Unit 3

Arduino Programming
 Structuring an Arduino Program
• Program for Arduino are usually refereed to as
sketches.
• Code that needs to run only once should be
placed in the setup function
• Code to be run continuously into the loop
function.
 Structuring an Arduino Program
const int ledPin = 13;
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // initialize the digital pin as an output

}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn the LED on

delay(1000); // wait a second

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn the LED off

delay(1000); // wait a second

}
 Variables in arduino
• Arduino has different types of variables to represent values.
int 2 bytes represents positive and negative integer values.
unsigned int 2 bytes represents only positive integer values.
long 4 bytes represents very large range of positive and negative values.
unsigned long 4 bytes represents very large range of positive values
float 4 bytes represents number with fractions
boolean 1 byte represents true and false values.
boolean value = true;
char 1 byte represents a single character. Can also represent signed
value between -128 to +127
byte 1 byte represents a single character, but represents unsigned
values.
String represents an array of characters
char str[] = "Hello World!";
String str="Hello World!";
 int and float data types in Arduino
Example 02 : Temperature sensor
int sensorpin = A0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);

void loop()
{
float reading = analogRead(sensorpin);
float tempC = reading/1024;
tempC = tempC*5.0;
tempC = tempC-0.5;
tempC = tempC*100;

Serial.print(tempC);
Serial.println(" degree cel");

}
 Array in arduino
Int inputPins [] = {2,3,4,5};
• You want to create and use a int ledPins[] = {10,11,12,13};

group of values called arrays. void setup()

{
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{

• The arrays may be a simple list pinMode(ledPins[i], OUTPUT);

pinMode(inputPins[i], INPUT);
digitalWrite(inputPins[i],LOW); // enable pull-down resistors
OR two or more dimensions.
}
}

• Another use of array is to hold void loop()

{
string of text characters. for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
Int val = digitalRead(inputPins[i]);

• A character string consists of if (val == HIGH)

{
one or more characters, digitalWrite(ledPins[i], HIGH);
}
followed by null character to else
{
indicate end of the string. digitalWrite(ledPins[i], LOW);
}
}
}
Array
Monday, 07,Mar22

Boolean data type

• A boolean holds one of two values, true or
false.
• Each boolean variable occupies one byte of
memory.
Example:
boolean run = true;
 Boolean data type
int LEDpin = 5;
int switchPin = 13;
boolean running = false;
void setup()
{
pinMode(LEDpin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(switchPin, INPUT);
digitalWrite(switchPin, LOW);
}
void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(switchPin) == HIGH)
{
delay(100);
running = !running;
digitalWrite(LEDpin, running);
}
}
 Using Mathematical operators
addition operator (+): int x = x + 1; OR int x += 1;
subtraction operator (-): int x = x -1; OR int x -= 1;
multiplication operator (*): int x = x*1; OR int x*=1;
division operator (/): int x = x/1; OR int x/=1;
(order of every operator is well defined- PEMDAS. Operation inside parentheses are executed first then
exponents then multiplication and division then addition and subtraction. )

The Arduino has built in functions for calculating the cosine, sine, and tangent of an angle(in radian)

float a = cos(b);
float a = sin(b);
float a = tan(b);

The Arduino also has a function for calculating the square of a number.
float x = sq(y);

To calculate the square root of a number, use the square root function. This calculates the square root
of y
float x = sqrt(y);
 Using Mathematical operators
The power function calculates the value of a base raised to the power of an exponent (yx)
int x = pow(base, exponent);
The min() function calculates the minimum value of any two numbers:
int x = min(a, b);
The max() function calculates the maximum value of any two numbers:
int x = max(a, b);
Min and max are useful for keeping values above or below a certain threshold.
For example, say you want to make sure the reading from a temperature sensor never
exceeds 100 degrees. You could use the min() function like this:
sens_val = min(temp, 100);
The Arduino has another operator that deals with division called modulus.
int x = a % b;
Another useful Arduino function is the absolute value function. The absolute value function
returns the positive value of a negative number.
int x = abs(-10);
 Arduino trigonometric functions
float deg = 45;
float rad = 0;
const float pi = 3.1415;
float a = 0;
void loop()
float b = 0; {
float c = 0; }
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); float radian(float deg)
float rad = radian(deg);
Serial.print(rad);
{
Serial.println(“radians”); return(deg/360*2*pi);
float a = sin(rad); }
Serial.print(a);
Serial.println(“sine value”);
float b = cos(rad);
Serial.print(b);
Serial.print(“cosine value”);
float degree(float rad)
float c = tan(rad); {
Serial.print( c ); return(rad/2/pi*360);
Serial.print(“tangent value”);
}
float deg = degree(rad);
Serial.print(deg);
Serial.println(“degrees”);
}
 Arduino String Functionality
• Text is stored in arrays of characters called strings.
• Arduino has capability for using String that can store and manipulate text strings.

