American history – FINALS

George Washington - George Washington is often called the “Father of His Country.” He not
only served as the first president of the United States, but he also commanded the Continental
Army during the American Revolution (1775–83) and presided over the convention that
drafted the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. capital is named after Washington—as are many
schools, parks, and cities. Today his face appears on the U.S. dollar bill and the quarter.

Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate
enslaved people around the world. In the United States, abolitionism, the movement that
sought to end slavery in the country, was active from the late colonial era until the American
Civil War, the end of which brought about the abolition of American slavery for non-
criminals through the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The Declaration of Independence was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4,

1776. The document announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from
Great Britain. It was the last of a series of steps that led the colonies to final separation from
Great Britain.

The Indian Removal Act was signed into law on May 28, 1830, by United States
President Andrew Jackson. The law, as described by Congress, provided "for an exchange of
lands with the Native Americans residing in any of the states or territories, and for their
removal west of the river Mississippi. During the presidency of Jackson (1829–1837) and his
successor Martin Van Buren (1837–1841) more than 60,000 Native Americans from at least
18 tribes were forced to move west of the Mississippi River where they were allocated new
lands as part of an ethnic cleansing. The southern tribes were resettled mostly in Indian
Territory (Oklahoma). The northern tribes were resettled initially in Kansas. With a few
exceptions, the United States east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes was emptied
of its Native American population. The movement westward of Native American tribes was
characterized by a large number of deaths occasioned by the hardships of the journey.

The Whig Party - was a major political party active in the period 1834–54 in the U.S. It was
organized to bring together a loose coalition of groups united in their opposition to what
party members viewed as the executive tyranny of “King Andrew” Jackson.
The Republican Party - is a political party in the United States founded in 1854. The party’s
first elected U.S. president was Abraham Lincoln, who took office in 1861. During the 19th
century the Republican Party stood against the extension of slavery to the country’s new
territories and, ultimately, for slavery’s complete abolition.

Democratic Party - was founded in 1828. Martin Van Buren played a major role in building
the party, assembling politicians in every state behind war hero Andrew Jackson. The
Democratic Party is arguably the world's oldest active political party. The party
supported expansive presidential power, the interests of slave states, agrarianism,
and expansionism, while opposing a national bank and high tariffs.

Democratic-Republicans - also referred to as the Jeffersonian Republican Party among

other names, was an American political party founded by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin
Franklin, Thomas Paine and James Madison in the early 1790s that
championed liberalism, republicanism, individual liberty, equal rights, decentralization, free
markets, free trade, agrarianism, and sympathy with the French Revolution. The party became
increasingly dominant after the 1800 elections as the opposing Federalist Party collapsed.
Articles of Confederation, first U.S. constitution (1781–89), which served as a bridge between
the initial government by the Continental Congress of the Revolutionary period and the
federal government provided under the U.S. Constitution of 1787. Because the experience of
overbearing British central authority was vivid in colonial minds, the drafters of the Articles
deliberately established a confederation of sovereign states. The Articles were written in
1776–77 and adopted by the Congress on November 15, 1777. However, the document was
not fully ratified by the states until March 1, 1781.

Yellow journalism and yellow press are American terms for journalism and associated
newspapers that present little or no legitimate, well-researched news while instead using eye-
catching headlines for increased sales.

Mayflower, in American colonial history, the ship that carried

the Pilgrims from England to Plymouth, Massachusetts, where they established the first
permanent New England colony in 1620.

US Constitution - Written in 1787, ratified in 1788, and in operation since 1789, the United
States Constitution is the world’s longest surviving written charter of government. The
Constitution assigned to Congress responsibility for organizing the executive and judicial
branches, raising revenue, declaring war, and making all laws necessary for executing these
powers.

Separation of powers - checks and balances:

Checks - checking each other
Balances- saving balances

The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was
a civil war in the United States between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the
South"), which had been formed by states that had seceded from the Union. The central cause
of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the
western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which many
believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction.

Result Union victory (North)

- Abolition of slavery in the United
States
- Beginning of the Reconstruction era
- Passage of the Reconstruction
Amendments
Abraham Lincoln (lived 1809-1865 / president 1861-1865) was an American lawyer,
politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861
until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the United States through the American Civil War,
defending the nation as a constitutional union, defeating the
insurgent Confederacy, abolishing slavery, expanding the power of the federal government,
and modernizing the U.S. economy.

James Madison (March 16, 1751[b] – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman, diplomat,
and Founding Father who served as the 4th president of US from 1809 to 1817. Madison was
popularly acclaimed the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and
promoting the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights.

Plessyv. Fergusonis a legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court put forward the controversial
“separate but equal” doctrine, according to which laws mandating racial
segregation (generally of African Americans and whites) in public accommodations (e.g., inns
and public conveyances) were constitutional provided that the separate facilities for
each race were equal.

