Jessica Adu-Gyamfi Professor Gentry ENGL 1302

11 February 2024

Annotated Bibliography: Police Brutality on Black Americans in the US using George Floyd
Dincer, Oguzhan, and Michael Johnston. "Black and (Thin) Blue (Line): Corruption and Other

Political Determinants of Police Killings in America." Governance, vol. 36, no. 1, Jan. 2023, pp.
167–86. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.lscsproxy2.lonestar.edu/10.1111/gove.12652.

This article discusses the relationship between systemic corruption and systemic racism in
America, particularly concerning police violence and the deaths of Black Americans. It argues
that corruption in American states contributes to police killings of Black Americans, leading to a
lack of accountability and impartiality. The author suggests that political influences shape the
level of exemption with which police can kill black Americans. The evidence presented supports
my belief that police violence against black Americans is caused by many factors including
systemic corruption. It illustrates how corruption hinders impartiality and accountability in police
departments, allowing officers to act with impunity. For example the Molleen Commission found
that corrupt officers were more likely to have multiple unnecessary force allegations against
them, indicating a connection between corruption and police violence. This is illustrated through
the quote from the article, "Using annual data from 50 states covering the period

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between 2013 and 2019, we show that there is a positive relationship between corruption and
police killings-one that raises serious questions about values and accountability in the
governance of the wider society" (Dincer and Johnston 167). Based on the evidence presented,
the authors seem to have a credible view of the world, leaning towards a critical perspective.
They provide factual evidence and logical arguments to support their claim that corruption
contributes to police killings of Black Americans. However, they also acknowledge the
complexity of the issue and the need for further research.

The point about corruption's role in police violence against Black Americans is valid, but I feel
that the article could delve deeper into the intersectionality of race, class, and policing. While
corruption is undoubtedly a significant factor, the source does not consider, however, the other
structural inequalities and systemic biases that also contribute to the disproportionate violence
against Black communities. Furthermore, the source does not consider potential solutions or
policy implications for addressing systemic corruption in policing either. While it effectively
highlights the problem, it could benefit from discussing potential reforms or interventions to
combat corruption and improve police accountability.

● "Using annual data from 50 states covering the period between 2013 and 2019, we show that
there is a positive relationship between corruption and police killings-one that raises serious
questions about values and accountability in the governance of the wider society" (Dincer and
Johnston 167).
● "Corruption is not merely a matter of misconduct by individuals. Rather, it is a manifestation
of broader 'bad governance' in public institutions, and it impedes

impartiality and accountability in police departments as public institutions" (Dincer and Johnston
169).

● "The Mollen Commission found that corrupt officers were more than five times as

likely to have five or more unnecessary force allegations against them than the officers

from the random sample group" (Dincer and Johnston 169).

Fernandez, Paige and Pendergrass, Taylor. "The Movement to End Police Violence One Year

after George Floyd's Murder." ACLU, 25 May 2021, https://www.aclu.org/news/criminal-law-

reform/the-movement-to-end-police-violence-1- year-after-george-floyds-murder.

This article discusses the movement that started in hopes of ending police violence one year after
George Floyd's death. The article highlights the persisting issues of police violence and the
disproportionate impact on communities of color. The article also emphasizes the progress made
in reducing the role, power, and the resources of the police through advocacy efforts. The
evidence presented supports my belief that there is an urgent need for reform in policing
practices. The statistics provided in the article indicate that police continue to murder a
significant amount of people on a daily basis. With a staggering number of these incidents
happening during routine encounters such as traffic enforcement or responding to mental health
crises. Furthermore, the data shows that black individuals are disproportionately affected by
police violence, highlighting the urgent need to address racial disparities in policing. This is
illustrated through the statements, "Communities of color are patrolled by heavily armed and
massively funded police forces, resulting in disproportionate stopping, arresting,

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abusing, traumatizing, and killing of people of color" (Fernandez and Pendergrass).

