CHAPTER Current Electricity ‘>\, UNDERSTANDING Basic CONCEPTS @ There are two kinds of charges: (i) Positive (+) (ii) Negative ©) ‘When an ebonite rod is rubbed with fur, the ebonite rod gets negatively charged. Whena glass rod is rubbed with silk, the glass rod gets positively charged. A positively charged body loses electrons and a negatively charged body gains electrons. Bodies with like or similar charges repel each other. On the other hand, bodies with unlike charges attract each other. @ When an ebonote rod is rubbed with fur, some electrons are transferred from the fur to the ebonite rod. Therefore, due to deficiency of electrons, the fur becomes positively charged and excess of electrons makes the ebonite rod negatively charged. Similarly, exchange of electrons takes place between a glass rod and wool. The glass rod loses electrons and becomes positively charged and the wool gets negatively charged on gaining electrons. @ According to Coulomb's law, the force of attraction or repulsion between two charges at rest is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the two charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, when the force is acting along the line joining the two charges Consider charges q, and q, separated by a distance d. Then the force of attraction or repulsion (F) is given by, or ‘The value of k when the charges are situated in vacuum or air is given by 9 x 10° Nm? C2. +9 +a ‘Thus, in SI units, F=9x10°( 4142) va?) @ The SI unit of charge is coulomb (C), F=9x 10x LR @ ir F=9x10°N N= = 4 (say) d=1m We can write, 9x10" v x4 w “4 9x 10°42 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X or g=s1C ‘Thus, one coulomb is that charge which would repel an equal and similar charge placed at a distance of one metre from it in vacuum or air with a force of 9 x 10° N. A charged body modifies the space around it in some way and sets up an electric field in the space around it. Thus, the space around a charged body in which its influence can be felt or experienced is called electric field. The electric field then exerts the force on any other charged body placed in the field. The charged bodies exert forces on one another not directly but through the electric field. he force experienced by a charged body at a point in an electric field depends upon, (i) the strength of the electric field, and (ii) the amount of charge on the body. The electric field strength is simply called electric field or field intensity and is denoted by E. The electric field (E) at a point is defined as the force experienced by a unit positive charge placed at that point. ‘The SI unit of electric field intensity is NC“! It is a vector quantity. The direction of the field intensity is the direction in which the unit positive charge would move when free to do so. Just as heat flows from a body at a higher ‘temperature to a body at a lower temperature, liquid flows from higher level to lower level and charge flows from higher potential to lower potential. The electrostatic potential of a charged conductor is defined as its electrical condition that determines the direction of flow of electric charge when another conductor is placed in contact with it The electrostatic potential is also defined as the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to the point under consideration. The electrostatic potential or the electric potential is a scalar quantity. ST unit of electric potential is volt (V). 1 vote - —Lioule folt = Teoulomb or lv-1sct The electric potential of the earth is taken as zero. An isolated positively charged conductor has positive electrical potential An isolated negatively charged conductor has negative electrical potential. An isolated uncharged conductor has zero electrical potential. The electrostatic potential difference or potential difference is defined as the work done in bringing a unit of positive charge from one point to another in an electric field. The SI unit of potential difference and electric potential are the same. The potential difference between two points is a scalar quantity. ‘One volt is the potential at a point if one joule of work is required to be done in bringing one coulomb of charge from infinity to that point, The potential difference between the points is 1 volt if one joule of work is done in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to the other. The potential difference is ‘measured by means ofan instrument called the voltmet When two charged bodies at different electric potentials are connected by a metal wire, an electric current flows from the body at a higher potential to another body at a lower potential. The electric current stops flowing when the potentials of P and Qare same.Current Electricity 43 AFB) Flow of electic charge () High potential eh) Flow of lege haroe Of —) tow potential ee oS Insulated stands Fig. 41 @ The electric current is a flow of electric charges (called electrons) in a conductor (say some metal wire). The magnitude of electric current in a conductor is the amount of electric charge passing through a given point of the conductor in one second. The SI unit of electric current is ampere and is denoted by the letter A. It isa scalar quantity. @ If Q coulombs of charge flows through a conductor in seconds, then current Fis given y, or ‘The instrument used to measure electric current is called ammeter. @ The conventional direction of an electric current is from the positive terminal of a cell or battery to the negative terminal, through the outer circuit. In case of a metal wire, the electric current is, the flow of electrons. When a cell or battery is connected across a metal wire, the electrons in the metal wire flow from the negative towards the positive terminal. Magnified view of a metal wire = Ditection of electron tow Q ~< +) <@ Direction of conventional current ____+| I | [| Battery Fig. 4.2 @ A continuous path comprising conducting wires and other resistances between the terminals of a battery along which an electric current fiows, is known as a circuit. In an electric circuit, the voltmeter is connected in parallel with the resistor and ammeter in series with the circuit. An electric circuit with various components is shown below. This diagram is also called a circuit diagram. Vay Valimeter R A Resistor Anvmoter {| 7 Battery Connecting wire Fig. 4344° Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X @ According to Ohm’s law, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends, provided the temperature remains constant and the physical state of the conductor remains the same. A B ot secnunenenanietnne oe Fig. 4.4 Defining Ohm's law Ina metallic conductor AB, the temperature remains constant and the conductor is not subjected to any strain, If V is potential difference between the ends 4 and B, and Fis current flowing through it, we have TxV or Vel or IR where R is constant, known as resistance of the conductor. The property of a conductor due to which it opposes the flow of current through it, is called resistance. @ The value of constant R depends on the nature, length, area of cross section and temperature of the conductor. The resistance ofaconductor is numerically equal to the ratio of potential difference across its ends to the current flowing through it, Potential difference Resistance = Current aL 7 The SI unit of resistance is ohm, and is denoted by the symbol omega, 2. The reciprocal of resistance is called conductance. @ Weknow, R= 2 Lvolt Tampere or R or Lohm= Thus, one ohm is the resistance of a conductor such that one ampere current flows through it when a potential difference of one volt is applied across its ends. Ifa graph is plotted between the potential difference (V7) and the current () flowing, the graph is a straight line passing through the origin. Bt Potential difference w Fig. 45 ‘The slope of the graph (I/V) gives the conductance and the reciprocal of the slope gives the resistance of the conductor. A conductor allows the electricity to flow through it easily. The substance which has very low electrical resistance is known as a conductor. Silver is the best conductor of electricity. Asubstance having infinitely high electrical resistance is called an insulator. An insulator does not allow electricity to flow through it Rubber and wood are insulators. The resistances can be combined in two ways: (i) inseries (i) in parallel Incase the total resistance is to be increased, then the individual resistances are connected in series. Incase the resistance is to be decreased, then the individual resistances are connected in parallel When the resistances are connected end-to-end consecutively, they are said to be in series. The combined resistance ofa number of resistances connected is series equals the sum of the individual resistances, ww win Fig. 4.6 When 1, rz and r; are connected in series, then the resultant resistance r, is given by, rant ts @ When the resistances are connected between the same two points, they are said to be connected in parallel. The reciprocal of the combined resistance of a number of resistances connected in parallel equals the sum of the reciprocals of all the individual resistances. Fig. 4.7 When r), 75 and r; are connected in parallel, then the resultant resistance r,, is given by, Current Electricity 48 1 >» HR @ Incase ofa series combination of resistances, the combined resistance is greater than all the individual resistances. In case of a parallel combination of resistances, the combined resistance is smaller than the least individual resistan @ ‘The resistance (R) is given by, R ~ length (/) 1 ‘Area of cross-section (4) R q or R= pe Pa where p is called specific resistance or resistivity of the conductor. When = 1, A=1, we have R=p Thus, the resistivity of a conductor is the resistance of unit length and unit area of cross section of the conductor. The SI units of resistivity is given by the ‘ohm-metre (Q m). SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (Based on Concepts) 1, What is charge? What is meant by saying that electric charge is conserved? Ans. Like mass, charge is also a fundamental property of matter. Electric charge is conserved i.e. itcan neither be created nor destroyed. 2. What is meant by ‘Quantisation of charge”? Ans, The quantisation of charge means that the minimum charge which is capable of free existence is equal to that on an electron. Any charged body will have a charge, Q where Q-ne where =I, 42, e is charge on an electron = 1.6 x 107!” coulomb 3. Who conducts electricity in case of metals? Ans, Free electrons (also known as conduction electrons) 4, Is pure water a conductor or an insulator? Do insulators not have free electrons? Ans, Pure water is an insulator (also called dielectric). In case of insulators, the electrons are strongly bound to their parent atoms and cannot get themselves detached. So, the free electrons are absent in insulators. 5. Are gases conductors or insulators? How about ionized gases? Ans. Gases are insulators but ionized gases are good conductors of electricity.46 6. Ans. 7. Ans. Ans. Ans. Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X What is electric current? Define it quanti- tatively. Write its ST unit. Electric current refers to the ordered motion, of electric charges Electric current is the rate of flow of charge (or quantity of charge flowing per unit time). SI unit of electric current is ampere (A). A conductor carries a current of 0.1 A. Calculate the amount of charge that passes through the cross-section of the conductor in 1 minute, If electronic charge is 1.6 x 107” C, how many electrons will flow in this time interval. Given, 1=0.1A 1=1min=60s Charge, Q= It =0.1x60=6C If nis number of electrons and e is charge on the electron, we have Q=ne or n= 2=-_ e 16x10 = 3.75 x 10!” An clectric iron draws a current of | Awhen voltage is 100 V. Calculate the amount of charge flowing through it in two hours. If voltage is now changed to 400 V, will it make any difference to the current flowing? Given, I= 1A 1= 2 hours = 2 x 60 x 60 = 7200s Charge, Q= It =1x 7200 C= 7200 C ‘When voltage changes to 400 Y, it does not make any difference to current flowing, which will still be 1 A flowing through the electric iron, What is the relation between electric potential energy and electric potential Electric potential energy per unit charge is called electric potential 10. Ans. i. Ans. 12. Ans. 13. Ans. 14. Ans, 15. Electric potential energy Electric potential = nm Charge or IV= 7 =NC! Ic What is a connecting wire usually made of? What resistance does it have? It is usually made of copper covered with cotton or plastic insulation. Its resistance is negligible and is taken as zero. ‘What does a galvanometer do in an electric circuit? Does it have positive (+) and negative (-) terminals? Galvanometer detects the flow an electric circuit, It has no positive (+) or negative (-) terminals. How is an ammeter connected in an electric circuit? Itis always placed in series with the circuit, How is a voltmeter connected in an electric circuit It is always connected in parallel across the circuit. ‘What is electric resistance of a conductor? ‘What are the factors on which it depends? Electric resistance or simply resistance of a conductor is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charge through it. As per Ohm’s law, V=IR Ris constant of proportionality whose value depends on size, nature of the material and temperature of the conductor. A graph between / and V is given. What is its slope called? Plot the corresponding graph between / and /. Will the slope of the graph remain same? vVv Ans, Slope = 7 = R= resistance The corresponding graph is given below. 