—_—— NATH 222 SLINEAR ALGEBRA | - bet Wire Va are said 40 be lineal Independent if the ident Put ge if onl Arve ‘for: P=, q=0 yr=0 MW Ae come Aogetter +o. clegine ait set Of Vectors for a rep @ {pace In an Way vecas Ths sel is called bee = th bacte FQ Space | ct that te dt lineal ied on the seg i aL Tether gins fled th na climencion OF: the Space: Suppo hat oe{\ Noy----Ve | ko boasts vector space P and Thad v ft ony Vector oY , ueV, ¢ x —Since U to vedor in Vi, bean be exprecied at a linear combination of vecbr from Sot follong: | a W= CM, + CaVo + CoVo---- + CaVn compte Culp given (Hc = (4-1-8) (©) Ure the recut of (b) to @opue Cue given (u)g - (10.5.0) (0 Use the recults of part above Dampur Cul, gue (udp = (-6,3,2) So.ToN Lule given (u)e= (2,2) 1) Tranctton mahix rom ¢ 40 B. each ofthe terra vectors of B ae a. linear combine of | G2 C1 (1)-1,1) #Cx(0y1,2) 4 Cs(2,0,-) 010)=CL(Uy-11)+09( 11/2) +C3(3,0,-1) ‘From which we haye the prtowigg scheme oF inant equatonse C)+3C3=1 J : aa: [21-4 Caso. TI | C +2C-G=0 Onsolvieg 5 wy havo; C2 Qe z 1 io 4 "6 Casey | = MoV t VioVe+S/ine _..2-(i)Next (01, 002 (11,1 +Gfo, Firyn which we haves Ch 1%) +G (2,0, C) tC =O ns we lant -C) +g! IES Cg Us Cy42Qq-G=0 Sb tht @g= -B/sv, 4 Ye + eV, 05=3/0V1 + HoVed- YioVa Le, d.- ‘o [e]e- he (el, . a, te 4, fy 6 if The ‘rane fon matrix from B to C : P= Viv “Je py Mio %, %, ne (0 “oftd) & fan REE aedH Consider a arc bacee gor P, when B= {1 5x,%° on thy by _C={P,,Po,Pa) uhow P= 2, Pp =-4x ar Py= Sx Q the bi (0) Find the franstiion madnik of C HB bbbetrmine the paynomial Dat hasty dordiath welor, (Pe = (-H,3,1) Solutons (a) . =|2 0 | f : E Des 9 . (Pe = (4,0, oos ; FQ = C4 x 4@x? : ir Zhe Qt OK FOKT= C+ Cox tCgK? . Cy=2 _Q=0 Ca=d Pre =ten= Crane GXt Pa: (0,-4.9 © DHE TOK = CO, +CQK4+CSK? C=-0 a : (R] | 8 0 Cg=- C=0 P= =O 4CQK+GH? (Bp = (1 ,0,8) At FOR 4 SKE Cl + CoK+CQX? | Cy=-} . are oh AS {& #8 FAL 0 -+ © | D.. 5 |10 (b) (ehe p CP, vee %, 1} by “14 aie 0 0 A fy 5 (Pe 4)3, Dy “el il P= Cy FCaxtCaX? ¥ Cy =-19 C= -12) Cg=55 P= 19+ (49K) + SOKO “I-12 455870 P(x) =-19-1axtest Nomcider Q basic for R22 B= {(1)-0) (o.6)t c={(an,(-9s - )Find tho trancftton mods from C to B bo» on » rp 8 pe ay bE “qe (91S thatthe og = {by ba vback Fe a bane pe R® (B Find th chagge Of cooly thats, OF B 4p tv (Gardard batts ©) Mite tho equation that mates x IR? 40 CX @Frg Og gor the % gen akoye.I ithe sch B te gon by Bad 144 we tHE ba ‘te (ordinae Vecbr of Bl A P(t) . behh-Gtak + ee “Hugs AND FGEN VECTORS be an nan matrix. A vcalar d tc caled on ofgen a | . thaw exicks @ on-zemo vector x fo -R” uoh the eee at Af —Tho Vector x fe called an egonvecto caosprc bod, COMPUTATION OF EGEN VECTOR AND FIGENVAUES, ~ (ed A be an nxn malig with agin value are c cowesencheg vector x. _ Thus. AK=¢X AK-CK = (A-cd)¥=0 (A-o")Xz0 i = Sinow ¥ ts a. non-ao vector ten i clea [a-¢ \-0 — Ponce colvigg the exeton jA-ct|=0, leade to all F bigen huh -On oxpancing the norman ae qt a polynominal fn «This polynomial Ic called the Chaaohyetre Polynomial of A. , ~The equation [A- dT |=0 f called the chara equatn A = The elqpn volun ave-thenssubsttel bask fo the. egperon (4- din) K=0,40 find the. Con@spordig @gen WeDKS: t