Based on the evidence presented, the author seems to have a credible and neutral view of the
issue because they support their claims with data and examples of successful advocacy efforts,
such as the reinvestment of funds from the police departments into community initiatives and the
implementation of alternative approaches to public safety. The authors aimed at promoting more
effective solutions to community safety. The point about the movement's progress in reducing
the role of armed police is valid, but I feel that the article could have provided more in-depth
discussion on the challenges and obstacles that lie ahead. While the article acknowledges
opposition from the police lobby and anti-reform forces, it does not delve into potential
counterarguments. The source does not consider, however, the potential unintended
consequences or limitations of reducing the role of armed police. It would have been supportive
to explore any challenges associated with alternative approaches to public safety. Understanding
the potential setbacks of reform measures would provide a better understanding of the issue. ●
"Police still kill about three people a day and 58 percent of police killings this year began when
officers responded to an incident like traffic enforcement or a mental health need" (Fernandez
and Pendergrass).

● "Black people are still three times as likely to be killed by police than white people, and 1.3
times more likely to be unarmed when they are" (Fernandez and Pendergrass).

● "The movement to reduce the role, power, and resources of police is steadily gaining ground
and building power" (Fernandez and Pendergrass).

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● "The focus is shifting from what is done after harm has already been committed by the police
and toward preventing it from happening in the first place" (Fernandez and Pendergrass).

Graham, Tiffanie. "How Police Violence Weighs on Black Americans: Race/Related." New York
Times (Online) New York Times Company, 2023. ProQuest,
https://login.lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/blogs-podcasts-
websites/how-police-violence-weighs-on-black-americans/docview/2819624315/se-2 .

This article explores the psychological strain experienced by Black Americans due to repeated
reports of police brutality. The author highlights the impact of police violence on not only the
direct victims but also on viewers who may see themselves or loved ones reflected in the victims.
The article presents research studies that link police killings of unarmed Black people to adverse
mental health effects among Black individuals. To provide a deeper understanding, the author
conducted interviews with about 100 Black people from various generations and socioeconomic
groups in around 19 American cities. The evidence presented supports the belief that exposure to
police brutality has a significant personal impact on the mental health of Black individuals. The
research studies mentioned in the article demonstrate a correlation between police killings of
unarmed Black people and an increase in depression-related emergency room visits among Black
individuals. This evidence suggests that witnessing and being exposed to incidents of police
violence can have lasting psychological effects on Black Americans. This is illustrated through
the statements that, "Black people who were exposed to news about police shootings in the states
where they lived reported adverse mental health

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effects for up to three months after the shootings" and "we spoke to 110 Black people of varying
generations and socioeconomic groups in 20 American cities, hearing from people whose
experiences ranged in intensity from numbness to panic attacks" (Graham). These quotes
emphasize the personal impact and range of emotional responses experienced by Black
individuals in relation to police violence. Based on the evidence presented, the author seems to
have a credible and neutral view of the topic. The article incorporates research findings and
includes firsthand accounts from a diverse group of Black individuals, providing a broader
perspective on the psychological toll of police violence. The author's intention to present a
balanced report and amplify the voices of those affected contributes to the credibility of their
viewpoint. The point about focusing on the emotional and psychological ripple effects of police
violence is valid and important for understanding the lasting impact on individuals and
communities. However, the article does not extensively discuss potential solutions or
interventions to address these effects or prevent further instances of police brutality. It would
have been beneficial to explore strategies for supporting the mental well-being of Black
individuals and promoting systemic change.

● "In a 2021 study of emergency room data from hospitals in five states, researchers found a
correlation between police killings of unarmed Black people and a rise in the number of
depression-related E.R. visits among Black people" (Graham).

● "Black people who were exposed to news about police shootings in the states where they lived
reported adverse mental health effects for up to three months after the shootings" (Graham).

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● "We spoke to 110 Black people of varying generations and socioeconomic groups in 20
American cities, hearing from people whose experiences ranged in intensity from numbness to
panic attacks" (Graham).