1 ° v rT Slope= 7 = ; = conductance 16, How much work is done in moving a charge of 2.5 C across two points having a potential difference of 16 V? Ans. Work done (7) = Charge (Q) x Potential difference (V) or W= OV =25x 16-40) 17. The potential difference between the terminals of an electric heater is 80 V when it draws a current of 8 A from the source. What current will the heater draw if the potential difference is increased 100 V? Ans. Given, potential difference (V) = 80 V Current (2) =8 A “Resistance (R) - 2. = 80. 7 8A =02 Also, potential difference is now increased to 100 V, ray "= 100 V R=102 v= 2 joa R10 18. A torch bulb when cold has a resistance of 12 Q. It draws a current of 0.2 A when glowing from a source of 6 V. Calculate the resistance of the bulb when glowing. Also, explain the reason for the difference in resistance. Current Electricity 4.7 Ans, Given, current through the bulb when glowing, [=0.2A Potential difference, V = 6 Volt ©. Resistance of the bulb (when glowing) -£-300 02 The resistance of the filament of the bulb increases from 12 Q (when cold) to 30 Q (when hot) on account of an increase in its temperature 19. Is resistance of a conductor same as its resistivity? What are the factors on which resistivity of a conductor depends. Write its SI unit. Ans.Resistance and resistivity are not same. Resistivity or specific resistance depends on the nature of the material of the conductor and also on temperature, 1 RA R= pG or pa SI unit of p is ohm-metre (Qm). 20. Name the metal which is the best conductor of electricity. Does it have largest or least resistivity? Ans, Silver, it has the least resistivity. 21. What is the approximate resistance of human body? Ans, When our body is dry, its resistance is about 50 kQ. However, when the body is wet, the resistance is about 10 kQ. 22. Find the resistance of 5 km long copper wire of radius 1 mm. Resistivity of copper is 1.72 x 10% Om. Ans. Given, radius of the wire (7) = 1 mm =10%m Resistivity (p) = 1.72 x 10% Qm Area of cross-section(A) = 7? =3.14 x 10 m? 1 We have, R= PT4.8 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X _ 1.72107 x 51000 14x10 =27402 23, Which material has least resistivity? Ans. Silver 24, An 8Q wire is doubled on itself. Calculate the new resistance. Ans, When the wire of length (/) and cross- sectional area (4) is doubled on itself, its length becomes £ and cross-sectional area becomes 24. G R L iiven, R= PG 1 pl Also, POA -S-29 a 25. A wire of resistance 4 Q is stretched to double its length. Find its new resistance Ans, Given, R= pt 42 When length is doubled, area is halved because the volume of the wire remains constant. veal= 4x2 2 , 2 Also, R’=P. Al2 - (2) A =4R-4x4-16 So, R= 160 26. When the length of a wire is stretched times its length, its resistance becomes #1” times the original resistance. Prove it. Ans. We have, aa el A ‘Volume of the wire remains constant. V =IxA =nlx Ain L Also, R= PG _ tl afpl)_ pti (8) oe 27, Two copper wires P and Q of length 50 m and 10 m have radii 2 em and 1 em Compare their resistances. Which will have more resistance? Ans, Given, 1, = 50m Ay = ar} = n(2 x 10°? m? 1 = 100m Ay = mr} = m1 x 107 m? We have, R= p4 A Rh, 50, a(lxtoy? R 10“ ax107 5 a So, R)>R). 28. What is the reciprocal of resistance called? Ans, Conductance 29. What sets the electrons into motion in an electric cireui Ans, A.cell or a battery In order to cause the motion of electrons in an electric circuit, a cell or a battery is employed to maintain potential difference across the terminals. 30. Which is more conducting: silver or gold? Ans, Silver 31. Does charge vary with velocity? Ans. No, magnitude of charge does not vary with its motion.32, Ans. 33. Which is a better insulator: glass or ebonite? Ebonite What is meant by the term load in an electric circuit? Air-conditioners, motors, heaters and other devices which work on electricity are known as loads because they consume electricity. Name the physical quantity to which electric potential is analogous to. ‘Temperature of the body. Graphs between electric current and potential difference between three conductors P, Q and S are shown, Which conductor has least resistance | Ans, 34, Ans. 35. oO v Ans, Fora given V, Current (J) is maximum through S but least through P. 1 Also, R= % 7 Fora xed ¥, Reet As >> I,wehave Rs Q combination = 5 = 5 (ii) Effective resistance between B and C= 4 <2 3 4 Also, 2.0, 5 Q and 2 are in series. So, resistance between D and E =(2+4s2\0- 6 3 3 50. For the combination of resistors shown in figure, find the equivalent resistance between (i) PandQ (ii) Aand B 70 # A 30 40 60 59 B Q'sa Ans, (i) Resistors of resistances 3 2, 4 Q and 5 Q are in series, hence their equivalent resistance is given by, 3Q4+40+50=122 Also, 6 Q and 12 © are in parallel, hence 6x12 their equivalent resistance = = 6412 So, equivalent resistance between P and Q is4Q. (ii) Next 4, 7 Q and 8 @ are in series. So, their equivalent resistance between A and Bis given by, 4Q4+7Q4+8Q=1924.12 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X ch @ 5a 2 an 8 , 8 ogo Ean a AW B a '8Q B 51. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the network across P and Q. 20 4a 4a. Ans, The given network can be represented as shown in figure. a \eee[ ar % an So, the equivalent resistance is 3.2. 