Genus one WDVV solutions induced by the holomorphic

differential and applications

arXiv:2402.00256v1 [math-ph] 1 Feb 2024

Chaabane REJEB∗

Abstract
Consider the genus one Hurwitz space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) of ramified covering of fixed degree
with m+1 prescribed poles of order n0 +1, . . . , nm +1, respectively. Based on a recent formula
proved in [37], we derive an explicit solution to the WDVV equations associated with the genus
one Dubrovin-Hurwitz-Frobenius manifold structure induced by the normalized holomorphic
differential. The obtained solution is written in terms of Bell polynomials, Eisenstein series as
well as the Weierstrass functions.

MSC (2020) primary: 53D45, 35C05; secondary: 35G20, 58J60, 35Q99.

Keywords: WDVV equations, Frobenius manifolds, holomorphic differential, Bell polynomials, Eisenstein
series, Weierstrass functions.

Contents
1 Introduction 2

2 Preliminaries 3
2.1 Bell polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Weierstrass functions and Eisenstein series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Frobenius manifold structures on genus one Hurwitz spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.1 Frobenius manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.2 Genus one Hurwitz space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3.3 Genus one bidifferential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3.4 Dubrovin’s primary differentials and the corresponding Frobenius manifold structures 10

3 Abelian differentials and the corresponding Laurent series 13

3.1 Normalized holomorphic differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Abelian differentials of the third kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Abelian differentials of the second kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.4 An explicit parametrization of the genus one Hurwitz space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) . . . . 25

4 Explicit prepotential associated with the normalized holomorphic differential 30

∗ Université de Sherbrooke, CANADA. Email: chaabane.rejeb@usherbrooke.ca, chaabane.rejeb@gmail.com

1
1 Introduction
In this paper we are concerned with explicit genus one solutions to the Witten-Dijkgraaf-E.Verlinde-
H.Verlinde (WDVV) associativity equations [15, 47]:

Fα F1−1 Fβ = Fβ F1−1 Fα , α, β = 1, . . . , N, (1.1)

where F = F (t1 , . . . , tN ) and for each α, Fα denotes the Hessian matrix of ∂tα F such that the
matrix F1 is constant and nondegenerate. The Geometric framework of WDVV equations has been
developed by Dubrovin, culminating in the remarkable theory of Frobenius manifolds [17]. The
genus one Hurwitz space M = H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) is the moduli space of covering (T, λ) where T is a
complex torus and λ an elliptic functions with N finite branch points and m + 1 prescribed poles of
fixed order n0 +1, . . . , nm+1 . The N simple branch points can be used as natural parameters on M.
In [17], Dubrovin constructed a family of N semi-simple Frobenius manifold structures on M, each
of them is induced by a specific differential ω0 (called primary) defined on the underlying genus one
Riemann surfaces. The prepotential Fφ of the obtained genus one φ-Hurwitz-Frobenius manifold
arises as an example of quasi-homogeneous solutions to the  WDVV equations (1.1). Nevertheless,
calculating the explicit form of all the WDVV solutions Fω0 presents a notably intricate task.
This work aims to provide a complete answer to this question in the special case where the primary
differential ω0 is the normalized holomorphic differential, denoted by φ and without any restriction
on the combinatorial parameters (n0 , . . . , nm ) of the considered genus one Hurwitz space. Before
going into the main techniques, let us review the known outcomes in this direction. The first
explicit example of the prepotential Fφ was obtained by Dubrovin in the case where the Hurwitz
space is M = H1 (1), i.e. that of the Weierstrass elliptic curves [17]. By considering the Frobenius
manifold structures and their extensions (real doubles [44] and deformations [45]) on the four di-
mensional Hurwitz space H1 (0, 0), other explicit expression for the prepotentials Fφ are computed
in [14]. The method employed to calculate the mentioned examples uses a Dubrovin bilinear pair-
ing formula written in terms of objects defined on the underlying Riemann surface. We refer to
Lecture 5 in [17] for details.
Recently, the author established in [37] a new alternative formula to calculate the WDVV pre-
potential of (any genus g) Hurwitz-Frobenius manifold of dimension N . The structure of such
formula is based on a precise duality relation between flat coordinates and on the degrees of the
Dubrovin primary differentials. The degree of a primary differential ω0 arises in a natural way as
the power of λ (λ defines a covering of the Riemann sphere) in the integral representation formula
of ω0 with respect to the canonical symmetric bidifferential W (P, Q). The fact that ω0 can be
conveniently expressed by means of the bidifferential W (P, Q) was firstly observed in [44]. The
genus one bidifferential W (P, Q), primary differentials and their degrees as well as the new formula
for the prepotentials Fω0 are presented in the section. Note that, we have applied this new
formula to reconstruct the already mentioned explict prepotentials [37].
The first key idea in order to derive the explicit expression for the prepotential Fφ consists to
rewrite the general formula (2.50) in the special case of the holomorphic differential which is of
degree 0. Using this, we can conclude that some few terms are unknown.
Our second idea is to use new techniques to construct explicit form for the Laurent expansions of
Abelian differentials of the second and third kind near the poles of a fixed covering (T, λ). The
coefficients of the obtained Laurent series, including the unknown terms in Fφ , involve Weierstrass
functions, Bell polynomials and some variables related to the normalized holomorphic differential
on the complex torus T.
This paper is organized as follows. In the next section we collect the properties of the main
ingredients used this work. This includes reviews on Bell polynomials, Weierstrass functions and
the Frobenius manifold structures on the genus Hurwitz space. Section 3 is devoted to calculate

2
the coefficients of the Laurent expansions of Abelian differentials of the second and third kind
whose poles are among those of a fixed covering belonging the Hurwitz space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ).
The last sections focuses on the main result of this work.

2 Preliminaries
2.1 Bell polynomials
This subsection concerns with some properties of partial ordinary Bell polynomials that will be
repeatedly used in this paper. The reader is referred to [4, 8, 10] for details.
Let n ≥ k ≥ 0 be two integers. The partial ordinary Bell polynomial Bn,k is defined by [4, 8, 10]
X  n−k+1
Y xjµµ 
Bn,k := Bn,k (x1 , . . . , xn−k+1 ) := k! , (2.1)
µ=1
jµ !
△(n,k)

where the summation is over the set △(n, k) of all partitions of n into k parts, that is, over all
nonnegative integers j1 , . . . , jn−k+1 satisfying
j1 + · · · + jn−k+1 = k;
j1 + 2j2 + · · · + (n − k + 1)jn−k+1 = n.
The partial ordinary Bell polynomials have the generating function:
X ∞ k X∞
tj
xj = Bn,k (x1 , . . . , xn−k+1 )tn . (2.2)
j=1
j!
n=k

In particular, we have the following special cases of partial Bell polynomials:

n−1
X
Bn,0 = δn,0 ; Bn,1 = xn ; Bn,n = xn1 ; Bn,2 = xj xn−j , (2.3)
j=1

where δ denotes the Kronecker delta.

The partial ordinary Bell polynomials are closely related to the (better-known) partial exponential
Bell polynomials Bn,k :
n! x1 xn−k+1

Bn,k (x1 , . . . , xn−k+1 ) = Bn,k ,..., . (2.4)
k! 1! (n − k + 1)!
The nth (exponential) complete Bell polynomial is defined by B0 = 1 and
n
X n
X n! x1 xn−k+1

Bn (x1 , . . . , xn ) = Bn,k (x1 , . . . , xn−k+1 ) = Bn,k ,..., . (2.5)
k! 1! (n − k + 1)!
k=1 k=1

The partial ordinary (and exponential) Bell polynomials Bn,k (Bn,k ) are homogeneous of degree k:
Bn,k (cx1 , . . . , cxn−k+1 ) = ck Bn,k (x1 , . . . , xn−k+1 ), ∀ c. (2.6)
On the other hand, according to formulas (11.11) and (11.12) in [8] (see also [10] (chapter 3)), it
is known that the partial exponential Bell polynomials satisfy the recurrence relations:
Xn  
n
Bn+1,k+1 (x1 , . . . , xn−k+1 ) = xn+1−j Bj,k (x1 , . . . , xj−k+1 );
j
j=k
n  
1 X n+1
Bn+1,k+1 (x1 , . . . , xn−k+1 ) = xn+1−j Bj,k (x1 , . . . , xj−k+1 ).
k+1 j
j=k

3
By (2.4), we easily see that the analogue of these formulas for the partial ordinary Bell polynomials
take the following form:
n
k+1 X
Bn+1,k+1 (x1 , . . . , xn−k+1 ) = (n + 1 − j)xn+1−j Bj,k (x1 , . . . , xj−k+1 ); (2.7)
n+1
j=k
n
X
Bn+1,k+1 (x1 , . . . , xn−k+1 ) = xn+1−j Bj,k (x1 , . . . , xj−k+1 ). (2.8)
j=k

In particular,
n
k+1 X
Bn+1,k+1 (x1 , . . . , xn−k+1 ) = (n + 2 − j)xn+1−j Bj,k (x1 , . . . , xj−k+1 ). (2.9)
n+2+k
j=k

In order to make formulas simpler during next sections, we introduce the following two functions
involving partial ordinary Bell polynomials.
Definition 2.1 Let µ, k be two positive integers satisfying µ−k+1 6= 0. Let Rµ,k := Rµ,k (x1 , . . . , xµ+1 )
be the multivariate rational function (with respect to x1 ) defined by
( n   )
1 Xµ  X −k −k−ℓ
Rµ,k := (µ + 1 − n)xµ+1−n x1 Bn,ℓ (x2 , . . . , xn−ℓ+2 ) , (2.10)
(µ − k + 1) n=0 ℓ
ℓ=0
   
−k ℓ k+ℓ−1
where := (−1) is the generalized binomial coefficient.
ℓ ℓ
Because of the homogeneity property (2.6), we observe that the function Rµ,k satisfies:

∀ c 6= 0, Rµ,k (cx1 , . . . , cxµ+1 ) = c1−k Rµ,k (x1 , . . . , xµ+1 ). (2.11)

Lemma 2.1 Let µ, k be two positive integers satisfying µ − k + 1 6= 0. Then the multivariate
rational function (2.10) satisfies
µ−1
X  
1 −k −k−ℓ
Rµ,k = x1 Bµ,ℓ+1 (x2 , . . . , xµ−ℓ+1 ). (2.12)
ℓ+1 ℓ
ℓ=0

Proof: When µ = 1, then we easily check that (2.12) is valid. Assume that µ ≥ 2. To simplify, let
us introduce the following notation

Bn,ℓ := Bn,ℓ (y1 , . . . , yn−ℓ+1 ), with yj = xj+1 .

4
Then from expression (2.10) for Rµ,k , we can write

(µ − k + 1)xk1 Rµ,k
Xµ X n  
−k
= (µ + 1)yµ + (µ + 1 − n)yµ−n y0−ℓ Bn,ℓ (y1 , . . . , yn−ℓ+1 )
n=1 ℓ=1
ℓ
Xµ   µ−1
XX n  
−k −ℓ −k
= (µ + 1)yµ + y0 y0 Bµ,ℓ + (µ + 1 − n)yµ−n y0−ℓ Bn,ℓ
ℓ n=1 ℓ=1
ℓ
ℓ=1
µ−1
X −k  X −k 
µ−1  µ−1
X 
= (µ + 1)Bµ,1 + y0−ℓ Bµ,ℓ+1 + y0−ℓ (µ + 1 − n)yµ−n Bn,ℓ
ℓ+1 ℓ
ℓ=0 ℓ=1 n=ℓ
µ−1
X −k  µ−1  
X −k µ + ℓ + 1
= (µ + 1 − k)Bµ,1 + y0−ℓ Bµ,ℓ+1 + y0−ℓ Bµ,ℓ+1
ℓ+1 ℓ ℓ+1
ℓ=1 ℓ=1
X −k  k + ℓ
µ−1 X −k  µ + ℓ + 1
µ−1
−ℓ
= (µ + 1 − k)Bµ,1 − y Bµ,ℓ+1 + y0−ℓ Bµ,ℓ+1
ℓ ℓ+1 0 ℓ ℓ+1
ℓ=1 ℓ=1

X −k Bµ,ℓ+1
µ−1
= (µ + 1 − k) ,
ℓ (ℓ + 1)y0ℓ
ℓ=0

where we used the equality Bµ,1 (y1 , . . . , yµ ) = yµ in the third equality and applied recurrence
relation (2.9) in the forth equality.


2.2 Weierstrass functions and Eisenstein series

In this subsection, basic properties of the Weierstrass functions are presented. In the literature,
there are several texts on the subject of elliptic functions and related topics. For instance, we refer
to the monographs [2, 3, 7, 11, 23, 27, 46].
Let τ be a complex number with strictly positive imaginary part and L be the lattice L := Z + τ Z
generated by 1 and τ . The non-normalized Eisenstein series are defined on the upper half-plane
by X
G2k (τ ) = w−2k , k≥2 (2.13)
w∈L,w6=0

and G2k+1 ≡ 0. It is known that G2k is a modular form of weight 2k, which means that
 aτ + b   
a b
G2k = (cτ + d)2k G2k (τ ), ∀ ∈ SL(2, Z). (2.14)
cτ + d c d

Let ω1 , ω2 , ω3 be the half periods given by:

ω1 = 1/2, ω2 = τ /2, ω3 = ω1 + ω2 . (2.15)

5
The L-Weierstrass functions ℘, ζ and σ are respectively defined by:
1 X  1 1 
℘(u) = ℘(u|τ ) = ℘(u; 2ω1 , 2ω2 ) := 2 + − ;
u (u − w)2 w2
w∈L,w6=0
1 X  1 1 u 
ζ(u) = ζ(u|τ ) = ζ(u; 2ω1 , 2ω2 ) := + + + 2 ; (2.16)
u u−w w w
w∈L,w6=0
Y u
u u2 
σ(u) = σ(u|τ ) = σ(u; 2ω1 , 2ω2 ) := u 1− exp + .
w w 2w2
w∈L,w6=0

The function ℘ is elliptic (doubly periodic) with respect to the lattice L and the functions ζ and
σ are quasi-elliptic since they satisfy (2.23) below.
Here is the list of properties of the three functions that will be important in what follows.
1. Differential equations for the ℘-function:




℘′2 (u) = 4℘3 (u) − g2 ℘(u) − g3 = 4 ℘(u) − e1 ℘(u) − e2 ℘(u) − e3 ; (2.17)
g2
℘′′ (u) = 6℘2 (u) − ;
2
℘′′′ (u) = 12℘′ (u)℘(u); (2.18)
℘(4) (u) = 120℘3 (u) − 18g2 ℘(u) − 12g3,
where ej = ℘(ωj ) and g2 and g3 are the Weierstrass invariants given by the Eisenstein series
G4 and G6 :
g2 = g(τ ) := 60G4 , g3 = g3 (τ ) = 140G6 . (2.19)
2. The Weierstrass function ζ satisfies:
ζ ′ (u) := −℘(u). (2.20)

3. The function ζ is the logarithmic derivative of σ:

σ ′ (u)/σ(u) = ζ(u). (2.21)

4. We have the homogeneity relations for arbitrary α 6= 0:

℘(αu; 2αω1 , 2αω2 ) = α−2 ℘(u; 2ω1, 2ω2 );
ζ(αu; 2αω1 , 2αω2 ) = α−1 ζ(u; 2ω1 , 2ω2 ); (2.22)
σ(αu; 2αω1 , 2αω2 ) = ασ(u; 2ω1 , 2ω2 ).