● The reality of police brutality is not new, so we wanted to focus on the emotional and
psychological ripple effects of these incidents and explore how people who feel those effects
cope while living their lives" (Graham).

● "We hope you're left with a deeper understanding of the lasting impact, beyond

the headlines and video images" (Graham).

Hollingsworth, Heather. "Takeaways From the Federal Report on Minneapolis Police after

George Floyd's Killing." PBS NewsHour, 17 June 2023,

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/takeaways-from-the-federal-report-on-minneapolis -
police-after-george-floyds-killing.

This article discusses the findings of a federal report on the Minneapolis police department
following the killing of George Floyd. The report highlights instances of racial discrimination,
excessive force, and inadequate oversight within the police department. It also identifies
systematic issues related to how allegations of wrongdoings are handled and the treatments of
individuals with behavioral health issues. The evidence presented supports my belief that there
are significant problems with police conduct and accountability within the Minneapolis police
department and most police departments as a whole. The report reveals numerous examples of
excessive force, including unjustified shootings and the continued use of neck restraints after
they were banned. It also documents racial bias in policing, such as the disproportionate targeting
and stops of

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Black drivers. These findings go hand in hand and align with the broader concerns raised by the
Black Lives Matter movement and the calls for police reforms. This is illustrated through the
finding that Black drivers accounted for "78% of all traffic stops, despite making up only 19% of
the city's driving-age population" (Hollingsworth). Based on the evidence presented, the author
seems to have a credible neutral view of the issue because the article relies on findings of the
federal report and provides factual information to support its claims. The report itself was
conducted by the Justice Department, which adds to its credibility. The point about racial bias in
policing is valid, but I feel that the article could have further explored the impact of such biases
on the community and the long-term consequences of discriminatory practices. Additionally, it
would have been beneficial to include perspectives from community members affected by police
misconduct and their experiences with the Minneapolis police department. The source does not
consider, however, the specific recommendations outlined in the federal report for addressing the
identified issues. It would have been valuable to discuss potential solutions and reforms proposed
by the report, as it would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the path forward in
addressing police brutality and racial discrimination. ● "Investigators found numerous examples
of excessive force, unlawful discrimination, and First Amendment violations" (Hollingsworth).

● "Officers also used neck restraints like the one Chauvin used on Floyd 198 times between Jan.
1, 2016, and Aug. 16, 2022, including 44 instances that didn't require an arrest" (Hollingsworth).

Kadijatou, Diallo and Shattuck, John. "George Floyd and the History of Police Brutality in

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America." Boston Globe, 1 June 2020, https://carrcenter.hks.harvard.edu/publications/george-

floyd-and-history-police-brutality-a merica.

In this article, the authors discuss the history of police brutality, racial discrimination, and

the violence against African Americans in the United States. They highlight the tragic murder of
George Floyd, a 46-year-old black man, at the hands of a Minneapolis police officer, which has
brought renewed attention to the long standing crisis of racism in policing. The authors argue
that police brutality, racial discrimination, and violence against minorities have always been
deeply intertwined throughout American history. The anger and outrage expressed by Floyd's
death reflect the ongoing dehumanization and unjust treatment that Black people receive in the
US. The evidence presented supports my belief that there is a deeply troubled history of racist
policing in America. By highlighting the specific case of George Floyd and connecting it to
broader patterns of police brutality and racial discrimination, the authors effectively present the
urgent need for systemic change in the criminal justice system. The article provides a more
comprehensive understanding of the complexities surrounding police brutality and racial
discrimination in America. This is illustrated through the statements that, "To understand the
protests that have erupted across the United States, one needs to understand the deeply troubled
history of policing and race" (Kadijatou and Shattuck). Based on the evidence presented, the
author seems to have a credible neutral view of the issue because their viewpoints are grounded
in a critical analysis of the issue. They expose the systemic nature of racism in policing and
advocate for reforms. The point about the intertwined

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nature of police brutality, racial discrimination, and violence against minorities is valid, but I feel
that the article could benefit from further exploration of potential solutions aimed at addressing
these issues. The source does not consider, however, the potential challenges and perspectives of
law enforcement agencies or individuals who may argue against the existence of systemic racism
or downplay its significance. Incorporating such perspectives could provide a more balanced
analysis.