52. Calculate the number of electrons constituting 1 pie of charge. Ans. We have, Q= ne 10" = ow = 6.25 x 107 16x10 * 53. Will current flow more easily through a thick wire or a thin wire of the same material when connected to the same source? Ans, The current flows more easily through a thick wire than through a thin wire. As Re 4. the resistance of a thick wire is less than that of a thin wire. 54, The V-I graphs of parallel and series combinations of two metallic resistors are shown in figure. Which graph represents the (i) series combination (ii) parallel combination? Wy of 1 Ans, Slope of V-I graph i.e. VII represents resistance. In parallel combination, resistance is smallerand in series combination, resistance is large, So, B represents series combination and A represents parallel combination. 55. Name two special characteristics of a heater coil. Ans. (i) High resistivity (ii) High melting point 56. Name a substance whose resistance decreases with temperature. Ans, Germanium (which is a semiconductor) 57. Which will have higher resistivity: a conductor or an insulator? Ans, An insulator has higher resistivity than that of a conductor.58. Whyis resistance morein series combination of resistors? Ans. In series combination, the effective length of the conducting path increases, hence equivalent resistance increases (R » 1). 59, Why is resistance less in parallel combination of resistors? Ans. In parallel combination, the effective area of cross-section of the combination increases, hence equivalent resistance decteases. 60. Awire of resistivity pis stretched to double its length. What is its new resistivity? Ans, Resistivity depends only on the material of the wire, hence there is no change in it. 61. What is the resistance of connecting wire? Ans. The resistance of connecting wire is negligible and is almost zero. 62. What is the resistance of air gap? Ans, Air is an insulator of electricity, hence there are no charge carriers. So, its resistance is almost infinity. 63. What is the resistance of an ammeter? Ans, It is very small and for an ideal ammeter, itis, zero. 64, What is the resistance of a voltmeter? Ans. Ttis very high and for an ideal voltmeter, its value is infinity. 65. Two students perform experiments on series and parallel combinations of two given resistors R, and R, and plot following graphs. Which of the graphs is (are) correctly labelled in terms of the words ‘series’ and ‘parallel’, Justify your answer. v 1 Series Parallel v Ans, We know that the resistance (R,) in series combination of two resistors is more than the resistance (R,,) in parallel combination ie. R, >R,, Current Electricity 4.13 iy 1 v Vv As I= ViR, for a fixed value of V, I, < Ip. In both the graphs, /, 4 (say) = 18X03 03 199 16 19 or or g = 160x 10-7? or £1.26 x 10°C When air is replaced with a substance of dielectric constant K, the force between the charges will be, ‘A charge of 1.6 x 10"? C is situated at a distance of 0.3 m from another charge of 6.4 x 10"! C. Where will the electric field be zero? Solution Let P be the point (Fig. 4.8) where the electric field is zero. Let P be x metre from the charge 1.6 x 107"? C. Then the charge 6.4 x 107” Cis (0.3 —x) m from P. Electric field at P due to charge 1.6 x 107°C 1610" Pp A 64x 10°C 8 <0 m —____> Fig. 4.8 1.6 «10-9 x =9x 10° NIC towards B and electric field at P due to charge 6.4x 107! Cis 1.6x10-9 = NIC towards 4 yp Lex1o" 9x10 O35 For field to be zero at P, 1.610719 9x10? —z— = 9x10" ¥ or 03-xP =4r or 0,3 =x = 2x (taking positive value only) or 3x=03 or x=0.1.mThus, the electric field is zero between the two charges, and 0.1 m from the charge 16x 10PC. ‘A charge of 1.6 x 10° C is moved between two points and 3.2 Joule of work is done. What is the potential difference between the two points? Solution Potential difference = work done per unit charge _ Work done __ Charge moved = 2 10 volt = 2000 V. Example 5.) The electric potential ata point in an electric field is 100 V. How much work will have to be done to move an electron from that point to just outside the field? The magnitude of charge on the electron is 1.6 x 107!" C, 3.2) 1.6x105C Solution Since the potential is positive, so work shall have to be done by an external agent to move the electron from the point to infinity (as the point just outside the field is regarded as at infinity). ‘As the potential is 100 V, 100 J of work shall have to be done in moving 1 C of charge from that point to infinity. So, to move the electron of charge 16x10" C, work done = 1.6 x 107! x 100 = 1.6 x 10717 J. ‘The magnitude of charge of an electron is 1.602 x 107! C. How many electron charges make one coulomb? Solution Given: Charge of | electron (q)= 1.602 x 10°C Total charge (Q) = 1C To calculate: Number of electrons ( Current Electricity 4.8 Substituting the given values, we get 1 "7,602 «10-8 10 1.602 Example 7) A steady current of 5 amperes flows through a circuit for 30 minutes. How much charge has circulated through the circuit in this time? = 6.25 x 10'¥ electrons. Solution Charge = Current x Time or quit Here Aand t= 30 minute = 30 x 60 = 1800 sec g= 5x 1800 C 1000 C or 9 x 10°C. Example 8) A battery of two cells is used to light a torch bulb of resistance 5 ohm, The cells maintain a potential difference of 3 volt across the bulb, How much current will flow through the bulb? Solution From Ohm’s law, Potential difference Current = Resistance Here, potential difference = 3 V, resistance = 5. curem, 13 Current, I= =0.6A Example 9.) Three resistances of 1, 2 and 3 ‘ohms are connected (i) in series, and (ii) in parallel What resistance will the two combinations offer? Solution (i) When joined in series, total resistance r =r, +r) +r Here r=12, and4.16 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X ii) When joined in parallel, 1aid t44 5h 1 R or Example 10) If the resistance of a wire of length 1.20 m and diameter 0.4 mm is found to be 2.5 ohm, what is the specific resistance of the material of the wire? Solution We know, RA ann where R=2.5 ohm, 1=1.2m, 04 J =0.2 mm =2x 104 m A=mr FF X22 108 m? id 25 2? 6952 10° ohmemet an era*a* ohmemetre or p= 26.2 x 10> ohm-metre. The resistance of two conductors in parallel is 12 Q and in series is 50 Q. Find the resistance of each conductor. Solution Let r; and 7, be the unknown re: ances. (i) When in series, r, +7, = 50 www Fig 49 (ii) When in parallel, +h 4,4 Ron mh <> Fig. 4.10 where R is given as 12 Q. ry try = 50 i) calif) or (r= (lor or ry—r7 10 (iii) From (i) and (iii), 2r, = 60 or r=30Q and r= 202 Thus, the unknown resistances are 30 Q and 202. Two conductors of resistances 10 Q and 30 Q are joined in parallel. Four such sets are then connected in series. What is the total resistance? Solution Two resistances 10 W and 30 W are joined in parallel. 