5. The functions ζ and σ satisfy the following quasi-periodicity properties:

ζ(u + 2ωj ) = ζ(u) + 2ζ(ωj ), σ(u + 2ωj ) = −σ(u)e2ζ(ωj )u+2ωj ζ(ωj ) . (2.23)

6. The periods ω1 , ω2 and the quasi-periods of ζ are related by the Legendre relation:
2ω2 ζ(ω1 ) − 2ω1 ζ(ω2 ) = τ ζ(1/2) − ζ(τ /2) = iπ. (2.24)

7. Addition theorems for the functions ℘ and ζ:

 2
1 ℘′ (u) − ℘′ (v)
℘(u + v) = −℘(u) − ℘(v) + ; (2.25)
4 ℘(u) − ℘(v)
℘′ (u) − ℘′ (v)
ζ(u + v) = ζ(u) + ζ(v) +
. (2.26)
2 ℘(u) − ℘(v)

6
 8. The Laurent expansion of the Weierstrass functions ℘ and ζ near the origin are given respec-
tively by (see [3] (Theorem 1.11) and [7]):

X ∞ X ∞
1 1
℘(u) = 2
+ (2ℓ + 1)G2ℓ+2 u2ℓ = 2 + (ℓ + 1)Gℓ+2 uℓ ; (2.27)
u u
ℓ=1 ℓ=2
∞
X ∞
1 1 X
ζ(u) = − G2ℓ+2 u2ℓ+1 = − Gℓ+1 uℓ , (2.28)
u u
ℓ=1 ℓ=3

where G2ℓ+1 ≡ 0 and G2ℓ , ℓ ≥ 2, are the non-normalized Eisenstein series (2.13). Note that
equalities (2.27) and (2.28) are valid whenever u satisfies

0 < |u| < ρ := min |w| : w ∈ L, w 6= 0 .

9. The Jacobi θ1 -odd function is defined by

X 2
θ1 (u) = θ1 (u|τ ) := −i (−1)n eiπτ (n+1/2) +2iπ(n+1/2)u . (2.29)
n∈Z

Weierstrass functions are connected to the Jacobi θ1 -function by (see [11] (Section 13.20) and
[2, 46]):

2 θ1 (u|τ )
σ(u|τ ) = eζ(1/2|τ )u ; (2.30)
θ1′ (0|τ )
σ ′ (u|τ ) θ′ (u|τ )
ζ(u|τ ) = = 2ζ(1/2|τ )u + 1 ; (2.31)
σ(u|τ ) θ1 (u|τ )
 2
θ1′′ (u|τ ) θ1′ (u|τ )
℘(u|τ ) = −ζ ′ (u|τ ) = −2ζ(1/2|τ ) − + . (2.32)
θ1 (u|τ ) θ1 (u|τ )

2.3 Frobenius manifold structures on genus one Hurwitz spaces

2.3.1 Frobenius manifolds
Definition 2.2 A C-algebra (A, ◦, e) supplied with a nondegenerate and symmetric inner product
h·, ·i : A × A −→ C is a Frobenius algebra if
i) the algebra (A, ◦, e) is associative, commutative with unity e;
ii) the multiplication “ ◦ ” is compatible with h·, ·i, in the sense that

hx ◦ y, zi = hx, y ◦ zi, ∀ x, y, z ∈ A.

A Frobenius algebra (A, ◦, e, h·, ·i) is called semi-simple if it contains no nilpotent element.

Definition 2.3 Let M be a complex manifold
of dimension N. A semi-simple Frobenius manifold

structure on M is a data of M, ◦, e, h·, ·i, E such that each tangent space Tt M is a semi-simple
Frobenius algebra varying analytically over M with the additional properties:
F1) the metric h·, ·it on M is flat (but not necessarily real and positive);
F2) the unit vector field e is flat with respect to the Levi-Civita connection ∇ of the flat metric
h·, ·i, i.e. ∇e = 0;

7


F3) the tensor ∇v c (x, y, z) is symmetric in four vector fields v, x, y, z ∈ Tt M, where c is the
symmetric 3-tensor
c(x, y, z) := hx ◦ y, zi, ∀ x, y, z ∈ Tt M;
F4) the vector field E is covariantly linear, i.e. ∇∇E = 0, and
[E, e] = −e,
[E, x ◦ y] − [E, x] ◦ y − x ◦ [E, y] = x ◦ y, (2.33)


LieE h·, ·i (x, y) := E hx, yi − h[E, x], yi − hx, [E, y]i = (2 − D) hx, yi,
for some constant D, called the charge of the Frobenius manifold. The vector field E is called
Euler vector field.


From [17], we know that each Frobenius manifold M, ◦, e, h·, ·i, E gives rise to a quasi-
homogeneous solution F to the WDVV equations (1.1), called the prepotential of the Frobenius
manifold. For completeness, let us briefly describe the construction of the WDVV prepotential
F . First, since the metric h·, ·i is flat by F1), it follows that
locally there exist flat coordinates
{tα : 1 ≤ α ≤ N } such that the matrix (ηαβ ) = h∂tα , ∂tβ i αβ is constant. Second, the symmetry
property of the 4-tensor ∇c in the condition F3) implies that there is a function F = F (t1 , . . . , tN )
such that its third derivatives give the 3-tensor c (are referred to as the 3-point correlation functions
in topological field theory):

∂tα ∂tβ ∂tγ F = c ∂tα , ∂tβ , ∂tγ . (2.34)
In particular, the prepotential F is unique up to additional quadratic and linear polynomial func-
tions of t1 , . . . , tN . Third, due to the flatness property of the unit vector field e (i.e. ∇e = 0), then
by making a linear change of flat coordinates the unit field e can be taken of the form e = ∂t1 . As
consequence, the entries of the constant Gram matrix of the flat metric h·, ·i satisfy
ηαβ := h∂tα , ∂tβ i = ∂t1 ∂tα ∂tβ F.
Now observing that the Frobenius algebra multiplication “ ◦ ” is given by


−1
∂tα ◦ ∂tβ = η γε h∂tα ◦ ∂tβ , ∂tε i ∂tγ = η γε c ∂tα , ∂tβ , ∂tε ∂tγ , with (η αβ ) = ηαβ ,
(summation over the repeated indices is assumed) and using (2.34), we conclude that the associa-
tivity property of the low “ ◦ ” is equivalent to the WDVV equations for F .
Lastly, let us deal with the quasi-homogeneity of the function F which occurs as a consequence
of the requirements in (2.33). Indeed, (2.33) yields that the Lie derivative, along the Euler vector
field E, of the symmetric 3-tensor c is such that:





LieE .c (x, y, z) := E.c(x, y, z) − c [E, x], y, z − c x, [E, y], z − c x, y, [E, z]
(2.35)
= (3 − D)c(x, y, z).
P
Writing E of the form E = ǫ E ǫ (t)∂tǫ , with t = (t1 , . . . , tN ) and making use of the requirement
∇∇E = 0, then we obtain ∂tα ∂tβ E ǫ = 0, for all α, β, ǫ. From this fact and relations (2.34) and
(2.35), we arrive at



LieE .c ∂tα , ∂tβ , ∂tγ = ∂tα ∂tβ ∂tγ E.F = (3 − D)∂tα ∂tβ ∂tγ F.
Thus the prepotential F is a quasi-homogeneous function of degree 3 − D, up to an addition of
quadratic polynomial in t1 , . . . , tN . Here we point out that according to Dubrovin [17] (Lecture
1), a generalized quasi-homogeneity property is considered in the context of Frobenius manifolds.
More precisely, aPfunction f is
called quasi-homogeneous of degree νf with respect to the Euler
vector field E = α dα tα + rα ∂tα if
P P
E.f = νf f + α,β Aαβ tα tβ + α Bα tα + C. (2.36)

8
2.3.2 Genus one Hurwitz space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm )
Pm
Let n0 , . . . , nm be nonnegative integers and L = i=0 (ni + 1). The genus one Hurwitz space
H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) is the moduli space of equivalence classes of branched coverings (C/L, λ), where
1. C/L is the complex torus corresponding to the lattice L = Z + τ Z, with τ being a complex
number such that ℑτ > 0;
2. λ : C/L −→ P1 is a meromorphic function of degree L ≥ 2 having m + 1 prescribed poles
∞0 , . . . , ∞m of order n0 + 1, . . . , nm + 1, respectively. The meromorphic function λ can be
identified with an L-elliptic (doubly periodic) function on the complex plane;
3. The N zeros P1 , . . . , PN of the differential dλ(P ) are simple and their finite λ-images λ1 :=
λ(P1 ), . . . , λN := λ(PN ) ∈ C are distinct. The points P1 , . . . , PN are known as the simple
ramifications points of the covering (C/L, λ) and their λ-projections λ1 , . . . , λN ∈ C are
called simple and finite branch points.
According to the Riemann-Hurwitz formula the number N of finite branch points is determined by
means of the number m + 1 of poles of λ as well as their order n0 + 1, . . . , nm + 1. More precisely,
we have m
X
N = 2 + 2m + ni .
i=0

Furthermore, from [9, 30, 28], it is known that the already described genus one Hurwitz space
M = H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) is a connected complex manifold of dimension N and the simple and finite
branch points of a covering serve as a system of local coordinates on M.

2.3.3 Genus one bidifferential

The bidifferential on the complex torus C/L is the meromorphic differential on the product C/L ×
C/L defined by  
W (P, Q) = ℘(zP − zQ |τ ) + 2ζ(1/2|τ ) dzP dzQ , (2.37)

where ℘ and ζ are the Weierstrass functions defined in (2.16). According to the already listed
properties of the functions ℘ and ζ, we observe that the bidifferential W (P, Q) satisfies the following
properties:
i) It is a symmetric meromorphic differential on C/L × C/L: W (P, Q) = W (Q, P ).
ii) It has a pole of second order on the diagonal with biresidue 1:

−2 
W (P, Q) = zP − zQ + O(1) dzP dzQ . (2.38)
P ∼Q

This follows directly from the Laurent expansion (2.27) of the function ℘ near 0.
iii) Using the quasi-periodicity properties (2.23) of the function ζ as well as the Legendre identity
(2.24), we can see that periods of the differential W (P, ·), P fixed, are given by:
I I
W (P, Q) = 0 and W (P, Q) = 2iπdzP . (2.39)
Q∈a Q∈b

9
In the Hurwitz space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ), the dependence of the bidifferential W (P, Q) on the branch
point {λj }j of a covering (C/L, λ) is specified by Rauch’s variational formulas [26, 36, 48]:
1
∂λj W (P, Q) = W (P, Pj )W (Pj , Q). (2.40)
2
Here W (P, Pj ) denotes the evaluation of the bidifferential
p W (P, Q) (the point P is fixed) at Q = Pj
with respect to the standard local parameter xj (Q) = λ(Q) − λj near the ramification point Pj :

W (P, Q)
W (P, Pj ) := .
dxj (Q) Q=Pj

2.3.4 Dubrovin’s primary differentials and the corresponding Frobenius manifold

structures
In [17] (Lecture 5), Dubrovin established that the genus one Hurwitz space H b 1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) can be
equipped with a family of N semi-simple Frobenius manifold structures induced by the so-called
primary differentials defined on the underlying Riemann surfaces. Let [(C/L, λ)] be a point of the
Hurwitz space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ). The family of Dubrovin’s primary differentials on the torus C/L
are conveniently expressible by means of the bidifferential W (P, Q) (2.37) as follows [44]:
√
ni + 1 α
1. φti,α (P ) := resi λ(Q) ni +1 W (P, Q), i = 0, . . . , m; α = 1, . . . , ni ;
α ∞

2. φvi (P ) := resi λ(Q)W (P, Q), i = 1, . . . , m;

∞

Z ∞i
3. φsi (P ) := W (P, Q), i = 1, . . . , m; (2.41)
∞0
I
1
4. φr (P ) := W (P, Q) = dzP ;
2iπ b
I
5. φu (P ) := λ(Q)W (P, Q).
a

0 m
Above ∞ , . . . , ∞ are the assigned m + 1 poles of the covering λ and n0 + 1, . . . , nm + 1 are their
order, respectively.
Recently, it has been observed in [37] that all the differentials listed in (2.41) share the following
particular integral representation formula with respect to the bidifferential W (P, Q):
Z

d0
ω0 (P ) = c0 λ(Q) W (P, Q), (2.42)
ℓ0

where c0 is a nonzero complex number and d0 ≥ 0 and ℓ0 is a contour on the surface C/L assumed
to enjoy the following two conditions:
i) ℓ0 does not passe through any of the ramification points Pj of the covering (C/L, λ);
ii) the λ-projection λ(ℓ0 ) ⊂ P1 of ℓ0 is independent of the branch points {λj }j , where by this we
mean that the contour λ(ℓ0 ) does not change under small variations of λ1 , . . . , λN .

Definition 2.4 The differential ω0 of the form (2.42) is called quasi-homogeneous differential and
the corresponding nonnegative constant d0 is called the quasi-homogeneous degree of ω0 .

10
The degrees of the primary differentials are given by

α
deg φti,α = ;
ni + 1


(2.43)
deg φvi = deg φu = 1;



deg φsi = deg φr = 0.