● "To understand the protests that have erupted across the United States, one needs to understand
the deeply troubled history of policing and race" (Kadijatou and Shattuck).

● "Police brutality, racial discrimination, and violence against minorities are intertwined and
rooted throughout US history" (Kadijatou and Shattuck).

● "The anger expressed in the wake of Floyd's killing reflects the searing reality that Black
people in the United States continue to be dehumanized and treated unjustly"(Kadijatou and
Shattuck).

Mehra, Renee, et al. "'Police shootings, now that seems to be the main issue' - Black pregnant
women's anticipation of police brutality towards their children." BMC Public Health, vol. 22, no.
1, 20 Jan. 2022, p. NA. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A693493752/AONE?
u=nhmccd_main&sid=bookmark-A ONE xid=8fd9583a. Accessed 5 Feb. 2024.

This article discusses the impact of police brutality on Black pregnant women and their children.
Through qualitative interviews with 24 Black pregnant women in New Haven, Connecticut, the
study explores how experiences and perceptions of police brutality influence stress levels during
pregnancy and shape beliefs about the safety of their future

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children. Participants shared stories of personal experiences and societal narratives that led to
distrust of police, anticipated future encounters with brutality, and expressed fears about raising
Black children in communities where police violence is prominent. Regardless of social and
economic status, participants struggled with the reality of potential harm from law enforcement,
which highlighted the systemic nature of the issue and its impact on maternal and infant health
outcomes. The evidence presented supports the belief that police brutality has many unfortunate
effects including having a significant source of stress for Black pregnant women, which may
affect maternal and infant health outcomes. Soon to be black mothers expressed their fears, as
summarized by Mehra et al, "The anticipation of future encounters with police brutality
contributed to heightened stress levels during pregnancy, demonstrating the pervasive impact of
systemic racism on the health and well-being of Black birthing people and their children". The
anticipation of future encounters with police brutality contributed to heightened stress levels
during pregnancy, demonstrating the impact of systemic racism on the health and well-being of
Black birthing people and their children. Based on the evidence presented, the authors seem to
have a credible view of the issue, acknowledging the complex attitudes of Black pregnant
women towards police. The article recognizes that while some participants had positive
interactions with law enforcement, they still harbor fears about police brutality, indicating an
understanding of the seriousness of the problem. The point about the similarity between personal
experiences and societal narratives shaping perceptions of police is valid, but I feel that the
article could further explore the role of historical and structural factors in maintaining distrust of
law enforcement within Black communities.
Adu-Gyamfi 11

The source does not consider, however, the potential role of community-based interventions or
policy reforms in addressing police brutality and mitigating its impact on maternal and infant
health outcomes. While the article acknowledges the need for systemic solutions, it could
provide more insight into specific strategies or initiatives aimed at addressing the root causes of
police violence and promoting the well-being of Black birthing people and their children.

● "Participants shared stories of personal experiences and societal narratives that led to distrust
of police, anticipated future encounters with brutality, and expressed fears about raising Black
children in communities where police violence is pervasive" (Mehra et al.).

● "Regardless of socioeconomic status, participants grappled with the reality of potential harm
from law enforcement, highlighting the systemic nature of the issue and its impact on maternal
and infant health outcomes" (Mehra et al.).

● "While some participants had positive interactions with law enforcement, they still harbored
fears about police brutality, indicating an understanding of the systemic nature of the problem"
(Mehra et al.).

Morris, Kevin T. and Shoub Kelsey. "Contested Killings: The Mobilizing Effects of Community
Contact with Police Violence." American Political Science Review, vol. 118, no. 1, Feb. 2024,
pp. 458–74. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.lscsproxy2.lonestar.edu/10.1017/S0003055423000321.

