1, The diagram below shows a sarcomere from a myofibril of a striated muscle fibre. @ OO) 2 @ ) © D ) State t @ i) Gi) B ‘Name the regions labelled A, B and C. A band /1 zone / Isotropic band / I region; B — Hzone/H band /H region; © — Ziine/Z disc / Zobie’s line Name the material which makes up part D. myosin; the change in appearance of B when the muscle fibre contracts. becomes shorter / smaller / narrower / disappears / eq; Ball and socket Hip / shoulder / between pelvis & femur / humerus & pectoral girdle ‘Multiaxial / around more than two axes / up & down and side to side / circumduetion / circular / 360° /08 rotation (plus at least one of) abduction, adduction A secretion / production of synovial fluid B — support / hold together joint / bones cartilage / lining of joint _ rough / not smooth/worn away Fragmy ents in synovial fluid Bone thickened and spread (outwards, forming “spurs” round joint margins) Bone eroded / worn away / bones in contact Goint) swollen / synovial membrane / capsule enlarged The St Marylebone Schoo! (3 marks) (1 mark) (1 mark) [Total 5 marks)3. (@)_ Cardiac muscle found only in heart, striated muscle attached to skeleton ; Cardiac muscle myogenic, striated muscle neurogenic (or described) ; Cardiac muscle does not fatigue easily, striated muscle fatigues easily ; Rate of contraction controlled by, autonomic / involuntary, nervous system / ANS, in cardiac muscle, and controlled by, central / voluntary, nervous system / CNS, in striated muscle ; Reference to intercalated discs in cardiac, none in striated ; Cardiac has branches / eq, striated does not ; Cardiac fibrils in several directions, striated fibrils parallel / Cardiac cannot respire anaerobically, striated can ; (b) Fast involved in rapid movements, slow in maintaining contractions ; Fast appear white / have low myoglobin content, slow appear red / have high myoglobin content ; Fast have fewer mitochondria than slow ; Fast associated with large nerve fibres, slow with small nerve fibres ; Fast have greater diameter than slow ; Fast show all or nothing response, slow show no all or nothing response ; Fast fatigue more quickly than slow ; Fast tend to respire anaerobically, slow respire aerobically ; Fast have stronger contraction at fast contraction speeds ; Fast have narrower Z lines ; Fast have more glycogen ; Fast have fewer capillaries ; Fast have more sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Fast have more creatine phosphate ; Fast have fewer motor end plates ; 4. No mark scheme available 5. (a) A Ligament / capsule B Synovial membrane; [Both correct for 1 mark] (b) 1. Smooth (articular) cartilage; 2, (Synovial) fluid {is a lubricant / decreases friction}; 3. (Synovial) fluid {is viscous / contains mucin| © @ 1. Greater {shock absorbance / compression}; 2. {Less/ slower rate} of damage to bone; 3. {Less chance / slower rate) of wearing away of cartilage; Gi) Osteo) Arthritis; The St Marylebone Schoo! 3 3 (6) 1 2 2 1 [6] 21. Read through the following passage, which refers to the structure and function of striated ‘muscle, then write on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or wards to complete the account. A striated muscle fibre contains many strands, called myofibrils which run the length of each fibre. Within these strands there are thick filaments made of the protein myosin; and thin filaments which contain the protein actin; When a muscle contracts, the two kinds of filament slide past each other. Energy to enable the sliding filaments to move is provided by molecules of ATP; attached to the head of each thick filament. [Total 4 marks] 2. The diagrams below, (labelled 1,2, 3,4 and 5), show five possible states of a sarcomere from striated muscle. The relative positions of some actin and myosin filaments are shown. Zdisk Myosin Z. disk 7 Actin t < 2 3 SSS 4 = The St Marylebone Schoo! 