109 we 300 Fig. 4.111s r==9 2 The total resistance is given by, say R. Fig. 4.12 R=4r 15 -|4x=] a (7) = 302, Example 13.) Giventhree 30 ohmresistances, how can they give a total resistance of 90, 10 and 45 ohm? Solution (i) Connecting the resistances in series, the equivalent resistance (R,,) will be 90 Q. AWWW AA 300 300 300 Fig. 4.13 Req = (30 + 30 + 30) 2 =92 (ii) Connecting the three resistances in parallel, the equivalent resistance (R,.) will be 10 Q. 300 Current Electricity 4.47 Gi) Connecting the resi equivalent resist will be 45 Q. 300 ince as shown below, the 1ce (R,,) between A and B 15Q Reg= 152+ 302 =459, Example 14.) The specific resistance of the material of a wire is 44 x 10° Q m. If the resistance of the wire is 14 Q and its diameter is 1 mm, calculate the length of the wire. Solution Given: p=44x 108 Qm R=149 Diameter (D) = 1 mm Area, 4-Te x (10 : 4 4 Weknow, R= p+ A 1-74 > x 1 14x 2 x (0) x ge =14 10° x —— Tg 1" Garo 100 _ 55 = AP 25m Example 15.) Onebillion electrons pass from a point A towards another point B in 10~ s. What is the current in amperes? What is its direction?418 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X Solution Charge ofoneelectron(q)=1.6* 107 Number of electrons (n) = 10° (one billion) Time (1) = 10s. To calculate: (i) Current (1) =? (ii) Direction of 1=? Formula to be used: p= BG t Substituting the given values, 10° x1.6x10- 104 = 1.6 x 107" x 10* = 16x 10%A Direction of current flow is from B to A. Example 16.) Six equal resistances of 1 Q each are connected to form the sides of a hexagon ABCDEF. Calculate the resistance offered by the combination if the current enters at A and leaves atD. a tne afk cant o 1 sm 2 F 12 E— Fig. 416 Solution Given: Six resistors each of value To calculate: Resistance (R) of the combination =? Formula to be used: (Ragen = Ry + Ry + Ry (in series) 1 R Resistance of the branch ABCD, 1+1+DQ Similarly, resistance of the branch AFED, Rarep (14141) 2 Rarep= 32 ¢ Rygep and R gag are in parallel, the required resistance is given by, 1 1 R Rasen Raven a1 3 > r=3 2 Example 17.) The electric potential ata point in an electric field is 200 V. How much work will have to be done to move an electron from that point to a point just outside the field? Given, charge on an electron = 1.6 x 10°" C. Solution Given: Potential difference (V) = 200 V Charge on an electron (g) = 1.6 10°" C To calculate: Energy (W)=? Formula tobeused: — W=Vxq W = 200x (1.6 x 107) =3.2x 1017) Example 18) How much work is done in moving a charge of 2 C from a point at 118 V to a point at 128 V? Solution Given: Charge (g)=2.C Potential at one point —_(V,) = 118 V Potential at the other point (V) = 128 V To calculate: Work done (1) = ? Formula to be used: W= (Vp—V,)xq W = (128-118)x2 = 205 Example 19) Referto Fig. 4.17 and calculate the effective resistance of the circuit. Solution iven:Current Electricity 4.19 Figure 4.17 contains 5 resistances of value R each. 1 1203 To calculate: Equivalent resistance RoR OR ‘The equivalent circuit can be drawn as, 1 1.1 r-2k + 3 R RR Fig. 4.17 Fig. 4.18 Now, R, R’ and R are in series and the required resistance is (say R”), 2R 8R RY =R4 + R= 3 3 Example 20) Consider the circuit shown in Fig. 4.19. Calculate the total resistance between 4 and B. G stands for a galvanometer whose resistance is 110 Q. It was noticed that the galvanometer did not show any deflection, 49 120 8 $a 22 6a Fig. 4.20 It follows from Fig. 4.20 that the total resistance is equivalent to (4 + 12) and (2 + 6), in parallel Let the required resistance be R Fig. 4.19 Solution Given: Five resistances are connected as shown in Fig. 4.19. Since the galvanometer did not show any deflection, i.e., no current is passing through the galvanometer, potential at Q is equal to potential at S. The circuit is equivalent to circuit-shown in or Fig. 4.20, 34.20 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X Example 21) Acircuit consists of 1 Q wire Solution Given: in series with a parallel arrangement of 6 Q and 3 Resistance (Ri) = 12 Resistance (Ry) = 6 Q Qwires. Calculate the total resistance of the circuit, Resistance ( © 30 6a Re 19 A ° f 3a Ry 421 Also, Ry and R, are connected in parallel and the k-10 v1 kesv>} resultant of R and Ry (Rp3) is connected in series WWW> with R). 52 A To calculate: Resultant Resistance (R) = 1 ' Formula tobe used: () $= ++ formula to be used: () RR * Re (i) R=R, +R, Vivott Since R, and R, are connected in parallel, i 2 Fig. 4.22 Using formula no. (i), we get ie Solution (i) Potential difference across 5 © resistance is given by, 10=57 or I-2A (ii) Current through R is 2.4, as itis in series with 52 Now this Ry, and R, ae in series. (ii) Potential siference across R is given by Using (ii), we get RR, + Ray 8_ =(1+2)0=39. or 7 38 Tworesistances are connected (iv) (10 + 6) volts in series as shown in the circuit diagram: = 16 volts (i) What is the current through the 5 ohm resistance? Example 23.) In the circuit diagram given (ii) What is the current through R? below, find: (iii) What is the value of R? (i) Total resistance of the circuit (iv) What is the value of ¥? (ii) Total current flowing in the circuit (ii) The potential difference across RyRy=720 a= 12.2 —H ev Fig. 4.23 Solution () Rand R, are in parallel, say their equivalent resistance is R. r= aso =e The circuit diagram can be redrawn. Now R; and R are in series, therefore, total resistance of the circuit is given by (say), r=Ri+R =(12+48)2 =129 Ra480 AAS WV Ry=722 ' {1| | sv Fig. 4.24 (ii) Total current (/) flowing through the circuit is given by, r= % -05a =r Current Electricity 4.21 (iii) Potential difference across R; = IR, (5x7.2)V. =36V A wire of resistance 2 Q is stretched to double its length, such that its volume remains constant, What is the resistance of the stretched wire? Solution Volume of the wire = Length x Area of cross-section or v 14 (4) V=2)x|F} i= anx {5} ‘Thus, when length is doubled, area is halved. 1 We know, R-ps Aga R-px—k-4pl gan, IT PX Ty APG =4R =4x2=80 ‘The resistance of the stretched wire is 8 Q. Example 25.) Youare given three resistances oF I, Zand 3 &. Show by diagrams, how will you 6 wo 72 Gil) 1.5.97 Solution i) Series combination of 1, 2 and 3 Q will have an equivalent resistance of 6 Q wn 18 2a 3a Fig. 4.25 1+2+3)Q =62 (ii) Parallel combination of 1, 2and 3 Q will have 6 an equivalent resistance of 7 Q.4.22 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X ait "3 _ 64342 6 _6 nl & Rar 2 19 Fig. 4.26 (iii) 1 Q and 2 Qresistances are connected in series and then this combination is in parallel with 3 Q resistance. 