Note that the Frobenius manifold structures were constructed on open subsets of a covering
b 1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) of the simple Hurwitz space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) whose points are pairs of
H


C/L, λ , {a, b} ,

where [(C/L, λ)] is a point in H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) and {a, b} is a canonical homology basis of cycles on
the torus C/L. Here, we will also work on a fixed open set H b 1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) and we continue to call
it simple Hurwitz space for brevity.
• Darboux-Egoroff metrics and the corresponding flat coordinates: To each differential
ω0 among the list (2.41), Dubrovin defined a Darboux-Egoroff metric (i.e. diagonal with diagonal
terms generated by a potential)

1X
2 X  ω(P )2 
2
η(ω0 ) := ω0 (Pj ) (dλj ) = res (dλj )2 . (2.44)
2 j j
Pj dλ(P )

The rotation coefficients of the metric η(ω0 ) do not depend of the chosen primary differential ω0
and are given by [44]
q
1 W (P, Q)
βij = W (Pi , Pj ) = , i 6= j, xj = λ(P ) − λj
2 dxi (P )dxj (P )

Moreover, the following N functions

√
ni + 1 α
ti,α (ω0 ) := res λ(P ) ni +1 ω0 (P ), i = 0, . . . , m, α = 1, . . . , ni ;
α ∞i

vi (ω0 ) := res λ(P )ω0 (P ), i = 1, . . . , m;

∞i

Z ∞i
i
s (ω0 ) := p.v. ω0 (P ), i = 1, . . . , m; (2.45)
∞0
I
1
r(ω0 ) := ω0 (P );
2iπ b
I
u(ω0 ) := λ(P )ω0 (P ).
a

give a system of flat coordinates of the metric η(ω0 ) and the nonzero entries of the constant Gram
matrix of the metric η(ω0 ) are as follows:


η(ω0 ) ∂ti,α (ω0 ) , ∂tj,β (ω0 ) = δij δα+β,nj +1 ;


η(ω0 ) ∂vi (ω0 ) , ∂sj (ω0 ) = δij ; (2.46)


η(ω0 ) ∂r(ω0 ) , ∂u(ω0 ) = 1.

11
From [17], it is known that the principal value in the flat function si is defined by omitting
1
the divergent part of the integral as a function of the local parameters z0 (P ) := λ(P )− n0 +1 ,
1
−
zi (P ) := λ(P ) ni +1 near the points ∞0 and ∞i , respectively.
• Duality relation: As it has been observed in [37], from (2.46), it follows that all the rows of
the constant matrix of the Darboux-Egoroff metric η(ω0 ) contain exactly one nonzero entry which
is 1, bringing to the following duality relation between its set flat coordinates (2.45)

S(ω0 ) := ti,α (ω0 ), vi (ω0 ), si (ω0 ), r(ω0 ), u(ω0 ) .
′
More precisely, two flat coordinates tA , tA ∈ S(ω0 ) are called dual to each other with respect to
the metric η(ω0 ) if

η(ω0 ) ∂tA (ω0 ) , ∂tA′ (ω0 ) = 1. (2.47)
Due to (2.46), the operations ti,α , vi , si , r, u are connected by:
′ ′
t(i,α) (ω0 ) = ti,ni +1−α (ω0 ), vi (ω0 ) = si (ω0 ), r′ (ω0 ) = u(ω0 );
(2.48)
φt(i,α)′ (P ) = φti,ni +1−α (P ), φvi′ (P ) = φsi (P ), φr′ (P ) = φu (P ).

Moreover, relations (2.43) together with (2.48) shows that the degrees of the primary differentials
(2.41) enjoy the following duality relation:



deg φtA + deg φtA′ = 1, for all A. (2.49)

• Prepotential: The following formula, proved in [37], provides a new method to calculate the
WDVV prepotential of the semi-simple Hurwitz-Frobenius manifold structure induced by the quasi-
homogeneous differential ω0 (2.42):



1 X (d0 + dA )tA (ω0 ) + ρω0 ,φ A (d0 + dB )tB (ω0 ) + ρω0 ,φ B ′
Fω0 = t t
tA (φtB′ )
2(1 + d0 ) 1 + d0 + dA ′
A,B
m m   (2.50)
log(−1) X i j 3 X 1 1 i j
+ v (ω0 )v (ω0 ) − + δij v (ω0 )v (ω0 ),
4 4(1 + d0 ) i,j=1 n0 + 1 ni + 1
i,j=1,i6=j

where d0 , dA , dA′ are respectively the degrees of the quasi-homogeneous differentials ω0 , φtA , φtA′
′
and tA is the dual coordinate of tA (2.47)-(2.48), while ρω0 ,φtA is the constant determined by:
m
X  1 1 
ρω0 ,φtA = δω0 ,φsi δφtA ,φsj + δij = ρφtA ,ω0 . (2.51)
i,j=1
n0 + 1 ni + 1

Lastly, let us point out that with respect to flat coordinates (2.45), the ingredients of the Hurwitz
Frobenius manifold associated with the differential ω0 are as follows:
i) the unit vector field is e = ∂tA′0 , whenever ω0 = φtA0 ;
ii) the Euler vector field is given by
X

E= (d0 + dA )tA (ω0 ) + ρω0 ,φtA ∂tA (ω0 ) ; (2.52)
A

12
iii) the symmetric 3-tensor cω0 has the form:


cω0 ∂tA (ω0 ) , ∂tB (ω0 ) , ∂tC (ω0 ) = ∂tA (ω0 ) ∂tB (ω0 ) ∂tC (ω0 ) Fω0
N
1 X φtA′ (Pj )φtB′ (Pj )φtC ′ (Pj ) (2.53)
= .
2 j=1 ω0 (Pj )

We refer to [17, 44, 37] for details and further results.

3 Abelian differentials and the corresponding Laurent series

3.1 Normalized holomorphic differential
Throughout this section [(C/L, λ)] is a fixed point belonging to the Hurwitz space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ).
The normalized holomorphic differential on the complex torus C/L is defined by
I
1
φ(P ) = W (P, Q) = dzP (3.1)
2iπ b
and its periods are given by I I
φ = 1, φ = τ.
a b
For j = 0, . . . , m, consider the (genus one) Abel map A(P ; ∞j ) defined by
Z P
A(P ; ∞j ) = φ = zP − ∞j . (3.2)
∞j

Then, A(P ; ∞j ) vanishes at P = ∞j and its Taylor expansion near the point P = ∞j is of the
following form:
∞
X
A(P ; ∞j ) = xr (j)zj (P )r , λ(P ) = zj (P )−nj −1 . (3.3)
P ∼∞j P ∼∞j
r=1

The coefficients xr (j) occur also in the Taylor expansion for the holomorphic differential φ near
the point P = ∞j :
X∞ 
r−1
φ(P ) = j rxr (j)zj (P ) dzj (P ), λ(P ) = zj (P )−nj −1 . (3.4)
P ∼∞
r=1

This implies that

1 r φ(r−1) (∞j )
xr (j) = res λ(P ) nj +1 φ(P ) = , ∀ r ∈ N, k ≥ 1. (3.5)
r ∞j r!
The quantities φ(r−1) (∞j ) are called the evaluation of the holomorphic differential φ at P = ∞j .
In particular, since the genus one normalized holomorphic differential has no zero, it follows that
x1 (j) = φ(∞j ) 6= 0, ∀ j = 0, . . . , m.
In addition, in view of (3.5) and the residue theorem applied to the differential λ(P )φ(P ), we
obtain
Xm m
X
(nj + 1)xnj +1 (j) = resj λ(P )φ(P ) = 0. (3.6)
∞
j=0 j=0

13
 The following definition is justified by the homogeneity property (2.6) of partial exponential
Bell polynomials.
Definition 3.1 Let α be a positive integer, Bα the complete Bell polynomials (2.5) and Bα,k and
Bα,k be respectively the partial ordinary and exponential Bell polynomials defined by (2.1)-(2.2)
and (2.4). For j = 1, . . . , m, we define the (j, α)-Bell operator associated with the holomorphic
differential φ by
1  
Lφj,α := Bα φ(∞j )∂u , . . . , φ(α−1) (∞j )∂u
α!
1 X
α  
:= Bα,k φ(∞j ), . . . , φ(α−k) (∞j ) ∂uk
α! (3.7)
k=1
α
X 1

:= Bα,k x1 (j), . . . , xα−k+1 (j) ∂uk ,
k!
k=1

where ∞j is a pole of the covering λ of order nj + 1, and the coefficients xk (j) and φ(k−1) (∞j )
are defined by (3.5).

According to (3.7), the Bell operator Lφj,α acts naturally on functions as follows:
α
X 1

Lφj,α [f ](u) := Bα,k x1 (j), . . . , xα−k+1 (j) f (k) (u). (3.8)
k!
k=1

Let us mention that the Bell operator Lφj,α commutes with the dilation operator in the following
sense:    
Lφj,α f (c·) (u) = Lcφ
j,α f (cu), (3.9)
with c ∈ C being an arbitrary constant (with respect to u).

For future use, we will take into account the following Laurent expansions near the prescribed
poles ∞0 , . . . , ∞m of the covering (C/L, λ).
Proposition 3.1 Let k be a positive integer and for j = 0, . . . , m, let A(P ; ∞j ) be the function
1
−n
defined by (3.2). Then, with respect to the local parameter zj (P ) := λ(P ) j +1 induced by the
covering (C/L, λ), we have
∞
X

k

A(P ; ∞j ) = Bn,k x1 (j), . . . , xn−k+1 (j) zj (P )n ; (3.10)
P ∼∞j
n=k
∞
( n   )

−k X X −k 1

j
A(P ; ∞ ) =
k+ℓ Bn,ℓ x2 (j), . . . , xn−ℓ+2 (j) zj (P )n−k . (3.11)
P ∼∞j
n=0
ℓ x1 (j)
ℓ=0

Here Bn,k denotes the partial exponential Bell polynomials defined by (2.1) and (2.2).
Proof: Formula (3.10) follows from (3.3) and generating formula (2.2) for partial Bell polynomials.

14
Using again Taylor’s expansion (3.3) for the Abel map and (2.2), we obtain
 ∞ −k

−k 1 1 X
A(P ; ∞j ) =
1 + x r+1 (j)zj (P )r
P ∼∞j x (j)z (P ) k x1 (j) r=1
1 j
∞
(  ∞ ℓ )
1 1 X −k 1 X
r
=
k +
k
ℓ xr+1 (j)zj (P )
x1 (j)zj (P ) x1 (j)zj (P ) ℓ=1 ℓ x1 (j) r=1
∞
( n   )
1 X X −k 1
n−k
=
k +
k+ℓ Bn,ℓ x2 (j), . . . , xn−ℓ+2 (j) zj (P ) .
x1 (j)zj (P ) n=1 ℓ=1
ℓ x1 (j)

Therefore, since Bn,0 = δn,0 we arrive at (3.11).



Corollary 3.1 For any positive integers α, k, the following equality holds:

 α
−k 
αRα+k−1,k x1 (j), . . . , xα+k (j) = resj λ(P ) nj +1 A(P ; ∞j ) φ(P ) , (3.12)
∞

where Rα+k−1,k is the x1 -rational function given by (2.10) and (2.12).

Proof: Employing the Laurent expansions (3.4) and (3.11) and bearing in mind expression (2.10),
we deduce that
 α 
resj λ(P ) nj +1 (zP − ∞j )−k φ(P )
∞
(∞ ∞ ( n   ) )
XX X −k 1
n+r−k−α−1
= res rxr (j)
k+ℓ Bn,ℓ x2 (j), . . . , xn−ℓ+2 (j) zj (P ) dzj (P )
0
n=0 r=1
ℓ x1 (j)
ℓ=0
α+k−1
( n   )
X X −k 1

= (α + k − n)xα+k−n (j)
k+ℓ Bn,ℓ x2 (j), . . . , xn−ℓ+2 (j)
n=0
ℓ x1 (j)
ℓ=0


= αRα+k−1,k x1 (j), . . . , xα+k (j) .


At the end of this subsection let us emphasize that the genus one bidifferential (2.37) can be
rewritten in terms of the normalized holomorphic differential (3.1) as follows:
 
W (P, Q) = ℘(zP − zQ |τ ) + 2ζ(1/2|τ ) φ(P )φ(Q). (3.13)

This formula as well as expansions (3.3), (3.4), (3.10) and (3.11) are crucial ingredients for ob-
taining explicit forms for Abelian differentials (including Dubrovin’s primary differentials) and
their Laurent series near the prescribed poles ∞0 , . . . , ∞m of the covering (C/L, λ). This will be
discussed in the upcoming two subsections.

3.2 Abelian differentials of the third kind

In this subsection we deal with the Laurent expansions for the Abelian differentials of the third
kind Ω∞0 ∞j near the poles ∞0 , . . . , ∞m of a covering [(C/L, λ)] ∈ H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ). We start with
the following explicit formula for the differential Ω∞0 ∞j (P ) involving the Weierstrass zeta function.

15
Proposition 3.2 The Abelian differential of the third kind Ω∞0 ∞j (P ) = φsj (P ) is given by
 
j 0 j 0
Ω∞0 ∞j (P ) = 2ζ(1/2)(∞ − ∞ ) + ζ(zP − ∞ ) − ζ(zP − ∞ ) φ(P ), (3.14)

where φ is the normalized holomorphic differential (3.1). The periods of the differential Ω∞0 ∞j
are such that I I
Ω∞0 ∞j = 0 and Ω∞0 ∞j = 2iπ(∞j − ∞0 ). (3.15)
a b
Proof: Due to relations (2.20), (2.37) and (3.1) we have
Z ∞j Z ∞j  !

Ω∞0 ∞j (P ) := W (P, Q) = ℘(zP − zQ ) + 2ζ(1/2) dzQ dzP
∞0 ∞0
 
= 2ζ(1/2)(∞j − ∞0 ) + ζ(zP − ∞j ) − ζ(zP − ∞0 ) φ(P ).

We obtain the periods

(3.15) using successively formula (3.14), equality (2.21) which states that
ζ(u) = ∂u log σ(u) , the quasi-periodicity property (2.23) of the Weierstrass function σ and the
Legendre identity (2.24).

