Ingilizce Grammer

TENSE
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE hikaye, kitap ve filmlerin senaryoları

Narratives
ve Günlük Eylemler
A young man starts on a with his dog,
Routines / Regular Activities
husband prepares the breakfast three times a week.
Sıklık
ve Süreklilik
Genel Frequency
Adverbs
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Statements,
General Permanent Situations
works in a restaurant as a waiter. % 0 % 25 % 50 % 100
never almost never occasionally usually always

Gerçekler
not at all rarely sometimes generally all the time
Scientific
Truhts / General Facts not ever barely at times mostly every day
Palm tree grows near beaches or in deserts. hardly (ever) now and then most of the / week
seldom now and again time
Programlar, Seanslar scarcely from time to often
Timetable
/ Schedules time frequently
The restaurant opens at in the morning.
Sorularda boşluktan önce “when, before, after, if” bağlaçları varsa dayanmak” anlamına gelen “date back to, go back to” ve
seçeneklerdeki “will, would, shall, be going to” yapıları elenir. gelmek” anlamına gelen “date from” fiilleri genellikle ile kullanılır.
ingilizce
the new school ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ in September, you ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ It ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ that the civilization ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ back to at
one of the first teachers to be admitted. least
A) / have
opened
been ARI A) known /is dates
open / will be. “when” zaman known / dated
C) openedhas
/ could have been bağlacından sonraki C) knownhas
/ had dated
opening / are ana cümlede be known / has dated
gelmez.
E) / will
opens
be E) /willknows
date
Time
PRESENT (am / is / are ing Anı Geçici Eylem Plan
Nowadays
Anı now for the time tonight
these days
right now being at the weekend
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happening
Actions at the moment of speaking currently
at the moment at present this year
l am really busy now. working on my
Aşağıdaki ifadeleri görünce aklımıza eylemler gelmeli.

Eylemler
Geçici
Temporary
Situations gradually (yavaş yavaş / gitgide) am / is / are
Normally, they go to school on weekdays, but they are taking up more and more (gittikçe daha çok) was / were ing
day by day (günden güne) will be
online classes nowadays
Geçici
/ Temporary Situations hair is getting white gradually.
Geleceğe
Planlanmış Eylemler ARI
Arranged
/ activities “continuous” yapılar aramalıyız. PRESENT PAST anlamına da
grandparents are visiting us tonight. ayrıca dikkat!
PRESENT PERFECT Present Perfect En

IL
ENT
LY UNT TLY
Soru kökündeki bitmiş bir eyleme “when” diye sorulur! Cevap gelmiyorsa REC E C EN
RECENTLY R
genellikle Present Perfect tercih edilir.
geçmişten günümüze kadar devam eden / hâlâ etkisini gösteren recently scientists
recently / lately (son
eylemler the fossa, with its
ingilizce
zamanlarda) ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
lasting
Actionsup to the present / events with a present result feline features, ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ a
primitive kind of cat.
The Internet has changed the world a lot (in recent years). AT
recently (son A) have thought / should be
Günümüze kadar bir eylemin kaç kere yapıldığını gösteren zaman
zamanlara kadar) were thinking / will be
ifadeleri (once, twice, three times, several times) Present Perfect ile
recently, Anna
şöyle kullanılır. C) think / ought to be
worked as a teacher in
The police has questioned Tim several times (this week). had thought / would be
E) thought / was
www.youtube.com/kampus
TENSE

Narratives
Sıklık
ve Süreklilik
Genel Frequency
Adverbs
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Statements,

Gerçekler
Scientific
Timetable
ingilizce
A) / have
opened
C) openedhas
/ had dated
gelmez.
E) / will
opens
be E) /willknows
date
Time
Nowadays
these days
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happening

Eylemler
Geçici
Temporary
Geçici
Geleceğe
Arranged

IL
ENT
LY UNT TLY
N
Soru kökündeki bitmiş bir eyleme “when” diye sorulur! Cevap gelmiyorsa REC RE C E
RECENTLY
ingilizce
lasting
recently, Anna
E) thought / was
TENSE

Narratives
Sıklık
ve Süreklilik
Genel Frequency
Adverbs
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Statements,

Gerçekler
Scientific
Timetable
ingilizce
A) / have
opened
C) openedhas
/ had dated
gelmez.
E) / will
opens
be E) /willknows
date
Time
Nowadays
these days
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happening

Eylemler
Geçici
Temporary
Geçici
Geleceğe
Arranged

IL
ENT
LY UNT TLY
N
RECENTLY
ingilizce
lasting
recently, Anna
E) thought / was
TENSE

Narratives
Sıklık
ve Süreklilik
Genel Frequency
Adverbs
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Statements,

Gerçekler
Scientific
Timetable
ingilizce
A) / have
opened
C) openedhas
/ had dated
gelmez.
E) / will
opens
be E) /willknows
date
Time
Nowadays
these days
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happening

Eylemler
Geçici
Temporary
Geçici
Geleceğe
Arranged

IL
ENT
LY UNT TLY
N
RECENTLY
ingilizce
lasting
recently, Anna
E) thought / was
TENSE

Narratives
Sıklık
ve Süreklilik
Genel Frequency
Adverbs
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Statements,

Gerçekler
Scientific
Timetable
ingilizce
A) / have
opened
C) openedhas
/ had dated
gelmez.
E) / will
opens
be E) /willknows
date
Time
Nowadays
these days
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happening

Eylemler
Geçici
Temporary
Geçici
Geleceğe
Arranged

IL
ENT
LY UNT TLY
N
RECENTLY
ingilizce
lasting
recently, Anna
E) thought / was
FUTURE & PAST TENSES
Simple Past Simple Past

TIME & TENSE TIME & TENSE
Yesterday
In the pasF
Last week / month / year DİĞER İFADELER
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Ago
at the time the first colonizers, prehistoric periods, the earliest beginnings, the last
previously common ancestor of all life, the origins of the English royal family, during her
first two years at school, Ice Age, nomadic tribes, the first stars, ancient
At that time
In ancient times societies, barbarian raiders, under the rule of the Roman Kings, the Hittite
Then
ci3ilization, in antiuity
Simple Past Simple Past

GEÇMİŞTE BİTMİŞ EYLEM The Titanic was a luxury British steamship

that sank in the early hours of April 15, 1912
I went cycling with my friends yesterday.
after striking an iceberg, leading to the deaths
ingilizce
She li%ed in +n6ara f$r 19 years between 2001 of more than 1,500 passengers and crew.
and 2016.
KİLİT NOKTA
TIME & TENSE
Ölmüş bir kişiden bahsederken PAST ama o kişilere ait
eserler, bıraktıkları düşünceler e kalıcı ifadelerde

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P*)S)NT tenseler kllanılır
TIME & TENSE

TIME & TENSE
ingilizce
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ingilizce

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ingilizce
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TIME & TENSE
ingilizce
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ingilizce
TENSES
NE GEREKİYOR?
A) ponder / were beginning

B) have pondered / have begun
C) have been pondering / will have begun
D) are pondering / will be beginning
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E) pondered / will begin
1. Zaman uyumuna göre Eleme Yöntemi
2. Anlam İlişkisine göre Eleme Yöntemi
TIMETIME& &TENSES
TENSE TIME TIME
& TENSES
& TENSE
3 adet time 12 adet tense
simple
past ntin
ingilizce
preset pe e
future pe et ntins
TIME TIME
& TENSES
& TENSE
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT
PERFEC!
CONTINUOUS
3 adet time 12 adet tense

PAST
past simp"e
PRESENT
pesent !ntin
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te pee!t
FUTURE
pee!t !ntins
PERFEC!
PERFEC! SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT CONTINUOUS
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT CONTINUOUS
was-were had
PAST
studied hadJbeen
stud8i3. studied stud8i3.
was-were had
PAST
studied hadJPeeH
stud8i3. studied stud8i3.
PRESENT
studX am-is-are haqe-hal
haqe-hal been
studies stud8i3. studied
PRESENT
stud8i3.
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FUTURE
FUTURE
ZAMAN UYUMU
PERFEC! TENSE AGREEMENT
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Present Yapılar Future Yapılar
was-were had
PAST
studied hadJbeen
stud8i3. studied stud8i3. - am-is-are & V1
- +ill V$
- am-is-are Vin
- +ill e Vin
- ae- as V
PRESENT
- +ill ae V
studX am-is-are haze-hau - ae- as een Vin
haze-hau been - +ill ae een Vin
studies stud8i3. studied stud8i3.
ingilizce
wi``Jhaze
FUTURE
wi`_ wi``Jbe wi``Jhaze

stud8 stud8i3. been
studied stud8i3.
ZAMAN UYUMU ZAMAN UYUMU

TENSE AGREEMENT TENSE AGREEMENT
He is sure that he wil be the champion.
Once you have finished the first test, you wil e given
another test.
Studies have suggested that gradually young people
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are becoming more ambitious about their own career plans. y the tie you finish your research, we wil have
started the nd version of the roect.
ZAMAN UYUMU
TENSE AGREEMENT
He was sure that he would be the champion.
Studies reported last ear that graduall oung people were

becoming more ambitious about their own career plans.
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ZMN M
ZAMAN UYUMU NEDEN ÖNEMLİ?
TENSE AGREEMENT
While he was sleeping, the children were playing outside. Zaman Bağlacı = Tutunacak Dal
y the tie you finished your research, we had already started

the 2nd version of the project.
ingilizce
ZAMAN UYUMU
NEDEN ÖNEMLİ? STRATEJİ - 1
zaman a&la lar %100 zaman uyumu ister! Zaman bağlacının sağı = yan cümle
️when (ever), while

after, as soon as, once, the moment
Yan Cümle: Past Ana Cümle: Past
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efore, until, til , y the time When he arrived home last night, he saw his
father’s car in front of the house.

STRATEJİ - 1 STRATEJİ - 1
Zaman bağlacının sağı = yan cümle Zaman bağlacının sağı = yan cümle
Yan Cümle: Present Ana Cümle: Present 5 /uture Yan Cümle: Present Ana Cümle: Present 5 /uture
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When people are in a happy mood, they become more When we finish this course, you wil be speaking
productive. English fluently.
STRATEJİ - 2 Örnek Soru
Zaman bağlaçlarının yan cümlesinde wil ,

w ld, be in , shall elme" You ---- good about helping others when you see
how it ---- a difference for someone else.
A) feel / will have made
B) are feeling / had made
Zaman bağlaçlarının ana cümlesinde have / C) will feel / has made
has 3. 2 have / has been 3in elme"
ingilizce
D) felt / is making
E) had felt / will make
Örnek Soru
When bacteria sense that their numbers have
reached a critical threshold, ----.
A) the drugs are still being researched

B) they switch on the production of substances that
attack their human host
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C) we are not still sure about how to prevent them

D) some are resistant to many common antibiotics
E) plant products have been reported to have no
significant effect
STRATEJİ - 3 STRATEJİn-n3
Preseitn& PhstnYhpılhr
Soru kökunn kapat şıkların kendi iiinde FuturenYhpılhrı
zaman uyumu olanlarına öncelik ver.
-nhm-Vs-hren/n 1
-nhm-Vs-hren Vi -n)hs-)eren/n B
Aralarında uyum olmayan şıkları ele. -n hen/n hsn -n)hs-)eren Vi
-n hen/n hsn eein Vi -n han
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- han eein Vin
an$i şık daha ŞIK diye or -n)Vlln "
-n)Vlln en Vi
-n)Vlln hen
-n)Vlln hen eein Vi
Seçeneklerde aşağıdaki ifadeler bir arada PRESENT YAPILARA YAKLAŞ:

verilirse genellikle işaretlemekten kaçının. new & modern & novel study (studies), research
surveys, &indin+s, e"4eriments, statistics,-

- am-is-are / would V0
every & all & most & some animals, 4lants, umanein+s, cildren,-
- ad V3 / am-is-ar'
- ad V3 / ave-as V +eolo+y, to4o+ra4y, astronom*
ingilizce
- ad V3 / future -aıla

astronomers, oolo+ist, automaers, scientists, e"4ert'
- ad V3 / V
- ad V3 / was -were Ving. intelli+ence tests, comets, countries
- was -were Ving / ad V3
Örnek Soru Örnek Soru

New research ---- that monkeys ---- to other females .. .
Scientists ---- a new forecasting model and warning system that
---- the deadly storm surge caused by hurricanes more accurately to
save lives.
A) had suggested / were turning
A) created / have predicted
B) suggests / had turned B) have created / predicts
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C) had created / has predicted

C) suggested / have turned D) create / predicted
D) has suggested / turn E) will create / are predicting
E) will suggest / are turning

PAST YAPILARA YAKLAŞ: PAST YAPILARA YAKLAŞ:
the first colonizers, prehistoric periods, the earliest beginnings, the

The: the allied forces, the crisis, the bank, the department,
last common ancestor of all life, the origins of the English royal family,
the manager, the Queen, the Duke, during her first two years at school, Ice Age, nomadic tribes, the first
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stars, ancient societies, barbarian raiders, under the rule of the Roman
Philip I, -eanderthals, Queen arr the first, Socrates,
Kings, the Hittite civilization, in antiquity
Shakespeare, -eil Armstrong, "eetho2en
Örnek Soru Örnek Soru
Humans ---- 43 percent of the Earth’s surface from its natural state
radically, far greater than the smaller changes that ---- trigger the last The allied forces ---- that the land ---- divided between them as part
great planetary shift during the ice ages. of the treaty.
A) would alter / have helped A) agreed / would be
B) had altered / help B) agree / had beeen
C) have altered / helped C) would agree / is

ingilizce
D) alter / will help D) had agreed / was
E) will alter / had helped E) will agree / has been

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MODALS
MODALS GENEL YAKLAŞIM

1. Adım: Kuş Bakışı
Ön Bilgi
Bir modal sorusu karşımıza geldiğinde, tense sorularında olduğu gibi soru köküne
Modal kip (ek) anlamına gelmektedir. anı mı (past), genelleme (present) mi, gelecek (future) mi sorusunu sorup cümlenin
zamanını belirlememiz gerekir.
Genellikle tense ve passive sorularının içinde 2 boşluklu olarak
ÖSYM TARZI
verilir. Modallar tek başına cloze test bölümünde de ölçülebilir.
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Palaeontologists ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ that small mammals ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the extinction of
Mesela son Ydt’de 2 tane modal sorusu geldi.
dinosaurs by eating their eggs; however, currently they think the rise of mammals was
an effect of the demise of dinosaurs.
A) may think / could have caused
B) must think / would have caused
C) used to think / might have caused
D) had to think / should have caused
E) would think / must have caused
2. Adım: Uzman Bakışı MODAL YAPILARI

Böylece bu sorularda önce eleme yöntemi ile gitmek daha sonra anlamsal
ilişkiyi kurmaya çalışmak gereklidir. Anlamsal ilişkiyi kurabilmek için modalların
fonksiyonunu (kattığı anlam) bilmek gerekiyor. Modal + V 0
ÖSYM TARZI present? past?

Palaeontologists ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ that small mammals ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the extinction
ingilizce
of dinosaurs by eating their eggs; however, currently they think the rise of active passive?
mammals was an effect of the demise of dinosaurs.
C) used to think / might have caused MODAL + V 0: Zaman olarak PRESENT ya da PAST olabilir.
D) had to think / should have caused
MODAL + V 0: Havada karada AKTİFTİR.
E) would think / must have caused
Modal + be V 3 present / past ABILITY

Present 1:
Although Ursula has a speech impediment, she can speak two foreign
Modal + be V 3 havada karada pasif
languages.
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can V 0
Modal + be V 3 past + aktif dizilim
Present 2:
Modal + have been V 3 past + pasif dizilim Jenny can’t hear or speak, but he is able to use sign language.
am – is – are able to V 0
ABILITY ABILITY
Future:
Past 1: Are you sure you will be able to find the answer?
When Tonny was 6, he could speak English and German. will be able to V 0
ÖRNEK SORU
ingilizce
could V 0 Otis is not sure whether he ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the loan he needs for the business he is
going to start, or else he ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ his dreams come true.
A) would be able to get / will have to make
B) has been able to get / shouldn’t have made
Past 2: C) got / hadn’t made
D) will be able to get / won’t be able to make
After working for two hours, firefighters were able to rescue people from
E) could get / needn’t have made
the building.
was - were able to V 0
POSSIBILITY POSSIBILITY
Present 1: Progressive (+):

The children are not in their room. They might / may / could be playing in the garden.
It can be really cold in Afyon. (= it is sometimes).
can V 0 may / might / could be V ing
Present 2: Progressive (-):
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This may / might / could be the best pizza I have ever eaten. My mother may / might not be sleeping right now, she usually gets up early in the
morning.
may / might / could V 0 may / might NOT be V ing
NEGATIVE POSSIBILITY NEGATIVE PROGRESSIVE POSSIBILITY

I may / might NOT have enough cash, so I’ll withdraw some money from the The restaurant may / might NOT be serving today as it is Sunday today.
ATM. Progressive Possibility ama Negative olan cümlelerde COULDN’T BE V ing kullanılmaz!
Possibility ama Negative olan cümlelerde COULD NOT kullanılmaz!
ABILITY I have no idea ... may V 0

I don’t know ...
Past: might V 0
Perhaps ...
Small mammals may / might / could have caused the extinction of could V 0
Maybe ...
dinosaurs by eating their eggs. ya da
I’m not sure ...
may / might / could HAVE V 3 may HAVE V 3
Probably ...
ingilizce
might HAVE V 3
Possibly ...
could HAVE V 3
NEGATIVE PAST POSSIBILITY It isn’t certain ...
Jane seems unhappy. She might / may not have passed the test..
Past Possibility ama Negative olan cümlelerde COULDN’T HAVE V 3
kullanılmaz!
SORU SORU
The main culprit of the extinction of dinosaurs is not well known, though The risk of cancer ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ significantly with age, and many
some limited evidence suggests that 65 million years ago a mysterious different types of cancer ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ more commonly in developed
catastrophe associated with some body from outer space like an asteroid or countries.
a comet ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the last of the dinosaurs to vanish forever.
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A) can increase / occurred

A) has caused
B) must increase / must occur
B) used to cause
C) has increased / would occur
C) may have caused
D) may increase / occur
D) would have caused
E) increases / had occurred
E) must have caused
OBLIGATION
SORU
Present 1:
Tensions between the French and English crowns ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
I really must stop using Instagram and Twitter - I waste so much time on
back centuries to the origins of the English royal family, which
social media.
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ French in origin. must V 0
A) go / may have been Present 2:

ingilizce
B) went / used to be You need to study harder if you want to be successful.
C) are going / should be need to V 0

D) will go / must have been
E) have gone / had to be
Past:
Sorry I’m late. I had to pick my wife up at the station.
had to V 0
OBLIGATION SORU
External 1:
have / has to V 0 Philip VI ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ his plan of assembling a large naval fleet,
Judy has to be a member to play in the club.
when an uprising ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ out among the peasants against his
External 2: rule.
We have got to wear a uniform at our school. need to V 0
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A) would leave / breaks
Ignored:
B) had to leave / broke
We are supposed to drink a glass of water as soon as we wake up, but we often
don’t. C) may leave / has broken
We aren’t supposed to consume anything after 8 p.m., but we often end up eating D) left / is breaking
something. E) must have left / could have broken
be supposed to V 0
KİLİT NOKTA SORU
WERE I ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ go to see the doctor last week because I was very ill.
HAD TO WAS / ED TO
SUPPOS
A) was supposed to
“Had to” ile “was / were supposed to” arasında fark vardır.
B) had to
ingilizce
“Had to” yapılması zorunlu olan ve yapılan eylemi anlatırken, “was / were
C) didn’t need to
supposed to” yapılması gereken ama gerçekleşmeyen eylem demektir.
D) might
Seçeneklerde biri diğerinin çeldiricisi olabilir.
E) had better
The doctor was supposed to inform us about the side effects of the drug.
(Bilgilendirmesi gerekiyordu ama söylemedi.)
The doctor had to inform us about the side effects of the drug.
(Bilgilendirmek zorunda kaldı).
LACK of OBLIGATION SORU

