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Full Test Bank For Pediatric Nursing Caring For Children and Their Families 3Rd Edition Potts PDF Docx Full Chapter Chapter
Full Test Bank For Pediatric Nursing Caring For Children and Their Families 3Rd Edition Potts PDF Docx Full Chapter Chapter
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4. The children who are at greatest risk of infant death are born:
a. to mothers under age 18 c. to fathers and mothers over age 40
b. into families in poverty d. into families with alcohol problems
ANS: B
Feedback
A Incorrect: Birth weight is the major determinant of infant mortality rate (IMR).The lower
the birth rate, the higher the mortality. Adolescent pregnancy is associated with low birth
weight which contributes to infant mortality, but it is not the major factor.
B Correct: Racial disparities exist for infant mortality. The IMR for African Americans is
twice the rate for whites because of the high rate of low birth weight infants born to
minority mothers. Poverty is the most important factor in determining IMR. More
nonwhites than whites are poor in the United States. Women who live in poverty are
unlikely to be in good health or to have access to prenatal care which are vital during
pregnancy.
C Incorrect: Infant mortality rate is higher for mothers over the age of 40. However, this
does not apply to fathers.
D Incorrect: Although substance abuse such as alcohol does affect birth outcomes, it is not
the greatest risk factor of infant death.
5. The chance that a child will have to repeat a grade in school or be placed in special education classes:
a. is the same for the general population, regardless of circumstances
b. depends mainly on the quality of the schools and the teachers
c. increases a small amount for each year the child lives in poverty
d. depends mainly on whether the child has moved during the school year
ANS: C
Feedback
A Incorrect: School achievement declines with the time a child spends in poverty, thus
increasing the possibility of having to repeat a grade or be placed in special education
classes. A child living in poverty does not have the same chance of succeeding in school
as a child in the general population.
B Incorrect: Poor quality of schools and teachers may adversely affect a child’s
performance in school; however, it is not the major predictor of a child having to repeat a
grade or be placed in special education.
C Correct: The chance a child will be retained in a grade or be placed in special education
increses 2% to 3% for every year that the child lives in poverty.
D Incorrect: Moving during the school year may affect a child’s performance in school, but
it is not the most significant factor.
6. The fastest-growing segment of the homeless population consists of which of the following groups?
a. alcoholics refusing treatment c. single males
b. mentally ill people d. families with children
ANS: D
Feedback
A Incorrect: Many individuals become homeless because of substnace abuse, but they are
not the fastest growing segment of the homeless population.
B Incorrect: Mental illness is one reason for homelesssness, but mentally ill people are not
the fastest growing segment of the homeless population.
C Incorrect: In the past the homeless population primarily consisted of single males;
however, this is not true today.
D Correct: Currently the fastest growing segment of the homeless consist of families with
children, most commonly single mothers with two or three children.
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7. Which of the following groups of people disproportionately represents the homeless population?
a. African Americans c. Hispanics
b. Caucasians d. Asians
ANS: A
Feedback
A Correct: The homeless population is disproportionately represented by African
Americans. Chronic and peristant multigenerational poverty is the primary driving force
resulting in this group’s homelessness.
B Incorrect: Caucasian’s poverty rate is the lowest among these racial and ethnic groups.
C Incorrect: Hispanics poverty rate at 21.5% as compared to 25.3% to the African
American group is the second most likely racial/ethnic group to be affected by
homelessness.
D Incorrect: Asian population like the Caucasian population is 50% or more lesss likely to
be entrapped in a chronic, persistent cycle of poverty.
8. A teacher confers with the school psychologist and the school nurse about a child who has poor attention span, aggresseivbehaviors, delayed
speech, and shyness, and who tends to withdraw. This child often falls asleep in class, saying he is not sleeping at nhigt. Which of the following
situations or conditions is most likely to cause or contribute to the behavior exhibited by this child?
a. sharing a room with a sibling
b. attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity
c. homelessness
d. narcolepsy
ANS: C
Feedback
A Incorrect: Sharing a room with a sibling might result in sleep problems but none of the
other behaviors.
B Incorrect: ADHD is a physical disorder which may result in the poor attention span and
aggression but none of the other behaviors.
C Correct: A homeless child is a child experiencing traumatic insecurity and will exhibit al l
cited behaviors and more.
D Incorrect: Narcolepsy is a physical disorder causing a child to fall asleep at any time but
should not contribute to the other behaviors cited in the situation.
Feedback
A Incorrect: Conduct disorder is a psychological disorder characterized by irresponsible,
delinquent behaviors such as truancy and running away; violations of the rights of others,
and overt physical aggression. Conduct disorder is acting out behavior; whereas,
depressed and anxious individuals (homeless children) do not tend to display antisocial
behavior.
