Introduction

:The parent-child relationship consists of a combination of behaviours, feelings,and

expectations that are unique to a particular parent and a particular child. Therelationship
involves the full extent of a child's development. Of the manydifferent relationships people
form over the course of the life span, therelationship between parent and child is among the
most important. The qualityof the parent-child relationship is affected by the parent's age,
experience, andself-confidence; the stability of the parents' marriage; and the
uniquecharacteristics of the child compared with those of the parent. Parent-childrelationship
is so important that it shapes and moulds the character
and personality of a child. Parents are a vital source of s
atisfaction of the child’s
every need. The relation of child with the parents is the most intimate one.
Family is the oldest institution in the world. According to Dewey “the family is
a social agency for the education and protection of the race. It is in the familythat the child
acquires such important qualities as sincerity, sympathy, self-
submission and realizing responsibility etc.” It is the first and the most
immediate social environment to which a child is exposed. It is an
outstanding primary group because; it is in the family
that the child 208 develops its basicattitudes, values and virtues of life. The relationship
between the family and thechild however is a reciprocal and dynamic one. The socialization of a
child begins in the family. It is i
nfluenced by the family’s subculture, its social status,

its economic status, the parents’ occupation, their education, their child
-rearing practices, their religion, their aspirations for the child, their energy, theirmotivation,
the number of children in the family and their birth order, and otherrelatives living at home. As
Whiting and Edwards (1988) points out, parentsaround the world resemble one another in
numerous ways because of theuniversal needs children have as they grow and develop. But it is
also true thatthe specific ecology of each culture, its socialization goals, and the demands
it places on the family unit can dramatically shape parenting practices and the
course of the individual child’s socialization.

Definition
: The parent-child relationship consists of a combination of behaviours, feelings,
and expectations that are unique to a particular parent anda particular child. The relationship
involves the full extent of a childsdevelopment.Marlow
Types of Parent Child Relationship:
There are mainly four categories of parent child relationship.

Secure relationships.

Avoidant relationships.

Ambivalent relationships.


Disorganized relationships.
1. Secure relationships:
-This is the strongest type of attachment. A child in this category feels he candepend on his
parent or provider. He knows that person will be there when heneeds support.
2. Avoidant relationships: -
This is one category of attachment that is not secure. Avoidant children havelearne
d that depending on parents won’t get them that secure feeling they want,
so child learn to take care of themselves. Avoidant children may seem tooindependent and
usually do not build strong relationships.
3. Ambivalent relationships: -
Ambivalence is another way a child may be insecurely attached to his parents.
Child notice what behaviour got their parents’ attention in the past and use it
over and over. Children are always looking for that feeling of security.
4. Disorganized relationships: -
Disorgan
ized children don’t know what to expect from their parents. Children
with relationships learn to predict how his parent will react, whether it
is positive or negative. Child also learns that doing certain things will make their parents do
certain things.

Parenting:
It is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social,and intellectual
development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parentingstyles- It means a psychological
construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing.Parenting
styles:-
• Authoritarian
.
• Authoritative
.
• Permissive/Indulgent
.
• Detached

1. Authoritarian Parents:
The parent is demanding but not responsive. Authoritarian parents are rigid intheir rules; they
expect absolute obedience from the child without anyquestioning. Authoritarian parents are
strict disciplinarians.
2. Authoritative: -
 Authoritative parents show respect for the opinions of their children.Authoritative parents are
both responsive and demanding; they are firm, butthey discipline with love and affection,
rather than power.

3. Permissive/Indulgent: -
Permissive (indulgent) parents have little or no control over the behaviour oftheir children.
Indulgent parents are responsive but not especially demanding.They have few expectations of
their children and impose little or inconsistentdiscipline. There are empty threats of
punishment without setting limits. Rolereversal occurs.
Detached: -
Detached parents are neither responsive nor demanding. They may be carelessor unaware of
the child
’
s needs for affection and discipline.
Characteristics of a Healthy Parent-Child Relationship:

Flexible/Adaptable

Connected

Appropriate boundaries

Open Communication

Discipline

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