Present 1: You ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ an expert to live a healthy life as the
You don’t have to pay for children under 6. guidelines for living healthy are relatively simple.
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do / does NOT have to V 0

A) can’t have been
B) may not have been
Present 2: C) aren’t supposed to be
The weather is great today. You don’t need to take your jacket. D) had better not be
E) don’t have to be
do / does NOT need to V 0
LACK of OBLIGATION SORU

Past 1: We were happy that we ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ mum happy, though she said
I didn’t have to take my raincoat. The weather wasn’t rainy. we ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ such an expensive gift for her birthday.
didn’t need to V0 / didn’t have to V 0

A) have made / won’t be able to buy
B) made / wouldn’t have bought
ingilizce
Past 2:
C) were to make / can’t have bought
Visitors ate before they came here. I needn’t have cooked so much food.
D) were able to make / didn’t use to buy
needn’t have V 3 E) could make / needn’t have bought
REQUESTS PERMISSION
Less Formal: Less Formal:
Can / Will you close the door? can / will V 0 Can / Could I leave my bag here? can / could V 0
More Formal 1: More Formal 1:

Could / Would you speak slowly, please? could / would V 0 may V 0
May I come in?
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More Formal 2:
More Formal 2:
Would you mind opening the window? Would you mind + V ing …?
Might I ask how old are you? might V 0
More Formal 3:
Would you mind if I opened the window? Would you mind if + S + V 2 …? Offer:
Everybody is here. Shall we start? Shall we / I V 0 ?
ADVICE ADVICE
Good Idea: Good Idea:
You have been working here for almost 2 years. You should / ought to ask for a You shouldn’t / ought not to spend long hours on social media. It is a waste of
pay rise. time.
should / ought to V 0 shouldn’t / ought not to V0
Strong Advice: Strong Advice:

ingilizce
You really must try the new restaurant in the corner. The food is awesome and It is the other driver’s fault, not yours. You mustn’t blame yourself for the
cheap! accident.
must V 0 mustn’t V0
Threat / Warning: Threat / Warning:

You look really terrible. You had better see a doctor. You had better not consume this much salt. You are suffering from high blood
had better V 0 pressure.
had better not V 0
DEDUCTION
SORU
Strong & True:
Anyone who ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ a Multiple sclerosis (a condition that You must be really tired after playing basketball for two hours. Why don’t you
can affect the brain and spinal cord) relapse in the recent past rest for a while?
must V 0
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ his or her physician know before getting vaccinated.
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Strong & True & Progressive:

Oliver must be feeling delighted after inheriting a big fortune from his
A) used to experience / might let
grandparents.
must be V ing
B) had experienced / must have let
C) was experiencing / could let Strong & True & Past:
D) has experienced / should let Mozart is one of the most popular musicians in the world. You must have heard
one of his symphonies.
E) experienced / might have let must have V 3
DEDUCTION SORU
Strong & NOT True:
As we ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ from the victim’s warm body, the murderer
Peter can’t / couldn’t be an experienced doctor. He is not even in his mid 20s.
has just committed the crime and he ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ away too far.
can’t / couldn’t V 0
A) need to understand / shouldn’t go

ingilizce
Strong & NOT True & Progressive:

B) may understand / needn’t have gone
Oliver can’t be feeling delighted after losing his grandparents.
C) understood / won’t be going
can’t / couldn’t be V ing
D) can understand / can’t have gone
Strong & NOT True & Past: E) must understand / wasn’t supposed to go
Jonny can’t have caught the 8-o’clock train as he left the house at 8:05.
can’t / couldn’t have V 3
EXPECTATION CRITICISM
Past:
Present:
They should / ought to have already solved the problem with our mail list. We have
They have solved the problem with our mail list. Our users shouldn’t be received more than 100 complaints.
experiencing any delays now.
should / ought to have V 3
should be V ing ÖRNEK SORU
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Kevin ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ his son’s academic failures in front of his friends so harshly. He
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ really bad himself for being criticized by his father.
Future: A) needn’t have insulted / must have felt
B) would rather not have insulted / should have felt
Mike has been studying hard for a long time. He should / ought to do well
C) didn’t need to insult / can feel
in the test.
D) ought not to have insulted / may have felt
should / ought to V 0 E) can’t insult / used to feel
PROHIBITION HABITS
Present: States:
Yellow zone in the parking area is for academic staff. Students mustn’t / can’t Just relax! I am used to / am accustomed to staying home alone.
park here. We are all used to getting up early, so early morning flight is not a problem.
mustn’t / can’t V 0
be used to V ing / be accustomed V ing
Present & Past & Future:

ingilizce
Yellow zone in the parking area is for academic staff. Students aren’t allowed to Actions:
park here. Don’t worry! Your sister will get used to living alone though it is a long and difficult
Yellow zone in the parking area is for academic staff. Students are prohibited to / process.
forbidden to park here. We got used to working from home as a result of the COVID-19.
be allowed to V 0
get used to V ing / get accustomed to V ing
be prohibited to / forbidden to V 0
PAST HABITS PREFERENCE
Actions: Present:
I would prefer to buy a book rather than a shirt as a birthday gift.
When we were kids, every Saturday my grandparents used to / would take us
to the theatre. My wife and I would prefer to stay at our villa during summer holiday rather than
a five-star hotel.
My family used to / would get up early on Sundays to go to church.
would prefer to V 0
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States: Present:
I used to wear glasses when I was in high school. After a long and tiring day, I would rather have a quiet night in front of the TV.
We used to own a bungalow at Village Farm, Trimdon. On Sundays, I would rather stay at home with kids than go out.
There didn’t use to be any Internet fraud in the old days.
would sooner V 0 / would rather V 0
used to V 0 / would V 0
ÖDÜLLÜ SORU
ingilizce
??
PASSIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE 1. Tüm Seçenekler Pasif
Ön Bilgi
ÖRNEK
Genellikle tense ve modals sorularının içinde 2 boşluklu
olarak verilir. Theoretically same sex siblings ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ with the same selection of
chromosomes, but the odds of this happening ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ about 70 trillion.
Tek başına cloze test bölümünde de ölçülebilir.
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A) could be created / would be
Bazı sorularda tüm seçenekler pasif olabilir.
B) are created / had to be
Bazı sorularda ise aktif ile pasif seçeneklerde karışık olarak C) had been created / may be
karşımıza çıkabilir. D) were created / should be
İki durumda da avantajlıyız. �� E) have to be created / must be
Tense (™ )
Pasif (™ )
Modals (™ )
2. Seçenekler Karışık (Aktif / Pasif) GENEL PASİF MANTIĞI
ÖRNEK
Simple Tenses Continuous Tenses Perfect Tenses
Scientists ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the rivers and floods of ice at the Antarctic,
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ a fascinating picture of a continent.
be V3 being V3 been V3
ingilizce
A) mapped / having been painted

B) are mapping / painted
C) have mapped / painting
D) will be mapping / having painted
E) had mapped / being painted
Tense (™ )
Gerunds & Infinitives & Kısaltma ( ™ )
Pasif ( ™ )
GENEL PASİF MANTIĞI GENEL PASİF MANTIĞI

SIMPLE TENSES (BE V3) CONTINUOUS TENSES (BEING V3)
Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous
The manager writes The manager wrote The manager will The manager is The manager was
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an email every day. an email yesterday. write an email writing an email writing an email.
An email is written An email was written tomorrow. now. An email was being X
by the manager by the manager An email will be An email is being written by the
every day. yesterday. written by the written by the manager.
manager tomorrow. manager now.
am / is / are V3 was / were V3 will be V3 am / is / are being V3 was / were being V3 X
GENEL PASİF MANTIĞI PASİF MODAL

AKTİF PASİF
PERFECT TENSES (BEEN V3) The manager may write an email. An email may be written by the manager.
An email had better be written by the
The manager had better write an
manager.
Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect email.
An email must be written by the
PRESENT The manager must write an email. manager.
The manager has The manager had The manager will
ingilizce
The manager should write an email. An email should be written by the

manager.
written an email. written an email. have written an modal V0 modal be V3
An email has been An email had been email bytomorrow.
The manager may have written an An email may have been written by the
written by the written by the An email will have email. manager.
manager. manager. been written by The manager must have written an An email must have been written by
email. the manager.
the manager by PAST
The manager should have written an An email should have been written by
tomorrow. email. the manager.
modal have V3 modal have been V3
have / has been V3 had been V3 will have been V3
Aktif Cümlede: Pasif Cümlede: Aktif Cümlede: Pasif Cümlede:
İşi yapan vurgulanmaktadır. Yapılan iş, işi yapandan önemlidir. Özne işi yapandır. İşi yapan bilinmiyor olabilir.
(action > agent)
The Indonesian government Hooligans have vandalised all the All the public telephones have been
Pasif (edilgen) bir cümlede işi yapanı vandalised in the area. Police are
has provided special areas to public telephones in the area.
eklemek istersek ‘tarafından’ anlamına investigating the culprits.
protect the orang-utans. gelen ‘by’ edatını kullanırız.
Fiilden sonra nesne gelmektedir. Fiilden sonra nesne yoktur. Nesne sözde
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Forensic investigators must Special areas have been provided to özne olarak fiilin soluna geçer.
collect evidence while the crime protect the orang-utans. (by the The students must answer all
Indonesian government) All the questions must be answered by
scene is still fresh. the questions.
the students.
Evidence must be collected (by the People have used certain types Fiilden sonra edat ile devam etme olasılığı
forensic investigators) while the crime of fungi throughout history for
yüksektir.
scene is still fresh. Certain types of fungi have been used
a variety of beneficial purposes.
throughout history for a variety of
beneficial purposes.
DİKKAT
FİİL TÜRLERİ
Her gördüğümüz ‘by’ pasif yapan, ‘tarafından’ anlamına gelen ‘by’ değildir! Bir cümlenin pasif yapılabilmesi için o cümledeki fiilin geçişli
Sık sorulan ve popüler olan edatların başında gelen ‘by’ anlamca farklılık gösterebilir. (yani minimum bir nesne alan) bir fiil olması gerekmektedir.
by For payments made by cheques, a Fiiller, yanına nesne alıp almamasına göre 3’e ayrılır.
vasıta (:with the help of, via : aracılığıyla smartphone can be used.
by means of,through) by train, by bus, by air
ingilizce
yer
by the ocean /
: kenarında Why don’t you sit by the window to get Geçişsiz Tek Geçişli Çift Geçişli
by the window some fresh air?
By the 18th century, the accumulation of

: -e kadar, knowledge and technology had reached S V. S V O. S V O1 O2.
zaman by 1994 / by the 8th century
-den önce a critical mass that brought about the
Industrial Revolution.
be V3
tarafından being V3 BY + işi yapan : tarafından Our initially weak memories are maintained
(pasif) been V3 by the brain for a set period of time.
1. GEÇİŞSİZ FİİLLER SORU
Geçişsiz (S V.) Although a number of paradigms for distinguishing between

languages and dialects ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ , they ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Fiile ‘neyi, kimi, neye, kime’ diye sorulduğunda bu sorulardan
contradictory results most of the time.
herhangi birine cevap gelmiyorsa, o fiil geçişsizdir.
A) existed / are rendered
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Geçişsiz fiiller (sleep, arrive, cry, live, exist, stay, land…) nesne
B) exist / render
almaz.
C) can exist / would render
Geçişsiz fiiller pasif çekimlenmez. D) have existed / have been rendered
I slept too late yesterday. E) will exist / should render
The guest speakers arrived early.
My mother cried like a baby when she heard the good news.
2. TEK GEÇİŞLİ FİİLLER 3. ÇİFT GEÇİŞLİ FİİLLER
Tek Geçişli (S V O.) Çift Geçişli (S V O1 O2.)

Fiile ‘neyi, kimi, neye, kime’ diye sorulduğunda bu sorulardan iki tanesine birden cevap
Fiile ‘neyi, kimi, neye, kime’ diye sorulduğunda bu sorulardan verir.
bir tanesine cevap verir. Bu fiiller çift nesne alır ve çift geçişli olarak adlandırılır.
(give, buy, offer, call, show, send, tell, pay, teach…)
Bu fiiller tek nesne alır ve tek geçişli olarak adlandırılır.
ingilizce
Çift geçişli fiiller cümlede aktif ve/ veya pasif çekimlenebilir.

Tek geçişli fiiller cümlede aktif ve/ veya pasif çekimlenebilir. People call New York "Concrete Jungle".
New York is called "Concrete Jungle".
The referee has cancelled the match due to the heavy
The company offered my father a huge salary to become the team manager.
rain.
The company offered a huge salary to my father to become the team manager.
The match has been cancelled (by the referee) due to the A huge salary was offered to my father to become the team manager.
heavy rain. My father was offered a huge salary to become the team manager.
KİLİT NOKTA SORU
PASİF sorularını yapabilmek için önce şıkta çekimlenen fiile bakmak Marshes ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ at the edges of lakes and streams,
ve geçişsiz, tek geçişli ya da çift geçişli olup olmadığının kararını
where they ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ a transition between the aquatic and
vermek gerekir.
terrestrial ecosystems.
Fiilin anlamını bilmiyorsak bile boşluktan (----) sonra nesne var
mı, yok mu? / varsa kaç nesne var, tek mi, çift mi? diye sormak A) have found / are formed
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gerekir. B) find / are forming
Tek geçişli fiillerde boşluktan sonra nesne yerinde duruyorsa aktif, C) should be found / would form
D) can be found / form
nesne yoksa, boşluğun soluna sözde özne olarak geçtiyse ve
E) are found / had been forming
genelde bir edat (to, by, with, as…) ile devam ediyorsa bu fiil pasif
çekimlenmelidir.
KİLİT NOKTA SORU

Sorunun şıklarındaki fiil çift geçişliyse ve boşluktan sonra:
The starving people ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ a week’s supply of rice and
2 nesne varsa aktif, 1 nesne varsa pasif çekimlemelere gidilmelidir.
wheat as soon as the food supplies ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ in the famine-
stricken area.
ÖRNEK SORU
A) had been given / arrived
ingilizce
The software company ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ Jack five hundred dollars in consulting
fees for a job he ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ last week. B) will be given / arrive
A) will be paid / has done C) gave / had arrived

B) has paid / would do D) would be given / has arrived
C) was paid / could do
E) has been given / arrive
D) paid / did
E) was going to pay / had done
CAUSATIVES
SORU
Ettirgen yapılar aktif ve pasif olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır.
The report published ten years after the event ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
that the economic crisis ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ by policy makers
Active Causative Passive Causative
beforehand.
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İşi yapan var İşi Yapan Yok
A) could reveal / will be foreseen Birine bir şey yaptırmak (İsimsiz Kahramanlar ☺)
Bir şey yaptırmak
B) can reveal / should have been foreseen Have somebody do something
C) reveals / must be foreseen Get somebody to do something Have something done
D) has revealed / needs to be foreseen Get something done

E) revealed / could have been foreseen
Passive Causatives Active Causatives

Have something done Have somebody do something
Get something done Get somebody to do something
İşi yapan yok (İsimsiz kahramanlar ☺) İşi yapan var
İşi yaptıran var
İşi yaptıran var
Bir şey yaptırmak
Birine bir şey yaptırmak
Birinin bizim için verdiği hizmetleri anlatırken kullanılır.
ingilizce
Hizmeti veren kişiyi (işi yapan) çok önemli olmadıkça belirtmeye gerek yoktur. ‘cause somebody to do something’ anlamı vardır.
Have ve get fiilleri, tenselere göre çekimlenebilirler. Bu yapıların yaygın olarak Cümledeki özne işi yaptıran, nesne de işi yapandır.
kullanıldığı tenseler:
Have somebody do something:
Present Continuous: My sister is getting/ having her hair washed right now as there is
a water outage in her place. The pharaoh had the slaves build the pyramid.
Past Simple: Last week, the famous singer had / got her photograph taken for her new I have my mother iron my clothes every Sunday.
album by a top fashion photographer.
My grandmother will have my sister wash the dishes after dinner.
Active Causatives Active Causatives
let somebody do something: The teacher let the students go out.
Get somebody to do something:
make somebody do something: He made her type the letter.
I’m going to get a plumber to fix the leaking tap. help somebody do / to do something: Can you help me (to) carry
The teacher got her students to stay and study for the box?
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the exam after school. want somebody to do something: I want you to open your books.
The boss got his secretary to cancel the meeting. allow somebody to do something: My father allows me to go
abroad to study.
force somebody to do something: The police forced the man to
leave the room.
SORU SORU
The health and nutrition industry has long been obsessed with finding
Many adults drink some form of caffeine to ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
magical supplements, vitamins, and other items that ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
them ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ enough energy to function.
people ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ their best lives.
A) get / had A) are helped / living

ingilizce
B) make / to have B) can help / live

C) help / lived
C) help / have
D) may have helped / to live
D) have / to have
E) have helped / having lived
E) allow / to have had
SORU
Hydraulic fracturing is a technique that ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ energy

companies ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ huge volumes of oil and gas from
shale rock deep underground. ÖDÜLLÜ SORU
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A) lets / having extracted

?? ??
B) has / being extracted
C) gets / extract
D) makes / extracting
E) allows / to extract
ingilizce
GERUNDS (ving) & INFINITIVES (to v0)
ÖN BİLGİLER GERUNDS (ving) KULLANIMLARI

👉 Güncel sınavlarda popüler olan ve sıkça sorulan bir konudur. Özne
👉 Genellikle 2 boşluklu olarak verilir. Yanında bir tense, passive, Bir gerund fiilin -ing almış halidir ve isim olarak kullanılır.
modal ya da kısaltma sorusu ile birlikte test edilir.
👉 Cloze test bölümünde de sorulabilir. Bir isim nasıl kullanılırsa, gerund yapısı da isimlerle aynı
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👉 Gerund (ving) ve infinitive (to V0) cümlenin öznesi (subject) şekilde kullanılabilir.
veya nesnesi (object) olabilir. Yani gerund cümlenin öznesi olabilir.

👉 Bazı fiiller yanına sadece gerund alarak kullanılır. 👉 Swimming is a good activity if you want to lose weight.
verb + ving 👉 Bazı fiiller yanına sadece infinitive alarak kullanılır.
👉 Attaining competence in the current job is a basic career
strategy.
verb + to V0 Bu konu ezber gerektirebilir.