In the next theorem, we are going to calculate for the following quantities:
α
Ii,α [Ω∞0 ∞j ] := res λ(P ) ni +1 Ω∞0 ∞j (P ), ∀ α ≥ 1. (3.16)
∞i

Theorem 3.1 Let i ∈ {0, 1, . . . , m}, j ∈ {1, . . . , m} and α be a positive integer. For n ≥ k ≥ 1,
 Bn,k (i) := Bn,k x1 (i), . . . , xn−k+1 (i)) be the partial Bell polynomials (2.1), where the variables
let
xn (i) n≥1 are defined by (3.5).
1) If i 6= j and i 6= 0, then the quantity (3.16) is as follows:
Ii,α [Ω∞0 ∞j ] = 2αxα (i)(∞j − ∞0 )ζ(1/2)
Xα
1  
+α Bα,k (i) ζ (k−1) (∞i − ∞j ) − ζ (k−1) (∞i − ∞0 ) (3.17)
k!
k=1

= 2αxα (i)(∞j − ∞0 )ζ(1/2) + αLφi,α [K](∞i − ∞j ) − αLφi,α [K](∞i − ∞0 ),

where K(u) = log σ(u) and Lφi,α [K] is the function defined by (3.8).
2) When j = i, we have


Ij,α [Ω∞0 ∞j ] = 2αxα (j)(∞j − ∞0 )ζ(1/2) + αRα,1 x1 (j), . . . , xα+1 (j)
α

X Bα,ℓ (j)   (3.18)
− 1 − δα,1 − δα,2 − δα,3 α Gℓ − αLφj,α K (∞j − ∞0 ),
ℓ
ℓ=4

where Rα,1 is the rational function given by (2.10) and (2.12) and Gℓ are the Eisenstein
series (2.13).
3) Assume that i = 0. Then the quantity I0,α [Ω∞0 ∞j ] is of the following form:


I0,α [Ω∞0 ∞j ] = 2αxα (0)(∞j − ∞0 )ζ(1/2) − αRα,1 x1 (0), . . . , xα+1 (0)
α

X Bα,ℓ (0)   j (3.19)
+ 1 − δα,1 − δα,2 − δα,3 α Gℓ + αL−φ
0,α K (∞ − ∞ ),
0
ℓ
ℓ=4

where, by (3.9), we have L−φ

0,α is the Bell operator associated with the differential −φ.

16
Proof: Consider the meromorphic function h on the complex torus C/L defined by
h0j (P ) := ζ(zP − ∞j ) − ζ(zP − ∞0 ), j = 1, . . . , m (3.20)
which appears in expression (3.14) for the differential Ω∞0 ∞j (P ). The proof of the theorem relies
essentially on the asymptotic behavior of the meromorphic h0j near the point ∞i with respect to
the standard local parameter zi (P ) defined by λ(P ) = zi (P )−ni −1 .
1) Assume that i 6= 0 and i 6= j. We observe that the function h0j (3.20) is holomorphic on a
small neighborhood of the point ∞i and its Taylor series at P = ∞i is given by
h0j (P ) := ζ(zP − ∞j ) − ζ(zP − ∞0 )



= ζ ∞i − ∞j + zP − ∞i − ζ ∞i − ∞0 + zP − ∞i
X∞   (z − ∞i )k
P
= i h0j (∞i ) + ζ (k) (∞i − ∞j ) − ζ (k) (∞i − ∞0 )
P ∼∞ k!
k=1
X 1h
∞ 
i X ∞ k 
= h0j (∞i ) + ζ (k) (∞i − ∞j ) − ζ (k) (∞i − ∞0 ) xr (i)zi (P )r
k! r=1
k=1
( )
∞
X 1   X∞
i (k) i j (k) i 0 n
= h0j (∞ ) + ζ (∞ − ∞ ) − ζ (∞ − ∞ ) Bn,k (i)zi (P ) ,
k!
k=1 n=k

where we used (3.3) in the forth equality and (3.10) in the last one.
This and (3.4) imply that the Taylor expansion for the Abelian differential (3.14) near the point
P = ∞i takes the following form:


Ω∞0 ∞j (P ) := 2ζ(1/2) ∞j − ∞0 + h0j (P ) φ(P )
  X ∞ 
j 0

i j i 0 r−1
= 2ζ(1/2) ∞ − ∞ + ζ(∞ − ∞ ) − ζ(∞ − ∞ ) rxr (i)zi (P ) dzi (P )
P ∼∞i
r=1
( )!
1 X
∞
X ∞ X
∞
+ ζ (k) (∞i − ∞j ) − ζ (k) (∞i − ∞0 ) rxr (i)Bn,k (i)zi (P )n+r−1 dzi (P ).
k!
k=1 n=k r=1

Therefore
α
Ii,α [Ω∞0 ∞j ] := res λ(P ) ni +1 Ω∞0 ∞j (P )
∞i
 
j 0

i j i 0
= αxα (i) 2ζ(1/2) ∞ − ∞ + ζ(∞ − ∞ ) − ζ(∞ − ∞ )
( )
X 1

α−1  α−1
X
+ 1 − δα,1 ζ (k) (∞i − ∞j ) − ζ (k) (∞i − ∞0 ) (α − n)xα−n (i)Bn,k (i)
k!
k=1 n=k
 
= 2αxα (i)(∞j − ∞0 )ζ(1/2) + αxα (i) ζ(∞i − ∞j ) − ζ(∞i − ∞0 )

α−1
X 1  
+ 1 − δα,1 α Bα,k+1 (i) ζ (k) (∞i − ∞j ) − ζ (k) (∞i − ∞0 )
k!
k=1
α−1
X 1  
= 2αxα (i)(∞j − ∞0 )ζ(1/2) + α Bα,k+1 (i) ζ (k) (∞i − ∞j ) − ζ (k) (∞i − ∞0 )
(k + 1)!
k=0
j
= 2αxα (i)(∞ − ∞ )ζ(1/2) + 0
αLφi,α [K](∞i − ∞j ) − αLφi,α [K](∞i − ∞0 ),

17
where we applied recurrence formula (2.7) for partial Bell polynomials in the third equality, the
relation Bα,1 (i) = xα (i) in the forth equality. In the last equality, we have used expressions (3.7)
and (3.8) for the Bell operator Lφi,α acting on the function K(u) = log σ(u). This establishes (3.17).
2) Making use of (3.10), (3.11) with k = 1 and the Laurent series (2.28) for the Weierstrass zeta
function near 0, we see that the meromorphic function h0j (3.20) behaves as follows near the point
∞j :

h0j (P ) := ζ(zP − ∞j ) − ζ(zP − ∞0 )

X∞ X∞
1 j ℓ j 0 ζ (k) (∞j − ∞0 )
= j
− G ℓ+1 (z P − ∞ ) − ζ ∞ − ∞ ) − (zP − ∞j )k
P ∼∞ zP − ∞
j k!
ℓ=3 k=1
∞
( n )
X X (−1)ℓ

= −ζ ∞j − ∞0 ) +
ℓ+1 Bn,ℓ x2 (j), . . . , xn−ℓ+2 (j) zj (P )
n−1

n=0 ℓ=0 x1 (j)

∞ X ∞ ∞
( ∞
)
X X ζ (k) (∞j − ∞0 ) X
n n
− Gℓ+1 Bn,ℓ (j)zj (P ) − Bn,k (j)zj (P ) .
k!
ℓ=3 n=ℓ k=1 n=k

As consequence, the Laurent series of the differential Ω∞0 ∞j (P ) near P = ∞j has the following
form:


Ω∞0 ∞j (P ) := 2 ∞j − ∞0 ζ(1/2) + h0j (P ) φ(P )
  X ∞ 
j 0

j 0 r−1
= 2 ∞ − ∞ ζ(1/2) − ζ ∞ − ∞ ) rxr (j)zj (P ) dzj (P )
P ∼∞j
r=1
∞ X
∞
( n
) !
X X (−1)ℓ
n+r−2
+ rxr (j)
ℓ+1 Bn,ℓ x2 (j), . . . , xn−ℓ+2 (j) zj (P ) dzj (P )
n=0 r=1 ℓ=0 x1 (j)
∞ X
∞ X
∞
!
X
− rxr (j)Gℓ+1 Bn,ℓ (j)zj (P )n+r−1 dzj (P )
ℓ=3 n=ℓ r=1
∞
( ∞ ∞
)!
X ζ(k)
(∞j − ∞0 ) X X
− rxr (j)Bn,k (j)zj (P )n+r−1 dzj (P ).
k! r=1
k=1 n=k

18
Thus we are now in position to calculate the residue Ij,α [Ω∞0 ∞j ]:
α
Ij,α [Ω∞0 ∞j ] := res λ(P ) nj +1 Ω∞0 ∞j (P )
∞j
= 2αxα (j)(∞j − ∞0 )ζ(1/2) − αxα (j)ζ ∞j − ∞0 )
α
( n
)
X X (−1)ℓ

+ (α + 1 − n)xα+1−n (j)
ℓ+1 Bn,ℓ x2 (j), . . . , xn−ℓ+2 (j)
n=0 ℓ=0 x1 (j)
(α−1 )

α−1
X X
− 1 − δα,1 − δα,2 − δα,3 Gℓ+1 (α − n)xα−n (j)Bn,ℓ (j)
ℓ=3 n=ℓ
α−1
( α−1
)

X ζ (k) j
(∞ − ∞ ) 0 X
− 1 − δα,1 (α − n)xα−n (j)Bn,k (j)
k!
k=1 n=k


= 2αxα (j)(∞j − ∞0 )ζ(1/2) + αRα,1 x1 (j), . . . , xα+1 (j)
α α

X Bα,ℓ (j) X Bα,k (j) (k−1) j
− 1 − δα,1 − δα,2 − δα,3 α Gℓ − α ζ (∞ − ∞0 )
ℓ k!
ℓ=4 k=1
j 0


= 2αxα (j)(∞ − ∞ )ζ(1/2) + αRα,1 x1 (j), . . . , xα+1 (j)
α

X Bα,ℓ (j)  
− 1 − δα,1 − δα,2 − δα,3 α Gℓ − αLφj,α K (∞j − ∞0 ),
ℓ
ℓ=4

where in the third equality we used expression (2.10) for the rational function Rα,1 and applied
twice recurrence relation (2.7).
3. We have
α α
I0,α [Ω∞0 ∞j ] := res0 λ(P ) n0 +1 Ω∞0 ∞j (P ) = −res0 λ(P ) n0 +1 Ω∞j ∞0 (P ) = −I0,α [Ω∞j ∞0 ].
∞ ∞

Thus (3.19) follows from (3.18) by permuting the role of the indices j and 0.


Remark 3.1

• Let i = 0, 1, . . . , m and j = 1, . . . , m be fixed. Then the above theorem yields that the Laurent
expansions of the differential Ω∞0 ∞j near the point ∞i takes the following explicit form:
 ∞ 
X  
δij δi0
Ω∞0 ∞j (P ) = − + Ii,α [Ω∞0 ∞j ] zi (P )α−1 dzi (P ),
P ∼∞i zj (P ) zi (P ) α=1

where the coefficients Ii,α [Ω∞0 ∞j ] are given by formulas (3.17)-(3.19) and zi (P ) is the standard
− 1
local parameter near ∞i defined by zi (P ) = λ(P ) ni +1 .
• Due to relations (2.31), (2.21) and (3.14), the Abelian differential Ω∞0 ∞j can be rewritten in
terms of the Jacobi θ1 -function and the function K(u) = log σ(u) as follows:
 ′ 
θ1 (zP − ∞j ) θ1′ (zP − ∞0 )
Ω∞0 ∞j (P ) = − dzP .
θ1 (zP − ∞j ) θ1 (zP − ∞0 )

19
3.3 Abelian differentials of the second kind
This subsection focuses on an explicit expression for the differentials
α
Ψj,α (P ) := resj λ(Q) nj +1 W (P, Q), j = 0, . . . , m and α ≥ 1 (3.21)
∞

and for the coefficients of their corresponding Laurent series near the points ∞i , i = 0, . . . , m.
Here, as above, W (P, Q) denotes the genus one bidifferential given by (2.37) and (3.13).

Proposition 3.3 Assume that j ∈ {0, 1, . . . , m}. Let Bn,k (j) := Bn,k (x1 (j), . . . , xn−k+1 (j)),
n ≥ k ≥ 1, be the partial Bell polynomials (2.1)-(2.2) and xn (j) be the coefficients (3.5) appearing
in Taylor’s expansion (3.4) of the normalized holomorphic differential φ near the point P = ∞j .
Then for any positive integer α, the differential Ψj,α (P ) (3.21) is given by:
 Xα 
(−1)k

Ψj,α (P ) =2αxα (j)ζ(1/2) − α Bα,k (j)℘(k−1) zP − ∞j φ(P )
k!
k=1 (3.22)
 
 
= 2αxα (j)ζ(1/2) + αL−φ
j,α ζ (z P − ∞ j
) φ(P ).

−φ  
Here Lj,α ζ is the function (3.8)-(3.9) obtained by the action of the Bell operator (3.7) on the
Weierstrass zeta function.

Proof: Using the relation ℘(u) = −∂u ζ(u) and expression (3.8) for Lφj,α [f ], we deduce that the
second equality in (3.22) is an immediate consequence of the first one.
Let us first mention that the Taylor series of the function x 7−→ ℘(u − x) at x = 0 (with u 6= 0) is
given by
X∞
℘(n) (u) n
℘(u − x) = (−1)n x .
x∼0
n=0
n!

From this and (3.10), we find

℘ zP − zQ = ℘ (zP − ∞j ) − (zQ − ∞j )
X∞
(−1)k (k)
 k
= j ℘ zP − ∞j A(Q; ∞j )
Q∼∞ k!
k=0
∞  ∞ 
j

X (−1)k (k) j

X
j k
= ℘ zP − ∞ + ℘ zP − ∞ xn (j) zj (Q)
k! n=1
k=1
∞  ∞ 
j

X (−1)k (k) j

X

n
= ℘ zP − ∞ + ℘ zP − ∞ Bn,k x1 (j), . . . , xn−k+1 (j) zj (Q)
k!
k=1 n=k
∞ X ∞  

X (−1)k

n
= ℘ zP − ∞j + Bn,k (j)℘(k) zP − ∞j zj (Q) .
k!
k=1 n=k

20
 W (P,Q)
Accordingly, the differential φ(P ) has the following Laurent series at Q = ∞j :
W (P, Q) 

= ℘ zP − zQ + 2ζ(1/2) φ(Q)
φ(P )
  ∞ 
j

 X
r−1
= 2ζ(1/2) + ℘ zP − ∞ rxr (j) zj (Q) dzj (Q)
Q∼∞j
r=1
∞ 
∞ X
X ! X
∞ 
(−1)k (k) j


n
r−1
+ Bn,k (j)℘ zP − ∞ zj (Q) rxr (j) zj (Q) dzj (Q)
k! r=1
k=1 n=k
  ∞ 
i

 X
r−1
= 2ζ(1/2) + ℘ zP − ∞ rxr (j) zj (Q) dzj (Q)
r=1
∞ X
X ∞ 
∞ X !
(−1)k (k) j


n+r−1
+ rxr (j)Bn,k (j)℘ zP − ∞ zj (Q) dzj (Q),
k!
k=1 n=k r=1

where we used formula (3.13) in the first equality and Taylor’s expansion (3.4) for the holomorphic
differential φ in the second equality.
Now, the obtained behavior of the bidifferential W (P, Q) near Q = ∞j and recurrence formula
(2.7) for the partial exponential Bell polynomials imply that
α
Ψj,α (P ) := res λ(Q) nj +1 W (P, Q)
∞j
(  ∞  )

 X
r−α−1
j
= res 2ζ(1/2) + ℘ zP − ∞ rxr (j) zj (Q) dzj (Q) φ(P )
0
r=1
( ∞ X
∞ X
∞
)
X (−1) k

n+r−α−1
(k) j
+ res rxr (j)Bn,k (j)℘ zP − ∞ zj (Q) dzj (Q)φ(P )
0 k!
k=1 n=k r=1
 
= 2αxα (j)ζ(1/2) + αxα (j)℘(zP − ∞j ) φ(P )
( )

α−1
X α−1
X (−1)k
(k) j


+ 1 − δα,1 (α − n)xα−n (j)Bn,k (j)℘ zP − ∞ φ(P )
k!
k=1 n=k
 
= 2αxα (j)ζ(1/2) + αxα (j)℘(zP − ∞j ) φ(P )
( )

α−1
X (−1)k
(k) j


+ 1 − δα,1 α Bα,k+1 (j)℘ zP − ∞ φ(P ).
(k + 1)!
k=1

Finally, since Bα,1 (j) = xα (j) by (2.3), we get the expression claimed in the proposition.

