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    Virtual Local Network (VLAN) es Uo ata is a subnetwork that takes groups of devices on a larger network and creates a virtual LAN for those devices, effectively separating them from the other devices on the network. This achieves the same ends as WLANs can achieve naturally using separate channels and lends a LAN much more flexibility. + Each VLAN is distributed geographically throughout the network. + Users are grouped into each VLAN regardless of the physical location, ‘theoretically easing network management. + Asa user moves throughout a campus, the VLAN membership for that user Temains the same. + Switches are configured for VTP server or client mode. + Create local VLANs with physical boundaries in mind rather than job functions of the users. + Local VLANS exist between the access and distribution layers, + Traffic from a local VLAN is routed at the distribution and core levels. + Switches are configured in VTP transparent mode. + Spanning tree is used only to prevent inadvertent loops in the wiring closet. + One to three VLANs per access layer switch recommended. wy Best Practices for VLAN Design ‘ One to three VLANs per access module and limit those VLANs to a couple of access switches and the distribution switches. + Avoid using VLAN 1 as the "blackhole" for all unused ports. Use a dedicated VLAN separate from VLAN 1 to assign all the unused ports. + Separate the voice VLANs, data VLANs, the management VLAN, the native VLAN, blackhole VLANs, and the default VLAN (VLAN 1). + Avoid VTP when using local VLANs; use manually allowed VLANs on trunks. + For trunk ports, turn off Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) and configure trunking, Use IEEE 802.1@ rather than ISL because it has better support for QoS and is a standard protocol. + Manually configure access ports that are not specifically intended for a trunk link. + Prevent all data traffic from VLAN 1; only permit control protocols to run on VLAN 1 (DTP, VTP, STP BPDUs, agp, LACP, CDP, etc.). + Avoid using Telnet because of security risks; enable SSH support on management VLANs. 1S SONET versus Ethernet MANs = Most MANs are SONET networks built of multiple rings (for failover purposes) *SONET is well-proven but complex, fairly expensive, and cannot be provisioned dynamically. “SONET is based upon T-1 rates and does not fit nicely into 1 Mbps, 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1000 Mbps chunks, like Ethernet systems do. Ethernet MANs *Well understood, scale well and best technology to carry IP traffic (internet) ‘Have high failover times (slow recovery to failure) *Growing in popularity oy The Ethernet MAN Topology Ve TREE \_7 inerice Ponce ‘Switch We Wide Area Protocols Biases : + WAN Data link layer protocols define how data is encapsulated for transmission to remote sites. “Technologies, such as Frame relay or ATM. _’ + Many of these protocols use the framing mechanism, HDLC, an ISO standard, or one of its subsets or variants. *ATM is different from the others, because it uses small fixed-size cells of 53 bytes, unlike the other packet-switched technologies, which use variable-sized packets. + The most common WAN data-link protocols are: “PPP *ATM ATM Architecture Sp ta ie. a AN xm a xm von Pay Uy Pay Py is PHY Cl ~~ a = [7 adaptation layer: only at edge of ATM network m data segmentation/reassembly m roughly analagous to Internet transport layer r ATM layer: “network” layer m cell switching, routing r physical layer Hal ATM Layer : ATM Cell SD asevine } r 5-byte ATM cell header r 48-byte payload m Why?: small payload -> short cell-creation delay for digitized voice m halfway between 32 and 64 (compromise!) a | t Z z x 4 j Cell header = steht Cell format (Cell Header ‘ATM Call Payload - 48 bytes 3rd bit inPT field; 1 SAR PDU indicates Last cell (AALAndicate bid)

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