This article discusses the impact of police violence on voter mobilization at the local level in the
United States. The authors argue that highly visible incidents of police

Adu-Gyamfi 12

violence, especially those perceived as unjust can mobilize voter turnout, particularly in Black
communities. The article draws many theoretical approaches including theories of contact with
the police and racialized policy feedback. The study explores the link between police killing and
electoral participation. The evidence presented supports my belief that police violence has many
negative effects with one including the theory that police violence can mobilize voters,
particularly in neighborhoods where the incidents gather significant attention. By analyzing
nationwide voter files and precinct-level results from a Minneapolis ballot initiative, the authors
find that communities near a police killing exhibit higher voter turnout rates, especially when the
event receives attention from the media. The statistics, " Recent scholarship leveraging detailed
survey data has indicated that police killings can mobilize voters" (Morris and Shoub). Based on
the evidence presented, the authors seem to have a credible neutral view of the issue due to their
reliance on factual data and theoretical frameworks to analyze the mobilization effects of police
violence. Through their rigorous methods and extensive analysis, they contribute valuable
insights into the complex relationship between police killings and political participation. The
point about the concentration of mobilizing effects in Black neighborhoods is valid, but I feel
that it is also essential to acknowledge that the impact of police violence goes beyond electoral
participation to broader social and political implications. While increased voter turnout reflects a
desire for change, addressing the underlying issue of systemic racism and police brutality
requires more reforms beyond the electoral process. The source does not consider, however, the
potential long-term consequences of increased support for abolishing the police, such as the
implementation

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of alternative community safety measures or the challenges of restructuring law enforcement

institutions.

● "In 2020, the police killed over one thousand people in the United States" (Morris and Shoub
458).

● "Recent scholarship leveraging detailed survey data has indicated that police killings can
mobilize voters" (Morris and Shoub 458).

● "These deaths at the hand of the state are hardly justified: at least half, and potentially as many
as 80%, of police killings are unnecessary by any definition" (Morris and Shoub 458).

● "We argue that the same processes may be at play when it comes to events, such as police
killings" (Morris and Shoub 459).

Nembhard, Susan, et al. "Understanding of the Harms of Police Violence Can Help Build
Community Safety." Urban Wire, 19 April 2022,
https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/understanding-harms-police-violence-can-help-build-c
ommunity-safety.

This article discusses the issue of police violence in the United States and its impact on
marginalized communities. The authors highlight how black and brown people, people making
below average, homeless people, and the people with no legal documentation experience higher
rates of violence at the hands of the law enforcement. They emphasize the need for policymakers
to understand the extent of harm and to involve civilian voices in order to develop effective
safety solutions. The evidence presented supports my belief that police violence is a pressing
public safety and health issue. The authors provide

Adu-Gyamfi 14

statistics showing the rates of violence experienced by marginalized communities, such as the
fact that police in the US killed over 1,000 people with almost a fourth of them being Black
people. This statistic reinforces the need for change and reform in policing practices. This is
illustrated through the statistics, "Black and latinx people are more than 50 percent more likely
than white people to experience some form of force when interacting with police" (Nembhard et
al). Based on the evidence presented, the author seems to have a credible neutral view of the
issue because they provide statistical data and highlight the experiences of a marginalized
community. They recognize the need for change in policy, decisions and they emphasize the
importance of involving the voices of those affected. The point about involving civilian voices in
conversations is valid, but I feel that the article could have provided more specific examples or
strategies on how to effectively include these voices. The source does not consider, however, the
potential challenges or resistance that policymakers may face while trying to enforce safety
initiatives or in reforming the criminal judiciary system.
● "Black and brown people, people with low incomes, unhoused people, and undocumented
people experience the highest rates of [police] violence" (Nembhard et al.).

● "Law enforcement in the US killed 1,022 people in 2020. Nearly one-quarter of those killed
were Black" (Nembhard et al.).

● "Black and Latinx people are more than 50 percent more likely than white people to
experience some form of force when interacting with police" (Nembhard et al.).