10 20 ton Fig. 4.27 Example 26.) Three resistors are connected as shown in the diagram. A current of 1 A flows through 5 Q. (What is the current through the other two resistors? tii, it (ii) What is the p.d. across PQ and across PR? Ry 3 +2) ii) What is the total resistance? too sa 1A Pp @ R WW 180 Fig. 4.28 Solution (i) Consider the circuit as given: We have, Lth=1 toa VW Ai, 4A WWW > een a |, R VV 180 Fig. 4.29Also, 101 15h 4-31 or = i Zh or 3 d as or and > 5 ie, 1-044 and 1-064 (ii) Potential difference across PQ = 1x 5 V =5V Potential difference across PR = PD. across PQ* PD. across OR Total resistance across OR is given by, say r. 11342 1 r 1 15 30 6 or r=62 Potential difference across QR = 1x 6V =6V «. Potential difference across PR=5V+6V=11V (iii) Total resistance of the given circuit =5Q+ 62-119 In the diagram shown below, the cell and the ammeter both have negligible resistance. The resistors are identical. With the switch K open, the ammeter reads 0.6 A. What will be the ammeter reading in the ammeter when the switch is closed? “@: Aha Current Electricity 4.23 Solution Let rbe the resistance of each resistor and Vis the e.m.f. of the cell. () When switch K is open, we have the circuit as shown in Fig. 4.31 The current is given by, av (i) or 0.6=2— or =03 (ii) Fig. 431 (ii) When switch K is closed, the given circuit can be written as, v }——— t 5 Fig. 432 Three identical resistances, r each, are in parallel, Their equivalent resistance is given by, i % or n A v But = =0.3, from (ii) 3x03 =0.9A,424 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X In the circuit diagram, find () Total resistance Gi) Current shown by ammeter (ii) Potential difference across 3 9 and 5 Q resistances. 5a pws 3a 20 ay j A 1| 1 4 av Fig. 4.33 Solution (i) Let r be the equivalent resistance of the circuit 1 1 r 342 ai) 5.5 2 5 5 or re 2 =252 (ii) Current shown by ammeter A is given by, 1 av 250 -& A=16A4 Zack (iii) Now 1.6 A gets equally divided in the two branches as shown below: 50 a ® 164A 1.64 30 20 Fig. 4.34 5a (b) 164 408A 184 08a 52 Fig. 4.35 PD. across 5 Q= (0.8 x 5) V -4v PD. across 3 Q= (0.8 x3) V =24V. Example 29) Whentwounknownresistances are connected in series and in parallel, their equivalent resistances are 9 Q and 20 respectively. ‘What are the unknown resistances? Solution Let r; and r, be the unknown resist- ances. We are given, r; +r) =9 (in series) 4) and —i4_ <9 Gin parallel) nee “Roy 9 or nry= 18 Also, (rym H tn -4niry =81-4x18 =9-@y . nons3 (i) From (i) and (ii), we have 2n=12 or r= 62 and 732 Example 30) For the circuit shown in Fig. 436 What is the value of, (i) current through 6 @ resistor? (ii) potential difference across 12 Q resistor?(iii) current in the circuit? ay 1H 6a 30 + 129 3a Fig, 4.36 Solution The given circuit can be written as shown in Fig. 437. ‘The equivalent resistance of the circuit is (say r) or r 6a 30 yw WWW 2 3a. Fig. 4.37 ‘We can again write the circuit diagram as, av —4-_____ ' 2a a Current Electricity 4.25 hth=A yee 45 Also, 9h = 151, or and or n- 4 And, ~ or b= 7g Aan 32-12). 4 ( 45 Ja a” (i Current through 6 Q is 3 Avie, 044A (ii) Potential difference across 12. = (4 x 2) 16 15 =75 V=32V 32 Gi) Current through the circuit is, 7= 75 A =O.71A Example 31) What is the equivalent resistance of the following circuit? 194.26 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X Solution Refer to the following steps: 12 19 10. 10 10 10 A 2a 8 A 28 Fig. 4.40@) Fig. 4.40(/), Thus, the equivalent resistance between A and B is 10 20 22 1.5 Example 32.) What is the current (J) in the eircui Ca Solution ‘The above cireuit can be simplified as: 5a ws 2a Fig. 4.41 I L y 20 L 10 20 2a 15V 1,22 18V 1sv 22 - 1a % = 20 20 22 ! 20 I 12 ! L L risV 40 + 1sv 20 20 Fig. 4.42Current Electricity 4.27 ISVs, FQ chs Thus, the current flowing through the circuit is 1.5 A. Example 33.) The battery has an internal resistance of 0.5 Q. What is the current in the circuit? 20 20 20 a We 10 2a 20 ' 1 __________)| 15.050 Fig. 4.43 Solution The given circuit can be simplified as: 3a WW 20 29 19 2a yy L____,__i, ! 1.5V, 0.59 aa 3a 12 ta 12 3a - - 1 | wv ’ 15V 052 ' 1sv 052 320 20 coe L | ~—_—§ip 15V 052 i —\'sv 44 Thus, the current through the main circuit in 0.75 A.4.28 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X Note: We have taken the internal resistance of 0.5 Q in series. You are given three identical resistances each of value 2 9, Taking all the resistances together ata time, how many different combinations will be possible? Solution Since all the resistances have to be taken together, four combinations will be possible, as shown below: 20 20 2a @ —wn—wn—win—a) Rug = 62 2a wane Gi) —Z—ww SS — za 2a R, -4toq ant A BOA 20 (iy) @ 20 vs Reg=3Q 9 Example 35.) What is the equivalent resistance between 4 and B? Fig. 4.45 Fig. 4.46 Solution The equivalent resistance is given by the circuit shown below: It must be kept in mind that P/Q = 1 = R/S, which is the condition for a balanced Wheatstone bridge, i.e., potential at 4’ and B’ will be same. In other words, no current flows along 4’B’, that is why the tance has been ignored, 20 2A Fig. 4.47Example 36) Figure 4.48 shows a battery 0.6 Q connected resistors P, Q and R. Find the current in tor. or Fig. 448 Solution ‘The combined resistance r of R and Qs given by: 11 1 6440 ry 42°62 20 lo 5 “24-12 Ro or 240 Total resistance in circuit = 1.02 + 2.424062 =402 Total current = ——"™£__12V Total curent~ Trlresistance 42 =3.0A ‘The p.d. across both Q and R= Current x Combined resistance of Q and R =30AxK24Q =72AQ =7.2V p.d. 2V Current through = Re Gon, 18A Cc thi r- PY yaa urrent through R= “Zo = 1. Thus, current through resistor P= 3.04 Current through resistor Q = 1.8 A Current through resistor R= 1.2.A. Two wires of 10 Qand 5 Qare in parallel and the arrangement is in series with 20 Qwire. Ifthe current in 5 Q wire is 2.A, calculate Current Electricity 4.29 the current in 10.Q wire and the potential difference V across the whole circuit. Solution ‘The p.d, V; across the 5 Q wire =IR=2.0 AX 5.0 2=10.0V ‘The same is the potential difference across 10 2 wire, 50 2a 200 i ' i i ' 10.0 ' a es) Fig. 4.49 ne Ky _100V - Current in 10.2 wite S55 “io gq 710A Current in 20 wire = 1.0.A + 2.0.A (combined current in 5 Q and 10 Q wires) =3.0A pad. across 20 Q wire, V_= Current x Resistance =3.0Ax202=60.0AQ = 60.0V -. Total potential difference = p.d, across parallel arrangement of 5 Q and 10 2 wires + p.d. across 20 Q wire = 10.0V+60.0V =70.0V ‘Thus, current in the 10. wire = 1.0.4 and, total p.d. across the whole circuit = 70 V Example 38.) 