1. What is Computer?

Ans: computer is an electronics device which can operate the arithmetic and
logical operation with a high speed and accuracy.

Computer coming from compute word. compute is greek word it

means to calculate.
Charles babbage is the father of computer. He is born in London . The
invention of first analytical engine in 1837.

The Full Form Of

COMPUTER:- C :- Common
O :- Operating
M:- Machine
P:- Particularly
U:- Used for
T:- Technology
E:- Education
R:- Research 2. What is Hardware?
Ans: The physical existence of the computer is known
as computer hardware. We can touch it. examples:-
HDD, Monitor, CPU, SMPS
We can do assembling or disassembling and we
can solve any problem in hardware.
3. What is Software?
Ans: the logical existence of the computer is known as
computer software. Software is a set of programs. Which we can see but we
can’t touch it and we can’t fell it.
Software Are Three Types
i) System Software ii)
Application Software iii)
Utility Software
I) System Software:- System software is a type of computer program. It
is used to run a computer hardware and others applications software.
Ex:- Operating System
II) Application Software:- Application Software is a group of programs. It
is used to perform every day task such as creating a document or
webpage.
 Example:- Wordpad, Notepad, Ms Office Word, Paint
III) Utility Software:- Utility Software is a collection of one or more
program that helps the user in System maintenance task. Example:-
Anti-virus, Backup Software, Disk Cleaner, registry Cleaners.
4. Firmware:- Firmware exits in to the Hardware but its work like a software.
Example:- BIOS.(Basic Input Output System)
5. Generation of computer:-
i) First Generation Computer:- The period of first generation was around
1946-1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes.
Punched cards and magnetic tape were used as input and output
devices.
The main features of first
generation are:  Use
Vacuum tube technology 
Unreliable
• Supported machine language
only
• Very costly
• Generated lot of heat
• Slow input and output devices  Huge
size  Need of A.C.
• Consumed lot of electricity
Some computers of this generation were:
• ENIAC (Electronics Numerical Integrator and
Calculator)
• EDIVAC 23
• UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
• IBM-701
• IBM-650

ii) Second Generation Computer:- The period of second generation was

1959-1965. In this generation transistors were Used. In this generation
assembly language and high-level programming languages like
FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing
and multiprogramming operating system.
The main features of second generation are:
• Use of transistors
• Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
• Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
 • Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers 
Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
• A.C. needed
• Supported machine and assembly languages
Some computers of this generation were:
• IBM 1620
• IBM 7094
• CDC 1604
• CDC 3600
• UNIVAC 1108

iii) Third Generation Computer:- The period of

third generation was 1965-1971. The computers of third generation
used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors.
The main features of third generation are:
• IC used
• More reliable in comparison to
previous two generations  Smaller
size
• Generated less heat
• Faster
• Lesser maintenance
• Still costly
• A.C needed
• Consumed lesser electricity
• Supported high-level language
Some computers of this generation were:
• IBM-360 series
• Honeywell-6000 series
• PDP(Personal Data Processor)
• IBM-370/168
• TDC-316 iv) Fourth Generation Computer:- The period of
fourth generation was
1971-1980. The computers of fourth generation used Very Large
Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. All the high-level languages like C,
C++, were used in this generation
The main features of fourth generation are:
 • VLSI technology used
• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Use of PC's
• Very small size
• No A.C. needed
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of networks
 Computers became easily available Some
computers of this generation were:
• DEC 10
• STAR 1000
• PDP 11
• CRAY-1(Super Computer)
• CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

v) Fifth Generation Computer:- The period of fifth generation is 1980till

date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI
(Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production
of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. All
the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc. are used in
this generation
The main Features of Fifth Generation Computer
ULSI technology
• Reliable
• Very cheap
• Very small size
• No A.C. needed
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of networks
• Computers became easily available
• Development of Natural language processing
• More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features  It is very
powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates Some computer
types of this generation are:
• Desktop
• Laptop
• NoteBook
• UltraBook  ChromeBook
6. Types of Computer?