B Incorrect: Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is characterized by hostile, negativistic,
defiant, and disobedient attitudes and behaviors, especially toward authority figures.
C Correct: Psychological problems identified most often among homelesss children includ e
anxiety, depresssion, poor attention span, trouble sleeping, delayed speech, shyness,
withdrawl, and aggressive behaviors.
D Incorrect: Personality problems are manifested in behavior that deviates markedly from
the expectations of one’s culture. Difficulty with authority figures is a symptom of ODD.
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10. Because of their age, children are most likely to gain access to a firearm in:
a. the home or the home of a friend or relativ
b. a pawn shop
c. a local gun dealer or a gun and knife show
d. a sports store
ANS: A
Feedback
A Correct: The presence of a gun in the home increases the risk of homicide, suicide, and
accidental shootings. The majority of firearms used in these incidents are stored in the
home of the victim or in the home of a relative or friend.
B Incorrect: Natural barriers would preclude a children or adolescent from obtaining a
firearm from a pawn shop.
C Incorrect: Natural and legal barriers would preclude a children or adolescent from
obtaining a firearm from a local gun dealer or a gun and knife show.
D Incorrect: Natural and legal barriers would preclude a children or adolescent from
obtaining a firearm from a sports store.
11. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number of infant deaths:
a. during the first month of life for a given country
b. during the first year of life per 1,000 live births
c. compared to live births in a given location
d. from natural causes in the first year of life per 100 births
ANS: B
Feedback
A Incorrect: The first month of life is automatically included in the first year of life, but the
statistic is not kept separately by most nations.
B Correct: The international health care community has determined to keep a statistic
which includes all live births that die within the first year per 1,000 live births. The
statistics are self reported by nation states.
C Incorrect: The statistic reports the number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births by
location/nation/state.
D Incorrect: The statistic reports deaths from all causes in the first year of like per 1,000
live births.
12. Which of the following racial groups has the highest infant mortality rate?
a. Caucasians c. American Indians
b. Asians d. African Americans
ANS: D
Feedback
A Incorrect: Caucasians experience the lowest infant mortality rate (IMR).
B Incorrect: Asians IMR is less than African Americans.
C Incorrect: American Indians IMR is less than African Americans.
D Correct: The IMR for African Americans is twice the rate for Caucasians.
13. The United States has which of the following ranks among the developed nations that have the lowest infant mortality erast(IMRs)?
a. 1 c. 23
b. 17 d. 30
ANS: D
Feedback
A Incorrect: The United States ranks 30th in the statistical rankings reported in 2008.
B Incorrect: Seventeenth is better than 30th, but also incorrect.
C Incorrect: Twenty third is better than 30th, but also incorrect.
D Correct: The United States ranks 30th in the statistical rankings reported in 2008.
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Australian Duel.
Lax as is the native Australian’s morality still he has his code of
honour and should one of its articles be infringed he will not be
content to lay wait for the aggressor and drive a spear through his
back, or strike him dead with his boomerang while he is safe
concealed and secure from observation; no, he must have “the
satisfaction of a gentleman,” he must call his man “out,” and compel
him to be murdered or commit a murder. So in this respect the
bushman, “the meanest specimen of humanity,” is as respectable an
individual as many a noble born and highly educated Englishman,
who lived in the reign and basked in the friendship of the “first
gentleman in Europe.” He shows himself even more respectable; for
whereas gentlemen of a past generation would meet and fire bullets
or dash and stab at each other with naked swords about ever so
trifling a matter, as a dispute about the cut of a coat or the character
of a sweetheart, the bushman never appeals to the honourable
institution of duelling, except an enemy be guilty of the heinous
offence of denying that he has a thick head. “He no good, his scull
no thicker than an emu’s egg-shell.” If a bushman brook such an
insult as this he is for ever the scoff and jest of all who know him; but
the chances are that he will not brook the insult; he will send a friend
to the slanderer to bid him bring his stoutest “waddy,” that it may be
shivered on the thick head of the warrior he had traduced.