EXAMPLE MD Civen MF ‘€| Find lee jochas i ie tor hy ygnspane.del [4 -ATal A 2(-4-D)(6-») - @)FE) O 0c} + 200g BXa=0 {Solving them aessimuttaneougly, we hawp Oa=6 Lae Qr_ y= ar rer EE)i tot cen = QI ae (fs rer - The baste for tho eigen space = fal 4 dimension’ = | ' xfor Net | Ee ~\(+- F(gensspaop = TA-ALs]K=0 itt at HH ® | Joa | jo flo find a bass We RSJEVE] pessenstemr a= 2 24 [[S] Lo Hee Linea Indeponcent veetic From which we have 5 . “are ; HL) tHLQ4 Wyrov HEE) Hoey #axG_=Ov QC) + ALQt}LZ= 0-4] QL y =~ AKQ- Ka HTH Baas B= From x, let Xg=S Xg= X= -~Ly- Vyocs ey = -s-+ hk algenypctoxs cons t Az! ave of the form ls] ed dimension B= 9. He (tel El} |(P RERCISE ; In each coxe below, determine th hnadbriste elon z ek 24geN ‘Spaces por the rhea a valuss: and ne | ie 3] (iy) IE 4 : 13 _ GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF GIORH vALUES & ElGEN VEcToge =A nineza0 victor P is cn e(gen veer of a malic A only wen, this ‘raefane- tron AY Ts 9 oaligg of Vv : ERMELE : -let AST -1 lo 4 ~Tho eegpn. values of A aw; A=2, A= = ~For = the casepandig alga vector Vy = iq “= Por ea, thp ooraspondiyg eugen Vector Vo = | : “i a0 Pe penal — faces, AL IEEB] se | efi) 3] ,NOTE ‘This is not the Gas for any offer abtrary Vector. (SIMILARITY AN BUGONOLIZATION, |» *Simtlar modrices; ~bepinftfon; Suppasw A and & are Qsquaro matras ORSiaN then Ag B Orv sinflar fF thom oxtsks oF Honastequiar matrix Of SIz My S,, uch : 2 att peel A=S7 BS Fxomole ; \ lal hi I bop to bv: B=] -3-8 -4], Sell 1 2 PRT HT fe - 3 Qt PT 1-2 0 Check thad sS i Non-siggular andifen ampudy A =\S"! Bc! det S= |, hens fe nonssigguar. alec oe ante moh aes oe ae Ke toneingder, as | ~3 Qt : | 5 3 | = adI 18 Goad vat \n wor? he SBS } Aa|-6 -# -UY|8 -3-H1 1g ie ee NE RH TL S26 -Suppaso AG B aro simtlar matrices ten the He Paynomials of Ag @ arp equals Thus: 5 Rh (x)= & (x) where > ave etcan values of Aand& “Ses le have sizo n ardthey a1 entar Yea. nen-ictngular mek A= SBS 5 by dofiaton. Palx)= del (A-oCTn) Bk A=S*BS oo ue hove det (S"'g6- aT) tne, ~We con surther “ne ere add (sec -oS'T,) ~ Nob +S" TyS= Tn edt (S"8s-S'a TS) —-del (S"(8s- tTns) -de (S"(8-oTh)S) det So! del (B-acIn)de s det (S"' s) del (8-ccIn) =det (Tn) del (8-1) = \det (B-2cTn) = del (B-<],) _ we have that; Pale)= Rl)’ when a modrix ¢s Simllarto o Atgepnal mech Bg the vopn volun of tte matrix are rs Modhrtcue H an be a much simpler matter ‘compu high pawers of g Matrix | acne! A*= (Pop) (Posp*) =Pb(P'p) bP! = Pb(r)bP" = Poppet A= pasp” AP: RDP" (ROPY) = PoP" )OP = Po*(T)op™ A= ppspr! 29) (Suppowe =Pb A'= Pb°P" For ey postin (SInov © fs 0 diggonal matrix, the ordrtas O° aw imely tte, dregonal ontries of be Diagonalizctole medrews ar cro Ircrast fn. more abst aot selfegs +0 Suppose Af a Squaw matrix Then A is dl iagonolizablo Ep A ke tml diggonal matrix. The followipg theorem , characterizes eae — | Tn wg ie -Suppaso AAS asqare mattrig ofszon fen A diggontzatle and only THFOREM: i | ip tee watts. Iinbarly Irdaparelenh ot tat cones 1) OKpn Yoelos of 1. EXAMPLE; - Diagonalize the ftowigg, modrreut ed Cat a) Ae 0 Lats “T “ente(23)-(4) -("2 25 det (A AI)= (1-2) (2-0) =0 os (1-0) (a-A)=0 De2 5-1 KStep_2 1 Find 2 timenr{y