In the next result we study the characteristic properties of the differential Ψj,α (3.22).
Proposition 3.4 Let j = 0, . . . , m and Ψj,α be the differential defined by (3.22). Then Ψj,α is
an Abelian differential of the second kind. It has the only pole at the point ∞j with the following
principal part:
 α 
Ψj,α (P ) = j α+1
+ O(1) dzj (P ), λ(P ) = zj (P )−nj −1 . (3.23)
P ∼∞ zj (P )
Moreover, the periods of the differential Ψj,α are as follows:
I I
Ψj,α = 0 and Ψj,α = 2iπαxα (j). (3.24)
a b

21
Proof: Due to (3.22), the periodicity (resp. the quasi-periodicity) property of the function ℘ (resp.
ζ) and Lendgre’s identity (2.24) and the fact that Bα,1 (j) = xα (j), we have
I Z x+1
Ψj,α = 2αxα (j)ζ(1/2) + αBα,1 (j) ℘(zP − ∞j )dzP = 0;
a x
I Z x+τ
Ψj,α = 2αxα (j)τ ζ(1/2) + αBα,1 (j) ℘(zP − ∞i )dzP = 2iπαxα (j).
b x

Now, in order to arrive at the asymptotic behavior (3.23), we shall calculate the residue of the
differentials (zP − ∞j )k Ψj,α (P ), k = 0, . . . , α, using the two local parameters zP − ∞j and zj (P ) =
1
−
λ(P ) nj +1 near the point P = ∞j and then compare the results.
In view of the following singular part of the function ℘(k) near u = 0 which follows from (2.27):
(k + 1)!
∀ k ≥ 0, ℘(k) (u) = (−1)k + O(1),
u∼0 uk+2
we deduce that the differential Ψj,α (3.22) behaves as follows near the point P = ∞j :
α
!
X αBα,k (j)
Ψj,α (P ) = + O(1) dzP .
P ∼∞j (zP − ∞j )k+1
k=1

As consequence, we obtain

   0 if k = 0;
resj (zP − ∞j )k Ψj,α (P ) = (3.25)
∞ 
αBα,k (j) if 1 ≤ k ≤ α.
1
−n
On the other hand, with respect to the local parameter zj (P ) = λ(P ) j +1 near the pole ∞j of
λ, the singular part of the differential Ψj,α (P ) takes the following form:
X
α 
Ψj,α (P ) = cℓ zj (P )−ℓ−1 + O(1) dzj (P ).
P ∼∞j
ℓ=0
 k
This and Laurent series (3.10) for A(P ; ∞j ) imply that


k X
α X
∞ 
j k j n−ℓ−1
(zP − ∞ ) Ψj,α (P ) = A(P ; ∞ ) Ψj,α (P ) = cℓ Bn,k (j)zj (P ) + . . . dzj (P )
P ∼∞j
ℓ=0 n=k

and then
  Xα
resj (zP − ∞j )k Ψj,α (P ) = cℓ Bℓ,k (j)
∞
ℓ=k
α ∀ k = 0, . . . , α. (3.26)

X
= δk,0 c0 + 1 − δk,0 cℓ Bℓ,k (j),
ℓ=k

Finally, the results in (3.25) and (3.26) prove that c0 = 0 and

α
X
∀ k = 1, . . . , α, cℓ Bℓ,k (j) = αBα,k (j)
ℓ=k

22
and this leads to the following system:

cα Bα,α = αBα,α ;
cα−1 Bα−1,α−1 + cα Bα,α−1 = αBα,α−1 ;
..
.
c1 B1,1 + c2 B2,1 + · · · + cα−1 Bα−1,1 + cα Bα,1 = αBα,1 .

Thus by taking into account the fact that

n
n
Bn,n (j) = x1 (j) = φ(∞j ) 6= 0, ∀ n,

we get
cα = α, cα−1 = · · · = c1 = 0
as desired.

Now we move on to calculate the following quantities:
β
Ii,β [Ψj,α ] := resi λ(P ) ni +1 Ψj,α (P ) (3.27)
∞

which appear as the coefficients of the Laurent expansion of the Abelian differential Ψj,α (3.22)
near the prescribed pole ∞i of order ni + 1 of the covering λ.

Theorem 3.2 Let i, j ∈ {0, 1, . . . , m} and α, β be two positive integers. For  n ≥ k ≥ 1, denote by
Bn,k (i) := Bn,k (x1 (i), . . . , xn−k+1 (i)) the partial Bell polynomials (2.1), with xn (i) n≥1 being the
coefficients defined by (3.5).
1) If i 6= j, then the quantity Ii,β [Ψj,α ] (3.27) is given by

Ii,β [Ψj,α ] = 2αβxα (j)xβ (i)ζ(1/2)

β
α X
X (−1)k
− αβ Bα,k (j)Bβ,ℓ (i)℘(k+l−2) (∞i − ∞j ) (3.28)
k!ℓ!
k=1 ℓ=1
φ 
= 2αβxα (j)xβ (i)ζ(1/2) − αβL−φ i j
j,α ◦ Li,β K](∞ − ∞ ).


Here, as above, Lφi,β K] denotes the function defined by (3.8) and K(u) = log σ(u).
2) When i = j, then by means of the function Rµ,k (2.10)-(2.12) and the non-normalized Eisen-
stein series (2.13), the quantity Ij,β [Ψj,α ] in (3.27) is given by
α
X

Ij,β [Ψj,α ] = 2αβxα (j)xβ (i)ζ(1/2) + αβ Bα,k (j)Rβ+k,k+1 x1 (j), . . . , xβ+k+1 (j)
k=1
 
α
X β
X  

1 k+ℓ
− αβ (−1)k Bα,k (j) 1 − δβ+k,2 − δβ+k,3 Bβ,ℓ (j)Gk+ℓ  .
k+ℓ ℓ
k=1 ℓ=1,k+ℓ≥4
(3.29)

23
Proof: Using (3.22) and (3.5), we see that
β
Ii,β [Ψj,α ] := resi λ(P ) ni +1 Ψj,α (P )
∞
α
X  
(−1)k β
(k−1) j


= 2αβxα (j)xβ (i)ζ(1/2) − α Bα,k (j)resi λ(P ) ni +1
℘ zP − ∞ φ(P ) .
k! ∞
k=1

Therefore, it suffices to compute the following residue:

 
 (k) j
 β
(k) j


Ii,β ℘ (zP − ∞ )φ := resi λ(P ) ni +1
℘ zP − ∞ φ(P ) , ∀ k ≥ 0. (3.30)
∞

1) Let k be a nonnegative integer. According to (3.10), we can write the following Taylor series
for the function ℘(k) (zP − ∞j ) at P = ∞i , with i 6= j:


℘(k) (zP − ∞j ) = ℘(k) (zP − ∞i + ∞i − ∞j )) = ℘(k) ∞i − ∞j + A(P, ∞i )
X∞  ∞ ℓ
℘(k+ℓ) (∞i − ∞j ) X
= i ℘(k) (∞i − ∞j ) + xr (i)zj (P )r
P ∼∞ ℓ! r=1
ℓ=1
∞
XX 1 ∞  
= ℘(k) (∞i − ∞j ) + Bε,ℓ (i)℘(k+l) (∞i − ∞j ) zi (P )ε .
ℓ!
ℓ=1 ε=ℓ

From this and Taylor’s series (3.4) for the holomorphic differential φ we find
X ∞ 
℘(k) (zP − ∞j )φ(P ) = i ℘(k) (∞i − ∞j ) rxr (i)zi (P )r−1 dzi (P )
P ∼∞
r=1
( ∞ ∞ X
∞
)
X 1 (k+l) i X
+ ℘ (∞ − ∞j ) ε+r−1
rxr (i)Bε,ℓ (i)zi (P ) dzi (P ).
ℓ!
ℓ=1 ε=ℓ r=1

Thus, due to recurrence relation (2.7) and the fact that Bβ,1 (i) = xβ (i), we get
 
 (k) j
 β
(k) j


Ii,β ℘ (zP − ∞ )φ := res λ(P ) ni +1
℘ zP − ∞ φ(P )
∞i
β−1
(β−1 )

X 1 X
= βxβ (i)℘(k) (∞i − ∞j ) + 1 − δℓ,1 ℘(k+l) (∞i − ∞j ) (β − ε)xβ−ε (i)Bε,ℓ (i)
ℓ!
ℓ=1 ε=ℓ
β−1
X β
X
1 (k+l) i j 1
=β Bβ,ℓ+1 (i)℘ (∞ − ∞ ) = β Bβ,ℓ (i)℘(k+l−1) (∞i − ∞j ).
(ℓ + 1)! ℓ!
ℓ=0 ℓ=1

The second equality in (3.28) is an immediate consequence of the first equality, the fact that ℘(u) =
−K′′ (u) and expression (3.8) for the action of the Bell operator on the function K(u) = log σ(u).
 
2) As above, in order to calculate the residue Ij,β ℘(k) (zP − ∞j )φ (3.30), we start with writing
the Laurent series of the meromorphic differential ℘(k) (zP − ∞j )φ(P ) near its pole P = ∞j .
By (2.27), we know that the series expansion of ℘(k) , ∀ k ≥ 0, near the origin is given by
∞
X
(k + 1)! uℓ−k
℘(k) (u) = (−1)k k+2
+ (ℓ + 1)!Gℓ+2
u (ℓ − k)!
ℓ=2,ℓ≥k
∞ (3.31)
X uℓ
k (k+ 1)!
= (−1) + (ℓ + k + 1)!Gℓ+k+2 .
uk+2 ℓ!
ℓ=0, ℓ+k≥2

24
Therefore, due to (3.10) and (3.11) we have

℘(k) (zP − ∞j ) − (−1)k (k + 1)!(zP − ∞j )−k−2

   −k−2
= ℘(k) A(P ; ∞j ) − (−1)k (k + 1)! A(P ; ∞j )
∞
X (ℓ + k + 1)!  ℓ
j
= G ℓ+k+2 A(P ; ∞ )
P ∼∞j ℓ!
ℓ=0, ℓ+k≥2
∞   ∞
!
X k+ℓ+1 X
n
= (k + 1)! Gℓ+k+2 Bn,ℓ (j)zj (P ) .
ℓ
ℓ=0, ℓ+k≥2 n=ℓ

In view of this and (3.4), we get the following expansion for the differential ℘(k) (zP − ∞i )φ(P ):
 −k−2
℘(k) (zP − ∞j )φ(P ) − (−1)k (k + 1)! A(P ; ∞j ) φ(P )
∞
(   ∞ X∞
)
X k+ℓ+1 X
= (k + 1)! Gℓ+k+2 rxr (j)Bn,ℓ (j) zj (P )n+r−1 dzj (P ).
P ∼∞j ℓ r=1
ℓ=0,k+ℓ≥2 n=ℓ

Thus, using (3.12) and recurrence relation (2.7) for Bell polynomials, we arrive at
 
 (k) j
 β
(k) j


Ij,β ℘ (zP − ∞ )φ := resj λ(P ) nj +1
℘ zP − ∞ φ(P )
∞
 β  −k−2 
k j
= (−1) (k + 1)!res λ(P ) nj +1
A(P ; ∞ ) φ(P )
∞j
(
β−1  β−1
)

X k+ℓ+1 X
+ 1 − δβ+k,1 − δβ+k,2 (k + 1)! Gℓ+k+2 (β − n)xβ−n (j)Bn,ℓ (j)
ℓ
ℓ=0,k+ℓ≥2 n=ℓ


= (−1)k (k + 1)!βRβ+k+1,k+2 x1 (j), . . . , xβ+k+2 (j)
X β  

1 k+ℓ+1
+ 1 − δβ+k,1 − δβ+k,2 (k + 1)!β Bβ,ℓ(j)Gk+ℓ+1 .
k+ℓ+1 ℓ
ℓ=1,k+ℓ≥3


− n 1+1
Corollary 3.2 With respect to the local parameter zi (P ) defined by zi (P ) := λ(P ) i , the
Laurent expansion of the differential Ψj,α (3.22) near the pole P = ∞i of λ is given by
 ∞ 
X  
α β−1
Ψj,α (P ) = δij + Ii,β [Ψ j,α ] zi (P ) dzi (P ),
P ∼∞i zi (P )α+1
β=1

where the coefficients Ii,β [Ψj,α ] are given by (3.28) and (3.29).

3.4 An explicit parametrization of the genus one Hurwitz space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm )

As an application of the above subsection, we are going to derive an explicit parametrization of the
genus one Hurwitz space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) in terms of flat coordinates induced by the holomorphic
φ. The upcoming theorem provides some equivalent expressions for a meromorphic functions
λ : C/L −→ P1 such that the point [(C/L, λ)] belonging to the space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ).