The combatants meet and a select party of friends are invited to
see fair. The weapons are the familiar “waddys,” and the men stand
opposite each other with their heads bare. There is no tossing for
position or any other advantage; indeed there is no advantage to be
gained excepting who shall have first “whack,” and that is always
allowed to the challenger. The man who is to receive first whack, if
he is a person of experience, knows the hard and soft parts of his
cranium and takes care so to manœuvre that the former shall be
presented to the up-raised club. Down comes the weapon with a
thud that makes the recipient’s teeth chatter, but beyond that he has
sustained no inconvenience, and now he straightens his back and
grins, for it is his turn. His opponent lowers his head as he had done
and a loud hollow noise follows, which the man’s friends hail with
delight, as it indicates that though his skull may be dented it is not
yet cracked. And so the duel proceeds, whack for whack, until one
mightier than before, or on a “sore place,” stretches one of them on
the grass.
CHAPTER XXIV.
“I am Cucutle!
The warriors have passed singing,
The hymn of the battle has passed by me;
It has passed, despising my childhood,
p , p g y ,
And has stopped before the door of Bonkauku.
I am the black warrior.
My mother is Boseleso!
I will rush as a lion,
Like him that devours the virgins
Near the forests of Fubasekoa.
Mapatsa is with me—
Mapatsa, the son of Tele—
We set off singing the song of the Trot.
Ramakoala, my uncle, exclaims:
Cucutle, where shall we fight?
We will fight before the fires of Makoso.
We arrive....
The warriors of the enemy, ranged in a line,
Fling their javelins together;
They fatigue themselves in vain:
The father of Moatla rushes into their midst,
He wounds a man in the arm
Before the eyes of his mother,
Who sees him fall,
Ah! Where is the head of the son of Sebegoane?
It has rolled to the middle of his native town.
I entered victorious into his dwelling,
And purified myself in the midst of his sheepfold:
My eye is still surrounded with the clay of the victory.
The shield of Cucutle has been pierced;
Those of his enemies are intact,
For they are the shields of cowards.
I am the white thunder
Which growls after the rain!
Ready to return to my children,
I roar: I must have prey!
I see the flocks and herds escaping
Across the tufted grass of the plain;
I take them from the shepherd with the white and yellow shield.
Go up on the high rocks of Macate;
See the white cow run into the midst of the herd.
A Makose will no longer despise my club;
The grass grows in his deserted pens,
The wind sweeps the thatch
From his ruined huts;
The humming of the goats is the only noise that is heard
In his town, once so gay.
Tired, and dying with thirst, I went to the dwelling of Entele;
His wife was churning delicious milk,
The foam of which was white and frothy
Like the saliva of a little child.
I picked up a piece of a broken pot
To drink out of the vessel,
Which I soon left empty.
The white cow that I conquered
Has a black head;
Her breast is high and open—
It was the nurse of the son of Matayane—
I will go and offer it to my prince.
The name of my chief is Makao,
And Makao is Makoo:
I swear it by the striped ox
Of Mamasike!”
A Savage Bowman.
The Fans of Equatorial Africa have a great diversity of arms.
“Among the crowd to-day,” says M. Du Chaillu, writing in a Fan
village in which he was lodging, “I saw men armed with cross-bows,
from which are shot either iron-headed arrows or the little
insignificant-looking, but really most deadly poison-tipped arrows.
These are only slender reeds, a foot long, whose sharpened ends
are dipped into a deadly vegetable poison which these people know
how to make. The arrows are so light that they would blow away if
simply laid in the grove of the bow. To prevent this they use a kind of
sticky gum, a lump of which is kept on the under side of the bow, and
with which a small spot in the grove is slightly rubbed. The handle of
the bow is ingeniously split, and by a little peg, which acts as a
trigger, the bow-string is disengaged, and as the spring is very strong
it sends the arrow to a great distance, and, light as it is, with great
force. But the merest puncture kills inevitably. They are good
marksmen with their bows, which require great strength to bend.
They have to sit on their haunches and apply both feet to the middle
of the bow, while they pull with all their strength on the string to bend
it back. The larger arrows have an iron head something like the
sharp barbs of a harpoon. These are used for hunting wild beasts,
and are about two feet long. But the more deadly weapon is the little
insignificant stick of bamboo, not more than twelve inches long, and
simply sharpened at one end. This is the famed poison-arrow, a
missile which bears death wherever it touches, if only it pricks a pin’s
point of blood. The poison is made of the juices of a plant, which was
not shown me. They dip the sharp ends of the arrows several times
in the sap, and let it get thoroughly dried into the wood. It gives the
point a red colour. The arrows are very carefully kept in a little bag
made neatly of the skin of some wild animal. They are much dreaded
among the tribes about here, as they can be thrown or projected with
such power as to take effect at a distance of fifteen yards, and with
such velocity that you cannot see them at all till they are spent; this I
have often proved myself. There is no cure for a wound from one of
these harmless-looking little sticks—death follows in a very short
time. Some of the Fans bore on their shoulders the terrible war-axe,
one blow of which quite suffices to split a human skull. Some of
these axes, as well as their spears and other iron-work, were
beautifully ornamented with scroll-work and wrought in graceful lines
and curves, which spoke well for their artisans.