● "Recognizing and acknowledging that police contribute to violence-and that this

Adu-Gyamfi 15

violence disproportionately affects Black and brown Americans—is a first step toward change in
policy, budgets, and community safety decision-making" (Nembhard et al.).

● "Making evidence-based decisions and centering civilian voices are the first steps toward
achieving effective alternative safety solutions" (Nembhard et al.).

Subramanian, Ram and Arzy, Leily. "State Policing Reforms Since George Floyd's Murder."
Brennan Center For Justice, 21 May 2021, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-
reports/state-policing-reforms-george-f loyds-murder.

This article discusses the progress and challenges in achieving transformative change in
American policing following the police killing of George Floyd and the subsequent mass
movement for systemic reform. It acknowledges that while there have been some victories and
significant support for change, achieving true transformative change in policing remains hard to
achieve. The article highlights the statistics that demonstrates the disproportionate harm faced by
Black Americans in encounters with law enforcement and the judiciary court system,
emphasizing the urgent need for reform. The evidence presented supports my belief that systemic
change is necessary in American policing. The statistics provided reveal the huge disparities in
police contact, incarceration rates, and the police killings between Black and white individuals.
These disparities underscore the need for addressing racial bias, excessive use of force, and the
dehumanization of people of color within the criminal justice system. The evidence aligns with
the calls for justice and reform raised by the Black Lives Matter movement and emphasizes the
urgency of

Adu-Gyamfi 16

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addressing these issues. This is illustrated through the statements that states that "Black people
face 21% of police contact, makeup 33% of people behind bars, and are over three times more
likely to be killed by the police than their white counterparts" (Subramanian

the issue, adopting a neutral stance by relying on factual information and statistics to support
their arguments, presenting a well balanced analysis of the progress made and the
the impact of community-led movements and the restructuring of local budgets and law
enforcement is valid, but I feel that the article could have gone deeper into the specific obstacles
and barriers that hinder transformative change in policing. Exploring the role of political
resistance and the influence of police unions could provide a more in-depth understanding of the
challenges faced in achieving lasting reform. The source does not consider, however, the
perspective of law enforcement agencies and individuals who may have reservations or concerns
about the proposed reforms. Adding these perspectives could provide a more balanced analysis
and provide a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding policing reforms.

● "While comprising only 13 percent of the country, Black people face 21 percent of police
contact, make up 33 percent of people behind bars, and are over three times more likely to be
killed by the police than their white counterparts" (Subramanian and Arzy).

● "The statistics detailing the harms of law enforcement and mass incarceration make this plainly
clear" (Subramanian and Arzy).

and Arzy).

Based on the evidence presented, the authors seem to have a credible view of

challenges that still exist in achieving transformative change in policing.

The point about

● "Throughout the past year, at least 30 states and Washington, DC, enacted one or more
statewide legislative policing reforms, ensuring greater policy uniformity within each
jurisdiction" (Subramanian and Arzy).

Williams R. David. Interview. By Pazzanese Christina. "How Unjust Police Killings Damage the
Mental Health of Black Americans." Harvard Gazette, 13 May 2021,
https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/05/how-unjust-police-killings-damage-the-m ental-
health-of-black-americans/.

This article discusses the detrimental effects of police killings on the mental health of Black
Americans, particularly in the aftermath of high-profiling incidents such as the murder of George
Floyd. Research conducted by David R. Williams reveals that police shootings of unarmed Black
individuals lead to worsened mental health outcomes for the entire black population in the
affected area for a significant period of time. Williams also suggests that these outcomes are a
result of both the perceived unfairness of the incidents and the increased sense of vulnerability
they create. The evidence presented supports my belief that systematic racism particularly in the
form of police violence negatively affects Black Americans in many aspects including mental
health. William's study demonstrates a clear link between police killings of unarmed Black
individuals and worsened mental health outcomes within the Black community. As he states,
"every police shooting of an unarmed Black person was linked to worse mental health for the
entire Black population in the state where the shooting had occurred in the next three months"
(Williams). Based on the evidence presented, the author seems to have a credible neutral view of
the issue because they rely on research and expert insights to explore the topic comprehensively.
Adu-Gyamfi 18