Ans: Computer are three types.

i) Analog Computer ii)
Digital Computer
iii) Hybrid Computer

I) A
n
a
l
o
g

C
o
m
p
u
ter:- These are measuring device that works on volatile data.example-
Thermometer, Speedometers.
II) Digital Computer:- Digital Computer can be used to manipulate data
with great accuracy. Take input and give output. Can store large
quantities of data. example:- All electronics Computer.
III) Hybrid Computer:- It is a mixture of analog and digital Computer.
Input is generally in the form of Analog ,Measured by analog part of
Computer and then used by digital part for further operation.
Example:- Hybrid Computer used in factories for controlling
manufacturing processes, lunching a rocket(NASA).
7. Typ
es
of
Digi
tal
Co
mp
uter
:-
D
i
g
ital Computer are four types
i) Micro Computer ii)
Mini Computer iii) Main
Frame Computer iv)
Super Computer
Micro Computer:- It is a single user computer system having
moderately powerful microprocessor. The Micro-computers are
specially designed for general usage like entertainment, education and
work purposes. The manufacturers of Micro-computer are Dell, Apple,
Samsung, Sony & Toshiba. example- gaming pc, home computer.
Mini Computer :-It is a multi-user computer system which is capable
of supporting up to 250 users simultaneously. It is used Schools and
companies.
Main Frame :-It is a multi-user computer system which is capable of
supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously .
Main Frame computer used by government and businesses

Super computer :-It is an extremely fast computer which can execute

hundreds millions of instructions per second. Super Computer used for
Weather forecasting, NASA.
8. Component (Parts) of Computer:- The parts of computer can be grouped into
input device, output device, Processing device(CPU).
i) Input Device:- The Parts Which Help to enter data into our computer
System is called input Devices. Ex:-Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner. ii)
Output Device:- The Parts which helps to SHOW the Processing data is
called an Output Devices. Ex: - Monitor, Printer, Speaker.
iii) Processing Devices:- The Parts which controls the entire process of our
Computer is called Processing Devices.
 CPU:- Central Processing Unit
CPU has three parts
 Memory Unit
 Cu :- Control Unit
 Alu :- Arithmetic Logic Unit
ALU:- It is the part of the CPU that does all the arithmetic (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division )and logical
(X>Y ,x<y,x>=y,x<=y)operations.
Control Unit:- It coordinates all the operations of the computer. It control the
input and output devices, all the ALU and Memory.
Memory Units Of Computer:- It Store the data / Information which is
given by the user.
Memory are two types
i) primary memory :- primary memory is a main memory of thesystem.
It is a temporary(RAM) and permanent memory(ROM). Example-
RAM,ROM
ii) secondary memory:- It is a permanent memory. Example- HDD, Pen
Drive.

Output
Input MEMORY A A
A
A

Control Unit

Arithmetic Logical Unit

9. What is Operating System?

 Ans: Operating system provides the interface of a machine. Its works like a
bridge between hardware and user.

H Hardware
K Kernel
S
Shel
U
User Interface

Logical Structure of Operating System

User Interface:- User interface provide the platform where the users to operate the
Computer.
Shell:- Shell is a space where the human instruction and command are executed.
Ex:- ‘C’ shell, ‘bash’ shell, ‘tesh’ shell.
Windows Supports ‘C’ shell but Linux support ‘bash’shell and also tesh shell.
Shell support two types of interface
GUI:- Graphical User Interface
CLI:- Command Line Interface
Kernel:- kernel is the system file which has the ability to interact with the
hardware.ex.NTOSKRNL.EXE
10. Introduction of windows 7?
Windows 7 is an operating system launched by Microsoft in 2009 as an upgrade
from XP or Vista.

Windows 7 edition:-
i. Windows 7 Starter
ii. Windows 7 Home Basic iii.
 iv. Windows 7 Home premium
v. Windows 7 professional vi.
Windows 7 Enterprise
vii. Windows 7 Ultimate

Windows 7 Starter :- This is a base bone 32-bit only. Version on windows 7

intended for user in developing countries to serve the most basic computing needs.
Windows 7 Home Basic:- Home basic sits somewhere between Stater and Home
Premium It has all the features of windows 7 starter and will also only be available
through OEM partners in developing countries.
Windows 7 Home Premium:- Windows 7 Home Premium has all the features of
starter and Home Basic and then some. This is the mainstream retail version that
nearly all consumer will be using. Windows 7 Home Premium will be available
worldwide to Microsoft OEMs and sold in retail stores loaded on new PC’s.
Windows 7 Professional:- Also available worldwide to OEMs and in retail,
windows 7 professional has the features of Home Premium but with added
networking and data protection features for small business and those who
frequently work at home.
Windows 7 Enterprise:- Windows 7 Enterprise is designed for the corporate world
and will only be used by larger business features that differentiate Enterprise from
Professional are:- Bitlocker, Direct Access Applocker.
Windows 7 Ultimate:- Ultimate the super-size version of windows, include all the
features of all the other versions. Think of it as windows 7 Enterprise for consumers
Ultimate will be the most expensive versions so it’s doubtful that many people will
use it other than the occasional super user who wants every possible feature.