Fan Weapons.
“The war-knife which hangs by the side is a terrible weapon for a
hand-to-hand conflict, and, as they explained to me, is designed to
thrust through the enemy’s body: they are about three feet long.
There is another huge knife also worn by some of the men in the
crowd before me. This is over a foot long, by about eight inches
broad, and is used to cut down through the shoulders of an
adversary. It must do tremendous execution. Then there is a very
singular pointed axe which is thrown from a distance as American
Indians use the tomahawk. When thrown it strikes with the point
down and inflicts a terrible wound. They use it with great dexterity.
The object aimed at with this axe is the head. The point penetrates
to the brain and kills the victim immediately; and then the round edge
of the axe is used to cut the head off, which is borne off by the victor
as a trophy.
“The spears, which are six or seven feet in length, are thrown by
the natives with great force and with an accuracy of aim which never
ceased to surprise me. They make the long slender rod fairly whistle
through the air. Most of them can throw a spear effectively to the
distance of from twenty to thirty yards.
“Most of the knives and axes were ingeniously sheathed in covers
made of snake-skins, or human skin taken from some victim in
battle. Many of these sheaths are ingeniously made, and are slung
round the neck by cords which permit the weapon to hang at the side
out of the wearer’s way. Though so warlike they have no armour; in
fact, their working in iron is as yet too rude for such a luxury. The
only weapon of defence is the huge shield of elephant’s hide; but this
is even bullet-proof: as it is very large, three and a half feet long by
two and a half broad, it suffices to cover the whole body.
“Besides their weapons many of the men wore a small knife, but
rather unwieldy, which served the various offices of a jack knife, a
hatchet, and a table-knife. But though rude in shape they used it with
great dexterity.”
Africa, South and East, having come in for their shares of notice,
let us turn to Western Africa and see how there is managed the
terrible game of war. Anything connected with bloodshed in this
portion of the globe at once suggests Dahomey. Very well, Dahomey
let it be; let us, with Mr. Forbes, attend a review of King Gezo’s
“women” soldiers:
“At noon we attended the parade of the amazon army, ostensibly
the taking the oath of fidelity by those extraordinary troops, and a
most novel and exciting scene it proved. Under a canopy of
umbrellas on the south side of the Ahjahee market-place,
surrounded by ministers, carbooceers, dwarfs, hunchbacks, etc., all
militaire, on a skull-ornamented war-stool sat the king, in front sat the
too-noo-noo, whilst on the right, under a similar canopy, similarly
attended, was a female court, in front of which was the man-hae-
pah. In different parts of the field bivouacked the amazon regiments.
As I arrived and took my seat on the king’s right hand, one regiment
was marching off, and a herald called—
‘Ah Haussoo-lae-beh-Haussoo!’
Oh King of Kings!
All the female court then left their stools, and, heading the
amazons, advanced and saluted the king, and then retiring, resumed
their positions: whilst, from the midst of the amazon army, a little girl
of six years of age advanced and said: ‘The king spoke thrice when
he spoke of war: let the king speak once now: let it be on
Abeahkeutah.’ Again all the amazons advanced, and shouting, called
on Da Souza to emulate his father. ‘As the porcupine shoots a quill a
new one grows in its place, so let matters be in the port of Whydah:
let one ship replace another.’ All again prostrated themselves and
threw dirt on their heads: while two amazon heralds recited the
names of the king, and added one from the Attahpahan war, the
glah-glash, or Chimpanzee. Again all rose, whilst an amazon chief
makes the following speech: ‘As the blacksmith takes an iron bar
and by fire changes its fashion, so have we changed our nature. We
are no longer women, we are men. By fire, we will change
Abeahkeutah. The king gives us cloth, but without thread. If corn is
put in the sun to dry and not looked after, will not the goats eat it? If
Abeahkeutah be left too long some other nation will spoil it. A cask of
rum cannot roll itself; a table in a house becomes useful when
anything is placed thereon: the Dahoman army without the amazons
are as both, unassisted. Spitting makes the belly more comfortable,
and the outstretched hand will be the receiving one: so we ask you
for war, that our bellies may have their desire and our hands be
filled.’ At the conclusion of this harangue the female court again
rose, and, heading the amazons, saluted the king, when, pointing to
the hearers, all sang in chorus:
‘Soh-jah-mee!’
May thunder and lightning kill us if we break our oaths