25
Theorem 3.3 The genus one Hurwitz space H1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) can be parameterized by the mero-
morphic functions:
m nj +1 !
X X (−1)k

(k−1) j
λ(P ) = c − (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k (j)ζ zP − ∞ (3.32)
j=0
k!
k=1
m
X  
= c + (1 − δm,0 ) (nj + 1)xnj +1 (j) ζ(zP − ∞j ) − ζ(zP − ∞0 )
j=1
m nj +1
! (3.33)
X
X (−1)k

+ 1 − δnj ,0 (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k (j)℘(k−2) zP − ∞j
j=0
k!
k=2
m nj +1 !
X X (−1) k

k j
=c− (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k (j)∂zP log σ zP − ∞ (3.34)
j=0
k!
k=1
m
X  
=c− (nj + 1)L−φ j
j,nj +1 K (zP − ∞ ) (3.35)
j=0
m n
!
X
Xj

= c − ζ(1/2) (nj + 1) 2xnj +1 (j)∞j + 1 − δnj ,0 xk (j)xnj +1−k (j)

j=0 k=1
nj +1 ! (3.36)
m
X X (−1)k
k i


− (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k (j)∂zP log θ1 (zP − ∞ ) .
j=0
k!
k=1

Here ℘, ζ, σ and K = log σ are the Weierstrass functions, θ1 is the Jacobi function (2.29), Bnj +1,k (j) =

−φ
Bnj +1,k x1 (j), . . . , xnj +1−k+1 (j) is the partial ordinary Bell polynomial (2.1)-(2.2) and Lj,nj +1
is
the introduced Bell operator given by (3.7) and (3.9).

Example 3.1

1) The Hurwitz space H1 (n), n ≥ 2. Let [(C/L, λ)] be a point of the genus Hurwitz space H1 (n).
This means that the meromorphic function λ has a unique pole ∞0 of order n + 1 ≥ 2. Without
loss of generality, we may assume that ∞0 = 0. Thus, (3.33) implies that λ is given by
n+1
X (−1)k

λ(P ) = c + (n + 1) Bn+1,k (x1 , . . . , xn−k+2 )℘(k−2) zP ,
k!
k=2

with {kxk }k being the coefficients of the Taylor series of the normalized holomorphic differential
near the pole 0 of λ.
2) The Hurwitz space H1 (n − 1, 0), n ≥ 1. That is λ has a simple pole ∞1 and a pole ∞0 of order
n ≥ 1. Then, in this case λ is of the form:
 
λ(P ) = c + x0 ζ(zP − ∞1 ) − ζ(zP − ∞0 )
n

X (−1)k


+ 1 − δn,1 n Bn,k x1 , . . . , xn−k+1 ℘(k−2) zP − ∞0 ,
k!
k=2

α
with x0 = res1 λ(P )φ(P ) and xα = (α − 1)!res0 λ(P ) n φ(P ), α ≥ 1.
∞ ∞

26
Proof of Theorem 3.3: The crucial part is to establish the first formula. Let us assume it for the
moment. Formula (3.33) is a direct consequence of (3.32), (3.6) and the equality ℘(u) = −ζ ′ (u).
Using (3.32) and the fact that the function ζ is the logarithmic derivative of the function σ (2.21),
we see that (3.34) holds true. Furthermore, relation (2.30) implies that




log σ(u) = ζ(1/2)u2 + log θ1 (u) − log θ1′ (0) . (3.37)

Therefore, recalling the expressions for the Bell polynomials Bnj +1,1 (j) and Bnj +1,2 (j) presented
in (2.3), we deduce that expression (3.36) follows from (3.34), (3.37) and (3.6).
Let us now move on to prove formula (3.32). Let Ψj,nj +1 be the meromorphic differential given by
(3.22). Then, in view of the principal part (3.23) of the differential Ψj,nj +1 and the fact that

nj + 1
∀ j = 0, . . . , m, dλ(P ) = − dzj (P ), λ(P ) = zj (P )−nj −1 ,
P ∼∞j zj (P )nj +2

it follows that differential m

X
Ψ(P ) := dλ(P ) + Ψj,nj +1 (P )
j=0

has no pole and its a-period is zero. Thus, Ψ must vanishes identically. Therefore, due to (3.22),
we have
m
X
dλ(P ) = − Ψj,nj +1 (P )
j=0
m
( nj +1
)
X X (−1)k

(k−1) j
=− (nj + 1) 2xnj +1 (j)ζ(1/2) − Bnj +1,k (j)℘ zP − ∞ dzP
j=0
k!
k=1
m
( nj +1 )
X X (−1)k

(k−1) j
= ∂zP (nj + 1) −2xnj +1 (j)ζ(1/2)zP − Bnj +1,k (j)ζ zP − ∞ dzP .
j=0
k!
k=1

This implies that there is a constant c (with respect to zP ) such that

m m nj +1
!
X X X (−1)k

λ(P ) = c − 2zP ζ(1/2) (nj + 1)xnj +1 (j) − (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k (j)ζ (k−1) zP − ∞j
j=0 j=0
k!
k=1
m nj +1 !
X X (−1) k

(k−1) j
=c− (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k (j)ζ zP − ∞ ,
j=0
k!
k=1

where the second equality follows from (3.6).



27
Corollary 3.3 The periods of the differential λ(P )dzP = λ(P )φ(P ) are given by
I m
X


λ(P )φ(P ) = c − 2 1 − δm,0 ζ(1/2) (nj + 1)xnj +1 (j)(∞j − ∞0 )
a j=1
m (3.38)
X

− ζ(1/2) 1 − δnj ,0 (nj + 1)Bnj +1,2 (j);
j=0
I m
X


λ(P )φ(P ) = cτ − 2 1 − δm,0 ζ(τ /2) (nj + 1)xnj +1 (j)(∞j − ∞0 )
b j=1
m
(3.39)
X

− ζ(τ /2) 1 − δnj ,0 (nj + 1)Bnj +1,2 (j).
j=0

Proof: Let
1

ωr := δr,1 ω1 + δr,2 ω2 =
δr,1 + τ δr,2 .
2
Then, making use of expression (3.33) for the meromorphic function λ and the properties (2.20),
(2.21) and (2.23) of the Weierstrass functions, we find
Z x+2ωr
λ(P )dzP
x
m
X Z x+2ωr  
= 2ωr c + (1 − δm,0 ) (nj + 1)xnj +1 (j) ζ(zP − ∞j ) − ζ(zP − ∞0 ) dzP
j=1 x
m Z
1X
x+2ωr

+ 1 − δnj ,0 (nj + 1)Bnj +1,2 (j) ℘ zP − ∞j dzP
2 j=0 x
m
X
= 2ωr c − 2(1 − δm,0 )ζ(ωr ) (nj + 1)xnj +1 (j)(∞j − ∞0 )
j=1
m
X

− ζ(ωr ) 1 − δnj ,0 (nj + 1)Bnj +1,2 (j).
j=0

Proposition 3.5 Let j = 0, . . . , m. Then, with respect to the local parameter zP −∞j , the Laurent
expansion for the meromorphic function λ (3.32) near its pole ∞j of order nj + 1 is given by

nj +1 nj
x1 (j) X Bnj +1,k (j)
λ(P ) = + (n j + 1) + Λj (∞j )
P ∼∞j (zP − ∞j )nj +1 k(zP − ∞j )k
k=1
nj +1 ∞
( (ℓ)

X (−1)k X Λj (∞j )
+ 1 − δnj ,0 − δnj ,1 − δnj ,2 (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k (j)Gk + (3.40)
k ℓ!
k=4 ℓ=1
nj +1   )

X (−1)k k + ℓ
+ 1 − δnj ,0 − δnj ,1 (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k (j)Gk+ℓ (zP − ∞j )ℓ ,
k+ℓ ℓ
k=1,k+ℓ≥4

28
 (ℓ)
where Λj (∞j ) is the quantity given by

nX
!
m
X i +1
(ℓ) (−1)k

Λj (∞j ) = δℓ,0 c − (ni + 1) Bni +1,k (i)ζ (k+ℓ−1) j
∞ −∞i
k!
i=0,i6=j k=1
m
(3.41)
X
= δℓ,0 c − (ni + 1)L−φ (ℓ)
i,ni +1 [K ](∞
j i
− ∞ ).
i=0,i6=j

Proof: Consider the function

nX
!
m
X i +1
(−1)k

Λj (P ) := c − (ni + 1) Bni +1,k (i)ζ (k−1) zP − ∞i
k!
i=0,i6=j k=1
Xm
=c− (ni + 1)L−φ i
i,ni +1 [K](zP − ∞ )
i=0,i6=j

which is holomorphic near the point P = ∞j . Then, expression (3.32) for λ(P ) and the Laurent
expansions (2.28) and (3.31) of the functions ζ and ζ (k−1) = −℘(k−2) , k ≥ 2, near the origin,
permit us to write
nj +1
X (−1)k

λ(P ) = Λj (P ) − (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k (j)ζ (k−1) zP − ∞j
k!
k=1
∞ (ℓ) nj +1
(
X Λj (∞j ) X (−1)k (k − 1)!
= (zP − ∞j )ℓ − (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k (j) (−1)k−1
P ∼∞j ℓ! k! (zP − ∞j )k
ℓ=0 k=1
∞   )
X ℓ+k−1 j ℓ
− (k − 1)! Gℓ+k (zP − ∞ )
ℓ
ℓ=0,ℓ+k≥4
nj +1 nj +1
X
Bnj +1,k (j)
X (−1)k
j
= (nj + 1) + Λ j (∞ ) + 1 − δ n ,0 − δ n ,1 − δ n ,2 (n j + 1) Bnj +1,k (j)Gk
k(zP − ∞j )k j j j
k
k=1 k=4
 
X∞  (ℓ) nj +1
X   
Λj (∞j )
(−1)k k + ℓ
+ + 1 − δnj ,0 − δnj ,1 (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k (j)Gk+ℓ (zP − ∞j )ℓ .
 ℓ! k+ℓ ℓ 
ℓ=1 k=1,k+ℓ≥4


The Laurent expansion (3.40) can be written as follows:

nj +1 ∞
!
x1 (j) 1 X
λ(P ) = 1+
nj +1 fℓ (j)(zP − ∞j )ℓ
P ∼∞j (zP − ∞j )nj +1 x1 (j) n=1

where fℓ (j) is defined as follows:

1. if 1 ≤ ℓ ≤ nj , then
nj + 1
fℓ (j) = Bn +1,nj +1−ℓ (j); (3.42)
nj + 1 − ℓ j

29
2. if ℓ ≥ 0, fℓ+nj +1 (j) is given by
(
(ℓ)
Λj (∞j )  
fℓ+nj +1 (j) = + 1 − δnj ,0 − δnj ,1 − δnj ,2 (nj + 1)
(ℓ)!
 nX j +1   ) (3.43)
(−1)k k + ℓ
× Bnj +1,k (j)Gk+ℓ .
k+ℓ ℓ
k=1,k+ℓ≥4

This implies that the differential

µ
ψµ,k (P ) := λ(P ) nj +1 (zP − ∞j )k dzP

behaves as follows near the point ∞j

µ ∞
! n µ+1
x1 (j) 1 X j

ψµ,k (P ) = 1+
nj +1 fℓ (j)(zP − ∞j )ℓ dzP

P ∼∞j (zP − ∞j )µ+k x1 (j) n=1
=

4 Explicit prepotential associated with the normalized holo-

morphic differential
Let η(φ) be the Darboux-Egoroff metric (2.44) on the Hurwitz space H b 1 (n0 , . . . , nm ) induced by the
normalized holomorphic differential φ(P ) = dzP . From Subsection 2.3 P(see also [17] and [37, 44]),
we already know that the following N functions, with N = 2 + 2m + m i=0 ni , provide a system of
flat coordinates of the flat metric η(φ):
√
i,α i,α ni + 1 α
t := t (φ) := res λ(P ) ni +1 φ(P ), i = 0, . . . , m, α = 1, . . . , ni ;
α ∞i

ti,ni +1 := vi (φ) = res λ(P )φ(P ), i = 1, . . . , m;

∞i

Z ∞i
si := si (φ) := φ(P ) = ∞i − ∞0 , i = 1, . . . , m; (4.1)
∞0
I
1 τ
t := r(φ) := φ(P ) = ;
2iπ b 2iπ
I
u := u(φ) := λ(P )φ(P ).
a

In this section, we look for explicit prepotential Fφ of the semi-simple Frobenius manifold structure
associated with the primary and quasi-homogeneous differential φ of degree 0.
Using the introduced notation (4.1) as well as those of Subsection 2.3.4, we start with describing
the general expression (2.50) for the WDVV prepotential Fφ .

Lemma 4.1 Let ti,α , ti,ni +1 , si , t, u be the system of flat coordinates (4.1). Then the prepotential
associated with the genus one Frobenius manifold structure induced by the normalized holomorphic

30
differential φ has the following form:
Xm m ni
u2 uXX (ni + 1 − α)(2ni + 2 + α) i,α i,ni +1−α
Fφ = t+u tj,nj +1 sj + t t
2 j=1
2 i=0 α=1
(ni + 1 + α)(ni + 1)
m m
1 X X i,ni +1 j,nj +1 i
+ t t s (φsj )
2 i=1 j=1
m m ni  
1 XXX ni + 1 − α ni + 1 − α i,ni +1−α j,nj +1 i,α

+ + t t t φsj (4.2)
2 j=1 i=0 α=1 ni + 1 + α ni + 1
m m n nj
1 XXX i X
(ni + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) i,ni +1−α j,nj +1−β i,α

+ t t t φtj,β
2 i=0 j=0 α=1 (ni + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
β=1
m m  
log(−1) X 3 X 1 1
+ ti,ni +1 tj,nj +1 − + δij ti,ni +1 tj,nj +1 .
4 4 i,j=1 n0 + 1 ni + 1
i,j=1,i6=j

Proof: Since the normalized holomorphic differential φ is quasi-homogeneous of degree d0 = 0 and

ρφ,φtA = 0, by (2.51), it follows that formula (2.50) becomes as follows:
m
X m  
log(−1) i j 3 X 1 1
Fφ − v (φ)v (φ) + + δij vi (φ)vj (φ)
4 4 i,j=1 n0 + 1 ni + 1
i,j=1,i6=j
1 X dA′ dB ′ A′ ′

= t (φ)tB (φ)tA φtB
2 1 + dA
A,B



1 X 1 − dA 1 − dB A′ ′

= t (φ)tB (φ)tA φtB
2 1 + dA
A,B

 that dA′ = 1 − dA in the second equality.

where we have used duality relation (2.49) which states
Thus, observing that 1 − dA 6= 0 only when tA ∈ ti,α , si , r} and taking into account notation
(4.1), we arrive at (4.2).

Formula (4.2) implies that in order to derive an explicit expression for the prepotential Fφ , it
suffices to write the functions



si (φsj ), ti,α φsj , ti,α φtj,β

in terms of the variables ti,α , ti,ni +1 , si , t, u given by (4.1). This purpose is what we are looking
for in results below.

Lemma 4.2 Let j ∈ {0, . . . , m}, α ∈ {1, . . . , nj + 1} and xα (j) be the coefficients given by (3.5).