Andrew Jackson Jr (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter,
general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829
to 1837. Before his presidency, he gained fame as a general in the U.S. Army and served in
both houses of the U.S. Congress. Often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and
for his work in preserving the union of states, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial
policies, particularly his treatment of Native Americans. (Indiam Removal Act).

Harriet Tubman or “Moses”(born Araminta Ross, c. March 1822 – March 10, 1913) was an
American abolitionist and social activist. After escaping slavery, Tubman made some 13
missions to rescue approximately 70 enslaved people, including her family and friends, using
the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known collectively as the Underground
Railroad. During the American Civil War, she served as an armed scout and spy for the Union
Army. In her later years, Tubman was an activist in the movement for women's suffrage.
Because of her efforts, she was nicknamed "Moses", alluding to the biblical prophet who led
the Hebrews to freedom from Egypt. Her novel “Uncle Tomas Cabin”.

The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. It spells out Americans’ rights
in relation to their government. It guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual—like
freedom of speech, press, and religion.

Capitol Hill - The U.S. Capitol Complex is the home of the Legislative Branch of the United
States federal government, and seat of the United States Congress. It is commonly referred to
as Capitol Hill and houses all U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate office buildings,
the Library of Congress, and the symbol of democracy, the U.S. Capitol.

Thomas Jefferson – 3rd president of USA and Founding Father who served as the president
of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He was the primary author of the Declaration of
Independence. Following the American Revolutionary War and prior to becoming president in
1801, Jefferson was the nation's first U.S. secretary of state under George Washington and
then the nation's second vise president under John Adams.
The Compromise of 1850 was made up of five bills that attempted to resolve disputes over
slavery in new territories added to the United States in the wake of the Mexican-American
War (1846-48). It admitted California as a free state, left Utah and New Mexico to decide
for themselves whether to be a slave state or a free state, defined a new Texas-New Mexico
boundary, and made it easier for slaveowners to recover runways under the Fugitive Slave
Act of 1850. The Compromise of 1850 was the mastermind of Whig senator Henry Clay and
Democratic senator Stephan Douglas. Lingering resentment over its provisions contributed to
the outbreak of the Civil War.

The Compromise of 1850:

• admitted California as a free state;

• allowed the territorial legislatures of New Mexico and Utah to settle the question of
slavery in those areas;
• set up a stringent federal law for the return of runaway slaves;
• abolished the slave trade in the District of Columbia; and
• gave Texas $10 million to abandon its claims to territory in New Mexico east of the
Rio Grande.

The compromise created the illusion that the territorial issue had been resolved once and for
all. "There is rejoicing over the land," wrote one Northerner, "the bone of contention is
removed; disunion, fanaticism, violence, insurrection are defeated." Sectional hostility had
been defused; calm had returned. But, as one Southern editor correctly noted, it was "the calm
of preparation, and not of peace."

Jefferson Davis: Confederate State of America (Güney eyaletler birliği) başkanı. İç Savaş'ta
Güney'in lideri. On January 21, 1861, 12 days after Mississippi seceded, Davis made a
moving farewell speech in the Senate and pleaded eloquently for peace. Before he reached
his Brierfield plantation, he was commissioned a major general to head Mississippi’s armed
forces and prepare its defense, but within two weeks the Confederate Convention
in Montgomery, Alabama, chose him as provisional president of the Confederacy. Davis was
surprised at the news of his election. Unlike many Southern leaders, he had expected war and
hoped to become the commander in chief of the Southern armies. In his inaugural address on
February 18, 1861, Davis said, in part,

The Confederacy comprised eleven U.S. states that declared secession and warred against
the United States during the American Civil War. The states were South
Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tenness
ee, and North Carolina. The Confederacy was formed on February 8, 1861, by seven slave
states.

The Ku Klux Klan is a domestic terrorist organization founded shortly after the United States
Civil War ended. It has used intimidation, violence, and murder to maintain white supremacy in
Southern government and social life. The Klan was "the first organized terror movement in
American history.”

Ford's Theatre is a theater located in Washington, D.C., which opened in 1863. The theater is
infamous for being the site of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. On the night of April 14,
1865, John Wilkes Booth entered the theater box where Lincoln was watching a performance
of Tom Taylor's play Our American Cousin, slipped the single-shot, 5.87-inch derringer from his
pocket and fired at Lincoln's head. After being shot, the fatally wounded Lincoln was carried
across the street to the nearby Petersen House, where he died the next morning.

Secession, in U.S. history, the withdrawal of 11 slave states (states in which slaveholding was
legal) from the Union during 1860–61 following the election of Abraham Lincoln as president.
Secession precipitated the American Civil War. The most serious attempt at secession was
advanced in the years 1860 and 1861 as 11 Southern states each declared secession from
the United States, and joined to form the Confederate States of America, a procedure and
body that the government of the United States refused to accept. The movement collapsed in
1865 with the defeat of Confederate forces by Union armies in the American Civil War.