void setup() {
String text1 = "SYBTECH";
String text2 = "DIV A";
String text3;
Serial.begin(9600);

text3 = text1 + " CSE " + text2;

Serial.println(text3);

void loop(){
}
 int length = 0;
Arduino String Functionality char val1 [] = "Arduino" ;
char val2[10];
• Using C Character Strings char val3[] = "Welcome to " ;

• Arrays of characters are sometimes

void setup() {
called character strings.
Serial.begin(9600);
• strlen: determine the number of
characters before null length = strlen(val1);
• strcpy: copy one string to another Serial.println(length);

• strcat: it append one string to the

strcpy(val2 ,val1);
end of another.
Serial.println(val2);
• strcmp: it compare two strings
strcat(val3 ,val2);
Serial.println(val3);

if(strcmp(val1, "Arduino“ ) == 0)
{
Serial.println("both the string are equal");
}
else
{
Serial.println("strings are unequal");
}}
void loop()
 Array of strings
• It is convenient when working with large
amount of text to setup an array of strings.
• String themselves are arrays, this is an
example of a two dimensional array.
• char* indicates that this is an array of
pointers.
• All array names are actually pointers to make
an array of arrays.
 Array of strings
char *strings*+ = ,“string1”, ”string2”, ”string3”-;
void setup()
{ Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{
Serial.println(strings[i]);
delay(500);
}}
 Repeating a Sequence of Statements
For loop
int i;
void setup ( )
{
Serial.begin(9600);
for ( i = 0 ; i < 15 ; i ++ )
{
Serial.println( "Arduino");
}
}
void loop ( ) {
}
 Repeating a Sequence of Statements
while loop
A while loop repeats one or more
instructions while an expression
is true.
do-while loop
In do while condition is tested at the
end of the loop, so the do loop
will always run at least once.

int x = 0;
int var =0; do
while(var < 100) {
{ delay(50);
var++; x = readSensors();
} }
while (x < 100);
 Repeating a Sequence of Statements
while loop
int a = 0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
while( a < 5)
{
Serial.println("Welcome to Arduino");
a = a + 1;
}
}
void loop()
{
}
 Repeating a Sequence of Statements
Break statement
Break statement void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
Break is used to exit from for, while , do Serial.println(“start");
while loop, by passing the normal for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++)
loop condition. {
Serial.print(“inside loop ");
Serial.println(i);
if(i > 3)
break;
}
Serial.println(“end");
}
void loop()
{}
11March 2022.(Friday)

Arduino Function
• Functions are used to organize the int sensorPercent(int pin)
action performed by your sketch into {
functional blocks. int percent;
• You create a function by declaring its
val = analogRead(pin);
return type, its name and any
optional parameters that the percent = map(val,0,1023,0,100);
function will receive when it is called. return percent;
Int sensorpin = A0; }
void setup()
{ Serial.begin(9600); In above function, function name is
} sensorPercent.
void loop() It is given an analog pin number to
{
read and return the value as
percent.
Int val = sensorPercent(sensorpin);
Serial.println(val);
}
 Arduino Function
example 01: square of number using function
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); int squarenum(int m)
{
}

void loop() return m*m;

{ }
int i =2;
int k = squarenum(i);

Serial.println(k);

}
 Example 02 : Temperature sensor
Arduino code using Function
int sensorpin = A0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);

void loop()
{

float tempC = tempsense(sensorpin);

Serial.print(tempC);
Serial.println(" degree cel");

float tempsense(int pin)

{

float reading = analogRead(pin);

float tempC = reading/1024;
tempC = tempC*5.0;
tempC = tempC-0.5;
tempC = tempC*100;
return tempC;
}
 Arduino Function
Returning more than one value from function
void setup() void swap(int &value1, int &value2)
{ Serial.begin(9600);} { int temp;
void loop() temp = value1;
{ value1 = value2;
int x =random(10); value2 = temp;
Int y =random(10); }
Serial.print(x);
Serial.print(y);
swap(x,y);
Serial.print(x);
Serial.print(y);
}
 PWM(Pulse Width Modulation)
• It is a technique for getting analog results with
digital means.
• Digital control is a square wave.(ON-5v & OFF-
0v)
• The duration of ON time is called Pulse width.
• To get varying analog values, you
modulate/change the pulse width.
• Default PWM frequency is 490Hz (Pin5 &6)
and 980Hz (Pin3,9,10,11)
 PWM(Pulse Width Modulation)
• Use of PWM
– Dimming an LED.
– Providing an analog output.
– Provide variable speed control for Motors
– Generating a Modulated signal to drive infrared LED for a remote
control.
PWM(Pulse Width Modulation)
Example01: Dimming an LED
PWM(Pulse Width Modulation)
PWM(Pulse Width Modulation)
Example02: DC motor control
 PWM(Pulse Width Modulation)
Example03: Temp based fan speed control
 PWM(Pulse Width Modulation)
Example03: Temp based fan speed control
Unit 3 Completed