1‘The graph below shows the relationship between sarcomere length and the amount of tension generated during the contraction. The letters A, B, C, D and E on the graph correspond to the different positions of the actin and myosin filaments, shown on the diagrams above, during the contraction. | oa t T | | 80 + + suas sua! cD LI i 100 - Tension 60 ot | as % of 1 | maximum 4 20 + ‘ 44} | | 0 20 25 3.0 35 40 Sarcomere length /jum_ 1.0 (@ (State the letter of the stage on the graph which corresponds to the greatest length of the sarcomere shown in the diagrams. E; (1 mark) (i) State the length of the sarcomere when the maximum tension is generated during contraction in range 2.04 wm—2.13 ym; (1 mark) (iil) Which diagram of the sarcomere shows the position of the actin and myosin filaments when the maximum tension is generated 3 (1 mark) (©) (@__ Describe two ways in which the positions of structures in the sarcomere you have {identified in (a) (ji) differ from those in the sarcomere at its greatest length 1 Zines closer togeth 2 actin fibres meet / closer together. (2marks marks) (ii) Explain how a sarcomere in a contracting muscle would change between the state shown in diagram | and that in diagram 3 when muscle stimulated calcium ions released: myosin binding sites on actin filaments exposed / ¢q.; any reference to energy from ATP hydrolysis; myosin heads attach to actin ig sites / form cross bridges explained; reference to alteration in angle at which myosin heads project from filaments feqs draws actin filaments in, so shortens sarcomere / eq. (4 marks) The St Marylebone Schoo! 2@ &) iii) Suggest why the maximum tension is not achieved when the sarcomere length is at its shortest maximum tension when there is maximum when sarcomere length shortest there is an overlap of Iength of myosin decreased / myosin molecule deforme reduces interaction with myosin / eq. OR fewer cross bridges formed. teraction / eq.; in filaments (2 marks) [Total 14 marks] A= Actin and B = Myosin ; 1 IfA and B are the wrong way round in (a) allow e.c-f in (b) Accept references to thick/ thin filaments Myosin head attaches to actin / cross bridge formed /=a Reference to change in orientation of myosin head (e.g. myosin head swivels) ; Actin filament propelled / slides past myosin filament / reference to actin filament moving in relation to myosin ; Reference to requires ATP / energy ; Detachment / re-attachment of head / process repeats reference to ratchet ; 4 o] 4, No mark scheme available 5. (a) A=Iband; B=A band; 2 (b) Myosin; (©) Accuracy of myosin; Accuracy of actin; 2 (A) _ Increases size / cross sectional area of muscle; Increase in size of muscle fibres; Increase in number/ size of myofibrils; Increase in amount of proteins myosin; 3 (8) The St Marylebone Schoo! 31. (@)_ a sequence of reactions / occurs in small steps ; controlled by enzymes ; eg. glycolysis / Krebs cycle /*1 ; 3 (b) _anenzyme that catalyses removal / addition / transfer of hydrogen / ‘oxygen / electrons ; e.g, succinic dehydrogenase / catalase / cytochrome oxidase /e3 ; 2 15 2. The diagram below shows an outline of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Glucose Stage! }+——| x 1 Glucose phosphate Stage 2 Y Glycerate 3~phosphate Stage 3 v Pyruvate Stage 4 ¥ Acetyl coenzyme A | 4-carbon Kerbs 6-carbon compound eycle ‘compound (@)__ Name substance X, used in stage 1 ATP; (1 mark) The St Marylebone Schoo! 13. ® © @ State where stage 4 occurs in a eukaryotic cell. Mitochondrion / mitochondrial matrix; Name two products of the Krebs cycle. 