indeponctert gben vectows oF A « They ave need because A & Q &Qmatny ‘ : ‘Por Ae-1 Oe (-1)I)X=0(2) eH EE] F)2)-(6) BXg=0 aK =0 x , Xt sine Ce) is 0 non-zero vector: x(t) TER et (l) teR ¥-() For N= 9) we colve_ [A- 2 ]X=0 rae =k, $3K=0 OK =KQ=S ER (5) see SE at yal)aX KSHep3i - ae R From the vectors in chp 2, R=[N : i] hl b= fe] Corgi that: A= ROR! weft ot A R_ b_ RB 4 3\-fr i] olf - A 3) : | 0 oi; i D avold tookigg for RT, which Gometimes can ke long, we just compe AR=Rd> ubich bactcally [5 oqua 40 A= Rb! when Rf -irrpvet ible. EXAMPLE 8X9 nately aeQ3 SOLUTION A= PoP” Se Step |: Find the nian YON of A tt [A -I3 |=0 det [I-A 3 3 3 -S-h_3]=0 oo el) Using Pow-column oparctions Ry=Ri- Re _& Ps > ath 3 -5-A sL 3 8 In 5-\ 3 [=3 =8-), (-)-2) + (242) = 3 —h 38 za Cr-affi-nes-r)eq + Ga) eres) MHD ANS - B-BNe AM HAIN BAI=o Simpleying: | Pegi 420 | (14 30-4) =0 PPASNE# =O”at Werte - D3 +30 F ns? oO HN PR 4r Hey who bea ean tH)=0 (n-r) (Ato D-l=0 > De) (nt 2% (M12) (A42)20 Q=-2 ropecdod AepQ { pa Fino 3 money frclopendient wok vootors of A: B ywotos aw nvededisinew A fs a BxSmatrhe 033 , | 4e From which we haved so <3 BB] Ke fF 1) Kptkso > Greats 33 co Ed me “a“2 let Katy Xge-ty met ER le fl of 3 33)|™ y 3 <3-~3]| Ko |=/0 B BBL Ka} [0 From which we have XAKg £% =2 KI Ker Ke Ub Kyat , XyS, Xr -s-t ES ELE]2p Sepa: rely iy %51] Corpim AP=Pb = : 8 ] mim 0 PRACTICE Wagonalee tA folowing matrix Ap paccbo nf + 4| ; fprsceaeee 31v (SYMMETRIC MATRICRS AND QU: FKbigmnal mmotric madrid Z bof & Symmornc mode AS a matnx Ks amet A such tat AT 4 Exam e; - | a fi “| ‘AzLo-3l, ATLO-~3) AaAT To begin the Gtudy_ op Gymmetrc matrices ) wer Start by revtewe tu Aiggonalrzctton process as {nto process Tht Follows: Example; at 3 Diegoralae ‘Asf@ -2 1 2 6-1) eS The charactortstic polynomial A ts : -A8+ ITN? - Jor) +H =0 | 7 eftn-2)(tn=8)(71-9=0 ~ Valuas: ‘Re, Neb, Des t The Corresponding tag boss fo. tho yg \ectoys am: | ( Pr Dz 8, Vy Th _ firA='3 aA = ; fee, Ey ae - 2 ~AO woh 0 bas or Ra It {Vi \o fn oe basis fo Rr Now =Qovmoo Yeons Oo orthepnal iF they clot product ze eM 22 YeXg=s, YorVge0 TET te" - Orthonosmal basis sor IRa myghl be und tobe user in tte. calewicton ard $0 we alti ve ao Viz V2) No 40 an orthonormal bn — Do nownalieing ous vectors Vi» V2> Ve, we have our normalized unit vectors as below: “Vy Ye pe aot et Ua= | _y \a Wa kal Ap WN Ye w=] @ ) 2 NG Ys | NellQ4 let P= “he Ue ie 0 6G 800 b=] 0 6 0° 0 0S Putts Fimo, Sircw P fs quence) anol bas orffenermad Columns Pie an orthoxgonal matitx anot P~! fs simply pr NOTE; * IEPis an orfhorgaal xn mains, Hen pls pt Ptzpt=] “lq Me © “he Me Mey” Ke Ve An nxn matix A 1S waid to bp orthogonally. diagonalranble » ff thore 9 4 fe no edi P (with Pent ciel mats P such tet A= PbP PDP" _Thon thot matrix &_aliggpnilizable: ~The theorem that fotous gar tile us hat, the Got op orhegonaly Llggonilizably _eodrices 1S Ingect ‘ho ot Of gymmeittcmactces |fr 20 £9 my EOREM * th nan motity A fs ortheonally clegonal rable ff ard only FS A Kg cgymametsic matteix. Ay RAL RDC oy PROOF : = In the proce of the cbove theorem > up ascumw gt A & ymmetsrcten we gro te Ghps thet_con be taken to conghuch-an Oethegoredl matrix Pygich ‘that: (b= PT