Cuapter 3 FUNCTIONS, LIMITS AND CONTINUITY QUICK REVIEW OF THE CHAPTER = ‘= Functions 4. Function. A subset fof A x B is a function from A to B, if each element of "A exists in some ordered pairs in f and no two ordered pairs in f have the same m A to B is denoted by f: A — B. first element. A function fro © Domain and range of a function. Let A and B be two nor-empty sels Then a function f from A to B associates every element of A to a unique element of B. ‘Then set A is called domain of fand the set of images of elements of A in set B jg called range of f, A function f from A to Bis written as f: A > B 3. One-one (or injective) function. i i function f: A> Bisone-oneit fo) =f ly) = x= y forall y ¢ A 4. Onto (or surjective) function. A function *f: A B is onto function if for given y <’B there exists x¢ A such that f (x) = ¥- ™ Alternatively, a function f: A > Bis called an onto function if range (f) = co-domain (/) One-one and onto (or bijective) functi “and onto if fis both one-one and onto. 6. Composition of functions. Let f: A> Band g Bae te the funation gots 8 > C piven by Ge) 2) 8 lly fog # 8of Invertible function. A function f: A> Fea aa tecstces Let fA Bie x bijection The "5 ‘on. A function f: A > Bis called one- +B — C. The composition of (f (x) for all x € A. Bis invertible if and only if fis one- g: B= Ais inverse nd range both are teal numbers, then the n on f/R > R defined by f(x) =eV xs Re where snstant function. Its domain is R and Range is (cl. polynomial integer and44 © Shiv Dax [BCom. (Prog) CCS] DELHI UNIVERSITY 12. ‘Linear function. A function of the form f (x) = ax + 5 wim 5 constants and a+ 0 is callad a linear ee 13. Quadratic function. A function of the whee and ¢ are constants and a + 0 is called a quadrati 14. Modulus or Absolute walue function. / fax x. 2<0 15. Logarithmic function: The function f (x) = log x, x24 function. Here domain is R* and range is R 16. Exponential furiction. The function f(r) = > is cal Here domain is R and range is R™ 17. Operations on functions. Let f and 2 be (0 Sum: (f+ gx = Ax) + g(x) (i) Difference: (f - 3)r = jf) ~ g(x) (ii) Product: (fg}x = fx) . s(x) (@) Scalar multiple: (fix = cfix) Where ¢ a fe Ceresiene (2). ~ £62 4620 18. Functions related to Bi () Demand Fanction, Annes 2 Economtics Squation that Telates price: per uni = Price is called a demand function The © IP), where xs the number fe) = |x| = is called modulus or S any real number supply function. The spe? &(CHAPTER % FUNCTIONS, LIMITS AND CONTINUITY @ 45 (o) Profit function. Let R(x) and C(x) be the total revenue received and the total cost incurred respectively, Then profit function is given by P(x) = R&) ~ Cla) (e)) Break-even point. The break-even point is the level of production where the revenue from the sales is equal.to the cost of production. i-<, at break-even point, profit is equal to zero. P(x) =0 => R(x) - C(x) = 0 = Ra) = Cl) be Eiri: “ 19. The limit of a function. The limit of f(x) as x approaches @ is |; which is as lim f(x) =! 20. Properties of Limits. Let f(x) and g (2) be two functions stich that— tim f(x) =1 and lim g(x) =m. @ limler@l=e- Him f()=e-! wawhere[c € R be any arbitrary constant (i) tim F(x) 4 (2) lint ft fin: gix)=l+m (Git) il fx) - (x)= Hien fp-tamg(@) = Im xm tin fx) “ it Sl yee ag 20 (iv) in time) = provided m (@) lime=« (vi) limiog f(x)=log lim f@) =log! (vit) tim FE) = yim re) (oi tia” =1 for any positive integer 21. Some Important Limits: fy ie Xai onal, being a positive integer dita , n being eat 1 % «where [c is any constant function— ? t 46 @ Shiy Das (B.Com. (Prog) CBCS] DELHI UNIVERSITY sERIRS 22. Useful Expansions: =) . @ (existent ge ; parties 4 (ii) tog(t +x) =x Zz (i) @a1+es 23, One sided limits. 