1, Carbon dioxide; ATP / GTP; 2. H [reduced it carriers / named eg. (NADH or FADH2) Describe what happens to pyruvate under anaerobic conditions in a yeast cell Converted to ethanal / acetaldehyde; and carbon dioxide / decarboxylated; (ethanal then) converted to ethanol; The diagram below shows some of the stages in anaerobic respiration in a muscle, @ © Hexose men | Hexose biphosphate Stage B | Glycerate 3—phosphate Stage C | Pyruvate Stage D | Lactic acid @__ Name the process shown by stages A to C. glycolysis; (ii) State where in a cell this process occurs. cytoplasm / cytosol; (Give two uses of ATP in cells. active transport / ion pumps; phosphorylation of substrate / named example / in stay muscle contraction / movement; light independent reaction; any named anabolic reaction / e.g. protein synthesis; ‘of DNA; The St Marylebone Schoo! (1 mark) (2 marks) (3 marks) [Total 7 marks] (1 marks) (1 marks) (2 marks)(ii) At which of the stages shown in the diagram is ATP used? stage A; (1 marks) (©) NADH + Hr is a reduced coenzyme which is involved in anaerobic respiration, At which of the stages shown is NADH + Ht oxidised? stage D; (1 marks) [Total 6 marks] ‘The diagram below shows an outline of anaerobic respiration in muscle. Glucose Stage 1 HH] 1 | Pyruvate —-+| Compound X (2) (State what happens to the hydrogen, removed during stage 1 picked up by hydrogen carriers / by NAD |by NAD*: added to pyruvate / reduce pyruvate / form compound; (2 marks) Gi) Identify compound X. lactate / lactic aci (1 mark) (0) Explain why it is necessary to convert pyruvate to compound X. to regenerate / oxidise the oxygen carriers / convert so th: glycolysis can continue / to allow more ATP to be form (2 marks) [Total § marks] 5. @ @_bothare combined with oxygen 1 producing water 1 (i) inner membrane / cristae 1 (b) _ slycolysis / Krebs cycle/= link reaction / during conversion of glucose to pyruvate/ea 1 The St Marylebone School 3(©) Any two from: 2 ‘* phosphorylation of substrate / named e.g. / to start /ea glycolysis, active transport / ion pumps / named e.g. / maintain resting potential muscle contraction / movement light-independent reaction / dark reaction /ea named anabolic reaction e.g. protein synthesis/ synthesis of polysaccharides! replication of DNA/t [allow 2 named e.g.s for 2] cell division / synthesis of organelles. [6] The St Marylebone Schoo! 4TAISTI L @ 1 ® 20; © @ Gi) He {binds to / picked up by} {NAD / FAD}; (Reduced coenzyme) passes H+ to {electron transport chain / carriers}; In the {inner mitochondrial membrane / cristae); Hit passed into inter membrane space; Pass back through {ATPase /stalked particles}; ADP + Pi— ATP; Reference to oxidative phosphorylation; Reference to {chemiosmosis / H* gradient} ; 4 Krebs cycle only occurs under aerobic conditions; Reference to formation of reduced {NAD / FAD} (in Krebs); (This) has to be reoxidised: Oxygen acts as electron acceptor / eq; ye RS Idea that {electron transport chain won't work / oxidative phosphorylation can’t occur}; 6. Ifo oxygen {H+ / acetyl eoA} would accumulate; 3 191 2, The diagram below shows some of the stages in anaerobic respiration in a muscle. @ @ i) Hexose Stage A. | Hexose biphosphate Stage B | Glycerate 5-phosphate Stage C | Pyruvate Stage D | Lactic acid Name the process shown by stages A to C. alycolysi (1 marks) State where in a cell this process occurs. cytoplasm / cytosol; (1 marks) The St Marylebone School 1TAISTI ) © Gi) Give nvo uses of ATP in cells active transport / ion pumps; phosphorylation of substrate / named example / in stage A; muscle contraction / movement; light independent reaction; jed anabolic reaction / e.g. protein synthesi ‘At which of the stages shown in the diagram is ATP used? stage NADH + H* is a reduced coenzyme which is involved in anaerobic respiration. At which of the stages shown is NADH + Ht oxidised? The St Marylebone Schoo! (2marks) (1 marks) (1 marks) [Total 6 marks}76 L Reference to compartmentalisation / eq; (Membranes) keep enzymes involved in the Krebs cycle in {a small area / matrix}; Reference to selective permeability of membranes / eq {Inner (mitochondrial) membrane / cristae} {contain the electron carriers / site of oxidative phosphorylation}; Increased surface area; (Membranes form the) intermembrane space for {accumulation / eq ) of H's Stalked particles contain {ATPase / ATPsynthase}; Providing a (FH) channel through (stalked particles) to the matrix; ADP converted to ATP (in stalked particles); [5] The St Marylebone Schoo! 