Professional Documents
Culture Documents
來形容上述詞類,這類從句稱為「副詞從句」Adverb Clause。
根據副詞從句的不同功用,可分成:
連接時間副詞從句與主句的詞常見的有:
when, while, whenever, as, as soon as, once,
as long as, until(till), since, after, before
例如:
When money speaks, truth keeps silence.
﹝當金錢一開口,真理就保持靜默。﹞
* "when"意指「當﹝一剎那﹞」 。
* 副詞從句可放在主句前或後,放在主句前,通常用逗號與主句隔開。
* 這例句運用擬人法。
Come when you please.
Strike while the iron is hot.﹝打鐵趁熱。﹞
* "while"意指「當﹝一段時間﹞」 。
When (he was) young, he was not happy.
* 副詞從句的動詞用 be,而又與主要子句的主語相同,則副詞從句的主語
及 be 動詞可一起省略。
I learned English while (I was) in London.
Who took your place while you were ill?
* 病了一段時間,不能用 "when"。
Whenever you go, I will follow you.
* "whenever" 意指「無論何時」 。
You may come whenever you like.
I read the letter as I walked along the river.
* "as" 意指「一邊……一邊……」
His voice trembled as he spoke the last sentence.
* "as" 意指 "when"。
1
As soon as the burglar came into my room, I caught him.
* "as soon as" 意指「一……就……」﹝兩種動作或變化的時間極短。﹞
I shall tell him as soon as he comes.
Once you know him, you will like him.
* "once" 意指「一旦﹝兩種動作或變化的時差極短。﹞
連接地點副詞從句與主句的詞主要有:
where, wherever, whence, whither
例如:
2
Where there is a will, there is a way.﹝有志者,事竟成。﹞
Put the book where it was.
The beautiful sight greets us wherever we look.
* "wherever" 意指「無論何處」 。
* 本句運用擬人法。
連接理由副詞從句與主句的詞主要有:
because, since, as, for, seeing(that)
例如:
He did it because he thought it right.
* "because" 意指「因為」;它所帶出的原由是說話者認為聽者不知道的。
I love you because you understand me.
Since everybody is present, we may begin our discussion.
* "since" 意指「因為」;它所帶出的原由是說話者認為聽者已經知道的。
Since we have no money, we cannot buy it.
As I shall be here again tomorrow, I will not stay now.
* "as" 意指「因為」;它所帶出的原由是說話者認為聽者已經知道的。
She stayed at home as she had no car.
He did not come, for he was ill.
* "for" 意指「因為」;不可放在句首;前面常置逗號。
We cannot go, for it is raining.
※ 依表示理由或原因的強度比較:because → since → as → for
Seeing (that) he says so, it may be true.
He could not ask questions, seeing it was none of his
business.
連接副詞從句與主句的詞主要有:
so that, so…that, such…that
3
例如:
The train was late, so that I could not keep my word.
* "so that" 意指「因此」或「以致」﹝with the result that﹞。
Turn it from time to time, so that it may be cooked alike
on both sides.
He was so excited that he could not sleep.
* "so" 後接形容詞或副詞。
Oxygen is so important to life that we cannot live
without it.
He is such a good teacher that every student likes him.
* "such" 後接名詞。
連接目的副詞從句與主句的詞主要有:
that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear(that)
例如:
He studies hard that he may pass the examination.
* "that", "so that" 及 "in order that" 皆意指「以便」或「為了」 。
* 使用"that", "so that" 及 "in order that":
若主句動詞時態是現在時態、現在進行時態及現在完成時態,
從句的動詞形態是: will, can, may, shall + root form;
若主句動詞時態是過去時態,從句的動詞形態是:
would, could, might, should + root form
They hurried that they might not miss the train.
He always takes careful notes so that he may go over
them after class.
I went out for a walk so that I might think the matter over
in the fresh morning air.
連接讓步副詞從句與主句的詞主要有:
though, although, even if, even though, however
例如:
Though it is cheap, I do not buy it.
Though he tried hard, he was not successful.
Although he is young, he is wise.
* "although" 與 "though" 的意思一樣,而 "although"的語氣較為堅定。
* "although" 多用於句首。
Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.
※ 在中文裡,使用了「雖然」,隨即使用「但是」 。
在英文裡,用了 "although"或 "though",不能再使用 "but";
用了 "but",就不能再使用 "although"或 "though"。
例如:雖然我的心破碎,但是我必須微笑。
1. Although (Though) my heart is breaking, I must smile.
2. My heart is breaking, but I must smile.
3. Although (Though) my heart is breaking, yet (still) I
must smile.
4. My heart is breaking, yet (still) I must smile.
5. Although (Though) my heart is breaking, but I must smile.
﹝錯誤﹞
* "yet" "still" 副詞。
Even if you fail, you will have gained experience.