1f is called the Right Hand * BHL= lim f(x)=1, ese Similarly, if f (x) approaches 1, as x approaches @ from the left it is called thy Left Hand Limit. { (2) approaches |, asx approaches a from the Limit. Tight i LHL = tim fej=t, aie The limit of a function will exist if and only if both one side. are equal. LHL = RHL = 24. Limits at infinity. When x takes very, large values, then we X + 0, d limits exist and lim f(x) 4H use the symbd fim f(ap=r Tt means that x increases without bound, the vane Of f(x) approaches the number |. r - Continuity %. Graphical meaning of continuity. Ainction f(x) is said to be continuott ae Point if the graph of the function has no break at that Point and the values of the function at the neighbouring points are nearest to the value at the givet 8 Continuity of a faction at a point. A real v Point in its domain if the limit of the function at the at that point function f (x) is said to be continuous at x = if lim F(x) = f (a) ictio Which is not continuous at x = . , oe function f (x) ig Ballogeie: Said to be discontinuous. _ Said to be continuous Sta point:x = ¢ of its domait ued function is continuous ft that point equals the value dien f(a), = Hm fe= sa) HB FG). tight hand limit Hm /(, and the value of théCHAPTER 3; FUNCTIONS, LIMITS AND CONTINUITY @ 47 27. Kinds of discontinuity: () Discontinuity of first kind. A func continuity of the first kind but are not equal. lim. f(x)# tim, f(x) ee tion f(x) is said to have a dis- atx=aif lim f(x) and lim f(x) both exist Xena sot (i) Discontinuity of second kind, A function f(x) is said to have a discontinuity of the second kind at x = a if neither lim f(x) nor lim f (x) exists. pez zat (iil) Mixed discontinuity. A function f(x) is said to have a mixed dis- continuity at x = a if only one of the limits lim f(x) or lim, f(x) exists. (iz) Removable discontinuity. A function f (x) is said to have a removable discontinuity at x = @ if lim f (x) = lim f (x) # f (@). (v) Infinite discontinuity. If either or both of the limits are infinite then the function is said to have infinite discontinuity at x = a. 28. Working, Rule to find limits: ( Find the left hand limit, ie, lim f(x) ra Put x =a ~ hi Find lim fa) (ij Find the right hand limit, ie, lim f(x) oa Put x =a +h. Find fim Fath) it Ti If f (x) and a) are two functions which are continuous at x = 4, then (i of @ is continuous at x = 4, where cis a Constant (i) f(@) = sl) is continuous at x = 4 (i) F (2). g(@) is continuous at x = & 6a @ {s continuous at x= 4 given that g(a) +0. iea 7 _ [BCom (Prog.) CBCS} DELHI UNIVERSITY SERIES ! = ih (dd) the: reverie function j ar epee fact (fv) the break-even point 4 es 4 books published be x. a gente jeu met aed Fixed Cost = €15,000 @ As Cost-function C(x) = Variable Cost + Fixed Cost Gfx) = 30r + 15000 Ee rt L i (ii) Since each book is sold for 45, the revenue function is given by ’ Ro) = prs sox (iti) Profit function P(x) is given by P()= R(x) ~ C(x) = 45x = 30x - 15000 = 15x - 15000 (io) At break-even point, P(x) = 0 15x 15000 = 0» x = 1099 Hence 1,000 books should be sold to achieve break-even point Q. 2. A guest house charges %80 a day for each room, However, speci concession is available for each room if more than 6 rooms are rented by, group. The rent of a room is decreased by % to a minimum of %50. 50. Ea¢ occupied room requires a daily cleaning and other charges of %10. The gues guest house has 50 rooms. (Find the rent per room that a group has to Pay if 13 rooms are renis by them, (ii) Find the Profit as a function of the number of rooms rented to a groy “ we ey 1 Boe is staying in the Suest house at a time. ice the rent is reduced at the is res nace a tate of %3 per room, the rent is reduce rew rent = %(80 — 21) os ON = 859 (ii) Let Cix), RQ) and Pay aes respectively, be the cost, revenue and profit function 50 = 80 ~ 3¢r = 6 => 50-0g = 5, } > bys Re)" (-36e- OWvitecrert a Writes sap fo tin Ae?) wel (Gx—1)(x—2) = lim 2#=3 202) ~3 et5e=1 36) 4 #34 W-1 9 s 5. Rvatuate: tm fg sestets Fate et"CHAPTER 3: FUNCTIONS, LIMITS AND. CONTINUITY @ 51 : i i =|" > gneliea) lagen] 1 = Pei “Tim (1-43)* =e a Q.6 Evaluate: Jim #(1+ 7) Sol, We have lim v(t) peak irs of tun (1+2) - z [amd pet £ = when m > = then x 30 eam ole) elagees!] x = Pet Him(l +2)? -4 f= |e= a. Show that the 2| can bev i function function f (x) = 1 2) ,ifx22 FR) = [yt ifx<2 tin fo) = tm =(2=2)= Tim | tim (2-2) “— sacra? p=figh-0 ‘i ne ayer ==?52 @ Shiv Das {[B.Com. (Prog.) CBCS] DELHI UNIVERSITY SERIES Sol. Since R(x) is continuous at x = 4 3 lim R(x) =R(4) i Be ) > tim 10 —160 _ = tim Oe = x4 ¢-4 sont sem We + 4-4) >= hee => tim 10(x +4) =x => 10(4 + 4) = k = 10(8) = 80