11. The diagram below shows a section of a human heart at a specific stage in the cardiac cycle. (a) Name the stage of the cardiac cycle shown in the diagram and give two reasons for your choice. Name of stage: diastole / atrial systole; Reason 1: aortic / pulmonary artery / semilunar valve(s) closed; Reason 2: atrioventricular / mitral / tricuspid valve(s) open; (3 marks) () Give one function of each of the parts A and B. Part Function A__ | prevents valve inverting; p__ | adlusts tension in Aname/contracts to pull on (2 marks) [Total 5 marks] The St Marylebone Schoo! 1An investigation was carried out on the effect of exercise on heart rate and stroke volume. ‘The heart rate is the number of heart beats per minute and the stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out by the heart each time it beats. The heart rate and stroke volume of a person, ‘were measured at different work levels. The results of the investigation are shown in the graph below. 200 200 150 150 Stroke Heart volume rate yotua =) min“! 100 100 50 30 aH 5 : 300 600 900 1200 Work level /arbitrary units steart rate Stroke volume The St Marylebone School(@) Describe and comment on the changes in stroke volume with inereasing levels of work. proportional / constant rate of increase from 0 to 400 arbitrary units; heart stretches more during diastole / contracts more during systole; peaks/levels off at 500 ~ 600 arbitrary units / peaks at 130 cms: decreases at higher work levels / above 600 arbitrary units; ventricles empty less completely before they re-fill / during systole; (3 marks) (b) Calculate the percentage increase in heart rate as the work level increases from 300 to 900 arbitrary units. Show your working. 169-97 =72; 72197 * 100; = 74.23; (3 marks) (©) Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in one minute. Cardiac ‘output can be calculated using the following formula. Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate Describe how the cardiac output changes as the work level increases from 0 to 1200 arbitrary units. sharp / steep / eq. rise at first / initially; then levels off / decreases / rate of increase reduced / peaks at 1000 units / falls after 1000 units; correct reference to figures; increases 5 to 5% times between work load 0 and 1200 arbitrary units; (2 marks) (@) Describe the mechanisms which bring about an increase in heart rate with increasing work level. controlled by cardiovascular centre / medulla (oblongata); receives impulses from baroreceptors / stretch receptors; In vena cava / right atrium; impulses from pH receptors / chemoreceptors; in aorta | aortic arch / carotid sinus; impulses via sympathetic nervous system; release of nor-adrenaline / adrenaline OR nor-adrenaline / adrenaline causes increas ref. effect of high temperature / low pH ! low pOz / more COz; stretching the cardiac muscle / increased cardiac output leads to more powerful contraction / eq; (4 marks) [Total 12 marks] The St Marylebone Schoo! 33. The rhythmic contraction of the heart muscle during the cardiac cycle is controlled by waves of depolarisation which spread from the sino-atrial node (SAN) across the heart. This electrical activity can be detected using electrodes placed on the surface of the body around the heart and. displayed as an electrocardiogram (ECG). The diagram below shows an ECG for @ healthy person. A ‘More positive Electrical potential Mors | s negative eatve 0 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 Time /s The part of the ECG labelled P represents the wave of depolarisation in the walls ofthe atria. The paris labelled Q, R and S represent the wave of depolarisation in the