* "even if" 意指「即使」 。
連接方式副詞從句與主句的詞主要有:
as, as if, as though
5
例如:
You should pronounce this word as your teacher
pronounces it.
* "as" 意指「一如﹝完全一樣﹞」
* 上句可改為:
You should pronounce this word as your teacher does it.
I have done it as it should be done.
Do in Rome as the Romans do.﹝入鄉隨俗。﹞
He acts as if he were crazy.
* "as if"意指「恰如﹝並非完全一樣﹞」 。
* "as if" 從句的動詞用假設語氣,因此用 "were"。
不過,在現代口語,有時亦用直說方式﹝現在時態、過去時態、
未來時態等﹞代替假設方式﹝過去時態、過去完成時態﹞。
假設方式強調「非現實性」,直說方式則著重「可能性」 。
以前,英文文法規定,在 as if 從句中要用假設方式,例如:
It looks as if it would rain.
現代英文文法漸改用簡潔的直說方式,例如:
It looks as if it will rain.
The baby laughed as if he had understood your expression.
He speaks English as though he were an Englishman.
* "as though" 意指「恰如」 。
They talked as though they had been friends for years.
連接比較副詞從句與主句的詞主要有:
as…as, so…as, than
例如:
He is as poor as a church mouse.
* 「教堂老鼠」意指沒有東西吃的老鼠。
I am as busy as a bee.
He is as poor as you (are).
※ 若從句與主句的動詞時態相同,則 "are" 可隱藏;
若從句與主句的動詞時態不不同,則 "are" 不可隱藏。
例如:
He is as poor as you were.﹝他現在一如你過去那麼窮。﹞
He was as poor as you are.﹝他過去一如你現在那麼窮。﹞
He was as poor as you (were).﹝他過去一如你過去那麼窮。﹞
She is as tall as he (is).
She is not as tall as he (is).
She is not so tall as he (is).
6
* "as…as" 在肯定句或否定句中皆可用,而 "so…as" 只在否定句中使用。
I cannot do it so quickly as you.
Mr. Lee is not so old as he looks.
※ 在未介紹 "than" 這個從屬連詞的用法前,先介紹形容詞的比較級
和最高級。為了表達形容詞的不同程度,形容詞可分三級:
1. 原級 Positive Degree
2. 比較級 Comparative Degree
3. 最高級 Superlative Degree
※ 形容詞的比較級和最高級的形成規則如下:
1. 單音節詞:
a) 通常在原級後加 er 成比較級,加 est 成最高級。例如:
great → greater → greatest
tall → taller → tallest
b) 若以 e 收尾,則加 r 成比較級,加 st 成最高級。例如:
large → larger → largest
c) 若以輔音字母收尾,而輔音字母前是元音字母,則先重複輔音
字母,加 er 成比較級,加 est 成最高級。例如:
big → bigger → biggest
fat → fatter → fattest
2. 雙音節詞:
a) 通常在原級後加 er 成比較級,加 est 成最高級。例如:
clever → cleverer → cleverest
narrow → narrower → narrowest
b) 若以 e 收尾,則加 r 成比較級,加 st 成最高級。例如:
able → abler → ablest
c) 若以 y 收尾,而 y 前是輔音字母,則改 y 為 i ,加 er 成
比較級,加 est 成最高級。例如:
happy → happier → happiest
lucky → luckier → luckiest
3. 多音節詞:
在前面加 more 成比較級,加 most 成最高級。例如:
beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful
important → more important → most important
4. 還有一些單詞的比較級和最高級是不規則的:
原級 比較級 最高級
good / well better best
bad / ill worse woest
7
many / much more most
little less least
far farther / further farthest / furthest
old older / elder oldest / eldest
例如:
He is older than I.
Mary is two years younger than I.
Two heads are better than one.
連接條件副詞從句與主句的詞主要有:
if, in case, so long as, on condition (that),
provided that, providing, suppose, supposing, unless
例如:
If you go away, I will not cry.
* "if" 意指「如果」 。
* 從句的動詞用現在時態表示將來發生的事情。
In case he gives me a phone call, tell him that
I will call him back.
* "in case" 意指「萬一」 。
So long as you keep the book clean, you may borrow it.
* "so long as" 意指「只要」 。
I will sell you this camera on condition that you pay
in cash.
* "on condition (that)" 意指「在……條件下」 。
I will go provided that you go.
* "provided (that)" 意指「假使」 。
I will do so providing you agree.
* "providing" 意指「假使」 。
Suppose she refuses, what shall we do?
* "suppose" 意指「假使」 。
Supposing he cannot come, who will do the work?
* "supposing" 意指「假使」 。
You will fail unless you work harder.
* "unless" 意指「除非」 。
※ 根據條件副詞從句所表示的假設情況是否可能實現,可分以下
幾種類型:
A. 表示假設情況有可能或很可能實現