31
Then


 tj,α

 p , if nj ≥ 1 and α = 1, . . . , nj ;

 nj + 1





 tj,nj +1
xα (j) = , if j 6= 0 and α = nj + 1;

 nj + 1

 (4.3)


 m


 1 X r,nr +1
 −
 n +1 t , if j=0 and α = n0 + 1;
0 r=1
! m
tj,α


δα,n +1 δα,n0 +1 X r,nr +1
=p 1 − δnj ,0 1 − δα,nj +1 + 1 − δj,0 p j − δj,0 t .
nj + 1 nj + 1 n0 + 1 r=1


Proof: The cases 1 ≤ α ≤ nj and α = 1 − δj,0 nj + 1 can be easily checked using (3.5) and (4.1).
The expression for xn0 +1 (0) in (4.3) is nothing but (3.6) which follows from the residue theorem
applied to the differential λ(P )φ(P ).

Notation: For the sake of simplicity and readability, for j = 0, . . . , m and α = 1, . . . , nj + 1, we
introduce the vector
→j,α
− p

t := nj + 1 x1 (j), . . . , xα (j)
 j,1


 t , . . . , tj,α , if nj ≥ 1 and α = 1, . . . , nj ;





  tj,nj +1 

 tj,1 , . . . , tj,nj , p , if j 6= 0 and α = nj + 1; (4.4)
= nj + 1





  m
X 

 0,1 0,n0 1 r,nr +1

 t , . . . , t , − √ t , if j = 0 and α = n0 + 1;
n0 + 1 r=1

Here, the second equality follows from (4.3).

• Expression for the second line

The next result deals with the expression for the following flat functions given by the principal
value Z ∞i
i

i
s φsj = s (Ω∞0 ∞j ) := p.v. Ω∞0 ∞j , i, j = 1, . . . , m.
∞0
Here we recall that the principal value is defined by omitting the divergent part of the integral as
1 − 1
a function of the local parameters z0 (P ) := λ(P )− n0 +1 , zj (P ) := λ(P ) nj +1 near the points ∞0
and ∞j , respectively.

When the genus g ≥ 1, a general formula for si φsj in terms of the Riemann theta function with
(odd and non-singular) half integer characteristics was recently obtained in [37]. Here we choose
to rewrite the genus one case by means of the Weierstrass sigma function.
Proposition 4.1 Let i, j = 1, . . . , m and K(u) := log σ(u).

32
i) If i 6= j, then


si φsj = K(si − sj ) − K(si ) − K(sj ) + 2si sj ζ(1/2)
 Xm 

t0,1 (4.5)
+ log δn0 ,0 tr,nr +1 − 1 − δn0 ,0 √ .
r=1
n0 + 1

ii) When i = j, we have

 
j

tj,1
s φsj = log p − 2K(sj ) + 2(sj )2 ζ(1/2)
nj + 1
 Xm  (4.6)
r,nr +1

t0,1
+ log δn0 ,0 t − 1 − δn0 ,0 √ .
r=1
n0 + 1


Proof: Using Theorem 3.3 in [37] (the genus one case), we can see that the functions si φsj were
explicitly expressed by means of the Jacobi function θ1 (·|τ ) = −Θ[ 21 , 21 ] (·|τ ) as follows:
  

 θ1′ (0)θ1 (∞i − ∞j )


 log i 0 j 0
+ log φ(∞0 ) − log(−1), if i 6= j

 θ1 (∞ − ∞ )θ1 (∞ − ∞ )
i
s φsj =  



 j

0

θ1 (∞j − ∞0 )
 log φ(∞ ) + log φ(∞ ) − 2 log − log(−1), if i = j.
θ1′ (0)

On the other hand, due
to relation (2.30) which gives the link between the functions σ and θ1 ,
we conclude that si φsj can be rewritten in terms of the Weierstrass function σ. More precisely,
when i 6= j, we have
 

σ(∞i − ∞j )

si φsj = log i 0 j 0
+ 2(∞i − ∞0 )(∞j − ∞0 )ζ(1/2) + log − φ(∞0 )
σ(∞ − ∞ )σ(∞ − ∞ )
 
σ(si − sj )

= log + 2si sj ζ(1/2) + log − φ(∞0 )
σ(si )σ(sj )


= K(si − sj ) − K(si ) − K(sj ) + 2si sj ζ(1/2) + log − φ(∞0 )

and when i = j, then

sj φsj = log φ(∞j ) + log − φ(∞0 ) − 2 log σ(∞j − ∞0 ) + 2(∞j − ∞0 )2 ζ(1/2)



= log φ(∞j ) + log − φ(∞0 ) − 2K(sj ) + 2(sj )2 ζ(1/2).

On the hand, using (3.5) together with (4.3), we see that

1
φ(∞j ) = res λ(P ) nj +1 φ(P ) = x1 (j)
∞j

m
1 − δnj ,0 j,1
X
= p t + 1 − δj,0 δnj ,0 tj,1 − δj,0 δn0 ,0 tr,nr +1 .
nj + 1 r=1

This establishes the desired formulas (4.5) and (4.6).


As a direct consequence of formulas (4.5) and (4.6), we obtain the expression for the second
line of the prepotential Fφ (4.2).

33
Proposition 4.2 Let K(u) = log σ(u). We have
m
1 X i,ni +1 j,nj +1 i
t t s (φsj )
2 i,j=1
m
X m
X m
X
1
= ζ(1/2) ti,ni +1 tj,nj +1 si sj + ti,ni +1 tj,nj +1 K(si − sj ) − ti,ni +1 tj,nj +1 K(sj )
i,j=1
2 i,j=1
i,j=1,i6=j
m   X m 2  m 
1X
2 t j,1
1 X
t0,1
+ tj,nj +1 log p + tj,nj +1 log δn0 ,0 t r,nr +1
− 1 − δn0 ,0 √ .
2 j=1
nj + 1 2 j=1 r=1
n0 + 1

• Expression for the third line

In the next result, we elucidate the dependence of the functions

√


ni + 1 α
ti,α φsj = ti,α Ω∞0 ∞j = res λ(P ) ni +1 Ω∞0 ∞j (P ), α = 1, . . . , ni (4.7)
α ∞ i


on flat coordinates ti,α , ti,ni +1 , si , t, u listed in (4.1).
 
Similarly to formulas (3.17)-(3.19), the upcoming expressions involve the function Lφj,α K defined
by (3.8), with K(u) = log σ(u). Here, it is interesting to mention that when 1 ≤ α ≤ nj + 1, the
Bell operator Lφj,α depends only on flat coordinates tj,1 , . . . , tj,α (4.1). Indeed, using (3.7), notation
(4.4) as well as the homogeneity property (2.6) of partial ordinary Bell polynomials, we have
α
X α →

−
1
k X Bα,k t j,α
Lφj,α = Bα,k x1 (j), . . . , xα−k+1 (j) ∂u = ∂k. (4.8)
k!
k=1
k!(nj + 1)k/2 u
k=1


Lemma 4.3 Let ti,α φsj be the quantity defined by (4.7), with 0 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ m and
→
−
1 ≤ α ≤ ni and t j,α be the vector (4.4).
1) If i 6= j and i 6= 0, then the quantity (3.16) is as follows:

√      
ti,α φsj = 2ti,α sj ζ(1/2) + ni + 1 Lφi,α K (si − sj ) − Lφi,α K (si ) . (4.9)

2) When j = i, we have

p   p →
−

tj,α φsj = 2tj,α sj ζ(1/2) − nj + 1Lφj,α K (sj ) + nj + 1Rα,1 t j,α+1
α
X →

−

p Bα,ℓ t j,α (4.10)
− 1 − δα,1 − δα,2 − δα,3 nj + 1 Gℓ .
ℓ(nj + 1)ℓ/2
ℓ=4

3) Assume that i = 0. Then the quantity I0,α [Ω∞0 ∞j ] is of the following form:

√   √ →
−

t0,α φsj = 2t0,α sj ζ(1/2) + n0 + 1Lφj,α K (−sj ) − n0 + 1Rα,1 t 0,α+1
Xα →

−

√ Bα,ℓ t 0,α (4.11)
+ 1 − δα,1 − δα,2 − δα,3 n0 + 1 Gℓ .
ℓ=4
ℓ(n0 + 1)ℓ/2

 
Here the functions Lφj,α K , Rα,1 and Gℓ are respectively defined by (4.8), (2.10) and (2.13).

34
Proof: From (3.16) and (4.7) it follows that
√
i,α

i,α

ni + 1  
t φsj = t Ω∞0 ∞j = Ii,α Ω∞0 ∞j .
α
Therefore stated expressions (4.9)-(4.11) can be obtained using formulas (3.17)-(3.19) together with
the homogeneity properties (2.6) and (2.11) of partial ordinary Bell polynomials and the rational
function Rα,1 .

Now, making use of formulas (4.9)-(4.11) and simple calculation, we arrive at the following
expression for the third line of the prepotential Fφ (4.2).
Proposition 4.3 We have
m m ni  
1 XXX ni + 1 − α ni + 1 − α i,ni +1−α j,nj +1 i,α

+ t t t φsj
2 j=1 i=0 α=1 ni + 1 + α ni + 1
Xm X m X ni  
ni + 1 − α ni + 1 − α i,α i,ni +1−α j,nj +1 j
= ζ(1/2) + t t t s
j=1 i=0 α=1
ni + 1 + α ni + 1
m ni  
1 X X √ ni + 1 − α ni + 1 − α i,ni +1−α j,nj +1 φ   i
+ ni + 1 + t t Li,α K (s − sj )
2 α=1
ni + 1 + α ni + 1
i,j=1,i6=j
m ni  
1 X X √ ni + 1 − α ni + 1 − α i,ni +1−α j,nj +1 φ   i
− ni + 1 + t t Li,α K (s )
2 i,j=1 α=1 ni + 1 + α ni + 1
m nj  
1 XXp nj + 1 − α nj + 1 − α j,nj +1−α j,nj +1 →
−

+ nj + 1 + t t Rα,1 t j,α+1
2 j=1 α=1 nj + 1 + α nj + 1
( nj  
m
1X p  X nj + 1 − α nj + 1 − α j,nj +1−α j,nj +1
− nj + 1 1 − δnj ,0 − δnj ,1 − δnj ,2 − δnj ,3 + t t
2 j=1 α=4
nj + 1 + α nj + 1
X α →
!)
−
Bα,ℓ t j,α
× Gℓ
ℓ=4
ℓ(nj + 1)ℓ/2
m n0  
1XX √ n0 + 1 − α n0 + 1 − α 0,n0 +1−α j,nj +1 φ  
+ n0 + 1 + t t L0,α K (−sj )
2 j=1 α=1 n0 + 1 + α n0 + 1
 m  X n0   
1 X j,nj +1 √ n0 + 1 − α n0 + 1 − α 0,n0 +1−α →0,α+1

−
− t n0 + 1 + t Rα,1 t
2 j=1 α=1
n0 + 1 + α n0 + 1
 m (  
1 X j,nj +1 √
+ t n0 + 1 1 − δn0 ,0 − δn0 ,1 − δn0 ,2 − δn0 ,3
2 j=1
n0   " α →
#)
−
X n0 + 1 − α n0 + 1 − α 0,n0 +1−α X Bα,ℓ t 0,α
× + t Gℓ .
α=4
n0 + 1 + α n0 + 1
ℓ=4
ℓ(n0 + 1)ℓ/2

• Expression for the fourth line

Lastly, we move on to find the explicit form of the fourth line
m m n nj
1 XXX i X
(ni + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) i,ni +1−α j,nj +1−β i,α

t t t φtj,β
2 i=0 j=0 α=1 (ni + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
β=1

35
 
in terms of coordinates ti,α , ti,ni +1 , si , t, u listed in (4.1). As above, based on relations
 (3.28) and
(3.29), we can see that the functions ti,α φtj,β ) are expressible in terms of variables ti,α , ti,ni +1 , si , t, u
defined by (4.1). Nevertheless, to accomplish our purpose, it is convenient to compute the functions
Qij (4.12) which occur in the fourth line of expression (??) for the prepotential Fφ .
Lemma 4.4 For i, j = 0, . . . , m, define the function
nj
ni X
X (ni + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) i,ni +1−α j,nj +1−β i,α

Qij := t t t φtj,β . (4.12)
α=1
(ni + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
β=1

1) If i 6= j, then
ni Xnj
X (ni + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) i,α j,β i,ni +1−α j,nj +1−β
Qij = 2ζ(1/2) t t t t
α=1 β=1
(ni + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
nj (
ni X p !
X (−1)ℓ (ni + 1)(ni + 1 − α)ti,ni +1−α
+ ℓ−1
α=1 ℓ=1 (ni + 1 + α)(ℓ + 1)!(nj + 1) 2
 )
→j,nj −ℓ+1
φ  (ℓ) 
− 
i j i j
× Bnj +1,ℓ+1 t Li,α K δj,0 s − δi,0 s + (1 − δi,0 − δj,0 )(s − s ) .