👉 Learning a language requires a lot of practice and is a
DİKKAT never-ending process.
GERUNDS (ving) KULLANIMLARI VERB + GERUND

Nesne Bu fiiler arkasından ving alır.
Bir gerund belli fiillerden sonra gelerek cümlenin nesnesi olabilir. keep
enjoy finish suggest
ingilizce
VERB + GERUND: FİİLİN NESNESİ (on)

👉 We enjoy swimming because it helps us lose weight. appreciate avoid consider deny
👉 People’s basic career strategy should be attaining competence in
their current job if they want a promotion. postpone
mind discuss risk
👉 Most people do not even consider consuming foods beyond their (put off)
usual repertoire and so they don’t welcome exotic foods.
quit
Olumsuz halleri önüne NOT getirilerek yapılır.
delay mention understand
(give up)
👉 We talked about NOT going to the wedding, but then decided we
should go.
ÖRNEK SORU KİLİT NOKTA
World Health Organisation advises governments to detect cases Arkasından gerund alan fiiller genele veya geçmişe
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early to avoid ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the new virus within the gönderme yapabilir.
community.
GENELE gönderme GEÇMİŞE gönderme
like remember
A) having been spread
enjoy forget
B) having spread hate deny
+ VING
C) spreading dislike admit
D) to spread detest regret
prefer conceal
E) to have spread
KİLİT NOKTA ÖRNEK SORU

👉 People hate working on Sundays. Aaron remembers ¾¾¾¾¾¾ home at an early hour that
👉 Most young people prefer watching TV to reading. day and ¾¾¾¾¾¾ his next-door neighbour coming home
ingilizce
after work.
👉 My mother dislikes staying at home on weekends.
A) leave / see
👉 Do you remember going to school for the first time? B) having left / seen
👉 I really regret not learning to swim when I was young. C) leaving / seeing
👉 My cousin denied cheating in the exam, but still was D) left / saw
suspended from school. E) to leave / to see
GERUNDS (ving) KULLANIMLARI PREP + GERUND
Edatın Nesnesi Edatın Nesnesi
Herhangi bir fiilden, sıfattan, isimden ya da phrasal verb
den sonra herhangi bir edat (preposition) varsa, bu edattan
👉 Do you have a reason for crying?
👉 I am afraid of flying.
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sonra isim türetmek için ving kullanılır ve böylece bir nesne
elde edilmiş olur.
👉 She is responsible for organizing the party.
PREP + GERUND: EDATIN NESNESİ
👉 You should concentrate on finalizing the project.
👉 I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. 👉 I believe in working smart not hard.
👉 Before applying for the job, you should get your certificate.
PREP + VING PREP + VING
ABOUT ABOUT / OF FROM ON TO
be excited complain about / of doing it keep someone from doing it be accustomed to doing something
about doing it dream about / of doing it prevent someone from doing it insist on doing something be committed to doing something
be worried talk about / of doing it prohibit someone from doing it ingilizce focus / concentrate on doing look forward to doing something
about doing it think about / of doing it stop someone from doing it something object to doing something
be keen on doing something be opposed to doing something
be used to doing something
IN OF
believe in doing something be accused of doing something FOR

participate in doing something be capable of doing something apologize for doing something
succeed in doing something be guilty of doing something blame (someone) for doing something
be interested in doing something take advantage of doing something have an excuse for doing something
be responsible for doing something
thank (someone) for doing something

By & Without The Indian government made it easier for foreigners
�� “by” ve “without” edatları çok sık karşımıza GELİR.

¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ medical treatment without ¾¾¾¾¾¾ for
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a medical visa.
by + Ving = -erek, -arak (yaparak)
without + Ving = -meden, -madan (yapmadan)
A) to be received / applied
👉 The teacher got the answer by asking the right question.

B) to receive / applying
👉 The new manager signed the contract without reading it.

C) received / to apply
👉 My kids decided who should get the last piece of cake by D) receive / having applied
flipping a coin. E) receiving / apply
BUSY + VING GO + VING
�� Genelde bütün sıfatlardan sonra ‘to V0’ gelmesine rağmen �� Genellikle deyimsel bir ifade olarak eğlence aktivitelerini
‘busy’ sıfatı bir istisnadır. Kendinden sonra fiilimsi alması anlatmak için go fiilinden sonra ving kullanılır.
gerekirse bu fiili ‘Ving’ ile çekimlemek gerekmektedir.
👉
ingilizce
We often go shopping on Sundays.

👉 My father and his friends went fishing last Saturday.
👉 I am busy with my thesis.
👉 I am busy writing my thesis.

go birdwatching
go hunting
go hiking
go shopping
👉 Tom’s busy studying for his exams. go running go sailing
go camping go sightseeing
go dancing go swimming
VING ALAN KALIPLAR ÖRNEK SORU
Be used to / be accustomed to: -e alışkın olmak
Get used to / get accustomed to: -e alışmak Despite receiving compensation for his wrongful imprisonment,
Look forward to: -ı dört gözle beklemek Gary couldn’t help ¾¾¾¾¾¾ angry at the state for being
Feel like: -ı istemek responsible for the years wasted behind bars.
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Be opposed to: -e karşı olmak
Object to: -e karşı olmak, -e itiraz etmek
A) feel
Can’t help: -den kendini alamamak
Can’t bear / can’t stand: tahammül edememek B) to feel
It’s worth: -e değer C) having felt
It’s no use / It’s no good: -nın faydası / yararı yok
There is no point in: -nın anlamı yok
D) feeling
In the habit of: -e alışkın E) to have felt
SPEND & WASTE + STH. + VING HAVE TROUBLE / DIFFICULTY (IN) + VING
SPEND time, energy, talent, effort,
+ VING
👉 I have trouble understanding Mr. King when he speaks
WASTE money, wage, salary as he talks too fast.
👉 My students have always trouble (in) memorizing words
in English.
ingilizce
ÖRNEK SORU
She spent seven days ¾¾¾¾¾¾ back and forth with her
HAVE FUN / TIME + VING
employer and insurance company before finally getting her
insurance plan. 👉 We had a good time playing basketball at the picnic.
A) going B) to go C) go 👉 My cousins had fun playing computer games after

dinner.
D) having gone E) to have gone
SENSE VERBS + SB. + VING

DİKKAT
�� See, hear, watch, listen etc. gibi fiiller aktif cümlede eğer Bu fiilleri kullanarak tek bir olayı ve olayın tamamlanmış olduğunu
olayın bir kısmına gönderme varsa devamında Ving gelir. anlatmak istiyorsak fiilin yalın halini kullanmamız gerekir. (whole action)
(part of an action) see / hear ... sb. V0
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catch feel hear notice see

👉 Last week I heard / watched the music band play the fifth symphony.
discover find leave observe watch ÖRNEK SORU
👉 As I walked past the house, I heard someone screaming This is an exciting experience for me as, for the first time in my
and crying. life, I have seen somebody ¾¾¾¾¾¾ such a trick.
👉 I saw a young man stealing flowers from our garden.

A) to have done
D) done
B) do
E) having done
C) being done
PASSIVE GERUND: BEING V3 AKTİF/ FARKLI ZAMAN GERUND ‘Having V3’
�� Ving yapısının pasif hali ‘being V 3 ’ tür.

PASSIVE / FARKLI ZAMAN GERUND ‘Having been V3’
�� Ving yapısının doğru olabileceği her durumda being V 3

�� Kendinden sonra gerund alan regret, remember, deny
gibi fiilerden sonra çekimlemeye uğrayan eylemsinin ana
ingilizce
yapısı da doğru olabilir. Bu yüzden cümlenin ‘aktif/ pasif’

fiilden daha önce olduğunu yani ana fiille arasındaki zaman
durumunu kontrol ederek cevaba karar verilmelidir.
farkını vurgulamak için aktif durumlarda HAVING V 3 , pasif
👉 I love inviting people to my parties. (aktif gerund)

durumlarda ise HAVING BEEN V 3 kullanılır.
👉 We regret having bought the house without even thinking!

👉 I love being invited to the parties. (passive gerund) (aktif-gerund-farklı zaman)
👉 She concealed having been arrested for fraud.
(pasif-gerund-farklı zaman)
INFINITIVES (to V0) KULLANIMLARI INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE (AMAÇ
AT
Özne DİKK BELİRTMEK İÇİN KULLANILAN TO V0)
�� To V0 infinitive yapısı cümlenin öznesini (subject) �� To V0 yapısı eğer cümlenin öznesini oluşturmuyorsa ve cümlede
oluşturuyor ise ‘–mek’ şeklinde çevrilir. zaten bir özne varsa bu durumda ‘to V0’ yapısı amaç bildiren
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bir yapı olarak düşünülür ve ‘-mek için’ şeklinde çevirisi yapılır.
👉 To help poor people is important. (özne)
👉 To help poor people, we should raise money. (amaç)
👉 To learn a language requires a lot of practice. (özne)

(= in order to V0 / so as to V0)
👉 To learn a language, people are expected to practice regularly.

(amaç)
(= in order to V0 / so as to V0)
INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE ÖRNEK SORU

(AMAÇ BELİRTMEK İÇİN KULLANILAN TO V0)
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ eligible for an Oscar award in a given year, a
👉 She left her job to look after her son. film must be exhibited for at least one week at a theatre in Los
👉 I went to the supermarket to buy some cheese and bread.
ingilizce Angeles county between January 1 and midnight of December
👉 We will go out to get some fresh air.

31 of that year.
A) Being B) To have been C) Been

Bu cümlelerde anlamını vermek için sadece to V0 yerine in
D) To be E) Having been
order to V0 / so as to V0 da kullanılabilir.
INFINITIVES (to V0) KULLANIMLARI SIFAT + TO V0 ( ADJ. + TO V0)

Nesne Sıfatlardan sonra genellikle ‘to V0’ gelir, ancak ‘busy’
Bir infinitive belli fiillerden sonra gelerek cümlenin sıfatı kendinden sonra ‘Ving’ ile devam eder.
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nesnesi olabilir.
👉 It is vital to be honest with your children.
VERB + TO V0: FİİLİN NESNESİ
👉 You must learn to be patient. (infinitive) 👉 He is a bright kid and eager to learn.
NOUN + TO V0 (ADJ. + TO V0) ÖRNEK SORU

Genellikle isimden sonra bir fiil getirilecekse fiil ‘to V0’
Since researchers have a limited ability ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
alır. Bu şekilde kullanılan isimler genellikle soyut isimlerdir. the organoids’ neural activities, it has also been difficult
ingilizce
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the function of neuronal networks.

abstract noun + to V0
👉 His failure to reach an agreement at the meeting was A) to assess / to evaluate

not good for him. B) to be assessed / to evaluate
C) assessing / evaluating
👉 She couldn’t resist the temptation to open the letter. D) assess / to be evaluated
E) having assessed / to have evaluated
TOO + ADJ / ADV + TO V0 ADJ / ADV + ENOUGH + TO V0
Too … to V0 kalıbı aşırılık ifadesidir. Olumsuz bir anlam “Enough” yapısı sıfatları ya da zarfları önüne alır ve eğer
taşımaktadır ve arasına bir sıfat veya zarf alarak ya da bir fiille devam edecekse ‘To V0’ şeklinde çekimlenir.
çokluk, azlık ifadeleri ‘many / few / little / much + noun’
👉 She is talented enough to sing.
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alarak kullanılır. Bu yapı genelde “–emeyecek kadar"
anlamında çevrilir.
👉 The weather was too cold to go out.

👉 She asks too many questions to answer.
QUESTION WORD + TO V0 THE FIRST / SECOND

THE MOST / BEST (NOUN) TO V0
What, where, who, whom, how gibi wh- soru kelimelerinden
sonra genellikle ‘To V0’ kullanılır. Bu yapı bir Noun Clause THE ONLY
kısaltmasıdır.
Yukarıdaki yapılar kendilerinden sonra bir fiil aldığında bu
ingilizce
👉 I don’t know what to do. fiil ‘To V0’ olarak çekimlenir. Bu yapı bir Adjective Clause
kısaltmasıdır.
👉 You should decide where to go. 👉 Neil Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the moon.
👉 The best way to explore a new city is to walk.
SOMETHING ACTIVE INFINITIVE ‘TO V0’

NOTHING PASSIVE INFINITIVE ‘TO BE V3’
+ TO V0
ANYTHING “To V0" yapısının pasif hali “to be V3" şeklindedir. Verilen
ANYBODY bütün kurallarda To V0 yapısının doğru yanıt olabileceği her
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yerde “to be V3" yapısı da doğru olabilir. Bu yüzden boşluğun

Something, anything, nobody, anybody gibi yapılardan sonra devamına bakarak aktif mi yoksa pasif mi olduğuna karar
verilmelidir.
fiiller genellikle “-mek için" ya da “-acak" anlamını vermek
için “To V0" ile devam eder. 👉 I want to invite him to my party. (aktif)
👉 I need somebody to talk. 👉 I want to be invited to the party by him. (pasif)
👉 I don’t know anywhere to go.
AKTİF / FARKLI ZAMAN INFINITIVE PASİF / FARKLI ZAMAN INFINITIVE

TO HAVE V3 TO HAVE BEEN V3
Bir eylemin diğerinden daha önce gerçekleştiğini İşaret ettiği eylemin daha önce olduğunu ifade eden
ingilizce
vurgulamak için “to V0" kullanılan yerlerde “to have “to have V3" yapısının passive hali “to have been V3"
V3" yapısı. Bu yapı ana fiilden önce yapılmış olan eylemi şeklindedir. Infinitive yapısının içindeki olay yine ana
belirtir. Zaman farkını vurgulamak için kullanılır. fiilden önce olmuştur. Ve özne işi yapan değil işten
etkilenen durumundadır.
👉 The author is said to have written his second book while 👉 The painting is believed to have been stolen by the
in Paris.
brothers.
👉 Mr. Smith seems to have lost his car keys again. 👉 The woman is claimed to have been killed by her husband.
VERB + OBJECT + TO V0 / TO BE V3
AKTİF PASİF GENEL KURAL: X bir fiil yanına somebody (object) alırsa
MUHTEŞEM %80 TO V0 ile devam eder.
TABLO eş farklı eş farklı
zamanlı zamanlı zamanlı zamanlı Bu fiil (V0 / Ving) alan özel fiiller dışında ve istisna teşkil
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etmiyorsa genel kuralı uygularız ve “To V0" ile devam
having ettiririz.
GERUND V ing having V 3 being V 3
been V 3
INFINITIVE to V 0 to have V 3 to be V 3
to have 👉 I allow my son to go out with his friends on Saturday
been V 3 nights. (allow somebody to V0)
VERB + OBJECT + TO V0 / TO BE V3 ÖRNEK SORU

V + somebody (object) + TO V0 After twenty tonnes of aluminum sulphate was inadvertently
şeklinde devam eden fiillerden bazıları added to the water supply of the town, the government urged
assist, beg, command, dare, employ, enable, encourage, residents ¾¾¾¾¾ the water, not even after ¾¾¾¾¾ it.
ingilizce
invite, select, warn, tell, train

A) to be drunk / being boiled
👉 IThe teacher warned me to read the instruction more B) to drink / having boiled
carefully. C) drank / having been boiled
D) drinking / boiling
E) not to drink / boiling
HEM VING HEM DE TO V0 ALANLAR

ÖRNEK SORU
Malcolm never used to mind his friends’ ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ his Bazı fiiler kendinden sonra verilmek istenen anlama göre
camera however after one of them had carelessly damaged it, Ving veya to V0 ile devam eder. Anlamda değişiklik olur.
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he didn’t give anyone permission ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ again.
A) use / to have borrowed

B) to use / borrowing
C) to have used / having borrowed
D) having used / borrow
E) using / to borrow
Verb + To V0 Verb + Ving
Verb + To V0 Verb + Ving
Yapılması gereken bir şeyi/ görevi Geçmişteki bir olayı
Niyetinde olmak, kastetmek Anlamına gelmek hatırlamak hatırlamak
remember
mean What I mean to say is that I Studying hard means being Please remember to buy some bread and I remember giving him
milk. my phone number.
am sorry. successful.
Genellikle ‘regret to’ ifadesi kendinden
Çabalamak, başarmaya çalışmak Denemek sonra ‘tell, say, inform, announce’ gibi
Pişman olmak
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try He tried to reach an Have you ever tried eating fiillerle kullanılır ve üzüntü duymak anlamına
regret I regret buying this
gelir.
agreement with the lawyer. sushi? I regret to tell you that you have failed
dress.
Bir şey yapmak için durmak Bırakmak, eylemi sonlandırmak in the exam.
stop Let’s stop to have a cup of Stop complaining and do Bir iş veya eylemi bırakıp başka bir eyleme
devam etmek Devam etmek
coffee. something! go on
After graduating, I went on to work as Please go on talking.
Görevi / sorumluluğu unutmak Geçmişteki bir olayı unutmak a teacher.
forget I forgot to close the door I forgot reading that book Aktif anlam
Pasif anlam
need Your hair needs cutting. /
before leaving the office. as a teenager. I need to sleep.
Your hair needs to be cut.
ÖRNEK SORU
The first person ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ a scientific study of the vapors

produced in a chemical reaction ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ the Flemish
physician Jan Van Helmont.
ingilizce
A) to have attempted / have been

B) being attempted / is
C) to attempt / was
D) to be attempting / had been
E) having been attempted / will be
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Adjectıves (Sıfatlar) & Adverbs (Zarflar)
ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVES
Sıfatların cümledeki yerleri değişiklik gösterebilir. 3 Aşağıdaki gibi bazı sıfatlar ise sadece yüklemden sonra
1 Sıfatlar genellikle ismin hemen önüne gelir ve ismi gelirler.
nitelerler. 👉 afraid, alike, alive, ashamed, alone, awake, well
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an old building, a heavy suitcase, a damaging effect
Your father looks well.
2 Chief, entire, local, main, national, particular gibi sıfatlar Is the baby awake?
yine isimlerden önce ve sınıflandırma yapmak için
She feels ill today.
kullanılırlar.
This is the only reason why I am here.
Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer.
ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
4 Normalde fiilleri nitelemek zarfların (adverb) görevi Zarflar (adverbs) bir kişinin bir şeyi nasıl, ne zaman, nerede ve
olmasına rağmen ne sıklıkla yaptığını anlatmak için kullanılır. Ve genellikle sıfatın
👉 be, become, seem, look, appear, feel, taste, smell, sound sonuna -ly eki alarak oluşturulurlar.
ingilizce
gibi fiillerden sonra sıfat gelir ve bu sıfatlar yanında

This map clearly shows all the trails where you can ride a
isim olmadan kullanılabilirler.
bike safely.
I get thirsty when I run too much.

My room looks / appears / seems messy.
She feels dizzy because of her illness.
ADVERBS Bu Zarfları Bilmeden Sınava Girme!