AP bok I+Frd the basis por onch eon spaen op a 2 Find an osthonamal hoe each omni is Sbot P be thy maltx whasp columne a1 they Osthonomal vertore 4, The matsix D=PTAP will by diagonal matrix. EXAMPLE Orthggonaligs clregorale the following matiy A. ei oe SOLUTION: ~ Compute the &.0n Value hy ues ancl thelr Cosrespo, : ~The comand nt chee pee pra mm. 9A-B=0 | Ne-! D,23 The ee values arp Land 3al - for A=! fhe) By 2MQ=P > KeKas ' | -2N YF AKGED ereT {1 SER yet A -frre3 Wyeke We ty Kye-t Petit Lil ver “let Stace A k a game “mahig, we know that onl daeeiacbawe [Bl ——= Nt ye et a | in eh © {espace as Colum r of _ovtfiganal iP: aE UW: ic V, a a i ra Vr ee Ve ar Uge ‘a mothWit TA =f, Wat = (Qe pts bs PTAP Ve bel’ Va\l=\lv5 Y% Ke Qi “cg “Vp aoe O10 Ve Ying -%q AZ12 62) belo zo ; E g | I: d-2 P:|0 uf, Hy Va Um YoBe 1(10),CO1F FRE a —————— . DIAGONAL MATRIX REPRESENTATION OF J LINEAR ess. WYO now look ak how 1 find a diggonal. matrix reprasentatron of 9 Linear Operator op T if feats “let T be blincar-operatoy on a matrix & oF dimension n, let B bv a bass ory ~ And A be medrix Yep of Trelahvw tre ~The mahix rep & T rdlatrve to another basis an by obtanod usinga Similar gy transformmetton . A‘: PAP Alo ~ PIs thu tansttion maine prom 8 to-thy baseB. —Suppase A has ofgen values, 2) wen wh 0 Cones; ling Linearty pen a Vodse i Fe Vi >2+0,Va -Hf P= {VijeeeVn Jd, then A's the diagona) matrix. Ale] ar. ° Bley i 0 2 0 An -The cordmady yobs of gl Tdadve 40.8 ar ‘thy eagen Vocbxs of-Y, ---Yo - We Gin now use an origgonal ‘aanspormetion 40 anivy ab Basis B! utich psorides Aiggonal matrix A : AMPLE m mort ole l_S ; bnsider the lineor ranspprmaton Tau (eree, 484) on IR Fed a Aiagoral matrix sepraseedation of Pc Dottimine bacts fos this Top and gi 4 geometic infer pretation of T. ‘ T:ROR “pest finding te matix rep A yolatve fo Glandladl bass 8» __Bi all O)(0 ) for rs T(x) Bx), (« 2s) on [pr gr(no)=(21) Erpress (3)1)=.4( 1,0) + b(0,1/) =G(10)+1(0)1) T(0)0)= (113) = 1(1,0)+3(0,1) = The_coodinatas vectors of T(t,0) ond T(0)41) relative 40.8 anole] and [2 vospoctively, - A= ? a| = (yimetittc — Compute eigen values andl agen Yootos: wo have: N=, Vers |, Na=2, V2 1 ~Az[% 0 [te oy 03 Ceomehic Interpretotion ~B depines xy plane. 'y! plane. ym, : X-aKes T:1P,8,2,.0]-> pla!’ g! Unt uae Rectangle =~The mati: Altes ustot T is ascaleg (9 X{y! coords safcom » wit fadtor 4+ in x! directton and faoby 2 Iny! direchony thus fbr eam 7 maps the square PaRD Indy the reclagge PIQ! RID ¥QQUADRATIC FORMS. Bejratron--A quadhatc grim ts acm of toms tach of which hac ota Q inthe variables. og aK? yt ay (5 on example, oF @ quedrattc fom ORTH + olty + OKZ + RYZ =A quadeedic -foinn ion Yorable fv x, »Ka--Ka 6 @ linear Combinaxton X)° > Kiyn)kn Xr Xe, Xa eree, 90 that GMT KE tos, TOME the Keke t VX Kat on — Phe Hy Tae Tiay Ye Are yea! numbers. We can rep quadratic poums uct rt as follows: wer ORT FRY? + CKy= EX,y [a x fe | mettoas eye TE \ A P =]4+ CK + by f/x 4 Cle |Ix oar al fe | F me u 2 s) PORT Oty + OO + by? FOR TRB toy A+ BUR + Cz + ky texz tug a od %\\x f= [ky 2] dp : fy 4 4% heel | ~ Fach oF +e cass abo have the frm XT Ax shy | QYmmetsic, thus the flow olfaton: X where matax A ic |