Basic Networking

NETWORK:- When more than one device are communicated to each other
then its forms a network.
Network Types:- Generally are four types .
LAN:- LAN is generally configured in single building like office or a single
department.
The specification of LAN
AREA 500 meters
NETWORK DEVICE Hub, Switch
NETWORK MEDIA UTP, STP,
Wireless
PROTOCOLS TCP/IP, IPX
NODES 500
EXAMPLES A Building
CAN(Campus Area Network):- Generally when we can create a network with
some larger area than LAN that types of network is called CAN.
Example- A university
The specification of CAN
AREA 500 - 2000 meters
NETWORK DEVICE Hub, Switch, Router, Repeaters, Bridge
NETWORK MEDIA UTP, STP, Wireless
PROTOCOLS TCP/IP, IPX
NODES 500- 5000
EXAMPLES A University
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network):- Generally when we create a network
using a large area than can or into a city is called MAN.
The specification of MAN
AREA 2000- 20000 meters
NETWORK DEVICE Hub, Switch, Router, Repeater, Bridge
NETWORK MEDIA UTP, STP, Wireless
PROTOCOLS TCP/IP, IPX
NODES 5000 - 25000
EXAMPLES A Exchange Telco, State Networking

WAN(Wide Area Network):- Generally it has not any geographical barrier

means we can create a network with out any limitation, here we can create a
network using entire world that types of network is called WAN.
The specification of WAN
AREA Above 20000 meters
NETWORK Hub, Switch, Router, repeaters, Bridge, Antennas
DEVICE , Tower.
NETWORK MEDIA UTP, STP, Wireless, Fiber Optic Cable
PROTOCOLS TCP/IP, IPX
NODES Above or unlimited
EXAMPLES Internet
 Network Topology
Network Topology:- The physical architecture of the network is known as
Network Topology.
The network topologies are five types:-
i) Bus Topology ii)
Ring Topology iii)
Star Topology iv)
Mesh Topology
v) Hybrid Topology
I) Bus Topology:- Bus topology is used the backbone cable to form a
network. Every nodes and host are connected with that backbone cable.
Generally thick co-axial cable is used as backbone cable.
BNC(Bayonet Neill Concelman) connector is generally used in co-axial
cable. A signal form the source machine travels in both direction to
all the machine to all the machines are connected with that topology, until it
find the destination machine.
If the destination machine address does not match the machine ignore the
data.
Advantage:-
i. It is easy to set-up and extended bus network.
ii. Bus topology costs very less.
iii. Linear bus topology is mostly use in small networks, good for LAN.
Disadvantage:-
i. If the backbone cable cutoff then the remaining network form the cut
off portion will be down.
ii. It is difficult to detect and trouble shoot fault
at individual host. iii. Maintenance
costs can get higher with time.
iv. Security is very low because all the
computer receive the sent signal from the
source.
Ring Topology:- In ring topology all the node are
connected to each other and make a closed loop.
In this topology data travels around the network in one direction . It used
token ring technology.
Advantage:-
i. When the load on the network increase,
its performance is better than that of
BUS topology.
ii. There is no need for network server to control the connectivity
between work Station. Disadvantage:-
i. If one workstation or port goes down the entire network gets affected.
ii. Network is highly dependent on the wire which connects different
components.

Star Topology:-
All the network topology are connected to the central devices, called “Switch
or Hub”. All the devices are connected to the hub or Switch with a point to
point connection. Every components are indirectly connected with each other
by the help of hub hub or switch.
Now a days this is very popular topology. This is very low in cost. It uses
STP and UTP cables.
Advantage:-
i. Easy to connect new nodes or devices in
to this topology. ii. Centralized management, it
helps in monitoring network. iii. Failure a one
node does not effect in the rest network.
Disadvantage:-
i. To much dependency on central device
has is own drawbacks. If it fails whole network
goes down. ii. The use of Hub, a Router, a Switch as central device
increase the overall cost of the network.
Mesh Topology:-
In this topology every machine are connected to each other. This is very
costly. It it used in WAN.
They are two types of formats:- i. Full mesh, ii. Partial mesh.
Hybrid Topology:- Hybrid topology uses a combination of any two or more
topology.