Williams extensive background in public health and sociology lends credibility to his analysis of
the societal factors contributing to mental health disparities among Black Americans. The point
about the importance of social relationships in weakening the negative effects of discrimination
is valid, but I feel that more emphasis could be placed on systemic solutions to address the root
cause of racial disparities in mental health. The source does not consider, however, the mutuality
nature of discrimination and its effects on individuals who belong to multiple marginalized
groups. Future research could explore how factors such as gender identity, sexual orientation,
and socio economic status intersect with race to influence mental health outcomes in diverse
communities.

● "Every police shooting of an unarmed Black person was linked to worse mental health for the
entire Black population in the state where that shooting had occurred for the next three months"
(Williams).

● "The evidence is clear: These little indignities add up and take a toll on individuals"
(Williams).

● "The quality of social relationships can have a huge impact in reducing the negative effects of
discrimination and of other types of stressful experiences" (Williams).

Adu-Gyamfi 19

Works Cited

Dincer, Oguzhan, and Michael Johnston. "Black and (Thin) Blue (Line): Corruption and Other

Political Determinants of Police Killings in America." Governance, vol. 36, no. 1, Jan. 2023, pp.
167–86. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.lscsproxy2.lonestar.edu/10.1111/gove.12652.

Fernandez, Paige and Pendergrass, Taylor. "The Movement to End Police Violence One Year
after George Floyd's Murder." ACLU, 25 May 2021, https://www.aclu.org/news/criminal-law-
reform/the-movement-to-end-police-violence-1- year-after-george-floyds-murder.

Graham, Tiffanie. "How Police Violence Weighs on Black Americans: Race/Related." New York
Times (Online)New York Times Company, 2023. ProQuest,
https://login.lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/blogs-podcasts-
websites/how-police-violence-weighs-on-black-americans/docview/2819624315/se-2 .

Hollingsworth, Heather. "Takeaways From the Federal Report on Minneapolis Police after
George Floyd's Killing." PBS NewsHour, 17 June 2023,
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/takeaways-from-the-federal-report-on-minneapolis -
police-after-george-floyds-killing.

Kadijatou, Diallo and Shattuck, John. "George Floyd and the History of Police Brutality in
America." Boston Globe, 1 June 2020,
https://carrcenter.hks.harvard.edu/publications/george-floyd-and-history-police-brutality-a
merica.

Adu-Gyamfi 20

Mehra, Renee, et al. "'Police shootings, now that seems to be the main issue' - Black pregnant
women's anticipation of police brutality towards their children." BMC Public Health, vol. 22, no.
1, 20 Jan. 2022, p. NA. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A693493752/AONE?
u=nhmccd_main&sid=bookmark-A ONE xid=8fd9583a. Accessed 5 Feb. 2024.

Morris, Kevin T. and Shoub Kelsey. "Contested Killings: The Mobilizing Effects of Community
Contact with Police Violence." American Political Science Review, vol. 118, no. 1, Feb. 2024,
pp. 458–74. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.lscsproxy2.lonestar.edu/10.1017/S0003055423000321.

Nembhard, Susan, et al. "Understanding of the Harms of Police Violence Can Help Build
Community Safety." Urban Wire, 19 April 2022,
https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/understanding-harms-police-violence-can-help-build-c
ommunity-safety.

Subramanian, Ram and Arzy, Leily. "State Policing Reforms Since George Floyd's Murder."
Brennan Center For Justice, 21 May 2021, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-
reports/state-policing-reforms-george-f loyds-murder.

Williams R. David. Interview. By Pazzanese Christina. "How Unjust Police Killings Damage the
Mental Health of Black Americans." Harvard Gazette, 13 May 2021,
https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/05/how-unjust-police-killings-damage-the-m ental-
health-of-black-americans/.

Adu-Gyamfi 21