of major importance for manufactures and service engineers Eleetronie Detection Electronic detectors are widely used in manufacture and assem- bly of refrigeration equipment. Techniques include infrared, solid electrolyte semiconductor, heated electrodeldiode, and corona dis- charge sensors. Instrument operation depends on the variation in signal caused by the presence of refrigerant, These instruments can be reftigerant specific or may detect a variety of reftiverants (Other vapors in the local environment may interfere with the test. ‘The electronic detector isthe most sensitive ofthe methods dis- cussed here, readily capable of sensing a leak of 28 g of refrigerant per year. A portable madel is available for field testing. Other mod- cls are available with automatic halancing systems that coroct for background refrigerant vapors that might be present in the atmo- sphere around the test area. 29.9 Bubble Method The object tobe tested is pressurized with airornitrogen. A pres- sure corresponding o operating conditions is generally used. I pos- Sible, the object is ally immersed in water, and leaks are detected by ‘observing bubbles in the liquid. Adding a detergent to the water decreases surface tension, prevents escaping gas from clinging to the side of the object, and promotes formation of a regular stream of spall bubbles. In addition to dwell time, test sensitivity is inlu- enced by clarity of the liquid, lighting, proximity ofthe leak site to ‘the operator, ad human factors. When immersion is not practical, solution of soap ean be brushed, sprayed, or poured onto joints or other spots where leakage is suspected. Leaking gas forms soap bubbles that can be readily detected. When properly performed under favorable conditions, bubble testing methods can detect leaks as small 8 2.8 g of refrigerant per yea, Pressure Change Methods ‘The presence of eaks can be determined by pressurizing or evac- uating the internals ofthe part or system and observing the change in pressure or vacuum over a period of time. The vacuum decay test ‘can give an indication of proper dehydration but, like pressure de- ‘ay, it does not locate the point of leakage. Test methods that are based on pressure change typically ae not sensitive enough to moet the needs of refrigerant eomponents and systems used in HVAC ap- plications. The pressure change test methods are useful to verify that, ‘a component or system i fee from gross leaks. Typical sensitivity iim the range of dozens of kilograms of reftigerant per year Leaks ean also be determined by pressurizing or evacuating and ‘observing the change in pressure or vacuum over a period of time. This is effective in checking system tightness but does not locate the point of leakage. UY Dye Method A stable UV-fluorescent dye is introduced into the system to be tested. Operating the system mixes the UV dye uniformly in the oi refrigerant system. The dye, which usually prefers oi, shows up at the leak’s location, and can be detected using an appropriate UV lamp. Ensure thatthe dye is compatible with system components nd that no one is exposed to UV radiation from the lamp. This, method only finds defects that are large enough to pass liquid, and ‘will only work effectively in regions ofthe system where enough ol, is available to cary the dye. Thus, this method's sensitivity is typi- cally significantly lower than that ofthe electronic detection and bubble test methods. Ammonia Leaks Ammonia ean be detected by any of the previously described methods, or by bringing a solution of hydrochlori acid near the ‘objec. If ammonia vapor is present, a white cloud or smoke of ammonium chloride forms. Ammonia ean also be detected with indicator paper that changes color inthe presence ofa base. Ensure that adequate ventilation is provided and no one is exposed to COMPATIBILITY WITH CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. Metals Halogenated refrigerants canbe used satisfactorily under normal conditions with most common metal, such as scl, cation, brass, ‘copper tin, lead, and aluminum (an important exception is methyl ‘chloride (R-40) in contact with aluminum). Under more severe con

    You might also like