2 m of resistance wire, area of cross-section 0.50 mm”, has a resistance of 2.20 Q. Calculate: (a) the resistivity of the metal (b) the length of the wire which connected in parallel with 2 m length wire, will give a resistance 0f 2.0 2, Solution (a) We know: RA ery Now, A=0.5 mm? =0.5 x 10“ m?430 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X 2.20 20.5 x 10-6 m? 2.0m L1x10* m2 2.0m) =0.55 x 10% Om =55x107Qm Resistivity of metal = 5.5 x 107 Qm (b) Let the resistance of the wire required = R Here, R,=2202 02 As the required system is to be set in parallel, therefore, by using 1 1 1 _119-100 or =—_- tee R, 202 229 ~ 220% _ 019 01 220? 220 or R= a=n0 ol As Rel 2m. b= 7g X22 =20.0m Required length of wire = 20.0 m. Ap.d. of 24 V from a battery is applied to the network of resistors in Fig. 4.50. (a) What is the combined resistance of the 6 Q and 12 Q resistors in parallel? (b) What is the current in the 8 © resistor? (c) What is the potential difference across the parallel network? (d) What is the current in the 6 © resistor? sa an pow 120 Fig. 4.50 Solution (a) Let R, = resistance of 6 Q and 12.@ resistors in parallel tlt yt 2 3 R 62 2Q 2a 122 st 42 or R=49 Combined resistance of 6 Q and 12 Q when put in parallel = 4 2 (b) Let R= total resistance of I : —r--+ circuit 4a 8a 2789 www =122 Fig. 4.51 ‘The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 4.51. 1f7 is the current in it, then, Current in 8 @ resistor=2.A (©) Let ¥, = p.d. across parallel network of 6 Q and 8 resistors, Vj=1xR,=2Ax4Q AQ=8V p.d. across parallel network = 8 V (d) Let J; = Current in the 6 Q resistor vy 8V_4 Then, at=—=-A " 62 62 3 = 133A Current in 6 Q resistor = 1.33 A.(a) What is the total resistance between A and B in the following network? aa wv YP Y Wo (b) What is the resistance in the following network between A and B? 10 AWW Large vg » ver] Ye eT AWW Va Fig. 4.53 Solution (a) The given circuit can be written as a0 WA aa RS A 20 5 2 ay 62 NN Wy 6a Fig. 54 Let the equivalent resistance between A and B be written as Ryy. SS Current Electricity 4.31 3a a5. 1215.0 6a 30 40 Pra Fig. 4.55 Thus, the total resistance between A and B in the given network is 4 2. (b) The given circuit is 19 12 Fig. 4.56 Itisa balanced Wheatstone bridge circuit, which will appear as shown below on pulling A and B. Fig. 4.57 P R Since & = 15-5, no current will flow along a b. Therefore, the circuit can be further simplified as,432 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X 19 49 th A B= iat 10 é 20 WW A B 20 Fig. 4.58 ‘Thus, the resistance between A and Bis 1 Q. UNSOLVED NUMERICAL PROBLEMS 1. Calculate the force on an electron in a field of 1500 NIC. Take the charge of an electron to be 1.6 107°C. (Ans, 2.4 x 107 N) 2. Three resistances, each equal to 5 Q, are connected in series with a cell of 1.2 V. Find the magnitude of current in the circuits (Ans. 0.08 A) 3. Anclectric bulb connected to a 220 V supply line draws a current of 0.05 A. Calculate the amount of coulombs per second flowing through the bulb. (Ans. 0.15 C/s) 4, The resistances of 5 Q, 10 @ and 15 Q are connected in series and a potential difference of 1.5 V is applied across the extreme ends. Calculate the current passing through the circuit (Ams, 0.05 A) 5. An equilateral triangle is formed with each side having a resistance of 2 ©. What is the effective resistance across any side. (Ans. 4/3) 6. A battery of 6 V is connected in series with three resistors of 12 ©, 6 Q and 4 Qas shown in Fig. 4.59 is the current through each of the resistors the same? Calculate the potential difference across each resistor. 10 10 WW Be >’ 12 12 19 A WW 8 120 6a 4a AWWW ‘WWW “WW ev — Fig. 4.59 7. Inthe circuit shown in Fig. 4.60, calculate the (a) current flowing through the arms AB, AC and CDE, (b) potential difference across AB, CD and DE. (Ams, (a) 0.125, 0.15A, 0.15A (b) 1.5V, 0.9V, 0.6V) c D E 60 40 A B AWWW 120 15V Fig. 4.60 8. A charged body has lost 10° electrons. Find the magnitude of charge on the body. (Ans, 1.6 x 10% C)9. Two electrons are 1m apart, show that the force between them is 2.304 x 105 N. 10, How many electrons must be removed from a pith ball to give it a charge of 6.4 x 10"? C? (Ans. 4 x 107) SN etes IED) 1, Fifty lamps each of resistance 100 Q are connected in parallel across a 220 V main Find (a) the power consumed in watts, and (b) the cost of operating the lamps for 20 hours at 10 paise per kWh. (Ans. (a) 24,200 W, and (b) Rs. 48.40) 2. Three equal resistors connected in series across a source of e.m.f. together dissipate 10 W of power. What should be the power dissipated if the resistors are connected in parallel across the same e.m.f? (Ans. 90 W) 30 ay A wm B eo Fig. 4.61 (a)In the network shown in Fig. 4.61, what is the total resistance between A and B? (Ans. 4/3 22) (b) The resistance of two conductors joined in series is 8 © and in parallel is 1.5 9. Show that the resistance are 6 Q and 2. respectively, 4, In the network shown below (Fig. 4.62) calculate the effective resistance between A and B. (Ans. 72) A 20 20 . wwe WWW 6a ang B 20 20 Fig. 4.62 Current Electricity 4.33 5. Acloud is at a potential of 2 x 10* V relative to the ground. When lightning strikes the ground, a charge of 86 C is transferred to the ground. Calculate the work done. (Ans, 1.72 x 10 J) 6. Prove, by taking an example, that the resistance of the combination is always less than the least single resistance in the arrangement, in the case of resistances connected in parallel 7. Inthe following circuit (Fig. 4.63) prove that [R= DR, What is the significance of this relation? Wo Fig. 4.63, 8. If electrons are caused to fall through a potential difference of 10° V, determine their final speed if they were initially at rest. (Ans. 2.3 x 10° m/s) 9, Find the electrical force between the electrons and proton of the normal hydrogen atom and compare it with the gravitational force between them, Given: mass of proton = 1.7 x 1077 kg, average separation between the electron and proton = 5.3 x 107! m, and G= 6.67 x 107"! N m/kg?. (Ans. F, = 8.2 x 10° N, F, =3.67x 10“7N, FIP, = 2.234 x 10") 10. How much work is required t0 be done to move a charge of 10“ C from a point at a potential of 1000 V to another point at 1025 V? (Ans, 2.5 x 10° J) 11, What is the value of r in the following network? The effective resistance of the network between PO is 1Q. (Ans. 2. Q)434 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X 19 19, : 20 te S20 1 \ 6 P Q Fig. 4.64 12. Whatis the value of rin the following network if | A current flows through the circuit? (Ams, 4.5 2) Fig. 4.65 13, What is the magnitude of / in the circuit? (Ans. 1.5A) 1 20 20 ev AW NI 20 Fig. 4.66 14, Whatis the value of r in the following network if the resistance across AB is 1 Q? (Ans. 2.) 