Sonu -ly ile bittiği halde zarf olmayan sıfat olan deadly, costly,
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friendly, lonely, silly, ugly gibi kelimeler de vardır. Almost

Bazı zarflar düzensizdir veya sıfat halleri ile aynıdır (yani Nearly
👉 Bu zarflar genellikle
sonuna -ly almazlar) ya da tamamen yeni bir kelimeye About kendilerinden sonra
dönüşürler. Practically hemen hemen
rakam, oran, sayı,
Virtually neredeyse
👉 fast - fast / late - late / early - early / hard - hard
Approximately yaklaşık olarak
yüzde alırlar.
👉 good - well
Roughly It took nearly two
hours to get here.
Some
Around
COMPARATIVES
DİKKAT
Karşılaştırma sıfatları iki kişi, iki yer ya da iki şeyi
karşılaştırmak için kullanılır. Sıfatlarla karşılaştırma yapılırken Comparative kuralı tüm sıfatlarda aynı şekilde çalışmaz.
-er than (bigger, taller, richer, faster…) ya da eğer sıfat Aşağıdaki sıfatlar düzensizdir.
ingilizce
uzunsa more + adjective than (more expensive, more difficult,

👉 good - better 👉 bad - worse
more beautiful…) yapıları kullanılabilir.
👉 far - further / farther 👉 many - more
You are older than me. 👉 much - more 👉 little - less
Marco’s English is better than my English.
This mall is farther than I expected.
Let’s go by car. It’s much cheaper.
She has further / more information about drawing.
We’d like to have a bigger car.
KİLİT NOKTA The former / the latter:
2 şeyden bahsettiğimiz durumlarda ilki ve ikincisi diyerek
much / far / a lot / rather / a little / a bit / no + comparative
👉 Comparative –er than / more …than yapılarının önünde farkı onların yerine referans kelime kullanmak için ilki anlamındaki
vurgulamak ve ‘çok daha’ anlamını vermek için much, far ve a lot the former, ikinci anlamındaki the latter kelimelerini kullanırız.
(BIG DIFFERENCE), rather vurgu kelimeleri kullanılır.
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👉 Eğer 2 şeyin arasındaki fark ‘az’ ise ve ‘az daha’ anlamını I have worked for two companies so far. The former one
vermek için (small difference) vurgu kelimeleri olarak a little, a paid me very little, but the latter one is rather better.
bit kullanılır.
👉 2 şey arasında hiç fark yoksa no vurgu kelimesi kullanılır.
This song is rather more entertaining comparing to previous
ones.
He seems a bit more energetic today.
The comparative / the comparative: (not) as / so … as: kadar ...

Normalde comparative yapılar önüne the almazken bu kullanım Sıfatları ya da zarfları kullanarak 2 şeyin eşit olduğunu ifade etmek
kural gereği the alarak kullanılır. 2 durumun birbirine bağlı için as adjective / adverb as yapısı kullanılır. Anlamı vurgulamak için
just as adjective / adverb as şeklinde de kullanılabilir. Bu iki ifadenin
gelişimini, değişimini karşılaştırabilmek için kullanılan bu yapı “ne
arasına gelen sıfat veya zarf yalın gelir.
kadar çok ekmek, o kadar çok köfte” diye akılda tutulabilir.
ingilizce
Eşitliğin olmadığı durumları ise not as / so adjective / adverb as
yapısı ile ifade ederiz.
The more you practise, the more fluent you speak.
So … as yapısı sadece olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır.
The darker the room is, the better you sleep. Salad is as expensive as pizza! (They are equal.)
Working smart is as important as working hard. (They are
The less you put on makeup, the healthier your skin equally important.)
becomes. My laptop isn’t as / so good as yours. (Yours is better.)
(not) as / so … as: kadar ... COMPARATIVES

(not) as / so … as yapısı many, much, little, few ile birlikte Karşılaştırdığımız özelliğin kaç kat daha …. olduğunu söylemek
kullanılabilir. istiyorsak eğer kere, kat, sefer anlamını veren half as … as /
twice as … as / twice ...-er than / three times more ... than
We are not as / so much bored as the others are.
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yapılarını kullanabiliriz.
Bu kalıp normalde araya isim almaz ama eğer sayılabilen ve If you try hard, you can do twice as well as he does.
tekil bir isimle kullanılacaksa as adj + a / an + noun as şeklinde
My plant wasn’t even half as tall as my mother’s.
kullanılabilir.
She hadn’t thought her children could buy as expensive a
car as they did.
the same … as : ile aynı so + adjective + that S V O

Bu kalıp diğerlerinden farklı olarak araya isim alarak Türkçesi öyle … ki … / o kadar … ki … olan bu yapı sebep -
kullanılmaktadır. İki şey aynı olduğunda kullanılır. Sadece the sonuç yapısı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Araya sıfat ya da zarf
same olarak cümle sonunda kullanılabilir. alarak sebebi ve that den sonra tam cümle ile de sonucu vermiş
ingilizce
oluruz.
I have the same opportunities as he has.
The neighbours were so noisy that I had to call the
Your speakers are the same as mine. / Our speakers are
landowner.
the same.
so many / much / few / little + noun + that S V O such + (a / an) adjective + noun + that S V O
There were so few students that I couldn’t do the lesson. Bu yapı da yine sebep - sonuç bildiren ve öyle .... bir … ki… diye
çevrilen bir kalıptır. Araya sıfat tamlaması alır.
I had so little time that I couldn’t wait for him.
You have such a beautiful accent that people may think you
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are a native speaker.
DİKKAT
such … that kalıbı many / much / few / little kelimeleri ile You like reading such useless books that you will not learn
kullanılmaz! anything.
such much ® SAÇMA! ☺
such a lot of / a few / a little + noun + that S V O too adj / adv to V0

Bu kalıp anlamca olumsuzdur ve aşırılık anlamı katar.
DİKKAT Yapamayacak kadar … diye çevrilir. Yine arada sıfat ve zarf ile
kullanılır.
Bu kalıp hep such a…. şeklinde kullanılan miktar ifadelerini ingilizce
alır! Miktar sıfatları olan many / much / few / little + noun ile de
I learn such a lot of things that I can get confused kullanılabilir.
sometimes.
She was too slow to win the race.
They have too many heavy bags to carry.
adjective / adverb + enough + to V0 SUPERLATIVES ( the adj -est / the most adjective)
Yeterli anlamına gelen bu kelime kendinden önce sıfat ya da Anlam olarak sıfatlarda en üstünlük derecesi belirten yapılardır.
zarf alır. Yeterince … şeklinde çevrilir.
What is the longest river in the world?
Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
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You are not trained enough to climb that mountain.
We don’t work hard enough to get this job. Genel olarak, sıfatların superlative yapılarını oluştururken sıfatlara
-est eklenir ya da sıfat uzun heceli bir sıfatsa the most eklenir.
The film was very boring - it was the most boring film I’ve
ever seen.
This hotel is the cheapest in town.
I’d like to have the most expensive bag in the store.
SUPERLATIVES ( the adj -est / the most adjective) LIKE & AS (Benzetme)
Benzetme yaparken Türkçesi gibi olan like (edat) + noun veya
DİKKAT -dığı gibi olan as (bağlaç) + cümlecik (S V (O) yapılarını kullanmak
mümkündür.
Cümlede en anlamı katan bir superlative varsa anlamı pekiştirmek
ingilizce
için aşağıdaki kalıplar kullanılabilir. I train like an athlete. (like + noun)
👉 by far (açık ara farkla) My room is by far the largest = I train as an athlete does. (as + cümlecik)
👉 among (hepsinin arasında)

one in the house.
Sometimes my father acts like a dictator. (but he is not!)
👉 of (all) (hepsinin içinde)
Of all your friends, you seem
the most cheerful one.
Although she looks like an innocent kid, she is a nightmare!!
👉 in + yer (...da)
Meat is quite the most
(She appears to be innocent but in reality she is not.)
👉 quite / much beneficial protein source.
As + Noun = … olarak SUCH AS
As edat olarak kullanıldığında doğal olarak yanına isim alır ve Örneklendirme yapmak ve gibi anlamını vermek için such as
Türkçe’ye olarak diye çevrilir. Birinin gerçek işi, kimliği, rolü (edat) kullanılır ve arkasından isim öbeği gelir. Aynı anlamı
veya bir şeyin gerçek fonksiyonunu anlatmak için kullanılır. veren like, including kelimeleri de kullanılabilir. Like edatı hem
Benzetme YAPMAZ! örneklendirme hem de benzetme yapmak için kullanılır ve
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ikisinde de anlamı gibidir.
I work as a teacher.
Some currencies such as / like Dollar and Euro are more
As a teacher, I try to help my students by guiding them.
valuable than Turkish Lira.
You can take this as a secret of ours.
You have wonderful talents like / such as singing, swimming
and dancing.
ÖRNEK SORU ÖRNEK SORU

The costs involved in a child’s education can be high for a Government is providing support to state medical aid
number of reasons, ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ a country’s minimal programs to upgrade their decades-old technology with
investment in primary education, living costs being too high ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ more advanced software.
ingilizce
in areas surrounding schools and the unavailability of public

A) bit B) many C) much D) likely E) very
transportation for the majority.
A) so much B) much as C) such a

D) such as E) the same

Many of the psychiatric patients who seek medication are at The iceberg is approximately ¾¾¾¾¾ size ¾¾¾¾¾ the
risk for suicide or ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ to function normally. state of Delaware or about four times the size of Greater
London.
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A) depressed enough
A) so / that
B) so depressed that
B) more / that
C) as much depressed as
C) the most / as
D) the most depressed D) such a / that
E) too depressed E) the same / as
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (Sıfat Cümlecikleri)
Adjective clause: Relative clause Adjective

Defining Non-defining
Clauses
👉 Bir ismi niteler veya tanımlar. Who / That

The man who / that
Who
Mr. Jack, who informed
👉 Adjective clause’u tek başına kullanamayız. İNSAN informed the students of
registration is the school
the students of
registration, is the school
👉 İsmin ardından kullanılmalıdır ve iki ayrı cümleyi
manager. manager
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Which / That Which / That
birleştirmek için kullanılır. İNSAN Dogs which / that are in Dogs, which are sweet
DIŞI front of our house are animals, are loyal to
barking. people.
DİKKAT
👉 NİTELENEN İSİMDEN SONRA VİRGÜL GELİYORSA THAT KULLANILMAZ!
👉 VİRGÜLDEN SONRA THAT GELMEZ!
(Defining) Adjective Clauses (Non-Defining) Adjective Clauses

(NECESSARY INFO / TANIMLAYAN) (EXTRA INFO / TANIMLAMAYAN)
People seek companionship through other means. 👉 Nitelenen isim zaten bilinen bir isimdir.
👉 ✖ 👉
ingilizce
Hangi insanlar? Belli değil Bu isme yönelik ilave bilgi verilir.
The World War I, which broke out in 1914, had

People who/ that have unhappy family relationships
severe impact on many lives.
in the first place seek companionship through other
means.
👉 Hangi insanlar? Belli ✔
Relative Pronouns As The Subject Of Yesterday, I had the chance to work with a girl.
The Adjective Clause She graduated from Yale University.
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Tanımlamak istediğimiz isim tanımlayan cümlede özne

Yesterday, I had the chance to work with the girl
konumundaysa cümleler birleştirildiğinde bu öznenin
yerine who / that graduated from Yale University.
👉 insansa Who / That Vitamin C is naturally present in all the citrus fruit.
👉 hayvanlar& bitkiler& cansız varlıklarsa Which / That
It is needed by the body to form collagen.
Vitamin C, which is naturally present in all the

THAT BİR JOKER ELEMANDIR. citrus fruit such as oranges, is needed by the body
to form collagen.
Relative Pronouns As The Subject Of Relative Pronouns As The Object

The Adjective Clause Of The Adjective Clause
Adjective Clauses Defining Non-defining Tanımlamak istediğimiz isim tanımlayan cümlede nesne
NOUN + WHO / konumundaysa nitelenen ismin yerine nesne
ingilizce
İnsanlar
THAT + V O
NOUN + WHO + V O
👉 insansa who / whom / that
Hayvanlar /
Cansız Varlıklar
NOUN + WHICH /
THAT + V O
NOUN + WHICH + V O 👉 hayvanlar& bitkiler& cansız varlıklarsa which / that
THAT BİR JOKER ELEMANDIR.
Relative Pronouns As The Of The Relative Pronouns As The Of The
Adjective Clause Adjective Clause
Some patients can’t heal even with organ transplants. Cloning Adjective
may treat those patients by generating tissues and organs. Defining Non-defining
Clauses
NOUN + WHO / WHOM NOUN + WHO /
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Some patients who / whom / that cloning may treat by
İnsanlar
generating tissues and organs can’t heal even with organ / THAT + S V WHOM + S V
transplants.
Hayvanlar / NOUN + WHICH /
NOUN + WHICH + S V
My cat is a British shorthair. I am likely to bring it with me to Cansız Varlıklar THAT + S V
my hometown on holiday.
My cat, which I am likely to bring with me to my hometown

on holiday, is a British Shorthair.
Relative Pronouns As The Object Relative Pronouns As The Object

Of A Preposition Of A Preposition
The leader of the debate group was displeased with the new The new Opel Astra is unfortunately very expensive. I
members. I tried to collaborate with him through all the have been trying to save money for it since last year.
session.
ingilizce
The new Opel Astra, which I have been trying to save
The leader of the group who / whom / that I tried to
money for since last year, is unfortunately very
collaborate with through all the session was displeased with
expensive.
the new members.
The leader of the group with whom I tried to collaborate The new Opel Astra, for which I have been trying to save
through all the session was displeased with the new money since last year, is unfortunately very expensive.
members.
EVLADİYELİK KURAL ☺ WHOSE
Adjective Nitelemek istediğimiz isim, tanımlayan cümlede iyelik

Defining Prep + whom
Clauses bildiriyorsa, insanlar, hayvanlar ya da cansız varlıklar ayırt
Preposition (in, on, at, with, etmeksizin ‘whose’ kullanabiliriz.
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İnsanlar Prep + which

for…) + Whom + S V
Hayvanlar / Preposition (in, on, at, with,
Prep + whose +
The Minister of Foreign Affairs has set up a new meeting
Cansız Varlıklar for…) + Which + S V
yalın isim with those of Middle Eastern countries. His schedule is
Preposition (in, on, at, with,
İyelik (Tümü)
for…) + Whose + Noun (yalın isim)
very busy nowadays.
DİKKAT The Minister of Foreign Affairs whose schedule is very

busy nowadays has set up a new meeting with those of
Prep ten sonra where, when, why, who, that GELMEZ!
Middle Eastern countries.
WHY WHERE
Bir olayın ya da aktivitenin nedeni / sebebi hakkında Nitelemek istediğimiz isim, tanımlayan cümlede yer bildiriyorsa
tanımlama yapmak istiyorsak ‘why’ kullanırız. Yani cümlede ‘where’ kullanabiliriz.
Bunun yanında where yerine ‘prep + which’ de kullanabiliriz.
👉 (the) reason why / for which / that + S V O
ingilizce
👉 YER WHERE S V O
👉 (the) explanation why / for which / that + S V O The international energy conference will be organized
in Brussels, where most of the energy consortiums are
located.
The managing director’s explanations why he has not The international energy conference will be organized in
increased the salaries dissatisfied the employees. Brussels, in which most of the energy consortiums are
located.
DİKKAT Adjective
RE CH Defining Non-defining
WHE WHI
Clauses
Where / Prep + Where / Prep + Which

Which + SVO + SVO
Tanımladığımız yer ismi tanımlayan cümlede özne/nesne
Where/ Prep + Where / Prep + Which
konumundaysa where yerine which ya da that kullanmak Places
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Which + S + Be + V 3 + S + Be + V 3
zorundayız.
Where / Prep + Which Where / Prep + Which
+ S + V (geçişsiz fiil) + S V (geçişsiz fiil)
YER + WHICH (THAT) S V / V O
Hayvanlar /
German national team is looking for a campsite which / that Which / That + V O Which + V O
Cansız Varlıklar
will be chosen in a tropical country for mid-season training.
Places +
Whose + Noun Whose + Noun
Possessive
WHEN
DİKKAT
N CH
Nitelemek istediğimiz isim, tanımlayan cümlede zaman WHE WHI
bildiriyorsa, relative pronoun olarak ‘when’ ya da ‘that’
kullanabiliriz. ZAMAN + WHICH S V / V O
ZAMAN + WHEN + S V O
👉
ingilizce
ZAMAN WHEN / THAT S V O
2050 is the year. Robots will do most of the hard work in that
1895 is the year when / in which / that Nikola Tesla year.
designed the first AC hydroelectric power plant in the 2050 is the year when robots will do most of the hard work.
USA. 1939 is the year. Most of the people don’t want to remember that
July is the month when / in which / that most of the year.
people of Turkish origin living abroad come to Turkey. 1939 is the year which most of the people don’t want to remember.
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Tanımlayacağımız cümlede tanımlamak istediğimiz ismin Germany and France, both of which are making a big
miktarını ya da sayısını belirtmek istiyorsak both of, each profit, are having strong trade ties nowadays.
of, none of, most of, some of, one of gibi ifadeleri relative
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pronoun’un önüne getirerek cümleleri birleştirebiliriz. While my brother was a student at Cambridge University,
he had many teachers all of whom were great.
Miktar belirtirken who, where, when ya da why kullanamayız.
Miktar ifadesi ve ‘of’ edatı ile insanlar için whom, hayvanlar

ve cansız varlıklar için which, iyelik bildirmek için ise whose
kullanmamız gerekmektedir.
REDUCTION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES REDUCTION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Kısaltma yapabilmemiz için ise tanımlamak istediğimiz ismin AKTİF KISALTMA: ( N + VING)
tanımlayan cümlede özne olması gerekmektedir.
Kısaltma yapabilmemize olanak sağlayan relative pronounlar who, Tanımlayan cümlenin yüklemi aktif yapıda ise ve
ingilizce
which ve that’dir. tanımlayan cümle present simple - past simple ya da

Most of the UK citizens who / that support the Liberal present continuous - past continuous gibi tenselerden
Democrats because of its political standing don’t want their birini içeriyorsa adjective clause’da kısaltmaya
country to leave the EU.
gidebiliriz.
Most of the UK citizens supporting the Liberal Democrats
because of its political standing don’t want their country to
leave the EU.
AKTİF KISALTMA: ( N + VING) PASİF KISALTMA (N + V3 / N + BEING V3)
People who / that have personality disorders tend to commit Adjective clause’un içindeki fiil pasif çekimlendiyse kısaltma
a crime more than others. yaparken who, which, that ve yardımcı fiil atılır nitelenen ismin
yanına V3 ya da BEING V3 getirilir.
People having personality disorders tend to commit a crime
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more than others. CELTA certificates, which are awarded by Cambridge
A 7.4 magnitude earthquake which left many people English, enable English teachers to work anywhere in the
homeless struck California last week. world.
A 7.4 magnitude earthquake leaving many people homeless CELTA certificates awarded by Cambridge English enable
struck California last week. English teachers to work anywhere in the world.
PASİF KISALTMA (N + V3) PASİF KISALTMA (N + BEING V3)
People who / that will be chosen by the human resource Tanımlayan cümlenin yüklemi passive ve continuous yapıda ise
managers will have an opportunity to work in the new adjective clause’da kısaltmaya gidebiliriz.
factory.
Rami Malek, who is being invited to most of the TV shows
ingilizce
People chosen by the human resource managers will have an nowadays, has won the 2019 Oscar for Actor in a Leading
opportunity to work in the new factory. Role lately.
Rami Malek, being invited to most of the TV shows

nowadays, has won the 2019 Oscar for Actor in a Leading
Role lately.
TO V0 (ÖZEL KISALTMA / AKTİF) TO V0 (ÖZEL KISALTMA / AKTİF)
👉 the first, the second gibi sıra sayısı, 👉 the first, the second gibi sıra sayısı,
👉 the most hardworking, the cheapest gibi bir superlative sıfat 👉 the most hardworking, the cheapest gibi bir superlative sıfat
👉 the next, only, last gibi belirli kelimeler gelmişse TO V0 👉 the next, only, last gibi belirli kelimeler gelmişse TO BE V3
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The best candidate who / that will be chosen by the

He was the first person who / that climbed the Mount
manager will get the position at the company.
Everest in the world.
The best candidate to be chosen by the manager will get
He was the first person to climb the Mount Everest in the the position at the company.
world.
The last book of Dan Brown to be published in 2018 is Crime
Victim.
WHEREBY = BY MEANS OF WHICH + S V O
(YARDIMIYLA / ARACILIĞIYLA) ÖRNEK SORU
Bu yapı genelde ALS is characterized by muscle spasticity, ¾¾¾¾¾ rapidly
👉 plan, method, rule, regulation, progresses to muscle wasting and difficulty in breathing,
speaking, and swallowing.
👉 schedule, process, system
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A) which B) that C) whose
+ WHEREBY + S V O D) where E) on which
They have introduced a new system whereby / by means

of which all employees must undergo regular training.

At a time ¾¾¾¾¾ National Institutes of Health was not Alberti was the first ¾¾¾¾¾ wider architectural context
supporting much translational research using pluripotent stem as an architectural sine qua non, thus formulating an
cells, CIRM was investing heavily in that area. architectural canon that has persisted to this day.
ingilizce
A) which B) when C) why A) to be postulated

D) whose E) what B) having postulated
C) to have postulated
D) postulating
E) to postulate
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NOUN CLAUSES (İsim Cümlecikleri)
ÖN BİLGİLER S V O =
Bir isim ne görev yapıyorsa Noun Clauses (isim cümlecikleri) da
�� N V N = NC V NC
aynı işlevi görürler.
That she repays the loan without penalty is
İsimler yüklemden önce geliyorsa özne, yüklemden sonra
clear. (NC / S)
geliyorsa nesne pozisyonundadır. Nasıl isimler özne ve nesne
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oluyorsa isim cümlecikleri de ana cümlenin özne ve nesnesi
olabilirler. That she is rich is a big lie. (NC / S)
Genelde Noun Clauses yapıları THAT ile oluşturulur. Okuma
parçalarında, akademik makalelerde, soru köklerinde en sık
gördüğümüz gramer yapılarındandır. Direkt soru getirmese bile
cümleyi anlamaya katkısı büyüktür.
Bu konu, tense konusu ile yakından ilişkilidir.
S V O =
�� N V N = NC V NC ( s ıf a t c
AC
ümlecik
leri)
( is im c
NC
ümlecik
leri)
I know that she repays the loan without penalty. 1 Sıfat cümlecikleri ismi niteler, niteledikleri ismin yanına gelirler. Ya
ingilizce
tanımlayan bilgi ya da ekstra bilgi verirler. Onlar olmadan da zaten

(NC / O) cümlenin öznesi ve nesnesi vardır.
I don’t know where she lives. (NC / O)

2 Sıfat cümleciklerinde relative pronoun olarak kullanılan wh- soru
kelimeleri kendi anlamını taşımazlar. ‘Who, which, where, when, why,
whose’ yapıları ve ‘that’ Türkçeye ‘-en, -an, -ılan, -ilen’ şeklinde
Nobody knows if / whether he is alive. (NC / O) çevirilebilirler. How ve what AC’de yoktur.
3 ‘That’ joker eleman olarak ‘who, which ya da whom’un yerine
virgülün olmadığı durumlarda kullanılabilir. Ve kendinden önce gelen
What I want is that she repays the loan without a ismi niteler.
penalty. (NC / S & O) 👉 NOUN + THAT + S V 👉 NOUN + THAT + V O
AC NC
leri) leri)
ümlecik ümlecik
(sıfat c (isim c
1 👉 THAT SVO + verb O = (NC/ S)
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İsim cümlecikleri fiili, sıfatı, edatı ve soyut ismi nitelerler. Cümlenin

başına geldiklerinde özne, fiilden sonra geldiklerinde nesne olurlar.
2 İsim cümleciklerinde kullanılan wh- soru kelimeleri ‘who, which,

where, when, why, whose, what, how’ kararsız durum yapıları olarak
👉 S + verb + THAT SVO = (NC/ O)
adlandırılır ve cümlede kendi anlamlarını korurlar. Örneğin, cümlede
anlamca zaman bilgisi eksikse when, yer bilgisi eksikse where kullanılır.
3 ‘That’ ve ‘the fact that’ kararlı durum yapıları olarak adlandırılır.

👉 Soyut isim + THAT S V O = (NC)
Türkçeye genellikle ‘-mesi, -ması, -dığı, -diği’ şeklinde çevrilir. Bu
yapılar ile yapılan noun clause’lar özne veya nesne pozisyonunda
kullanılmasına ek olarak belli kalıplardan sonra da getirilebilir.
NEDİR BU KARARLI DURUM?

(THAT = THE FACT THAT)
THAT )
KARARLI DURUM KARARSIZ DURUM
1 Özne ve Nesne Olarak Kullanımı:
whether & if
ingilizce
wh- soru kelimeleri (what, when, why…) İsim cümleciklerinde ‘that’ önemli bir yer tutar.
that ‘The fact that’ ile aynı şeydir. Ama ‘that’ daha sık kullanılır.
how
Bu yapı ile yapılan NC lerde durum, düşünce, gerçeklik, söyleneni
the fact that how + adj / how + adv aktarma, netlik söylemleri vardır. Bu yüzden kararlı durum olarak
adlandırılabilir.
how long / how often / how many/ how
much / how far Ayrıca that in kullanıldığı durumlarda hem cümleyi söyleyen hem de
okuyan için hiçbir bilgi eksikliği yoktur. Açıklama yapan That clause hem
öğeleri bakımından hem de vermek istediği bilgi- anlam bakımından tamdır,
eksiksizdir. (net = that)
That clause tıpkı diğer isim cümlecikleri yapılarında olduğu DİKKAT
gibi ana cümlenin öznesi ya da nesnesi olur.
Nesne pozisyonunda yani fiilden sonra gelen that
i paranteze almak mümkündür. Anlamda herhangi bir
I know the truth. (nesne) değişiklik olmaz.
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I think (that) she is very beautiful. (NC / O)
I know that the world is round. (NC- nesne)
She said (that) she would be late. (NC / O)
Özne pozisyonunda gelen that paranteze alınamaz!

It is a well-known fact. (özne)
That Afyon is cold is a well-known fact. (NC / S)
That the world is round is a well-known fact. (NC- özne)
THAT = THE FACT THAT 2 IT … THAT Kalıbı (It’i an that’i hazırla:)
verb + that S V O That clause özne olarak kullanılır ama bu kullanım YAYGIN değildir.
think, believe, know, hope, guess, accept, acknowledge, admit, estimate, Onun yerine cümlenin başına IT boş öznesi getirmek ve devamında
claim, maintain, allege, assert, assume, suppose, feel, confess, argue, noun (that) clause u ortada kullanmak daha yaygın bir kullanımdır.
state, say, suggest, predict, announce, mean, indicate, point out
ingilizce
That she will win the race is certain. (NC / S)
verb + object + that S V O = It is certain that she will win the race. (It + sıfat + that SVO)
It is apparent (that) he cheated in the exam.
tell, warn, advise, assure, remind, inform (It + sıfat + that SVO)
He informed us at the meeting yesterday that he wouldn’t join the It is known that he cheated in the exam.
party. (It + be V3 (pasif) + that SVO)
In 1882, Peter McGuire suggested to the Labor Union of NY that It was a surprise that she won the race.
there should be a holiday honouring American workers. (It + soyut isim + that SVO)
2 IT … THAT Kalıbı (It’i an that’i hazırla:) Bu isimler (abstract nouns) that clause sever!
D İK K AT: IT … THAT kalıbının ortası %80 pasif dizilim gelir. soyut isim + that + S V O
%20’lik kısımda ise kararlı, açıklama isteyen sıfatların (clear, sure,
miracle, pity, shame, wonder, relief, fact, theory, idea, notion,
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certain …) + that SVO kullanımı ya da soyut isim (idea, belief,

opinion, notion, thought, fact, coincidence …) + that SVO kullanımı belief, thought, opinion, impression, coincidence, surprise
söz konusudur.
It is stated in the passage that Zapotec people are good at It is a miracle that they love each other.
farming. (pasif + SVO)
It is her opinion that she will be promoted by her boss.
It is obvious that Zapotec people are good at farming. (kararlı-
açıklamaya isteyen sıfat + SVO) It is a fact that the Earth is round.
It was a coincidence that we were on the same plane. (soyut
isim + that SVO)
3 sıfat + that SVO Bu sıfatlar that clause sever!

Kararlı & açıklama isteyen (clear, certain…) ve duygu &
düşünce belirten (happy, glad, sorry…) gibi sıfatlardan adj. + that + S V O
sonra that clause gelir. Öznenin illa boş özne it olması true, strange, fair, unfair, likely, unlikely, important, vital,
ingilizce
gerekmez. crucial, essential, significant, urgent, necessary, advisable,

mandatory, obligatory, clear, sure, evident, apparent, obvious,
I’m glad that you have been accepted for the position.
certain, surprising, interesting, pleasing
She is sure that the exam will be easy. It seems obvious that she will be promoted by her boss.
It is surprising that you couldn’t get the Visa. It is very important that you should see a doctor.
I am sure that you will love the new movie.
4 preposition + the fact that SVO
Peki kararsız durum nedir
D İK K AT: Fiilden, sıfattan ya da isimden kaynaklı olan edatların
devamında da noun clause gelebilir. Ancak edatlardan sonra kararlı Bunların içinde geçtiği cümlede kesinlik, netlik, belirli yargılar
durum yapısı ‘that’ ve kararsız durum yapısı ‘-ip -mediği’ anlamına
yoktur.
gelen ‘if’ kullanılmaz.
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Edatlardan sonra ‘that’ yerine ‘the fact that’, ‘if’ yerine de ‘whether’
Sorgulama, bilmeme, merak etme, öğrenmek isteme, şüphe
kullanmak gerekir.
etme gibi ifadeler, kararsız sıfatlar ve fiiller vardır.
She is sure about the fact that they will have more followers at
the end of the year.
I have some doubts about whether my mother will like you or not.
Noun clause da soru cümlesi soru kalıbından çıkar ve düz
Some government ministers had serious doubts as to whether the cümleye dönüşür.
policy would work.
Açık uçlu wh- sorularını nc ye Yes / no sorularını nc ye WHETHER & IF İLE YAPILAN NC’LER
dönüştürmek için kullanılan wh- dönüştürmek için kullanılan 1
soru kelimeleri ile yapılanlar ‘whether / if ’ ile yapılanlar Özne ve Nesne Olarak Kullanımı:
Do you love me? Yes / No sorusunu düz cümlenin içine entegre ederken noun clause
Who do you love? kullanılır ve bunu yapabilmek için kararsız durum yapısı olan (-ip
I wonder whether/ if you
I wonder who/ whom you love. -mediği) anlamı veren whether veya if e ihtiyacımız vardır.
ingilizce
love me (or not).
How did you pass the exam? Bu yapılar da tıpkı kararlı durumlar gibi cümlenin öznesi de olur
Does she speak English?
I don’t know how you passed nesnesi de olur. Ancak özne pozisyonunda if KULLANILMAZ
I don’t know whether/ if
the exam. I wonder whether / if she knows my address.
she speaks English.
Where can I find a bookstore? (NC / O) (whether/ if + SVO)
Did my lawyer call me?
Can you tell me where I can Whether she knows my address is unclear.
I want to know whether/
find a bookstore? (NC / S) (Whether + SVO)
if my lawyer called me.
If she knows my address is unclear.* (‘If ’ nc’lerde özne olamaz.)
WH- SORU KELİMELERİ İLE YAPILAN NC’LER

DİKKAT
1 Özne ve Nesne Olarak Kullanımı:
NC’lerde ‘if’ yapısı bize öf dedirtir:) Kendi kuralları
vardır. Açık uçlu Wh- sorularını düz cümlenin içine entegre ederken noun
1
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clause kullanılır ve bunu yapabilmek için kararsız durum yapısı olan

Cümle başında yani özne pozisyonundaki isim wh- soru kelimeleri kullanılır.
cümleciklerinde if gelmez, whether gelir. Bu kullanımda bu soru kelimeleri kendi anlamını korur. Ne bilgisi
2 Herhangi bir sebepten kaynaklı olarak gelen sorgulanıyorsa onun gerektirdiği soru kelimesi kullanılır. Bu yapılar da
tıpkı kararlı durumlar, whether/if yapıları gibi cümlenin öznesi de olur
edattan sonra if gelmez, whether gelir. nesnesi de olur.
3 ‘Whether or not’ diye bir kullanım olmasına I wonder how she passed the exam. (NC / O) (how + SVO)
rağmen ‘if or not’ şeklinde bir kullanım yoktur.
How she passed the exam is unclear. (NC / S) (How + SVO)
Kararsız: Bilgi Eksikliğini Kapatmak İçin Kullanılan Soru Kelimeleri Kararsız: Bilgi Eksikliğini Kapatmak İçin Kullanılan Soru Kelimeleri
insanlar için sınırlı cansız veya

I don’t know who loves you. I don’t know which dress you
which insanların içinden
hem özne, hem want.
who I don’t know who you love. (= hangisi)
nesne (= kim,
Who loves her is a secret. yer bilgisi I don’t know where she lives.
kimi, kime)
ingilizce
where (= nerede) where SVO Where she lives is unknown.

insanlar için
I don’t know whom you love. zaman bilgisi I don’t know when she will come.
whom sadece nesne when
Whom she loves is a secret. (= ne zaman) when SVO When she will come is unknown.
(= kimi, kime)
sebep I don’t know why she is crying.
cansızlar için I don’t know what happened yesterday. why (= neden) why SVO Why she is crying is unknown.
hem özne hem I don’t know what they did yesterday.
what durum bilgisi I don’t know how I can help her.
nesne What I want doesn’t concern you. how (= nasıl) how SVO How I can help her is unknown.
(= şey, ne) Blue or black? how + adj / how + adv
how I don’t know how difficult it is.
+ S V (= ne kadar …)
Kararsız: Bilgi Eksikliğini Kapatmak İçin Kullanılan Soru Kelimeleri
DİKKAT
I don’t know how long the exam
how süreç bilgisi will last. Kararsız durum yapıları özne olmanın dışında aşağıdaki gibi kullanılır:
long (= ne kadar süredir) How long the exam will last hasn’t
been announced yet.
1 S V / yardımcı fiil + soru kelimeleri
I don’t know how often she will What I want to know is how I can make such a delicious cake.
sıklık bilgisi visit us.
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how I don’t know why he organized such a big party.
(= ne kadar sıklıkla) How often she will visit us is not
often
clear. 2 It + kararsız sıfat (unsure, uncertain, unclear..) + soru kelimeleri
how mesafe bilgisi I don’t know how far the nearest It is uncertain whether she will be elected again.
far (=ne kadar mesafede) café is.
fiyat ya da sayılamayan
I don’t know how much time we 3 … kararsız sıfat + kararsız durum (soru kelimeleri)
how need. I am not sure when she will tell me the truth.
isimler için miktar bilgisi
much I don’t know how much we need to
(= kaç para / ne kadar)
buy a new car. 4 … prep + kararsız durum (if hariç) (soru kelimeleri)
how sayılan isimler için adet bilgisi I don’t know how many people live We don’t really have to argue about who will go to the market.
many (= kaç adet / tane) in this town.
NC’LERDE ZAMAN UYUMU

NC’lerde Arkası Tam Gelen (SVO) Yapılar
Noun Clause konusu aslında bir taraftan tense konusu
---- + S V O (tam dizilim) ile yakından ilişkilidir. Ayrıca özellikle eski yıllarda cümle
that/ the fact that (kararlı) tamamlama sorularında da tercih edilirdi. Öncelikle ana
hatlarıyla noun clause sorularında %90 zaman uyumu aranır.
ingilizce
whether/ if I know that he needs me.

how I don’t know whether she Örneğin: S V THAT S V O. ( ana fiil - present, fiilcik -
needs me (or not). (kararsız) present / future time)
where
when I know that she will be a very successful teacher.
why I know that the water is essential for life
NC’LERDE ZAMAN UYUMU NC’LERDE ZAMAN UYUMU İSTİSNALARI

S V THAT S V O. ( ana fiil - past, fiilcik - past time) 1
It … that kalıbı gibi it boş öznesi ile başlayan noun
The manager told us that he would resign after the clause’larda ana fiille clause’un fiilin içindeki tense’lerin
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board meeting. uyumlu olması gerekmemektedir.

I knew that he was a liar.
It is estimated that six million Maya were living in southern
The lawyer announced that the man had been arrested Mexico at the start of the 21st century.
and charged with murder.
NC’LERDE ZAMAN UYUMU İSTİSNALARI NC’LERDE ZAMAN UYUMU İSTİSNALARI
2 3
Daha önce söylenen söz hala geçerliliğini koruyan, Bazı durumlarda ana fiil present ama noun clause’un
genel bir ifade ise ana fiil past olduğu halde clause’un içinde bitmiş ve zamanı belli bir olay anlatılabilir. O zaman
içindeki fiilcik present olabilir. yine zaman uyumu aranmaz.
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Everybody knows that the Berlin Wall was a concrete barrier
Freud argued that personality is developed through a that divided the city from 1961 to 1989.
series of psychosexual stages. The reporter states that the big economical crisis in Turkey
started in 2001. Muhabir Türkiye’deki büyük ekonomik krizin
2001 yılında başladığını belirtti.
The scientists said that the virus mutates.
Bilim insanları virüsün mutasyona uğradığını söylediler.

It is no surprise ¾¾¾¾¾ according to the Mayan creation
Bu konuyu tense sorularında test ederlerse zaman uyumu
story, the original humans were formed from corn.
ile ilgili şu pratik bilgi işe yarayabilir. Noun clause’un ana
fiilinde genellikle bu 3 tense’e öncelik verilir. A) which B) what C) that
ingilizce
S V1 + NC D) where E) in which
S have-has V3 + NC
S V2 + NC
Noun clause’dan önce gelen ana fiilde şu tenseleri
işaretlemekten kaçınmakta fayda var.

The couple had already lost one child to the disease and In 2014, the two researchers ¾¾¾¾¾¾ that as healthy
wanted to know ¾¾¾¾¾ their unborn baby also had or was infants ¾¾¾¾¾¾ toddlers, their microbiomes change,
a carrier of the condition. or mature, but that this does not happen in malnourished
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children.
A) if B) what C) how
A) reported / grow into
D) whose E) when
B) reports / would grow into
C) had reported / will grow into
D) was reporting / was growing into
E) is reporting / is grown into
IF & WISH CLAUSES (Koşul Cümlecikleri)
IF CLAUSES GENEL BİLGİLER

Koşul cümleleri geçmiş, gelecek ve günümüzle ilgili
REAL UNREAL koşulların sonuçlarını anlatmak için kullanılır.
Type- 0 Type- 2
Bu konu Adverbial Clauses (zarf cümlecikleri)
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Type- 1 IF Type- 3 konusunun alt başlığıdır.
Mixed- 1
Yan cümle (if clause) koşul ve ana cümle (main
Mİxed- 2 clause) ise koşula bağlı sonucu anlatmak için kullanılır.
GENEL BİLGİLER KİLİT NOKTA

If clause cümle başında gelirse ana cümleden virgülle
ayrılır. IF S V O (yan cümlede) S V O (ana cümlede)
gelemeyecek yapılar gelemeyecek yapılar
ingilizce
Ana cümle başta geldiğinde, if clause ortada olur ve bu

durumda iki cümlecik ortasında virgül kullanılmaz. will
would
was- were
shall
V2
If my students are successful in the exam, I will be be going to
had V3
pleased. may
have- has V3
might
I will be pleased if my students are successful in the am- is- are Ving
could
exam. (possibility)
ÖRNEK SORU IF TYPE- 0 (Sıfır Koşul / real- present)
If all of the world’s bees ¾¾¾¾¾ off, there ¾¾¾¾¾

1 Genel geçer durumları, bilimsel gerçekleri ve neden sonuç
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major rippling effects throughout ecosystems. ilişkisini anlatırken “Type 0” kullanılır.