walls of the ventricles. The part labelled T represents the recovery of the ventricle walls. Explain what is meant by depolarisation. reversal / inside becomes more +ve / less ~ve / outside less +ve / more ~ve; ‘of membrane potential / resting - potential; (2 marks) (©) @ One an ECG, the time interval between Q and T is called the contraction time. Suggest why it is given this name when ventricles contract / in systole; (1 mark) (ii) The interval between T of one cardiac cycle and Q of the following cycle is called the filling time. Suggest why it is given this name, when blood fills / going into atria; and then ventricles; heart in diastole / ventricles relaxing / heart relaxed; [when blood fills the he (2 marks) (© (Explain why there is a time delay between the depolarisation in the walls of the atria (P) and the start of depolarisation in the walls of the ventricles (Q). layer / septum of non-conducting tissue between atria and ventricles; depolarisation / eq. begins in S.A. node / pacemaker in atrium; depolarisation / eq. must pass through AV nod AVN delays wave of depolarisation; @ of excitation / action potential passes down Purkinj (3 marks) The St Marylebone Schoo! 4(ii) Suggest how this time delay helps the heart to carry out its function efficiently. atria contract before ventricles / eq.; 50 that blood in atria passes into ventricular before ventricular systole / contraction; maintains one way flow through heart; (2 marks) @ @ From the ECG, calculate the rate of heart beat in beats per minute. Show your working. Time from T to Tifor one heart beat = 0.8 sec; 60/0.8; 75 (beats per minute); Answer .. (3 marks) (i) During exercise, the rate of heart beat increases but the contraction time normally remains almost unchanged. What must happen to the filling time during exercise ? decrease / reduce / get shorter; (1 mark) [Total 14 marks] The St Marylebone Schoo! 51, Read through the following passage on coronary heart disease and then write on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the passage. ‘The underlying cause of coronary heart disease is usually atherosclerosis. Fatty deposits are laid down within the inner coat of the coronary; arteries. Atherosclerosis starts as fatty streaks that develop into uneven patches called plaques / atheroma; The uneven patches roughen the surface of the arteries causing blood clots / thrombi; to develop. These may block small arteries so that part of the heart muscle is partially or completely deprived of oxygen / blood; This is, ‘turn many lead to the death / necrosis; of part of the heart muscle causing a heart attack [Total 5 marks] & 62.(a) The graph below shows how body mass relates to height, for men in the range 160 to 195 ‘om, with an indication of the desirable ranges of body mass. 120 0 100 90 Body mass veg 8° 70 60 50 160 170 180 190 Obese Marginal/overweight Desirable weight Underweight (@ From the graph read the maximum and minimum body mass for a man of 170 em ‘height to be within the desirable weight range. Maximum 72173 kg; Minimum — 57/58 kg. (2 marks) The St Marylebone Schoo! 1(ii) Aperson’s Body Mass Index (BMI) can be calculated from the formula pure Mas © (Height) State why, apart from being easy to measure, the BMI is a useful indicator for obesity. relates body mass to height / eq. / indicates amount of adipose tissue in the body. (1 mark) (b) The bar chart below gives the body composition (by mass) for men and women of selected body masses, 90 Hee Men 45kg 2 80 70 0 504. Body mass kg. 4044 30 Key re 4 Skeletal 20 | Non-musele Tean tissue 10 Sketeion [i Groups of men and women The St Marylebone School 2@ () © Gi) Gil) ‘Compare the body composition of men and women with a body mass of 65 kg. women have 3x the fat content */ eq.; men have almost 2x muscle content */eq.; men have 1% x non-muscle lean tissue */ eq.; men have 1% x skeletal tissue */ eq.; ‘women more fat than muscle / men more muscle than fat; It accept both figures quoted / difference / percentage age difference calculated]. (4 marks) ‘Suggest nwo reasons for the differences in body composition of men and women of the same mass. 4. testosterone / androgens produce more muscle development in men 2 androgens increase skeletal development; women lay down greater fat stores / more fat qualified. (2 marks) State two changes that might occur in the body composition of a man of 85 kg who increases his level of physical activity but not his energy intake. 