Jim Crow laws were a collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation.
Named after a Black minstrel show character, the laws—which existed for about 100 years,
from the post-Civil War era until 1968—were meant to marginalize African Americans by
denying them the right to vote, hold jobs, get an education or other opportunities. Those who
attempted to defy Jim Crow laws often faced arrest, fines, jail sentences, violence and death.

The Reconstruction era was the period after the American Civil War from 1865 to 1877,
during which the United States grappled with the challenges of reintegrating into the Union the
states that had seceded and determining the legal status of African Americans.

Dred Scott decision, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 6, 1857, ruled (7–
2) that a slave (Dred Scott) who had resided in a free state and territory (where slavery was
prohibited) was not thereby entitled to his freedom; that African Americans were not and
could never be citizens of the United States; and that the Missouri Compromise (1820), which
had declared free all territories west of Missouri and north of latitude 36°30′, was
unconstitutional. The decision added fuel to the sectional controversy and pushed the country
closer to civil war.
Sahibinin ölümü sonrası vatandaşlık hakkı olmadığından, özgürlüğü için mahkemeye
başvurusunun reddedilmesi.

The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 was a territorial organic act that created the territories
of Kansas and Nebraska. It was drafted by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas, passed
by the 33rd United States Congress, and signed into law by President Franklin Pierce. Douglas
introduced the bill intending to open up new lands to develop and facilitate the construction of
a transcontinental railroad. However, the Kansas–Nebraska Act effectively repealed
the Missouri Compromise of 1820, stoking national tensions over slavery and contributing to a
series of armed conflicts known as "Bleeding Kansas”. Kölelikle alakalı bir yasa. Civil War'a
zemin hazırladı. Bleeding Kansas. Halk egemenliği.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act destroyed the Whig party, divided the Democratic party, and
created the Republican party.

Fugitive Slave Acts, in U.S. history, statutes passed by Congress in 1793 and 1850 (and
repealed in 1864) that provided for the seizure and return of runaway slaves who escaped
from one state into another or into a federal territory.

Emancipation Proclamation: Abraham Lincoln tarafından imzalanan, köleliğin

kaldırılmasını hedefleyen kararname. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war.
The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are,
and henceforward shall be free."

Amerigo Vespucci (born 1454?, Florence, Italy—died1512, Sevilla, Spain) merchant and
explorer-navigator who took part in early voyages to the New World (1499–1500 and
1501–02) and occupied the influential post of piloto mayor (“master navigator”) in Sevilla
(1508–12). The name for the Americas is derived from his given name.

The Seven Years War - (1754-1763) Conflict between the French and the English over
territory, led to a conflict known as the Seven Years’ War. The Seven Years’ War solidified
Britain’s stance as the most dominant European country in the world. However, as Britain
attempted to increase control on the American colonies, colonists began rebelling, eventually
leading to the Revolutionary War.

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was a law that tried to address growing sectional
tensions over the issue of slavery. By passing the law, which President James Monroe signed,
the U.S. Congress admitted Missouri to the Union as a state that allowed slavery, and Maine
as a free state.

The Mexican-American War of 1846 to 1848 marked the first U.S. armed conflict chiefly
fought on foreign soil. It pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against
the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the
United States had a “Manifest Destiny” to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. A
border skirmish along the Rio Grande that started off the fighting was followed by a series of
U.S. victories. When the dust cleared, Mexico had lost about one-third of its territory, including
nearly all of present-day California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.

California: Mexican American War sonrası ABD'nin toprağı oldu. Altın Keşfi, altın çılgınlığı.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) signed on February 2, 1848, ended the war between
the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including
the present-day states California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado,
and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. Mexico also relinquished all claims to Texas,
and recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary with the United States.

Lousiana: Fransa toprağıydı, ABD satın aldı ve batıya genişledi. Fazlaca köle.
The Louisiana Purchase was the purchase of imperial rights to the western half of
the Mississippi River basin from France by the United States in 1803. The deal granted the
United States the sole authority to obtain the land from its indigenous inhabitants, either by
contract or by conquest. The total price was $27,267,622. It was ultimately the greatest land
bargain in U.S. history.

1844: Anti-Slavery Movement.

1846: Mexican-American War.
1850: Fugitive Slave Law, California.
1860: Abraham Lincoln başkan olur. Secession.

15: 15th Amendment. Afro-Amerikan erkeklerin oy hakkı. The Fifteenth

Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal
government and each state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." It was ratified on February 3, 1870, [1] as
the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments.

13: 13th Amendment. Köleliği kaldırmak. 13 Colonies.

The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States
Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
.

19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote (1920) - Passed by
Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment granted
women the right to vote.

100: Roosevelt's First Hundred Days (?). / Haftada 100 saat calisma
200: ? music ile ilgili bir sey olabilir