If you mix red and yellow, you get orange.
A) die / have been
It melts if you heat ice.
B) died / would be
C) had died / had been 2 “If” yerine “when(ever)” bağlacı da kullanılabilir. Anlam
D) may die / might have been değişmez.
E) would die / would have been When(ever) you mix red and yellow, you get orange.
It melts whenever you heat ice.
IF S V1 O, S V1 O.
IF TYPE- 1 (real - present) IF TYPE- 1 (real - present)

1 Gelecekte muhtemel eylem ve durumları ifade etmek için
IF S V O (yan cümle) S V O (ana cümle)
kullanılır. Gelecek ile ilgili, koşula bağlı olasılıkları anlatmak için
kullanırız. Yan cümlede Geniş Zaman (Simple Present) kullanılır. V1 will V0
ingilizce
Ana cümlede ise “will, may, might, could” gibi olasılık modalları
kullanılır.
am-is-are Ving can V0
If you call me at work, I may not answer the phone. have-has V3 may V0
If she calls me, I might invite her to the party. can V0 might V0
should V0 (düşük olasılık) could V0
2 Öneri & teklif ya da uyarı yapmak için de kullanılır.
If you wash the dishes, I will clean the table. (Öneri - teklif)
You’ll feel cold if you don’t wear a coat. (Wear a coat! Uyarı)
ÖRNEK SORU IF TYPE- 2 (unreal - present)
If you ¾¾¾¾¾ complications or a cesarean delivery, you

1 Hayali / gerçek olmayan mevcut (present) eylem ve
durumları ifade etmek için kullanılır. (imaginary situations)
¾¾¾¾¾ your doctor for advice on when you can begin
exercise. If my brother had a proper job, he would be happy. (He
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doesn’t have a job.)
A) have had / should ask
B) have / could ask
2 Gelecekte olması pek mümkün olmayan (future) eylemleri
C) had / can ask
anlatmak için kullanılır.
D) will have / must ask
If you gave me a million Euros, I would stop working.
E) had had / might ask
IF TYPE- 2 (unreal - present) IF TYPE- 2 (unreal - present)

Yan cümlede Simple Past (was- were- V2) kullanılır.
IF S V O (yan cümle) S V O (ana cümle)
Ana cümlede ise “would / could / might V0” modalları
kullanılır. V2
would V0
was-were Ving
ingilizce
Type 2, cümleyi yapıca past ama anlamca present might V0

could V0 (past ability)
yapar. could V0
had to V0
If I had a car, everything would be easier for me.
IF TYPE- 3 (unreal - past) IF TYPE- 3 (unreal - past)

yapıca past, anlamca past yapıca past, anlamca past
1 Bu yapı hem yapıca hem anlamca gerçekten past olan tek 2 Geçmişteki durumlar ya da eylemler ile ilgili olarak eleştiri
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if tipidir. Geçmişte yaşanan bir durumun aksini düşünüp, ya da pişmanlık ifadeleri için de kullanılan Type 3’ ün
o koşullar altında oluşabilme ihtimali olan geçmişe dair yan cümlesinde had V3, ana cümlesinde “would have
sonucu anlatmak için kullanılır. Günümüzle hiçbir ilgisi V3” “could have V3” “might have V3” kullanılır. Type 3,
yoktur. Hayali / gerçek olmayan geçmiş (past) eylem ve cümleyi yapıca ve anlamca past yapar.
durumları ifade etmek için kullanılır.
They would have arrived home on time if they had caught
If we had arrived earlier, we would have had the best seats. the early train.
IF TYPE- 3 (unreal - past) MIXED TYPES

yapıca past, anlamca past MIXED- 1 (kolay:) (If + type 3, type 2): dünün bugüne etkisi
Bu karışımda geçmişin şu ana olan etkilerinden bahsetmek için if
IF S V O (yan cümle) S V O (ana cümle) clause içinde type 3’nin if clause’un içinde gelen yapıları kullanıp,
ingilizce
ana cümlede type 2’nin ana cümlesinde gelen yapılarla cümle elde
had V3 ediliyor.
would have V3
had been Ving Türkçesi ‘Geçmişte şöyle olsaydı, bugün / şimdi / gelecekte böyle
might have V3 olurdu.’ şeklinde düşünülebilir.
could have V3
could have V3
had been able to V0
DİKKAT
Bu yapının kolay olmasının sebebi genellikle cümle sonunda (right)
now, today, at the moment gibi ifadeler alıyor olmasıdır.
MIXED- 1 (kolay:)
(If + type 3, type 2): dünün bugüne etkisi
ÖRNEK SORU
If English language structures ¾¾¾¾¾ pre-taught, then
If we hadn’t forgotten the chicken in the oven, we
beginning learners ¾¾¾¾¾ sufficient English language to
would be eating it now.
use during tasks now.
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S V O / ana cümle (now/
IF S V O / yan cümle A) aren’t / didn’t have
today/ at the moment)
B) hadn’t been / wouldn’t have
had V3
would V0 (would be Ving) C) won’t be / couldn’t have
had been Ving
might V0 (might be Ving) D) weren’t / wouldn’t have had
could have V3
could V0 (could be Ving)
had been able to V0 E) aren’t / won’t have had
MIXED- 2 MIXED- 2 (If type 2, type 3)

(If + type 2, type 3): bugünün düne etkisi
Bu karışımda genel (dün-bugün-yarın) bir durumun geçmişe IF S V O (yan cümle) S V O (ana cümle)
olan etkilerinden bahsetmek için if clause içinde type 2’nin if
V2
clause’un içinde gelen yapıları kullanıp, ana cümlede type 3’ün would have V3
was-were Ving
ingilizce
ana cümlesinde gelen yapılarla cümle elde ediliyor. might have V3
could V0 (past ability)
Türkçesi ‘Bugün şöyle olsaydı, geçmişte böyle olurdu.’ şeklinde could have V3
düşünülebilir. had to V0
If I were a more pessimistic person, I would have given up,

but instead I went on fighting!
(I am not a pessimistic person in general, so I didn’t give up
fighting in the past.)
MIXED- 2 (If + type 2, type 3) TING IF (Devrik yapı)

If I knew Russian, I could have helped the tourists to Type 1, type 2, type 3 cümlelerinde if clause (yan cümlecik)
find their way last night. tarafında if kullanmadan da koşul anlamı verebiliriz. Buna
sadeleştirme, if ’i atma denilmektedir. Bu durumda if’i
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If he spoke English and French fluently, he might have cümleden kaldırdıktan sonra devrik yapı kullanılması
gerekmektedir.
applied for the master degree programmes in Belgium.
Yardımcı fiili cümlenin önüne getirerek devrik yapı elde edilir.
Ana cümlede ve cümlenin anlamında hiçbir değişiklik olmaz.
yardımcı fiil + özne = devrik yapı
If I were you, I would go to the party.
= Were I you, I would go to the party
OMITTING IF (Devrik yapı) OMITTING IF (Devrik yapı)

If you need a Should you If I had studied Had I studied
Should + özne + V0 … Had + özne + V3 …
IF shoulder to cry need a shoulder IF harder, I could harder, I could
If’i at yerine sadece If ’i at yerine sadece
TYPE - 1 on, just call to cry on, just TYPE - 3 have got the have got the
should getir. had getir.
me. call me. grant. grant.
ingilizce
Were + özne + (to)

V0 … If I were you, I Were I you, I
If ’i at yerine were wouldn’t talk to wouldn’t talk to
getir. Be fiilinin him. him.
IF
dışındaki fiillerde
TYPE - 2
yine were başa gelir If I had a lot of Were I to have
sonrasında o fiil to money, I a lot of money,
V0 şeklinde devam wouldn’t work. I wouldn’t work.
ettirilir.
WISH CLAUSES PRESENT & FUTURE WISHES
I WISH = IF ONLY S + wish + subject + V2 / wish + subject + could V0
Wish Clauses I wish I was a bit taller. = I am not a bit taller.

I wish I could come with you. = I cannot come with me.
present / future wishes past wishes
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Subject 1 wish + Subject 2 + would V0 (başkasına eleştiri,
S wish + S V2
S wish + S had V3 sitem)
S1 wish + S2 would V0
S1 wish + S would have V3 I wish you would study more. (Keşke daha çok çalışsan.)
(sitem, eleştiri)
S wish + S could have V3 She wishes they would help her. (O onların yardım etmesini
S wish + S could V0
istiyor.)
I wish = If only = keşke... If only = if type 2, type 3

Bu iki yapı aynı anlamda kullanılabilir. Gerçeğin tam tersi If only ‘keşke’ (I wish) anlamının dışında bir de koşul bağlacı
durumlar anlatıldığı için unreal present ve unreal past if gibi de işlev gösterebilir. Bu durumda if only yan cümlenin
dizilimlerle kullanılırlar. başına gelir ve devamına bir de ana cümle alır. Unreal anlam
verdiği için type 2 ya da type 3 gibi kullanılmalıdır.
If only I lived near the sea. = I wish I lived near the sea.
ingilizce
If only I had more money, I would travel around the world.

If only you would remember his name. = I wish you would
remember his name. If only she had studied from my notebook, she could have
passed the exam.
If only he hadn’t moved to Berlin. = I wish he hadn’t moved
to Berlin.
ÖRNEK SORU
If only I ¾¾¾¾¾ $4000, I ¾¾¾¾¾ able to finish what I
started.
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A) had / will be
B) have had / had been
C) would have had / might be
D) had had / would have been
E) have / would be
OTHER CONDITIONALS (Koşul Bağlaçları)
Yedek Oyuncular / Yakın Anlamlı Yapılar Provided / Providing (that) / On condition that / Only if*
If ’e yakın If unreal yapan Diğer İmalı

👉 Anlamı: tek şartla, olduğu sürece, koşuluyla anlamı
yapılar yapılar yapılar koşul vermektedir.
provided (that) suppose (that) 👉 If ’e en yakın anlam veren ve kullanım şekilleri aynı olan
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providing
supposing (that) unless but 👉 Sadece daha katı ve formal (resmi) bir anlatım
on condition that
if only even if otherwise / Provided / providing (that) you have the money in your
only if * or else account, you can do online shopping.
if it weren’t for (just) in
as long as case without Visitors are allowed in the gardens on condition that they
if it hadn’t
don’t touch the plants.
so long as been for
DİKKAT DİKKAT
ONLY IF (ÖZEL KULLANIM) Only if you make a chocolate cake will I come and
👉 Only kelimesinin bütün türevleri cümle başında visit you.
ingilizce
geldiğinde devrik yapılır.

Only if S V O yardımcı fiil + S V (devrik)
👉 Ana cümleden önce virgül gelmez.
👉 Only if in anlamı yine if’in aynısıdır.
I will come and visit you only if (if) you make a
chocolate cake.
You can go out only if you finish all your assignments.
As long as / So long as
ÖRNEK SORU
👉 Anlamı: -dığı sürece
¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ public concern does not return to the levels of
👉 if ’in genel kullanım şekilleri ile aynı
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the mid-1980’s, it is likely that future legislation will include

additional incentives for the development of Brownfields and
As long as we keep playing well, we’ll keep winning
games. other contaminated property.
I will lend you the money so long as you pay me back.

A) Suppose that B) Unless C) As long as
D) Only if E) If only
Unless (If … not): -medikçe

ÖRNEK SORU
👉 Anlamı: -medikçe, -madıkça
👉 Sınavlarda sıkça karşımıza gelir. It is believed that technology has little influence on education
👉 Anlamca olumsuz olduğu için yanına gelen yan cümlenin olumlu ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ it is integrated into a meaningful curriculum.
ingilizce
olması gerekir. Ana cümle bununla paralel olarak yapıca ya da

anlamca olumsuz bir cümledir.
A) since B) but C) provided that
(olumsuz koşul- olumsuz sonuç)
D) as long as E) unless
👉 Daha çok uyarı anlamı katan bu yapı genellikle Type 1 ile kullanılır.
Bu yüzden ana cümlede genellikle won’t / can’t ile birlikte kullanılır.
Type 2 ve Type 3 ile kullanımı pek yaygın değildir.
I won’t forgive you unless you apologize.
= I won’t forgive you if you don’t apologize.
Even if: -se bile (+ , - / - , +)
ÖRNEK SORU
👉 Anlamı: olsa bile / olmasa bile Affection and hatred, happiness and disaster, they all co-exist
👉 Sınavlarda sıkça karşımıza gelir. in one relationship ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ we will never be able to
👉 Hem koşul hem de zıtlık bağlacı work out how.
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👉 If dizilimlerine uyan cümlelerde if, dizilim olarak if’e
benzemiyorsa although, even though, though, while A) in case B) if C) unless
muamelesi çekebiliriz.
D) even if E) only if
Even if you take a taxi, you’ll still miss the bus. (if type 1)
He was a great leader, even if he had many enemies.

(although)
(Just) In case: -sa diye (Just) In case: -sa diye

👉 Anlamı: olursa diye, ihtimaline karşılık, tedbir olarak
👉 Sıkça kullanılan yapılardandır. ana cümle yan cümle
👉 Bu bağlacın olduğu yan cümlede olasılık, ana cümlede ise will / be going to V0
tedbir anlamı vardır.
ingilizce
V1 V1
👉 Just yapısı sadece vurgulama yapmak için kullanılır. am-is-are Ving
in can, can’t V0
In case + olasılık, tedbir
have-has V3
case
You’d better take the keys in case I go out for a walk.
would V0 V2
I took an umbrella with me in case it rained.
V2 had V3
In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.
(Just) In case: -sa diye In case vs in case of
I will give you my phone number in case you need to SVO in case S V O.
In case of + NOUN, S V O.
S V O in case of + NOUN.
call me.
türü: edat
anlamı: durumunda
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I gave my phone number to him in case he needed to türü: bağlaç

Kendinden sonra isim öbeği
call me. anlamı: olursa diye alır ve bir ana cümle vardır.
Yan cümlenin başına gelir. = in the event of
Ana cümleye bağlar. We should take an umbrella
= in the event that with us in case of rain.
In case of fire, ring the
We should take an umbrella
alarm bell.
with us in case it rains.
… in case of fire /
emergency /earthquake...
Suppose (that), supposing (that): diyelim ki... If it weren’t for / If it hadn’t been for
👉 Suppose: farzetmek, varsaymak 👉 If it weren’t for… devamında isim öbeği alması gereken bir
👉 Suppose that: varsayalım ki, hadi diyelim ki… yapıdır. Ve ana cümlede if type 2’nin ana cümlesinde gelen
yapılarla devam eder.
👉 Gerçek dışı durumlarla ilgili koşul ve sonuç cümleleri
ingilizce
elde etmek için kullanılan bu yapı if type 2 ve type 3 ile If it weren’t for your support, I would feel so lonely in this
kullanılır city. (type 2)
👉 Genelde ana cümlesinde bir soru cümlesi ile devam eder. 👉 If it hadn’t been for… devamında yine isim öbeği alması
gereken bir yapıdır. Ve ana cümlede if type 3’ün ana
Suppose that flights were fully booked on that day, how
cümlesinde gelen yapılarla devam eder.
would we go there?
Suppose that you were the manager of the company, If it hadn’t been for your suggestion, I couldn’t have
would you still hire him? participated the programme. (type 3)
But for : olmasa(ydı)
ÖRNEK SORU
👉 Kendinden sonra isim öbeği ve devamında ana cümle alır. We would not be able to support our students ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾
Olmasa(ydı) anlamına gelen bu yapı type 1, type 2, type 3
ile kullanılabilir. our online education system which were ready just before the
announcement of pandemic by the WHO.
But for his knee injury, he can play. (Type 1)
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But for a couple of cabs, the square would be empty.
A) as long as B) if only C) but for
(Type 2)
D) what if E) in case
But for these interruptions, the meeting would have
finished earlier. (Type3)
GİZLİ IF : But, without GİZLİ IF : Otherwise

👉 Bu yapılar koşul cümlesi kullanılmadan ima edilmiş bir koşulu 👉 Bu yapının devamı if’in ana cümlesi olarak düşünülmelidir.
anlatmak için kullanılır. Otherwise ‘aksi takdirde’ anlamına gelir ve cümle zarfı
👉 Bu durumda havada if kokusu var deriz ve bu gizli if durumudur. olarak kullanılır.
Restatement, okuma parçaları ya da cümle tamamlama sorularında
👉 Devamında will, would, can, could, would have V3, could have
ingilizce
işe yarayabilirler.
V3 gibi dizilimler alır. If’in ana cümlesinde gelmeyen dizilimler
I would have gone on a picnic yesterday but the weather was otherwise’dan sonra da gelmez.
rainy.
You must shut the window. Otherwise, or, or else it’ll get too
= I would have gone on a picnic if the weather hadn’t been rainy.
cold.
Without water, you cannot go three days.
= If you don’t shut the window, it’ll get too cold.
= You cannot go three days if you don’t drink water.
DİKKAT ÖRNEK SORU

Otherwise cümle zarfı olduğu için 2 cümleyi ortadan bağlar Animals such as bears and squirrels hibernate during winter,
ve genellikle noktalamalarla birlikte gelir. Önünde %80 tavsiye
modalları (should, had better, must, ought to) alırken kendinden ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ they cannot survive the winter because the
weather is cold and food is scarce.
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sonra if’in ana cümlesinde gelebilen bütün yapıları (will, can,

would, could, would have V3, could have V3) alır. Bu mantıkla
if’in ana cümlesinde gelemeyen yapılar otherwise’ın devamında
da gelemez! A) thus B) even if C) although
You mustn’t look at the computer for a very long time; D) otherwise E) only if
otherwise, you will have a headache.
= If you look at the computer for a very long time, you will
have a headache.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES(Zarf Cümlecikleri)
CÜMLE TÜRLERİ F.A.N.T.B.O.Y.S. (ORTA BAĞLAÇLARI)

1 Basit (simple sentence) cümleler sadece Özne + Fiil + (Nesne) / S V (O) Açılımları for, and, nor, then, but, or, yet, so olan bu
unsurlarından oluşur. Basit cümleler genellikle kısa olur.
kelimeler bağlaçtır ve iki cümleyi birbirine bağlamak
I had a quick breakfast yesterday morning.
için kullanılırlar.
2 Bileşik (compound sentence) cümleler, iki ana cümlenin bir bağlaç yardımıyla
bir araya gelmesinden oluşur. Cümle tam ortadan şu bağlaçlarla bağlanır:
Genelde kendilerinden önce virgül alırlar ama hiçbir
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For, And, Nor, Then, But, Or, Yet, So (FANTBOYS).
I was ill yesterday, so I didn’t go to school. noktalama işareti almadan da kullanılabilirler.
3 Karmaşık (Complex sentence) cümleler, bir ya da daha fazla cümleciğin, bir
ana cümle ile birleşmesinden oluşur.
There are only 4 books which you should read. (adjective clause)
I know that you like reading books. (noun clause)
Although I was ill, I went to the school. (adverbial clause)
FOR + SEBEP çünkü She couldn’t go to school, for she was sick. PARALEL (İKİLİ) BAĞLAÇLAR
AND ve He plays the guitar, and we sing folk songs.
Both...and…, not only...but also…, either...or…, neither...
NOR … ne de… She hasn’t apologized for what she said,
(devrik) nor do I intend to forgive her. nor… bağlaçları ikili kalıplar halinde gelir. Ve her iki yapıdan
THEN sonra, zaman Add a cup of sugar, then beat in two eggs. sonra da paralel gramer yapılarını alır.
BUT ama, fakat We were going to go on a picnic, but it
rained. Both my father and my mother are teachers.
ingilizce
OR veya, yoksa He should study more, or his father will get Not only the teachers but (also) their students were
mad at him.
tired at the end of the semester.
YET ama, fakat yine She doesn’t speak our language. Yet , she
de can understand what we say.
Neither my family nor my friends live in Denizli.
SO + SONUÇ bu yüzden Everything happened suddenly, so I didn’t
have any time to think. You will either stay at home or come with us.
DİKKAT ÖRNEK SORU

Not only … but also …: Sadece değil, aynı zamanda
The monks’ pupils ¾¾¾¾¾ become acquainted with stories
of the buddha’s astounding deeds, ¾¾¾¾¾ gain the practical
NOT ONLY …
means to verify for themselves the value of the buddha’s ethics
NOT SIMPLY … BUT ...
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in the world.
NOT MERELY … BUT ALSO …
NOT JUST … BUT … AS WELL / TOO. A) so / that
NOT SOLELY ...
B) either / and
… not merely the absence of disease and infirmity, but also complete C) not only / but also
physical, mental and social well-being
D) as / as
My mother not just speaks English but she teaches English in a
school as well / too. E) rather / than
BAĞLAÇLAR (zaman) time as soon as, after, when, the moment, once, since, before, until,
till, by the time
Bağlaçlar yan cümlenin başına gelirler. Yan cümleyi ana cümleye (durum) manner as, just as, as if, as though
bağlamak için kullanılırlar. Yan cümle başta geldiğinde ana cümleden (sebep) cause since, because, as, for, now that, in that, seeing that, inasmuch
as, due to the fact
virgülle ayrılır.
(amaç) purpose so that, in order that
Bağlaç + yan cümle, ana cümle
ingilizce
(zıtlık) contrast even though, although, though, even if, while, much as
Because the weather was really awful, we didn’t go for a picnic. beklenmedik sonuç
zıtlığı
Ana cümle bağlaç + yan cümle
(zıtlık) direct contrast whereas, while
We didn’t go for a picnic because the weather was really awful. taban tabana zıtlık
(şart) condition if, unless, only if, even if, if only, as long as, provided, providing,
Bağlaç: in case
X S V O, S V O. (sonuç) result so…that, such…that
S V O (,) X S V O.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONTRAST (ZITLIK) a. Tam Zıtlık Bağlaçları (direct contrast):
Cümle içinde verilen zıtlık anlamı 2’ ye ayrılır. Kullanılan Doğrudan zıtlık vermek için kullanılan “while, whereas” ‘halbuki,
bağlaçlar da verilmek istenen anlama göre belirlenir. oysa ki, iken’ anlamı veren ve kullanımı aynı olan bağlaçlardır. İki
zıt bilgiyi, taban tabana zıt olan 2 kişiyi, durumu veya nesneyi
a. Tam zıtlık (direct contrast): while, whereas
kıyaslamak için kullanılır. Bu yapılar “but” yapısına göre daha
b. Beklenmedik sonuç zıtlığı (surprising result): resmidir. “While, whereas” cümle başında ya da ortasında
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although, even though, though, while, much as, even
kullanılabildikleri için “but” yapısından farklıdırlar. (X, Y) (elma X
if, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that
armut)
While / Whereas the hotel is luxurious, it’s not expensive.
My sister is a hardworking student, while / whereas my

brother is lazy.
b. Beklenmedik Sonuç Zıtlığı Bağlaçları (surprising result):

ÖRNEK SORU
“Although, even though, though, much as, while, even if” iki
The existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices şey arasındaki doğrudan zıtlığı değil beklenmedik sonuç zıtlığını
made by the unemployed in the past, ¾¾¾¾¾ classical (surprising result) anlatmak için kullanılır. Bu yapılar kullanım
unemployment may result from the legislative and economic olarak aynıdır. ‘-e rağmen, olmasına rağmen’ anlamı verirler.
choices made by labor unions or political parties. Bağlaç oldukları için cümle başında veya ortasında kullanılabilirler.
ingilizce
A) so that (+, -) (- , +)
B) while We lost the game although everyone played well.

C) thus Even though she’s 25 now, she behaves like a child.
D) if
E) since
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF REASON (SEBEP)

KİLİT NOKTA
Bu bağlaçlar bir olayın nedenini anlatmak için kullanılır. En önemli
Zıtlık yapıları still, actually, only kelimelerini çok sever. Soru bağlaçlar since, because, as kullanım ve anlam olarak aynıdır.
köklerinde zıtlık yapıları varsa şıkta bu kelimelere ya da şıkta İçin, -dığından dolayı anlamına gelen bu yapıları cümle ortasında
geldiklerinde çünkü diye çevirmek daha mantıklı olacaktır.
bu kelimeler varsa şıkta zıtlık yapılarına öncelik verilebilir.
Hem gramer hem de cümle tamamlama sorularında bu
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Because it was too late, he found it unacceptable to go out.

kilit nokta işe yarayabilir. Cath didn’t phone last night since she was asleep.
Now that you have finished the semester, we can make plans
for the summer.
I couldn’t concentrate on the lecture as I had a terrible headache.
In that vs in terms of ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF RESULT (SONUÇ)
In that bağlaçtır. In terms of edat. İkisi de ‘-mesi bakımından, So + adj / adv that SVO & such (a / an) adj + noun that
-den dolayı, çünkü, - dığı için’ şeklinde çevrilebilir. Sebep ya da ek SVO bu iki yapı neden-sonuç ilişkisini birbirine bağlamak için
açıklama yapmak için kullanılırlar. In that cümle başında kullanılmaz. kullanılır. So ve such’tan sonra sebep, that SVO ile sonuç kısmı
Ana cümleden sonra gelir, yani cümle ortasında kullanılması gerekir. anlatılmış olur. İkisi de ‘o kadar … ki’ şeklinde çevrilebilir.
Anlamları aynı olan bu yapılar formülleri bakımından farklılık
S V O in that S V O.: She was fortunate in that she had friends göstermektedir.
ingilizce
to help her.
The shirt was so expensive that I couldn’t buy it.
In terms of noun, S V O. : In terms of my friends, I feel lucky. It was such an expensive shirt that I couldn’t buy it.
S V O in terms of noun. : I feel lucky in terms of my friends.
PURPOSE: SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME (ZAMAN)
‘-sın diye, -mek için’ anlamına gelen bu iki bağlaç aynıdır -den önce, -e kadar -den sonra, yapar yapmaz, -dığında
ve amaç belirtmek için kullanılır. Cümle başında ya da iki before after
cümlenin ortasında gelebilirler. Bu iki yapıdan sonra gelen
until / till as soon as when
cümle genellikle can, could, will, would gibi modalları alır.
by the time once
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She put his glasses on so that she could see the television the moment
better. as
All those concerned must work together in order that no sooner … than
agreement can be reached on this issue. hardly … when
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME (ZAMAN) ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF MANNER (DURUM)

Zaman bağlaçları %100 zaman uyumu ister. Zaman bağlaçları Manner ‘tavır, tutum’ anlamına gelmektedir. Buradaki
tense sorularında önemli yer tutar. yapılar bir eylemin nasıl yapıldığını anlatır. Ya da benzerlik
vermek için kullanılır.
Zaman bağlaçlarının sağına yani yan cümleye asla will,
shall, be going to, would gelmez. Şimdi as, just as…(so)..., as if / as though yapılarını
tek tek inceleyelim.
ingilizce
Zaman bağlaçlarının ana cümlesinde have / has V3 ve have

/ has been Ving yani present perfect ve present perfect
continuous gelmez.
JUST AS: (-dığı gibi)

ÖRNEK SORU
Taban tabana zıtlık bağlaçlarında görmüş olduğumuz whereas’in
tam tersi gibi de düşünebileceğimiz just as bir benzetme bağlacı Stephen Valentine, who is the director and principal architect
olarak kullanılır. X ve Y yi zıtlığı bakımından kıyaslarsak (difference / of the Timeship project, explained that ¾¾¾¾¾ a spaceship
contrast) whereas / while, benzerliği bakımından kıyaslarsak (similarity allows people to move through space, their Timeship will allow
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/ compare) just as yapısını kullanırız. ‘Tıpkı, -dığı gibi’ anlamına gelir. people to travel to another time in the future.
Bu kalıbın devamında opsiyonel olarak so da kullanılabilir. ‘Tıpkı onun
A) as long as
da .... gibi, o da …’ şeklinde çevrilebilir.
B) because
Just as the French love their croissant, (so) the English love their
beer. C) even if
Just as he is a doctor, (so) his wife is. D) just as
E) whether
AS IF/ AS THOUGH: (sanki, -mış gibi) KİLİT NOKTA

‘-mış gibi, sanki’ anlamına gelen bu iki yapı aynıdır. Real (gibi) ve
As if / as though bazı fiillerle çok sık kullanılmaktadır.
unreal (sanki...-mış gibi) olmak üzere 2 kullanımı vardır. Gerçek bir
Örneğin soru kökünde behave, act, treat, feel, seem,
olay hakkındaki izlenim ya da gelecekte muhtemel bir olay anlatılıyorsa
appear, look, describe … gibi fiillerin yanı boşsa şıklarda
olayın gerçek tense’i neyse o kullanılır. as if / as though yapılarına öncelik vermek gerekir.
It looks as if everyone will join the trip.
ingilizce
Look at that old woman over there! She looks as though she is
going to faint.
It seems as if I can solve the problem on my own.
PREPOSITIONS (EDATLAR) ZITLIK EDATLARI: Despite / In Spite Of
‘-e rağmen, -e karşın’ anlamına gelen bu edatlar
Bağlaçlar yan cümleyle ana cümleyi bağlarken edatlar
kendilerinden sonra isim grubunu alırlar ve beklenmedik
kendilerinden sonra bir isim (noun), isim öbeği (noun sonuç zıtlığı verirler. İkisi de birebir hem anlam hem de
phrase), nesne zamiri (object pronoun) ya da gerund kullanım olarak aynıdır.
(ving) alırlar ve bir cümle alırlar. Despite applying for a lot of jobs, she is still out of
Prep + NP, S V O. work.
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I’m still pleased with the house despite its all problems.
S V O prep + np.
In spite of the rain, we went out for a walk.
TAM ZITLIK EDATLARI

ÖRNEK SORU
Unlike, in contrast to / with, contrary to, as opposed
¾¾¾¾¾ the popularity of ready meals, they have earned to edatları ‘-nın aksine’ anlamı verir ve tüm edatlar
a reputation for being high in saturated fat, sugar and salt; gibi kendinden sonra isim grubu ister. Genelde 2 şeyi
low in nutrients. karşılaştırmak için kullanılan bu yapılar tam zıtlık ifade
A) Regardless of ederler.
ingilizce
B) Due to Unlike my father, I love working very much.

In contrast to cats, dogs are more loyal.
C) Apart from
D) Despite
E) As well as
BENZETME EDATLARI: Like / Similar to SEBEP EDATLARI

İki şey arasında benzerlik (similarity) olduğunda karşılaştırma
Due to, because of, owing to, on account of, thanks to, as a
(compare) yapmak için ‘gibi, benzer olarak, ile aynı şekilde’
result of, as a consequence of edatları neden - sonuç ilişkisi
anlamına gelen like, similar to edatlarını kullanırız.
vermek için kullanılır. ‘Sayesinde, -den dolayı, -nın yüzünden’
like + noun = gibi = (benzetme & örneklendirme: such as:
anlamları vardır.
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including)
as + noun = olarak (gerçek anlam) She was told to wear flat shoes on account of her back
as + cümlecik = gibi (benzetme) problem.
Like most people in the office, I hate getting up early. The concert has been cancelled owing to bad weather.
I hate getting up early as most people does in the office. Thanks to the efforts of the whole team, the project was
completed on time.
EKLEME EDATLAR
ÖRNEK SORU
Besides, in addition to, as well as, apart from, aside from, along
¾¾¾¾¾ the focused atmosphere and formal environment with, coupled with, together with edatları ‘ ile birlikte, -e ek olarak,
-nın yanı sıra’ anlamı verirler. Yanlarına np, nc, ving gibi isim
of the factory, the employees working there don’t regularly
gruplarını alırlar ve ekleme anlamı katarlar. Bu yapılar genellikle
hang out together after work. devamlarında ‘ayrıca’ anlamına gelen also ile kullanılırlar.
ingilizce
A) By means of He sings at a cafe at night besides his office work.

In addition to working in an office, he also sings at a cafe at
B) So as to night.
C) Because of Theft coupled with pounding caused him to be imprisoned.
D) Despite
E) Regardless of
ÖRNEKLENDİRME EDATLARI
ÖRNEK SORU
Such as, like, including edatları gibi anlamına gelir ve isme örnek
Some studies show that taking collagen supplements for several vermek için kullanılır. Bu yapılar kendinden önce genel isimler
alır ve bunlardan sonra spesifik isimler ve alt başlıklarla devam
months can also improve skin elasticity ¾¾¾¾¾ increasing
ederler.
muscle mass and preventing bone loss.
genel ---- özel = such as / like / including
A) contrary to
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cities such as Ankara and İstanbul
B) as regards such cities as Ankara and İstanbul
C) just as Using supplements, including protein powder and L-carnitine,
may help you get swole.
D) as well as
E) in spite of
RATHER THAN
ÖRNEK SORU
edat cümle zarfı
A study of the Kibbutzim allows us to deal with fundamental
rather than rather
questions in economics ¾¾¾¾¾ how insurance can be Rather than shouting at people you You can’t shout at anybody
don’t like, you should leave the room. you don’t like. Rather , you should leave the
provided despite the problems of moral hazard and adverse room. (Sevmediğin herkese bağıramazsın.
selection. Daha ziyade, odadan çıkmalısın.)
ingilizce
instead of / in place of instead

A) such as Instead of studying all day, you You don’t need to study all day. Instead,
should listen to the lesson carefully
B) as long as you should listen to the lesson carefully and
and take notes.
take notes. (Tüm gün ders çalışmak
C) as such
zorunda değilsin, bunun yerine dersi
D) so that dikkatlice dinlemeli ve not tutmalısın.)
E) so as
SENTENCE ADVERBS (CÜMLE ZARFLARI) ZITLIK

Cümle zarfları 2. cümlede herhangi bir yerde ve genelde However, nonetheless, nevertheless, even so, all the same
noktalama işaretleri ile gelirler. İlk cümlenin başına en önemli ve en sık karşımıza gelen cümle zarflarındandır.
gelemezler. 2. cümlede gelirler. ‘Ancak, ama yine de, fakat’ şeklinde
S V O. X, S V O. çevrilirler ve beklenmedik sonuç (surprising result) anlamı
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verirler.
S V O; X, S V O.
S V O. S, X, V O. She looked great; however, her eyes were a bit red.
S V O. S V O, X. We tried hard. Even so, they won.
S V O, X S V O.
TAM ZITLIK ÖRNEK SORU

2 şeyin taban tabana zıtlığını karşılaştırırken kullanılan
It is often said that football originated in all corners of the world,
on the other hand, conversely, in contrast, by contrast since throughout history ball games have been played by different
‘aksine, oysa ki, diğer yandan’ anlamı verir. civilizations. ¾¾¾¾¾ modern football, as we know it, is thought
to have been established in England in the late nineteenth century.
The kid looks cute; on the other hand, he turns into
ingilizce
a monster at home. A) Therefore

B) For example
She won a scholarship, while her sister, by / in contrast,
C) Similarly
goes to a private school.
D) Accordingly
E) However
SONUÇ ÖRNEK SORU
Therefore, thus, hence, as a result, as a consequence,
Most psychologists still have not agreed on a definition of
consequently, accordingly , thereby zarfları ‘bu yüzden, sonuç
emotional intelligence. ¾¾¾¾¾ , they define emotional
olarak, dolayısıyla, bundan dolayı’ anlamları verir. Paralel anlam
intelligence in various ways, depending on which expert you
veren (-,-/ +,+) bu yapılar 2 cümleyi neden - sonuç ilişkisi
ask.
bakımından bağlar. Bu yapılar 2. cümlenin yani sonuç cümleciğinin
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başına gelir. And bağlacından sonra sıklıkla görebileceğimiz A) Nevertheless
yapılardır. (and + sonuç yapıları) B) Therefore
She couldn’t afford to buy a dress; therefore / consequently, C) Even so
she didn’t come to the party. D) Otherwise
E) Yet
I took a rest all the weekend. Hence, I have lots of work to
do now.
İLAVE FİKİR / EKLEME ÖRNEKLENDİRME
In addition, further, furthermore, moreover, besides, For example, for instance, to illustrate, to exemplify yapıları
what’s more, also zarfları ‘dahası, üstelik, ek olarak’ örnek vermek için kullanılan özellikle roma rakamı ve
anlamı veren +,+ / -,- paralel anlam ilişkisi isteyen paragraf tamamlama sorularında önemli olabilen kelimelerdir.
yapılardır.
ingilizce Bu zarfları ‘örneğin, mesela’ şeklinde çevirebiliriz.
He doesn’t come to school. Moreover, he doesn’t answer Teaching may sometimes be hard; for instance, some
students disrespect.
the phones.
There are many universities in Turkey. For example,
Her songs are awesome. What’s more, all of them
METU is one of the most popular universities in Turkey.
are her own composition.
BENZERLİK ÖRNEK SORU

Similarly, likewise, in the same way, by the same Water serves as the basis of the circulatory system, which uses
token, correspondingly ‘benzer, aynı şekilde’ anlamı blood to distribute nutrients to the entire body. ¾¾¾¾¾ ,
veren zarflardır. 2 şeyi benzerliği (similarity) bakımında it also helps maintain body temperature by expelling excess
kıyaslarken kullanılırlar. heat through the skin via sweat and vaporation.
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Medicine students study 6 years. By the same token, A) However

law students study 6 years too. B) In fact
C) Moreover
I live in a big flat. Similarly, my family lives in a big D) Thus
house in L.A. E) Instead
Bağlaç: Edat: Cümle zarfı:

X S V O, S V O. Prep noun, S V O. S V O. Y, S V O.
S V O X S V O. S V O prep noun. S V O; Y, S V O.
S V O. S, Y, V
ZITLIK Although Despite However

Though In spite of Nonetheless
Even though Nevertheless
ingilizce
Much as / While Even so

Even if
SEBEP & SONUÇ Since Owing to Therefore

Because As a result of Thus
As Due to Hence
Inasmuch as Because of As a result
EKLEME X As well as Moreover