1 reduction in mass of fat; increase in mass of muscle; 2 in mass of skeletal tissue. (2marks) [Total 14 marks} (@ mass / weight in kg and height in m 1 mass / weight divided by height squared 1 Q) ii) adipose / fat 1 @ 22 = 1.08 [allow 1.075 to 1.1] 1 = 1.12 arbitrary units / units [allow 1.1 t0 1.125] JOR 100% to 104.7% rise 1 @ (ii) smokers risk always at least 2x that for non-smokers /* 1 increase in risk as BMI increases 1 steep increase in risk for smokers at BMI 30 / when obese /OR steep increase in risk for non-smokers at BMI 34 1 non-smokers with BMI 36 have higher risk than smokers at 26 1 between 32 — 34 little change / no change for smokers /0R increases more for non-smokers 1 (max 3) raises blood pressure / raised pulse rate/sa /0R reference. to carbon monoxide / CO combining with Hb / reducing oxygen carriage by Hb /9R decreases antioxidants (in blood) /OR increases blood cholesterol /OR constriction of coronary arteries /9R rise in ratio of LDLP:HDLP /O increased number of platelets /0R platelets more sticky /08 increase risk of plaque formation in coronary arteries 1 Tho St Marylebone Schoo!4. @ (a) b) © tef. to need to get energy expenditure higher than energy intake /=1 1 reduce carbohydrate /fat intake / ref. to low fat / low calorie diet / increase exercise / activity 1 @ (11) Coronary artery ; 1 @ Gi) i) a Gi) (lncrease in cholesterol level) gives increase in risk ignore reference to smokers) ; Slight / insignificant /o1 increase between 5 and 6 (mmol dim-3) (not time reference so not faster / slower ); Increase in risk greater above 6.0-6.5 (mmol dm) ; Risk at 8 (mmol dm) 2x that at 5 (mmol dm) / (sensible use of figures); ‘max 2 Risk in both increases as cholesterol level increases ; At low cholesterol /OR $ mmol dnr- little difference between smokers and non-smokers (not time references so not faster / slower) ; As cholesterol level increases, risk increases more in smokers than in non-smokers / bigger difference at 8 than at 5 ; Credit use of figures ; Smokers always at greater risk than non-smokers /=3; 4 Age; ‘Weight / mass / BMI; Reference to lifestyle, qualified / occupation / stress level ; Reference to exercise level / type / frequency of exercise ; Reference to genetic / family history ; Reference to other diseases / illnesses / e.g, diabetes ; Blood pressure ; max 2 Reference to absence of double bonds (in (hydro)carbon chains of constituent fatty acids) /sa 1 Japan; 1 As ratio proportion of polyunsaturated to saturated fat increases, risk of heart disease seems to decrease (allow converse) ; 1 112] 5. No mark scheme available The St Marylebone Schoo!74714 Mark Scheme Qt. Question] Answer Mark Number (a) (i) |D; (4) Question | Answer Mark Number (a) Gi) |B; (4) Question | Answer Mark Number (a) (ili) | D ; (1) Question | Answer ‘Additional guidance Mark Number (b) () 1. attaches bone to bone | 1. ACCEPT correctly named eq bones 2. allows (some) 2. ACCEPT ligaments limit movement / eq ; movement 3. idea that this gives added stability ;7A7A4 Question Number Answer Additional guidance Mark (b)Gi) Any one from 1. small incision / wound . so reduced likelihood of {pathogen / eq} entry . shorter recovery time . reduced blood loss . Idea of less anaesthesia ; 1. ACCEPT less tissue damage (4)7.15 Mark Scheme Qi. cust Answer Aadifonal Mark 1. idea of not being