(4.13)

2) When i = j we have
nj nj
X X (nj + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β)
Qjj = 2ζ(1/2) tj,α tj,β tj,nj +1−α tj,nj +1−β
α=1 β=1
(n j + 1 + α)(n j + 1)
nj nj −α ( )
X X (nj + 1 − α)tj,nj +1−α →j,nj −k+1

− →j,α+k+1

−
+ (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k+1 t Rα+k,k+1 t
α=1 k=1
(nj + 1 + α)(k + 1)
nj nj +1−α ( )
X X αtj,α →j,nj −α−k+2

− →j,nj +1+k

−
+ (nj + 1) Bn +1,α+k t Rnj +k,α+k t
α=1 k=1
(2nj + 2 − α)(α + k) j
nj nj ( 
X X (nj + 1 − α)tj,nj +1−α →j,nj −k+1

−
− (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k+1 t
α=1 k=1,α+k≥4
(nj + 1 + α)(k + 1)
 X α   →
−
)
(−1)k k + ℓ Bα,ℓ t j,α−ℓ+1
× k+ℓ Gk+ℓ ,
k+ℓ ℓ (nj + 1) 2
ℓ=1,k+ℓ≥4
(4.14)

where
Proof: By (2.41) and (3.21) we have
p p
nj + 1 β nj + 1
φtj,β (P ) = res λ(Q) nj +1
W (P, Q) = Ψj,β (P ).
β ∞j β
Hence, using (2.45) and (3.27), we get
√ p
i,α

ni + 1 α (ni + 1)(nj + 1)  
t φtj,β := resi λ(P ) ni +1 φtj,β (P ) = Ii,α Ψj,β , (4.15)
α ∞ αβ

36
   
where, as in Subsection 3.3, Ii,α Ψj,β : α ≥ 1 are the coefficients of the Laurent expansion of
the differential Ψj,β near the points ∞i .  
Assume first that i 6= j. Then expression (3.28) for Ii,α Ψj,β , homogeneity property (2.6) of
partial ordinary Bell polynomials as well as notation (4.4) imply that
p
i,α

(ni + 1)(nj + 1)  
t φtj,β = Ii,α Ψj,β = 2ti,α tj,β ζ(1/2)
αβ
→i,α−k+1

− →
−
!
q Xα X β
Bβ,ℓ t j,β−ℓ+1 (k+ℓ−2) i
ℓ Bα,k t j
− (ni + 1)(nj + 1) (−1) k ℓ ℘ (∞ − ∞ ) .
k=1 ℓ=1 k!ℓ!(ni + 1) 2 (nj + 1) 2

Now applying recurrence relation (2.7) and observing that

∞i − ∞j = δj,0 si − δi,0 sj + (1 − δi,0 − δj,0 )(si − sj ),

we get
nj
ni X
X (ni + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) i,ni +1−α j,nj +1−β i,α

Qij := t t t φtj,β
α=1
(n i + 1 + α)(n j + 1)
β=1
ni Xnj
X (ni + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) i,α j,β i,ni +1−α j,nj +1−β
= 2ζ(1/2) t t t t
α=1 β=1
(ni + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
ni Xnj ( q 
X (ni + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) i,ni +1−α j,nj +1−β
− (ni + 1)(nj + 1) t t
α=1 β=1
(ni + 1 + α)(nj + 1)

X α Xβ  →i,α−k+1

− →j,β−ℓ+1

− !)
B α,k t B β,ℓ t
× (−1)ℓ k ℓ ℘(k+ℓ−2) (∞i − ∞j )
k=1 ℓ=1 k!ℓ!(n i + 1) 2 (n + 1) 2
j
ni Xnj
X (ni + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) i,α j,β i,ni +1−α j,nj +1−β
= 2ζ(1/2) t t t t
α=1 β=1
(ni + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
ni X
α X nj ( p !
X (−1)ℓ (ni + 1)(nj + 1)(ni + 1 − α)ti,ni +1−α
− k ℓ
α=1 k=1 ℓ=1 (ni + 1 + α)k!(ℓ + 1)!(ni + 1) 2 (nj + 1) 2
 )
→i,α−k+1

− →j,nj −ℓ+1
(k+ℓ−2) 
− 
i j i j
× Bα,k t Bnj +1,ℓ+1 t ℘ δj,0 s − δi,0 s + (1 − δi,0 − δj,0 )(s − s )

nj
ni X
X (ni + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) i,α j,β i,ni +1−α j,nj +1−β
= 2ζ(1/2) t t t t
α=1 β=1
(ni + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
nj
ni X
( p !
X (−1)ℓ (ni + 1)(ni + 1 − α)ti,ni +1−α
+ ℓ−1
α=1 ℓ=1 (ni + 1 + α)(ℓ + 1)!(nj + 1) 2
 )
→j,nj −ℓ+1
φ  (ℓ) 
− 
i j i j
× Bnj +1,ℓ+1 t Li,α K δj,0 s − δi,0 s + (1 − δi,0 − δj,0 )(s − s ) ,

where the last equality follows from (4.8).

Let us now deal with the case where i = j. As above, by employing (3.29), relations (4.3) and

37
(4.4) and bearing in mind the homogeneity property of the functions Bn,k and Rµ,k we get

(ni + 1)
tj,α φtj,β = Ij,α [Ψj,β ] = 2tj,α tj,β ζ(1/2)
αβ
β
X →
−
→
−

+ (nj + 1) Bβ,k t j,β−k+1 Rα+k,k+1 t j,α+k+1
k=1
β α
"   →
−
→
−
#
X X (−1)k k + ℓ Bβ,k t j,β−k+1 Bα,ℓ t j,α−ℓ+1
− (nj + 1) k+ℓ Gk+ℓ .
k+ℓ ℓ (nj + 1) 2
k=1,α+k≥4 ℓ=1,k+ℓ≥4

This, recurrence relation (2.7) and expression (4.12) for Qii bring us to write
nj nj
X X (nj + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β)
Qjj − 2ζ(1/2) tj,α tj,β tj,nj +1−α tj,nj +1−β
α=1
(n j + 1 + α)(n j + 1)
β=1
nj nj  
X X (nj + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β)

= tj,nj +1−α tj,nj +1−β tj,α φtj,β − 2tj,α tj,β ζ(1/2)
α=1 β=1
(nj + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
nj nj (  
X X (nj + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) j,nj +1−α j,nj +1−β
= (nj + 1) t t
α=1 β=1
(nj + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
" β #)
X →j,β−k+1

− →j,α+k+1

−
× Bβ,k t Rα+k,k+1 t
k=1
nj nj
( 
X X (nj + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) j,nj +1−α j,nj +1−β
− (nj + 1) t t
α=1 β=1
(nj + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
 β
X α
X   →
−
→
−
)
(−1)k k + ℓ Bβ,k t j,β−k+1 Bα,ℓ t j,α−ℓ+1
× k+ℓ Gk+ℓ
k+ℓ ℓ (nj + 1) 2
k=1,α+k≥4 ℓ=1,k+ℓ≥4
nj nj ( )
X X (nj + 1 − α)tj,nj +1−α →j,nj −k+1

− →j,α+k+1

−
= (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k+1 t Rα+k,k+1 t
α=1 k=1
(nj + 1 + α)(k + 1)
nj nj ( 
X X (nj + 1 − α)tj,nj +1−α →j,nj −k+1

−
− (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k+1 t
α=1 k=1,α+k≥4
(nj + 1 + α)(k + 1)
 X α   →
−
)
(−1)k k + ℓ Bα,ℓ t j,α−ℓ+1
× k+ℓ Gk+ℓ
k+ℓ ℓ (nj + 1) 2
ℓ=1,k+ℓ≥4
nj nj −α ( )
X X (nj + 1 − α)tj,nj +1−α →j,nj −k+1

− →j,α+k+1

−
= (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k+1 t Rα+k,k+1 t
α=1 k=1
(nj + 1 + α)(k + 1)
nj nj +1−α ( )
X X αtj,α →j,nj −α−k+2

− →j,nj +1+k

−
+ (nj + 1) Bn +1,α+k t Rnj +k,α+k t
α=1 k=1
(2nj + 2 − α)(α + k) j
nj nj ( 
X X (nj + 1 − α)tj,nj +1−α →j,nj −k+1

−
− (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k+1 t
α=1 k=1,α+k≥4
(nj + 1 + α)(k + 1)
 X α   →
−
)
(−1)k k + ℓ Bα,ℓ t j,α−ℓ+1
× k+ℓ Gk+ℓ .
k+ℓ ℓ (nj + 1) 2
ℓ=1,k+ℓ≥4

38
 

Proposition 4.4 We have

m nj
ni X
1 X X (ni + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) i,ni +1−α j,nj +1−β i,α

t t t φtj,β
2 i,j=0 α=1 (ni + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
β=1
m X ni X nj
X (ni + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) i,α j,β i,ni +1−α j,nj +1−β
= ζ(1/2) t t t t
i,j=0 α=1 β=1
(ni + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
m ni X nj ( p )
1 X X (−1)ℓ (ni + 1)(ni + 1 − α)ti,ni +1−α →j,nj −ℓ+1
φ  (ℓ)  i
− j
+ ℓ−1 Bnj +1,ℓ+1 t Li,α K (s − s )
2 (ni + 1 + α)(ℓ + 1)!(nj + 1) 2
i,j=1,i6=j α=1 ℓ=1
m n0 X nj ( p )
1XX (−1)ℓ (n0 + 1)(n0 + 1 − α)t0,n0 +1−α →j,nj −ℓ+1
φ  (ℓ) 
− j
+ ℓ−1 Bnj +1,ℓ+1 t L0,α K (−s )
2 j=1 α=1 (n0 + 1 + α)(ℓ + 1)!(nj + 1) 2
ℓ=1
m ni X n0
( p )
1XX (−1)ℓ (ni + 1)(ni + 1 − α)ti,ni +1−α →0,n0 −ℓ+1
φ  (ℓ)  i
−
+ ℓ−1 Bn0 +1,ℓ+1 t Li,α K s)
2 i=1 α=1 (ni + 1 + α)(ℓ + 1)!(n0 + 1) 2
ℓ=1
m nj nj −α ( )
X X X (nj + 1 − α)tj,nj +1−α →j,nj −k+1

− →j,α+k+1

−
+ (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k+1 t Rα+k,k+1 t
j=0 α=1 k=1
(nj + 1 + α)(k + 1)
m nj nj +1−α ( )
X X X αtj,α →j,nj −α−k+2

− →j,nj +1+k

−
+ (nj + 1) Bn +1,α+k t Rnj +k,α+k t
j=0 α=1 k=1
(2nj + 2 − α)(α + k) j
m nj nj ( 
X X X (nj + 1 − α)tj,nj +1−α →j,nj −k+1

−
− (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k+1 t
j=0 α=1 k=1,α+k≥4
(nj + 1 + α)(k + 1)
 X α   →
−
)
(−1)k k + ℓ Bα,ℓ t j,α−ℓ+1
× k+ℓ Gk+ℓ .
k+ℓ ℓ (nj + 1) 2
ℓ=1,k+ℓ≥4

We are now in position to state our main theorem which is an immediate consequence of (4.2)
and Propositions 4.2, 4.2 and 4.4. Let Let
nj + 1 − α nj + 1 − α
Υj,α = +
nj + 1 + α nj + 1

39
Theorem 4.1
Xm m ni
u2 u XX (ni + 1 − α)(2ni + 2 + α) i,α i,ni +1−α
Fφ = t+u tj,nj +1 sj + t t
2 j=1
2 i=0 α=1
(ni + 1 + α)(ni + 1)
m m X nj
ni X
X X (ni + 1 − α)(nj + 1 − β) i,α j,β i,ni +1−α j,nj +1−β
i,ni +1 j,nj +1 i j
+ ζ(1/2) t t s s + ζ(1/2) t t t t
i,j=1 i,j=0 α=1
(ni + 1 + α)(nj + 1)
β=1
m X
X ni
m X m
X m
X
1
+ ζ(1/2) Υi,α ti,α ti,ni +1−α tj,nj +1 sj + ti,ni +1 tj,nj +1 K(si − sj ) − ti,ni +1 tj,nj +1 K(sj )
j=1 i=0 α=1
2 i,j=1
i,j=1,i6=j
m
X  j,1  X
m 2  Xm 
1
2 t 1
t0,1
+ tj,nj +1 log p + tj,nj +1 log δn0 ,0 tr,nr +1 − 1 − δn0 ,0 √
2 j=1
nj + 1 2 j=1 r=1
n0 + 1
Xm Xni m ni
1 √   1 X X √  
+ ni + 1Υi,α ti,ni +1−α tj,nj +1 Lφi,α K (si − sj ) − ni + 1Υi,α ti,ni +1−α tj,nj +1 Lφi,α K (si )
2 2
i,j=1,i6=j α=1 i,j=1 α=1
m
( nj nj α →j,α
)
−
1 X p X →
−
X X B α,ℓ t
+ nj + 1tj,nj +1 Υj,α tj,nj +1−α Rα,1 t j,α+1 − Υj,α tj,nj +1−α Gℓ
2 j=1 α=1 α=4
ℓ(n j + 1)ℓ/2
ℓ=4
m n0  m  X n0 
1 XX √   1 X j,nj +1 √ →
−

+ n0 + 1Υ0,α t0,n0 +1−α tj,nj +1 Lφ0,α K (−sj ) − t n0 + 1Υ0,α t0,n0 +1−α Rα,1 t 0,α+1
2 j=1 α=1 2 j=1 α=1
X m  ( n
" α →
−
#)
1 √ X 0 X Bα,ℓ t 0,α
+ tj,nj +1 n0 + 1 Υ0,α t0,n0 +1−α Gℓ
2 j=1 α=4
ℓ(n0 + 1)ℓ/2
ℓ=4
m ni X nj ( p )
1 X X (−1)ℓ (ni + 1)(ni + 1 − α)ti,ni +1−α →j,nj −ℓ+1
φ  (ℓ)  i
− j
+ ℓ−1 Bnj +1,ℓ+1 t Li,α K (s − s )
2 (ni + 1 + α)(ℓ + 1)!(nj + 1) 2
i,j=1,i6=j α=1 ℓ=1
m n0 X nj
( p )
1XX (−1)ℓ (n0 + 1)(n0 + 1 − α)t0,n0 +1−α →j,nj −ℓ+1
φ  (ℓ) 
− j
+ ℓ−1 Bnj +1,ℓ+1 t L0,α K (−s )
2 j=1 α=1 (n0 + 1 + α)(ℓ + 1)!(nj + 1) 2
ℓ=1
m ni X n0
( p )
1XX (−1)ℓ (ni + 1)(ni + 1 − α)ti,ni +1−α →0,n0 −ℓ+1
φ  (ℓ)  i
−
+ ℓ−1 Bn0 +1,ℓ+1 t Li,α K s)
2 i=1 α=1 (ni + 1 + α)(ℓ + 1)!(n0 + 1) 2
ℓ=1
m nj nj −α ( )
X X X (nj + 1 − α)tj,nj +1−α →j,nj −k+1

− →j,α+k+1

−
+ (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k+1 t Rα+k,k+1 t
j=0 α=1 k=1
(nj + 1 + α)(k + 1)
m nj nj +1−α ( )
X X X αtj,α →j,nj −α−k+2

− →j,nj +1+k

−
+ (nj + 1) Bn +1,α+k t Rnj +k,α+k t
j=0 α=1 k=1
(2nj + 2 − α)(α + k) j
m nj nj ( 
X X X (nj + 1 − α)tj,nj +1−α →
−

− (nj + 1) Bnj +1,k+1 t j,nj −k+1
j=0 α=1 k=1,α+k≥4
(nj + 1 + α)(k + 1)
 X α   →
−
)
(−1)k k + ℓ Bα,ℓ t j,α−ℓ+1
× k+ℓ Gk+ℓ
k+ℓ ℓ (nj + 1) 2
ℓ=1,k+ℓ≥4
m m  
log(−1) X i,ni +1 j,nj +1 3 X 1 1
+ t t − + δij ti,ni +1 tj,nj +1 .
4 4 i,j=1 n0 + 1 ni + 1
i,j=1,i6=j

40
 Acknowledgements: The author is grateful to Vasilisa Shramchenko for several valuable
comments and discussions during the realization of this work. The author thanks Université de
Sherbrooke and Institut des Sciences mathématiques (ISM) for their financial support.

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