Besides Furthermore
In addition to In addition
QUANTIFIERS (Miktar İfadeleri)
TEMEL BİLGİLER COUNTABLE NOUNS
Miktar sıfatları (adjectives), miktar zamirleri (pronouns), belirteçler Sayılan isimler tekil yapılabilir. Yani önüne a / an alarak
(determiners and articles), sayılan çoğul (countable / plural), sayılan ‘bir adet …’ anlamı vermiş olurlar.
tekil (countable / singular) ve sayılamayan (uncountable) isimleri an apple, a city, a bridge, an amazing film, an hour
(nouns) kapsayan bir konudur. Sayılan isimler çoğul yapılabilir. Yani sonuna -s, -es,
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Bu konudaki bazı yapılar sadece sayılan ve tekil isimle gelirken -ies, -ves (-ler, -lar) çoğul takısı alabilirler. Önlerine kaç
bazılarısayılan ve çoğul isim, bazıları da sayılamayan isim ister. adet olduğunu belirtmek için sayı getirilebilir.
two apples, 3 big cities, 5 boxes, a lot of shelves
Soru kökünde boşluktan sonra isim varsa sıfat, fiil varsa zamir
aranması gerekir.
Bu konudaki bazı yapılar joker elemandır yani hem sayılan hem de

sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılabilen yapılardır.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS YAYGIN OLAN SAYILAMAYAN İSİMLER

food: cheese, meat, tea, sugar, salt, coffee, milk
Sayılamayan isimler adeti, tam sayısı, kesin miktarı verilemeyen
liquids: water, oil, milk, tea, coffee
isimlerdir.
love, oil, bread, meat subjects & languages: art, music, English, Spanish
ideas & feelings: love, education, attention, advice,

Sayılamayan isimler önüne a / an (bir) kelimesini alamaz. Aynı şekilde,
ingilizce
-s,-es, -ies gibi -ler/-lar çoğul takılarını da sayılamayan isimlerin groups of things: furniture (desks, sofas, tables), money (dollars,
sonuna getiremeyiz. Yani bu isimler tekil veya çoğul yapılamazlar. liras), time (seconds, minutes, hours), luggage (suitcases, bags)
Taneli şeyler (particles), sıvılar (liquid), soyut kavramlar (abstract Yani kısaca jenerik olan genel grup isimleri sayılamazken onların alt
nouns) ve doğa olaylarının (natural phenomena) isimleri sayılamazlar. başlıkları ve alt birimleri sayılır diyebiliriz.
sugar, flour, water, milk, courage, determination, love, hatred,

rain, snow
çoğul isimlerle sayılamayan isimlerle hem çoğul & hem

sayılamayan isimlerle A LOT OF / LOTS OF / PLENTY OF
(joker)
Anlamı: ‘çok, birçok’
- a number of - a great deal of a lot of / lots of /
/ a great many / a large amount of plenty of Hem çoğul isimlerle hem de sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılabilirler.
/ a large number of / a great quantity of - most
/ scores of - much - some
(joker)
- many - a little / little - any
A lot of / Lots of / Plenty of students came to the baseball
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- several - no
- a few / few match.
She cooked a lot of / lots of / plenty of pasta for the guests.
Dikkat: ‘A lot of, plenty of ’ yapıları ‘of + noun’ almadan da
kullanılır ve bu durumda zamir olur. (a lot / plenty : zamir)
You ate a lot at the party yesterday.
...NUMBER OF..., ...MANY..., ...DEAL OF..., ...AMOUNT OF...,

...A FEW... + ÇOĞUL İSİM ...QUANTITY OF... + SAYILAMAYAN İSİM
A number of, a good many, quite a few, a good A good deal of, a great deal of, a vast amount of, a
large amount of, a great quantity of
few, a great many, a large number of, scores of,
ingilizce
large numbers of Day by day, a large amount of water is being

wasted.
Quite a few books are missing.
The baker gave away a great deal of bread.
We ordered scores of painting brushes.
She saw a large number of accidents on the road.
ÖRNEK SORU MOST
After California was hit by its biggest earthquake in 20 Anlamı: ‘Çoğu, pek çok’
years in 2019, buildings were rocked and --- roads were left
Hem çoğul hem de sayılamayan isimlerle birlikte kullanılan bir
badly damaged and the quake triggered dozens of emergency
calls. joker yapıdır.
Most love is hard.
kamp2022
A) a great deal of
B) a number of
Most paint is made in Thailand.
C) much Bu yapı aynı zamanda zamir olarak da kullanılır. Yani ismin

D) as many yerine geçer.
E) any People usually know how to be kind, but most do not do
this. (most people)
ÖRNEK SORU SOME

Anlamı: sayılamayan isimlerle ‘biraz’ ve sayılan / çoğul isimlerle ‘birkaç, bazı’
¾¾¾¾¾ epidemiological studies have not analyzed respiratory Çoğul ve sayılamayan isimlerle birlikte kullanılır. ( joker)
symptoms in relation to birth weight and gestational age
Some strategies may help you.
separately.
You can have some coffee if you want.
I need some advice about my future plans.
ingilizce
A) A great deal of Some students want to go abroad to learn English.
B) Each Some genellikle olumlu cümlelerde kullanılmasına rağmen bir şey rica ederken
ya da birine bir şey ikram ederken, teklifte bulunurken soru cümlelerinde
C) No
de kullanılabilir.
D) Most Can I have some water? (rica)
E) Both Would you like some coffee? (teklif)
SOME ANY
Some miktar sıfatı olabildiği gibi bir zamir olarak da kullanılabilir. Anlamı: Any ‘her, herhangi, hiç’
Bu durumda ilk cümlede geçen ismi kastettiğimiz için ikinci Hem çoğul hem sayılamayan hem de tekil isimlerle birlikte (joker)
cümlede some yapısını yanında isim olmadan kullanabilir ve zamir kullanılır.
halinde tercih etmiş oluruz. Daha çok soru cümlelerinde ve olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır.
kamp2022
A lot of people like summer, but some people hate it. (sıfat) I can’t see any people on the street.
A lot of people like summer, but some hate it. (zamir) We don’t need any soap.
Many Persian cats love sleeping, but some sleep a little. Do you have any questions about accommodation?
Is there any milk in the fridge?
ANY MOST / SOME / ANY
Any + tekil isim olumlu cümlelerde kullanılır ve ‘her, MOST

(sayılan isimlerle)
them, you, us
herhangi bir, istediğin…’ anlamını verir.
the, these, those, my, his + çoğul isim
SOME OF
Any car is allowed to pass this road.
You can take any book you want. ANY
it (sayılamayan
the, this, that, my, his + sayılamayan isim isimlerle)
ingilizce
NO + İSİM NO + İSİM
No kelime anlamı olarak ‘hayır’ olmasına rağmen bu konuda miktar sıfatı No objections are accepted.
olarak kullanılan ve joker olan bir yapıdır.
There was no money in the bag.
Sayılan çoğul, sayılan tekil ve sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılır. (NO’ lursan ol
yine gel.) No student is allowed to enter the exam room.
kamp2022
Anlamı ‘hiç’ olan no yanına mutlaka isim almalıdır. Tek başına zamir olarak No train will be affected by this incident.
kullanılamaz.
There’s no food left in the fridge.
Bu yapı cümleyi yapıca olumlu ama anlamca olumsuz yapar.
NO vs. NONE (of + isim) NONE (of + isim)

No bir sıfattır. Ve her zaman yanına sayılan tekil, sayılan çoğul ya da None of my friends phones me anymore.
sayılamayan isim alması gerekir. No yapısı yanına OF almaz. Çünkü zamir
None of these pens works.
değildir.
None of us is able to escape the consequences of our actions.
None yapısı ise sadece zamirdir. Sıfat olarak kullanılamaz. Yani yanına isim
None of this evidence is compelling.
ingilizce
almaz. None kendisi bir noundur! (None = noun)

None kendi başına kullanılabilir.
none of + sayılamayan isim tekil fiille,
A: How many of the pencils have you bought?
none of + sayılan çoğul isim tekil ya da çoğul fiille kullanılır.
B: None. (Hiçbirini.)
MANY + ÇOĞUL İSİM MUCH + SAYILAMAYAN İSİM

SEVERAL (+ÇOĞUL İSİM)
- Anlamı: Birçok - Anlamı: Çok
- Fiil çoğul özneye göre çekimlenir. - Fiil tekil özneye göre çekimlenir. Anlamı: ‘Birkaç’ anlamına gelen bu yapı kendinden sonra çoğul isim alan bir
- Tüm cümle türlerinde (+, -, ?) - Soru cümlelerinde ve olumsuz
kullanılır. cümlelerde kullanılır. Olumlu sıfattır.(several + plural)
- There were many problems during cümlelerde tercih edilmez. Olumlu
divorce. How many students do you cümlede so / very / too ile birlikte Several young men don’t want to join the army.
have? kullanılması gerekir.
kamp2022
I don’t have many friends in Italy. - How much money do I need to go

There are several reasons behind his decision to leave his hometown.
- Kendinden sonra of alabilir. O zaman abroad?
devamında them, you, us ya da the, - There isn’t much time to finish the
these, those, my, his + çoğul isim project. Kendinden sonra of alabilir. O zaman devamında them, you, us ya da the,
alır. - Kendinden sonra of alabilir. O zaman
- Many of the candidates were upset devamında it ya da the, this, that, these, those, my, his + çoğul isim alır.
because of the situation. my, his + sayılamayan isim alır.
- Much of the money raised by the Several of my shoes are expensive.
charity was spent for the children.
A FEW & FEW A FEW & FEW

Bu yapılar kendinden sonra of alabilir. O zaman devamında them, you,
Bu iki yapı da sayılan çoğul isimlerle kullanılır. A few olumlu anlam taşır ve
us ya da the, these, those, my, his + çoğul isim alır. (specific)
‘birkaç’ (az ama yeterli) verir.
Few ise olumsuz anlam taşır ve ‘az’ (az ve yetersiz) anlamı verir. Few of the students know the advantages of online education.
(az ve yetersiz / olumsuz anlam)
A few plants must be watered every day.
ingilizce
She tried few times, and she gave up in a short time. A few of my students (them) want to go abroad after graduation.
I have a few close friends at work. (az ama yeterli / olumlu anlam)
(az ama yeterli)
I have few friends so I spend my time alone watching TV at the weekend.
(az ve yetersiz)
A LITTLE & LITTLE AZ & YETERLİ (+) AZ & YETERSİZ (-)
(enough) (not enough)
Bu iki yapı da sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılır.
sayılan çoğul isimlerle :) a few (birkaç) :( few (az)
A little olumlu anlam taşır ve ‘biraz’ (az ama yeterli) anlamı verir.
Little ise olumsuz anlam taşır ve ‘az’ (az ve yetersiz) anlamı verir.
sayılamayan isimlerle :) a little (biraz) :( little (az)
She has little money. She is going to ask for some.
There is a little jam. You don’t need to buy.
kamp2022
Bu yapılar kendinden sonra of alabilir. O zaman devamında it ya da the,
this, that, my, his + sayılamayan isim alır. (specific)
A little of the sugar was used to make a cake. (specific)
BOTH EITHER
Bu yapı iki şeyden bahsetmek için ve yalnızca sayılan isimlerle kullanılır.
‘ikisinden ya biri ya da diğeri’ anlamına gelir yanına sayılan tekil isim
Bu yapı ‘her ikisi’ anlamına gelir yanına sayılan çoğul isim alır. Bu alır. Bu durumda ‘either’ bir sıfattır.
durumda ‘both’ bir sıfattır.
Either book is worth reading. (Both books are….)
Both girls were crying in the ladies’ room. Either kendinden önceki cümlede geçen 2 şeyden birine atıfta
ingilizce
bulunmak için de kullanılır. Bu durumda yanına isim almadan zamir

Both kendinden önceki cümlede geçen 2 şeye atıfta bulunmak için de
olarak kullanılabilir.
kullanılır. Bu durumda yanına isim almadan zamir olarak kullanılabilir.
I have bought two books. Either is worth reading.
I bought two jackets and both are white.
NEITHER BOTH / EITHER / NEITHER

‘ikisinden hiçbiri’ anlamına gelir yanına sayılan tekil isim alır. Bu durumda
both them, you, us
‘neither’ bir sıfattır.
Neither manager contacts with us.

either OF
Neither kendinden önceki cümlede geçen 2 şeyden hiçbirine atıfta bulunmak
kamp2022
için de kullanılır. Bu durumda yanına isim almadan zamir olarak kullanılabilir. the, these, those, my, his + çoğul isim
We have two managers. Neither contacts with us.
neither (yalnızca sayılan isimlerle)
Neither of them sleep(s) early.
I can take neither of my bracelets with me.
EACH / EVERY
ÖRNEK SORU
Each ve every yapıları kendinden sonra sayılan tekil isim
There was a bitter argument between Jane’s parents about alır.
whether they should move to the U.S.A., but little has yet
Each ‘her bir’, every ‘hepsi’ anlamına gelmektedir.
been said to her about it by ¾¾¾¾¾ side.
ingilizce
Each patient was taken to the hospital.

A) neither
Every patient needs a doctor.
B) either
C) each
D) both
E) some
EACH / EVERY OTHER TÜRLERİ
Each hem zamir hem de sıfat olarak kullanılabilir. Other yapısı ‘başka, diğer’ anlamına gelir. Sıfat, zamir, tekil,
çoğul, belirli ve belirsiz olarak sınıflandırılır ve farklı türlere
(Each + tekil isim / each + fiil)
dönüşür.
There are 20 questions in the exam. Each is worth 10 points.
Ancak every sadece sıfattır, dolayısıyla yanına her zaman isim sıfat zamir sıfat zamir
kamp2022
almasıgerekmektedir. (every + tekil isim) tekil another question another çoğul other questions others
Every student has to take part in the school debate. (her öğrenci, hepsi) the other question the other the other questions the others
Each yanına of alabilir fakat every + of diye birşey yoktur.

Every one of ... şeklinde kullanılması gerekir.
Each of the brothers has different personality.

I bought a dozen eggs and every one of them was bad.
ANOTHER THE OTHER

Another sıfat ya da zamir olarak ya belirsiz ve tekil isimler Belirli nesne olan tekil isimlerle sıfat olarak ya da belirli
için kullanılır ya da ismin yerine geçer. ‘Herhangi bir başka, tekil zamir olarak kullanımı vardır.
bir diğeri’ anlamı verir. She has two daughters. One of them is a student. The
ingilizce
I am busy at the moment. Could you come back other daughter is a teacher. (Sıfat, belirli, tekil)
another day? She has two daughters. One of them is a student. The
Karen resigned from her last job and couldn’t find other is a teacher. (Belirli tekil zamir)
another.
OTHER / OTHERS (Çoğul) THE OTHER / THE OTHERS

Belirsiz isimlerle birlikte other + çoğul isim ya da Sayısı belli olan grubun içinde ‘kalan diğerleri’ demek için
kullanılırlar. The other + çoğul isim sıfat yapısıdır. The
others zamiri kullanılır.
others ise belirli çoğul zamirdir.
kamp2022
London is very expensive compared to other cities Julia and Alice stayed behind. The other girls went
in Europe. home.
Some people are at greater risk than others. (belirli, çoğul, sıfat)
Some people like living in big cities, but others There are three dinner plates on the table. Where are
prefer the villages. (Belirsiz çoğul zamir) the others?
(belirli, çoğul, zamir)
other (tekil) other (çoğul)
BELİRLİ GRUP (THE) BELİRSİZ GRUP (AN / -) BELİRLİ GRUP (THE) BELİRSİZ GRUP (AN / -)
TEKİL SIFAT ZAMİR SIFAT ZAMİR ÇOĞUL SIFAT ZAMİR SIFAT ZAMİR
the other + tekil isim the other another + tekil another the other + çoğul the others other + çoğul others
ingilizce
isim isim isim
Ex. You gave me the Ex. You gave Ex. Ask me Ex. The Ex. You gave me the Ex. You gave Ex. Some Ex. Some
wrong book. I want the me the wrong another question you wrong books. I want me the wrong people like people like
other book on the book. I want the question! asked me was the other books on books. I want dancing, dancing,
shelf. other on the very difficult. the shelf. the others on whereas other whereas others
shelf. Ask me the shelf. people hate it. hate it.
another!
ÖRNEK SORU
This book, along with all ---- recent publications, has
attempted to insert women into the knowledge taught within
kamp2022
educational institutions.
A) others
B) the others
C) many others
D) each other
E) the other

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TENSE

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE hikaye, kitap ve filmlerin senaryoları

never almost never occasionally usually always

Aşağıdaki ifadeleri görünce aklımıza eylemler gelmeli.

PRESENT PERFECT Present Perfect En

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE hikaye, kitap ve filmlerin senaryoları

never almost never occasionally usually always

Aşağıdaki ifadeleri görünce aklımıza eylemler gelmeli.

PRESENT PERFECT Present Perfect En

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE hikaye, kitap ve filmlerin senaryoları

never almost never occasionally usually always

Aşağıdaki ifadeleri görünce aklımıza eylemler gelmeli.

PRESENT PERFECT Present Perfect En

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE hikaye, kitap ve filmlerin senaryoları

never almost never occasionally usually always

Aşağıdaki ifadeleri görünce aklımıza eylemler gelmeli.

PRESENT PERFECT Present Perfect En

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE hikaye, kitap ve filmlerin senaryoları

never almost never occasionally usually always

Aşağıdaki ifadeleri görünce aklımıza eylemler gelmeli.

PRESENT PERFECT Present Perfect En

Simple Past Simple Past

Simple Past Simple Past

GEÇMİŞTE BİTMİŞ EYLEM The Titanic was a luxury British steamship

eserler, bıraktıkları düşünceler e kalıcı ifadelerde

P*)S)NT tenseler kllanılır

TIME & TENSE

TIME & TENSE TIME & TENSE

TIME & TENSE TIME & TENSE

A) ponder / were beginning

2. Anlam İlişkisine göre Eleme Yöntemi

3 adet time 12 adet tense

wi`_ wi``Jbe wi``Jhaze

ZAMAN UYUMU ZAMAN UYUMU

Studies reported last ear that graduall oung people were

y the tie you finished your research, we had already started

️when (ever), while

father’s car in front of the house.

STRATEJİ - 2 Örnek Soru

Zaman bağlaçlarının yan cümlesinde wil ,

A) the drugs are still being researched

C) we are not still sure about how to prevent them

-n hen/n hsn eein Vi -n han

Seçeneklerde aşağıdaki ifadeler bir arada PRESENT YAPILARA YAKLAŞ:

surveys, &indin+s, e"4eriments, statistics,-

- ad V3 / future -aıla

Örnek Soru Örnek Soru

C) had created / has predicted

D) has suggested / turn E) will create / are predicting

E) will suggest / are turning

PAST YAPILARA YAKLAŞ: PAST YAPILARA YAKLAŞ:

the first colonizers, prehistoric periods, the earliest beginnings, the

Örnek Soru Örnek Soru

A) would alter / have helped A) agreed / would be

B) had altered / help B) agree / had beeen

C) have altered / helped C) would agree / is

D) alter / will help D) had agreed / was

E) will alter / had helped E) will agree / has been

MODALS GENEL YAKLAŞIM

2. Adım: Uzman Bakışı MODAL YAPILARI

ÖSYM TARZI present? past?

Modal + be V 3 present / past ABILITY

was - were able to V 0

Present 1: Progressive (+):

eserler, bıraktıkları düşünceler e kalıcı ifadelerde

P*)S)NT tenseler kllanılır

y the tie you finished your research, we had already started

-n hen/n hsn eein Vi -n han

- ad V3 / future -aıla