fair ; 2. idea of being a poor role model for youngsters ; 3. ACCEPT 3. health risk to athletes / eq raised blood ; clotting risk, harmful side 4, cost to {NHS / medical effects services / eq} of health implications / eq ; (2)7.15 1. RBC will {carry/supply oxygen} ; 2. idea that low number of mitochondria present in fast twitch ; 3. so additional oxygen may have limited additional effect / eq ; 4. poor {blood supply / capillary network} in fast twitch muscle so little additional {oxygen / RBC / eq} received / eq ; 5. (in fast twitch) respiration is (primarily) anaerobic / eq; 6. short {time duration of race/distance travelled} means minimal additional blood supplied to muscles in timeframe ; for slow twitch muscle 4. ACCEPT low numbers of RBC in fast twitch so extra will have minimal additional effect 6. ACCEPT no need for oxygen because of short {time duration of race/distance travelled} ‘Question ‘Additional Number qofrver Guidance mek ACCEPT converseCore prac 16 L (Biology) ‘The diagram below shows a simple respirometer which can be used to measure the rate of oxygen uptake of small invertebrate animals, such as blowfly larvae. ®) w@ ‘Weighed amount of respiring Nit sarin inne Filter paper wick Substance to absorb carbon dioxide Name a substance which absorbs carbon dioxide, sodium hydroxide / potassium hydroxide / soda lime / ¢ (1 mark) Explain why it is essential to absorb carbon dioxide when using this respirometer. volume carbon dioxide produced by larvae approx equals volume of oxygen taken in ; therefore no / less volume change unless carbon dioxide removed ; increase in carbon dioxide concentration could affect rate of respiration; (2 marks) Give an account of how you would use this apparatus to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of oxygen uptake by the blowfly larvae. ‘open tube clip / open to atmosphere ; place in water bath at chosen temperature ; stated time for equilibration (4 mins +) ; close clip; measure distance moved by oil drop in fixed time / measure time taken to move fixed distance ; repeats at the same temperature ; sensible method re-setting oil drop; repeat procedure at different temperature; suitable range of temperature given (4 or more between 0 and 50 °C) ; calculate volume from 721 calculation described; (6 marks) Describe fo limitations of this method and in each case suggest an improvement that could be made. small temperature variations cause large movements of oil drop / volume changes ; use apparatus with compensating chamber attached / eq; The St Marylebone Schoo! 1Core prac 16 scale difficult to read / parallax error; mount capillary directly on scale / have ‘engraved / marked on capillary; carbon dioxide absorber can become saturated ; fresh absorber for each trial ; reduction in oxygen concentration affects respiration; flush apparatus with fresh air each trial; (4 marks) [Total 13 marks] The St Marylebone Schoo! 2Core prac 17 1 2. @ (b) © Soda lime removes / absorbs carbon dioxide ; Prevents carbon dioxide accumulating in spirometer / reference to harmful effect of carbon dioxide (not rebreathed) ; Can find volume of oxygen used ; max 2 Subject needs to use a nose clip ; Chamber / spirometer filled with oxygen ; Subject breathes in and out via mouthpiece ; Lid moves up and down ; Switch on chart recorder ; ‘Movement recorded on chart / paper (recorder) ; Reference to calibration to find volumes / volumes read from chart ; max 4 (Volume / amount of air breathed in or out / inspired or expired ; At rest / with each breath ; 2 Gi) 420 to 440 cm’ / 940 - 450 = 490 cm} ; 1 ii) Number of breaths = 7 in 20 seconds ; 7x 440 em3 = 3080 cm? ; (Minute volume) = 3080 * 3 = 9240 cm} (per minute) ; [Allow consequential error for figure in (c) (ii). If only correct idea in (©) Gii) is to obtain result in a minute, allow this mark. ] 3 (12) ‘No mark scheme available The St Marylebone Schoo!