19 12 tg 18 www A r 8 Fig. 4.67 15, When the resistances are connected in series and in parallel, their equivalent resistance are 10 Q and 2 respectively. What are the individual resistances? (Ans. 4., 6) 16. Inthe circuit diagram: 60 Fig. 4.68 (i) What is the value of 1? (ii) What is p.d. across 6 ©? (iii) What is p.d. across 4.2? (Ans. (i) 14 (ii) 3 V (iil) 2.V) 17. In the circuit diagram: 5a 20 30 WwW D oT 25V Fig. 4.69 (i) What is the current shown by the ammeter? (ii) What is the p.d. across 2.0? (Ans. (i) 1.A Gil) 1 V) 18, What is the value of / in the circuit? (Ans. 1.5.4) 19 10% 20 19 20 150 Fig. 4.7019, (a) Inthe Fig. 4.71(a), what is the potential difference across (AB (i) BC? (b) What do there p.d. become, when the circuit is altered as in Fig. 4.71(b)? (Ans. (a) (i) 40 V Gi) 20 V (b) (i) 48 V Gi) 12. V) A A 2009 2000, ov B sov ok 1000 1009 $1000 ce c @ &) Fig. 4.71 20. Resistors of 500. and 3000 Q are placed in series with a 60 V supply. What will be the reading on a voltmeter of internal resistance 2000 Q, when placed across (a) the 500 © resistor (b) the 3000 Q resistor? [Ans. 7.0 V, 43.5 V] 21. Acell has an e.m-f. of 1.08 V and an intemal resistance of 0.5 ©. When it is connected in series with resistor of R, the potential difference between the terminals fell to 0.96 V. What was the value of R? (Ans. 4.0 92) 22, Find the resistance of a piece of wire 100 cm long and area of cross-section 0.25 mm. Resistivity of the material of the wire is 107° Qm, (Ans, 4.0 ) 23. A wire of length 1 m and uniform diameter has a resistance of 1.05 . What length of the wire of the same material, but having half the diameter, would be needed to make a 5 Qeoil? (Ans, 1.19) 24, A wire 150 cm long and diameter 1.0 mm is made of an alloy of resistivity 44 x 10 Qm. What is the resistance of the wire? (Ans. 0.42) 25. 26. 21. 28. 29. Current Electricity 4.38 Acopper wire is stretched to double its length, keeping the volume same. If the original resistance of the wire is 4, What is the final resistance? (Ans. 16.2) What is the resistance between P and Q? 19 10 20 12 a Fig. 4.72 Ifthe wire has a resistance of 1.32, a length of 110 cm, and an area of cross-section of 0.004 15 cm’, find the resistivity of the material of which it is made. (Ans. 49.8 x 10-* Qm) (i) A.wire 0.40 m long and of diameter 0.60 mm has a resistance of 1.5. What is the resistivity ofthe material of whichitismade? (ii) A voltmeter of 1000 ohm resistance reads 200 V when connected across a battery of 60 2 internal resistance. What is the emf, of the battery? [Ans. (i) 1.06 x 10 Qm (ii) 212 V] Resistors are connected as in Fig. 4.73 and a p.d. of 12 V is applied across them. S, and S, are switches, Calculate (a) the total resistance when both S, and S, are closed. (b) the total current supplied when both switches S, and S, are closed. (c) the current in 3 resistor when switch S, is closed and switch S, open. zo 30 wt rt 6a" Ss, »— S: 12V Fig. 4.73436 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X =A, Hint fa) n=29 r+n=62 2 (b) Cunent= & =24 (©) When S; is closed and S, is open, total resistance of the circuit will be 7 2. Current By. 7 way OBJECTIVE EVALUATION I. Objective Questions 1, Awire is drawn such that its rac from r to 2r. The new resistance is changes 1 (a) { times (b) 4 times 1 (@) 7G times Ans.(d) Volume of the wire remains same nPl=nP il, (©) 8 times (r¥ “la) a 2. Three metallic wires have lengths and fA cross-sectional areas as (L, 4); ( 2,4 | and 2) ( ($24) «The resistance will be minimum in: (a) wire of cross-sectional area 4/2 (b) wire of cross-sectional area A (c) wire of cross-sectional area 2.A (@ same in all the three cases Ans.(c) we have, R= et R= 2D, 4 (AL) R= el LA) (Li2\_1( pL) R= liek Pla) a r) It shows that R, will be minimum, 3. SI unit of specific resistance is (a) @ (&) Qm (c) Qnr! (@ Qm> I Ans.(b) We have, R= p> RA or p= >, where p is specific resistance SL unit is ie. Qm. 4. The equivalent resistance between the points P and Q is fa) 62 () 22 (b) 3 @ 1220 19 Ans.(b) The equivalent resistance is given by, Pp sa Pp 6a Q 30 5, eV characteristic of a copper wire of length L and area of cross-section A is shown in figure. The slope of the curve becomes: ' ° v (a) less ifthe length of the wire is inei (b) more ifthe length of the wire is increased (©) more ifthe experiment is formed at higher temperature (@) moreiffa wire of steel of same dimensions is used Current Electricity 4.37 Ans.(a) Slope of the graph = 1/7 = z If the length of the wire increased, R increases and the slope becomes less. 6. The plot which shows the dependence of current (J) on potential difference (V) across a resistance R is 1h ' (a) () >v ol v © @ ‘Ans.(d) The graph between V and [is a straight line passing through the origin. 7. The V-I graph of three resistors P, O and S are as shown in figure. Which resistor has maximum resistance? (a) P (b) Q © Ss (@) all have equal resistance V o Vv Ans.(a) Slope of the graph = Zz =438 Mastering Numericals and Objectives of Physics for Class-X ie, Re —— Slope Slope is least for P, hence resistance is maximum for graph P. 8. The V-I graphs of a metallic conductor at temperatures 7; and 7; are shown in figure. ‘We may conclude: @ N=t &) 1 >% © N 7; or T Ry > R, which implies that Ry> Ry. 17. 1 KWh is equal to (a) 3.6x 10°F (c) 3.6 10°F (b) 3.6 10°F (@) 3.6x 108 Ans.(c) 1 KWh = 10° x 2 x 3600 s =3.6x 10°5 18. A multimeter is used to measure: (a) current only (b) voltage only (c) resistance only (@) current, resistance and voltage Ans.(d) 19, Anumber of cells when connected in series, form: (a) abattery (b) a generator (©) an inverter (@) a battery eliminator Ans.(a) A battery is a combination of cells 20. The current in the circuit shown in figure is: 30 20 p[ 32] 9 42 30 20 42 A Y ' 3V (a) 3A (b) 2a (1A (@) 0.754 Ans.(d) The equivalent resistance of the given circuit is given by: