Upstream PROFICIENCY _,,_ Sludent's Book Virginia Evans - Jenny Dooley ZN Poe a hiUpstream PROFICIENCY Student's Book Virginia Evans - Jenny Dooley a Express PublishingModule 1 Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5 aa aD Contents ‘unr 1 Getting the ‘Message across (pp. 7-26) means of communication; fail expressions, Ways of speaking, the Internet prepositions; fied phrases; ihoms Phrasal verbs: act, break ‘multiple choice (reaing for content, ‘pinion, purpose, tone, reference, Iimpiation) gapped text (reading for cohesion, coherence and text structure) ‘modal verbs open cloze; key word transformations; word foemation pasage; words with multiple meanings; summary wrtng selecting | relevant information uNIT2 ‘The Happiest Days ‘of your Lite? (pp. 27-46) ‘education teracy; university Studies, educational systems; prepostions xed phases; dos hvosalverbs:come, call Self-Assessment Module 1 (pp. 47-50) UNIT: tral Extra (pp. 53-72) media; journalism; newspapers ‘advertising parting news: prepostons fed phrases, ions phrasaverbs:o, ive multiple choice (reading for content, ‘opinion, attitude, purpose, implication, text organsation} ‘multiple choice (reaing for content, deta atttude, opinion, tone, implication, text organisation); gapped text (reading for content, text organisation) conditional; open cloze; key word \ransfoxmation; word formation passage; words with multiple meaning, summary wing paraphrasing the passive; open claze; key word transformations; word formation passage; words with multiple ‘meanings; summary writing: working within the werd limit UNIT 4 Panes, Trains and ‘Automobiles! (pp. 73-92) means of transport technology, travel: paces to sit; sign, at travel sea travel; prepostons fred phrases; idoms lvosal verbs oe, fall Self-Assessment Module 2 (pp. 93-96) unr ‘The Science of fe (pp. 99-118) health less; medicine; ‘exercising; healthy eating, prepostons xed phrases; ‘dams pluasalverbshold, keep ‘multiple choice (reading for attitude, Inference, implication, deal content, ‘pinion, attitude, tone) mukiple choice (reasng for content, etl implication, reference), Four-option multiple choice lexical cleze(eadng for Semantic presion, complementation) ivession; open cloze: Key word transformation; word formation passage: words with multiple ‘meanings; open-ended questions: identifying echoed ideas, summery wring reported speech; tense revision; ‘open doze; keyword transformations; word formation passage; words with multiple ‘meanings; open-ended questions: dentifying arguments UNITS. The Art of Enterzainment (pp. 119-138) the arts; musi; forms of entertainment, festivals; cultural ‘events; prepositions; fred phrases, ioms plvasal verbs make, look Self-Assessment Module 3 (pp. 139-142) uN? Born to Win! (pp. 145-164) sports personalities; world records; sports; prepositions; fixed phrases; iors hvaso verbs put, run ‘multiple choice reading for deta, Jimpication, content, opinion, inference) ‘multiple choice (reading for contents deta atttude, opinion, tone, purpose, reference; four-option multiple choice lexical cloze (reading for semantic precision, complementation) ‘gerundininitive, open clze; Key ‘word transformations; word formation passage; words with ‘muttiple meanings: open-ended ‘questions phases and metaphors relative clauses, open cloze key word transformations; word formation passage, words with ‘multiple meanings! open ended ‘question: detal questions, surmary ‘writing UNITS Respect! (pp. 165-184) social issues historical events, racism; polities; human rights; ‘obaisation; ageism prepostons fed phrases ideoms phrasal verbs see settle Self Assessment Module 4 (pp. 185-188) unr Another Day, ‘Anather Dolar (pp. 191-212) ‘work and busines: the workplace; careers, professional skills; prepostions fed phrases; idomsphrasalverbs: take, tll ‘multiple choice reading for attitude, purpose, content, pinion, ‘exemplication, implication) multiple choice (reading for tone, purpose, implication, content, reference); ‘gapped text (eating for content, text organisation) future tenses; open clze; key word transformations, word formation passage; words with multe meanings; suremary writing: excluding relevant information participles; open cloze key word transformations; word Formation passage: words with multiple ‘meanings, summary iting UNIT 10 (Our Planet ‘Our Home. (pp. 213-234) the environment, reqing, ‘envronmental peblems; ecology; prepostons, fied phrases, dooms phrasalverbstum, wear Self Assessment Module 5 (pp. 235-238) Practice Test (pp. 239-253); Grammar Reference (pp. 254-268) ‘multiple choice (reading for content, atte, reference), fouroption multiple choice lexical doze (semantic precision, complementation) arent op 268-272) Aapenn:2(0. 273); Apnendc3 (Dp 274-276) ‘concession and comparison, open doze; key word transformations, word formation passage; words with ‘ultiple meanings, summary writing‘multiple matching (istening for opinion, specific information); sentence competion (istening for Specic information), multiple choice questions Uistening for opinion, gist, deta inference) telephone conversations; asking for and promising discretion; introducing news expressing surprise; speculating, evaluating; suggesting alternatives expressing opinions in essays, letters and articles ‘multiple matching istening for opinion, specific information); multiple choice questions (itening for opinion, gist, data, nference) sentence completion (listening for specific information; multiple choice questions (itening for opnion, st, deta inference) discussing pros & cons; making Suggestions; making recommendations; ‘Aebating: iting somebody to gue ther ‘pinion; interrupting; monclagues| discussing TV programmes; making Suggestions; asking for further information; accepting/eectng suggestions speculating, evaluating, suggesting alternatives, ‘making suggestions in eters and articles letters tothe pressfauthorites; balanced arguments Sentence completion (listening for specific information): multiple choice questions (listening for opion, st, data, inference) ‘multiple matching (listening for opinion, specific informatio); sentence completion (listening for Specific information); multiple choice questions Uistening for opinion, gst, deal, inference) ving advice; giving instructions; ‘monologues making decsions; expressing opinions, expressing agreement! disagreement; making, e-atrangang & canceling appointments; comparing; evaluating suggesting alternatives descriptive and navative artis assessment reports reports making suggestions Sentence completion (listening for specie informatio): multiple choice questions (istening for opinion, ist, deta, inference) multiple matching (listening for opinion, specific information) sentence completion (stering for Speci information); multiple choice questions (istering for opinion, git, deal, inference) talking about films & music; monologues, evaluating; making choices, ‘making recommendations ‘making decision; exchanging oprions ‘making suggestions; making predictions; inssting on a point; speculating; evaluating suggesting alternatives reviews reviewing fils, Festivals, books, restaurants ‘anc products) proposals (format and content, appropiate vocabulary and ste) multiple matching (istening for opinion, specific informatony sentence completion (listening for Spectc information); multiple choice questions (stening for opinion, git, deta, inference) ‘multiple matching (stening for opinion, specific information; sentence completion fstening for ‘pectic information; multiple choice questions Uistering for opnion ast, deta, inference) cexgresing agreement dsagreement; discussing pros & cons; expressing hestation;expessing an alternative viewpoint; monologues ‘expressing approval and disapproval making assumptons, evaluating suggesting alternatives; making decisions lscursive essays (deveoping an argument, balancing both sides, discussion clock) formal letters letters of application, recommendation, ‘complaint, apology multiple matching istenng for opinion, speci information) sentence completion listening for pectic information); muitiple choice questions Ustening for opnion, gst, deta, inference) ‘sharing information, giving instructions; monologues Teview of writing tasksPublished by Express Publishing Liberty House, New Greenham Park, Newbury. Berkshire RG19 6HW. Tel: (0044) 1635 817 363, Fax: (0044) 1635 817 463, e-mail: inquiries@expresspublishing co.uk http: /Awwnexpresspublishing.co.uk © Virginia Evans — lenny Dooley 2002 Design and ilustration © Express Publishing, 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted in ary form, or by any ‘means, electronic, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. fst published 2002, ISBN 1-84325-534-0 Acknowledgements ‘Authors’ Acknowledgements ‘We would like to thank al the staff at Express Publishing who have contributed their kis to producing this book. ‘Thanks are due in particular to: Megan Lawton (Editor in Chief), Stephanie Smith and Michael Sadler (senior editors); Andrew Wright (editorial assistant, Brian O'Neil (senior production controller) and the Express Publishing design team; Warehouse (recording producer) and Emily Newton, Kevin Haris, Daniel Parker, Erica Thompson and Timothy Forster for thei support and patience, We would also like to thank those institutions and teachers who piloted the ‘manuscript, and whose comments and feedback were invaluable inthe production of the book. ‘The authors and publishers wish to thank the following who have kindly given permission for the use of copyright ‘material Unit 1: French revive ancient ot oftter wrtng’by Jahn Henley, © The Guardian, Sat Sept 8th 2001, www guardian co uk ‘Unit 2: “Mursng lecturers complain of ovemon” by Donald MacLeod, © The Guardian, Nov 20th 2001. way guardian.co.uk; ‘Young offend institutions faling to educate inmates’, Staff and agencies, Nov 20th 2001. © The Guardian, ‘ws. guarcn co.uk; Unit 3: The History of Bish Televi Advertsing” Reproduced by kind permission of the National ‘Museum of photography, Fm & Televison. website: wwnw.nmft.org uk. Unit 5: Toomuchinformaton?; Sun 11th Nov 2001 © Jane Feinaman, viv. chserverco.uk. Unit 6: ‘Cen Kane" Revewed by John D. Puccio, vwwwv.dedtown com,"London ead, 16/6/2001, by Brandon Polad, Thanks to Steve Jenner, website: unaw virtual festivals com. Unit 7: ‘Twilretum, © Tim Evans, The Observer, Jan 7th 2001, www observerco uk Music Compositions & Arrangement by Pstolotronics While every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holler, if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers wil be pleated to make the necessary arrangements atthe fst opportunity.Finding your Way to Knowledge | _ i a aaa aeWhat comes to mind when you hear the word communication”? * Discuss the ways in which education helps a person Dy = hal = c = develop. means of education ‘communication * school subjects + facial expressions ‘jobs in education + styles of communication * learners dress norm + university life body language + home schooling = languages # e-books + theinteret = fteracy ‘= ways of speaking = communication ‘technology ‘© talk on the phone + act * introduce news = break express sympathy = come © encourage sb to + call continue ask for/promise discretion + speculate evaluate suggest alternatives ‘+ articles expressing your + debate opinion + given opinion, + essays expressing = interrupt your opinion + letters expressing fr sone = modal verbs + conditionals4 @ Read the fdllowing headlines and guess the content of each report [i] WEB EARTHQUAKE INTERNET NOT (CHARITY RAISES £40 SECURE ENOUGH, Lead-in OVERNIGHT SAY BANKERS 41 What is‘good communication” Rank the folowing [Z] 50-YEAR-OLD TECHNOLOGY ‘according to how important you think they ae. SAVES STRANDED FISHERMEN ‘Compare your answers with a partner. 1 getting the message acs quickly and efcenty [2] e-mans Too IMPERSONAL 2. developing an interesting exchange of ideas To COMPETE WITH PHONES 3 using language correctly 4 having time to think before you speak ~~ 5 lane Mio uomm aloes ®) Now listen to four extracts from news programmes and complete each sentence with a 2. In what situations would you use the means of ator pase ‘communication shown in the pictures? 1 The lntemet community showed great when asked to help the earthquake victims ‘would write a eterif waned my messogeto be warm 2. Financial transactions which are ‘nd personal an go wrong because of network fares. 3 The fishermen used a morse radio to send out a 3 Match the folowing to one or more of the photographs, then make sentences, asin the example. 4 Research showed that people value the speech provides, 1 inteusive/beesturbed when trying torelax 2 patsonal/take time to express yourself 5 Discuss the following quotations 3 slowftake weeks to reach destination evel ache twat ae “The more elaborate our means of communication, 5 versatilesend sound or pictures the less we communicate” 6 impetsonalnot communicate meaningfully "senh Priete (Bish pola hers) 7 artstcuse customised paperhandwriting personal “Good communication i as stimulating as black 8 limtedionly send brief messages coffe and just as hard to sleep after” ‘Ane Morow Lindbergh (US author) 'eleve mobile phones can be intrusive because you can be Se ie a + rite a paraphrase of each quotation. * Say whether you agree or not, and why.‘eadin 6 2 Youwill ead a passage about Morse telegraphy. Before you read, look at the following words and phrases \Which have been taken from the passage. In what context might they be mentioned? In obit high above Earth, a multi-billion dollar formation of communications sateites stands tead to instantly connect pilos seamen and all kinds of navigators to every avaiable id ten they find themselves in an emergency. But what ifthe communication computers on board these ships and atta started acting up or even broke down? The world could go ‘Sileot, and leave travellers groping around for directions. Not to worry. There isa backup plan in pat using technology that was invented in 183, the year Mark Twain was born. Is the Morse code, the language of dots and dashes that has survived the assult of higher technology for century and bal ‘Named afte its iventor. Samuel FB Mors, the code is 2 series of combinations of short and long tones (dois and dashes) representing letters of the alphabet that can be transmitted manually by a key operitor. A. telearap combines the dots and dashes to form letters and words isa Seemingly tedious procedure, but sie operators can transmit and receive faster than most secretaries can type. Te fastest Morse transmission ever recorded is an amazing 84 words per minute, sent by an operator named T L McElroy 1951 Morse telesraphy may seem like a quaint anachronism, with its brass sounder and key operated by the world’s most ‘Bale tool, the human finger. However, itis sometimes vital 0 ‘worldwide communications. When the Mexico City earthquake ‘occurred in 1985 and all the power WenLOM, call or help were transmitted in Morse by an amateur radio operator. "We see the Morse code as a dying art, but we refuse to let it die completely.” says Major General Leo M Childs, the US. Army's Chief Signal Officer. “Newer isn't always better. Even though it is old and slow, Morse i still the most reliable in dificult conditions.” Every merchant yesel bearing the US flag must curry a radio officer who can both transmit and receive Morse code, Under US law, the oficer must spend eight hours every day at sea monitoring the radio for Morse distress call. Should you e find yourself adrift at sea in a lifeboat launched from a sinking passenger cruise ship, it will be equipped with «single ‘communications device: a Morse transmitter that automatically signals a distress eal, but is also equipped with a keyboard in cease you happen to know the Morse code. Perhaps the best know bit of Morse code is the call for help SOS. Inthe code, these letters form a distinctive pattern (dot dot dot, dash dash dash ed in an emergency 8 Read the passage and answer the questions that follow (1-7). ‘back-up plan» short and long tones * tedious precedure * dying art» distress cals» military services b. Think of three things you would like to know about Morse telegraphy, 7 Skim the article to see if your questions were answered. What isthe topic of each paragraph? Reading -Part4 ‘The enduring use of Morse tlegruphy isthe legacy of burst of industrialisation in ISth-Century America, when railroads and telegraph developed side by side. Most of those railroad telegraph Hines were used well into the mid-20th century, well after radio, television and computers became commonplace. Until 1985, the Milwaukee Road had a Morse telegraph line between Milwaukee and La Crosse that was used routinely to relay orders to train crews. This Milwaukee Road operation was shutdown quietly in the late Eighties, In ‘many other countries, however railroad Morse is till used, ‘The military services continue to be the most serious users fof Morse telegraphy. While billion-dollar satellites and sophisticated ground networks are good in theory, such communication systems can hteakdows on the battlefield. As 4 matter of prudence, the Army Keeps a functional Morse capability. Morse code signals requite much less broadcasting power to transmit than voice messages, In addition, even an unclear Morse signal can be interpreted, whereas a distorted voice transmission is virtually useless. The Army annually trains about 2,800 men and women in Morse code fora variety of signal jobs in infantry, arillery, intelligence and even Special Forces. A Morse transmission will ot through when | all else fails, and especially in military conflicts, “he who communicates fst, ao matter how primitively, will come out (0m top.” says Major General Childs In that case, retired railroad telegraph operators wil probably takeover the world. Each evening, the amateu radio ‘waves come alive with the Morse transmissions ofthe retired nalroaders known among themselves as ‘old heads. “I get on the air and use the code every night to chat to old railzoad men,” says Craig Becker, the retired Milwaukee Road telegraph operator who received the railroads final telegraph message in 1985, “There are lot of telegraphers around. Every right you hear them pecking.” Experienced Morse operators say the code isnot so much a clatter of sounds a language because operators don't hear dots and dashes. “You can sit back and hear a conversation,” says Becker. ‘When Morse inaugurated the telograp service in 1844, he Wired from Baltimore to Washington the now-famed message: “What hath God wrought!" Ever since, the death of Morse code has been predicted regularly. However, although the § ‘elegraph has receded from public view, experts say that they cannot envision an end to its use any time soon. “I can cary 3 very small Morse key in my pocket and transmit around the World.” says Burke Stinson, a public relations man for ‘American Telephone & Telegraph Co. “I don’t think you will ever see the Morse code die. It going to be dificult to find nother method that i s flexible and reliable.STRATEGY POINT Get the ist by looking a the ttle an skimming the text Read the question stems rather than the choices) careful. Read the passage thorough, underlining the pars of the text which are relevant to the questions. Select your answer to each question. Bear in mind that answer choices which reproduce sentences or long phrases from the text _are sual distractor ‘Some traps to watch out for: + Some wrong choices are generally tru statements, but they don't answer the question + Some wrong choices are almost correct, except for one word (eg, an adver ke ‘aways’ ‘The reason the writer mentions the possiblity of satellite-based communication systems failing is to ‘A. underline the importance ofa reliable alternative, 8 suggest that satelite communications are unreliable (emphasise the drawbacks of satelite communications. D_ compare Morse to communication satelites. ‘The process of communicating using Morse code {A involves more than transmitting tones Bis tedious even for expationced users. isnotas laborious as people think is simple enough for anyone who can type In the third paragraph, the writer implies that the use of Morse Code is ‘A. old-fashioned, but attracts many enthusiasts. only useful to the armed forces and some hobbyists © being revived by amateur radio operators. often the only way to communicate during a criss, In the fifth paragraph, the writer ‘A. implies that Morse telegraphy developed faster than the raroad BB implies that Morse has survived for so long because of the railroad CC suggests that the railroad developed because of Mosse telegrapty,. D_ explains why Morse telegraphy eventually became redundant, The American military ‘A. needs simple communication methods B_ has recently neglected its Morse capability allows its Forces some Morse equipment. offers traning for recognising distorted Mosse. By saying that retired ralroad telegraph operators will "take over the world”, the writer ‘A. completely changes the focus of hs text. B_ is being sarcastic about Morse telegraphy hobbyists cities the neglect of Morse telegraphy. D_ attempts to give his text a more light-hearted fee 7. The first message to be transmitted in Morse Code ‘A. symbolised the code’s flexibility B_ was used for commercial purposes. © took along time to each its destination. D_ was sent by Samuel Morse himself. Follow-up Qa Read the text again and underine any words associated with communication. Make sentences using the verbs. Explain the words/phrases in bold from the text, then use them in sentences. Use a dictionary if you wish, Suggest synonyms for the highlighted words. 10 Underine the word or phrase which best completes ‘each of the sentences below. 1. The old man groped around/searched about the dimlylit room for his sippers. 2. Iwanted to get up and leave because the speech vias 50 tedious/strenuous. 3 Good letter writing is fast becoming a rare thing’ dying art. 4. The sailor was adrift atfout to sea for four days before he was rescued, 5 The sinking ship sent outa distress message/call 6 The secretary busily pressed/pecked away at the keyboard of her word processor 111 Read the table and answer the following questions. STRATEGY POINT ‘+ When you are asked to explain the meaning of 3 phrase (a in questions 1 and 3 below) orto locate and reproduce information from the passage (as in question 4 below), do son your own words and not by repeating words or phrases fom the text With, backeference questions (lke question 2 below), bear in mind that you may be looking fora oun ora whole cause (eg. it” might referto “the fact that Japaneses ficult to lean"), 1. What does the writer mean by saying that the Morse cade "has survived the assault of higher technology for ‘a century and a half"lines 10-11)? 2. What does the word ‘it’ refer to in the phrase “It is @ seemingly tedious procedure” (lines 16-17)? 3. What does the writer mean by saying that the military ‘are “the most serious users of Morse telegraph” lines 55-56)? 4 What ae the two major advantages of Morse transmissions over voice transmissions, as discussed in Paragraph 6?eT Leye Maeka ey 10 b. Chain story Take | D Facial Expressions 412. The following verbs are used to describe facial expressions, Match them to the pictures. Why do you think the people in the pictures fee! the way they do? beam * glare *smirk * frown * wince * grimace The man n photograph &isglaring, may be having an ‘argument with someone. D styles of Communicating 413 & Match verbs from ist Ato adverbs from st B to make collocations. There may be several possible combinations. A: pause retort, «= cheer ile instruct (so) comfortsb_—— shrug B: angry gently abruptly firmly iplomatically indifferently enthusastcaly pause abruptly/ diplomatically /angely ‘tums to continue the story below using verb-adverb combinations from Ex. 13a. Paul Smith had been briefing his coleagues forabout five minutes when he paused abruptly. D coltocations 14, & Fillin information, language report discussion, conversation, speech, words dead, colloquial damaging informative animated heated kind, profound politi, rousing confidential pertinent informal intellectual Use one adjective from each pair to complete each of the sentences. 1. The coach gave a speech this team as they prepared for the game. 2 Thestudents nad afn) discussion ‘on text messaging, whch & one of ther favourte pasties. 3 Despite his lack of formal education, he was perfectly capable of engaging in conversation 4 You must avoid using language when writing a university esay 5 Thank you for your words but telly feel that lan also deserves some praise 6 The factory was closed down after the publication ofthe report 7 tm sony but | am really nat at liberty to revel such information D cloze texts 45. Read the extracts and choose the most suitable ‘word to fillin each gap. Consulta dictionary if you wish. What is each text about? Where could you read it?oer [Locate the grey win cable and 1) cnn it int your wall: mounted telephone 2)... ‘Next, insert the auto-rechargeable battery into the —_— Place the @) and look at the electronic ) nu right It should read “Ready to 6) “O00” using the D ‘Altera few seconds, you should ‘see the message “Ready” on the telephone. Operation “Your cordless phone is toa(n) 8) eevee phone. YOU so the aerial before you use ruse, the acrial 10) oa 1 Athrust 8 plug check Dpush 2 Acatch —B section Cook Djack 3 Aniche — Bgap compartment D void 4 Arecener 8 Chandie D recipient 5 Ascreen Bree Cdisplay D picture 6 APhone 8 Dial 7 Acontrols 8 ke board Daler 8 Auual Ba wentional D typical 9 Adaw Be 1 Dprolong 10 Arecalls 8 retreats Drecoils s a —» f MR MOORE | Fv made Se fer Ms corte sta ter“ (aye Secwnce Be me Vw ey te wey wold ae "materialise out of nowhere. He'd suddenly be standing eat coals arate soasige at ase ant heya urea al few seconds that always seemed like eternity, he would diaper into his office again 1 Asem Bsevere Chim fixed 2 Arash —Beareless Cabupt sharp 3 Ascowing Bjeeting —Csimpating growing 4 Amunch —Bmumble Cmuddle — Drmuster 5 Agaping Bosing —Calancing_Dstaring © commonly confused Words 1G itcle the two suitable words in bold which best complete each sentence correctly. 11 When she saw the spidey, she let out a piercing scream / yelp / shout / shriek 2 When reading, you have more time to appreciate the shadows / subtleties / nuances / tones of meaning than when you're istening, 3 itis sometimes difficult to absorb / interest / ‘capture / comprehend all the necessary information if someone is talking too fast. 4 Some people ike the straightforward / shortcut / modest / minimalist style of Internet conversations 5 | liked her novel, although her verbose / long- winded / elongated / stretched-out style bored me at times. 6 She mumbled / muttered / stuttered / spluttered ‘something under her breath about being bored ‘and walked out ofthe lecture hal 7. His tendency / pitch / expression / tone was sarcastic; he obviously thought very litle of his eagues. '8 | have read through his work and | haven't found any clear / clean / hard / stiking examples of @ ‘ext which is hard to understand D Prepositions (Appendix 1) 17 @ Fillin onor about, then make sentences. 1 argue Sth; 2 be intent ..... sth; 3 boast sth; 4 lecture Poltcs; 5 lecture sb his bad habits; 6 aCt oa.unn Sth; 7 experiment sth; 8 insist sth;9 be excited... sth; 10 comment... sth b. fillin foror from, then make sentences. 1 fear of sth; 2 sb's sake; 3 time to time; 4 the time being; 5 memory, 6 take granted; 7 ow on; 8 sure © Fillin onorin, then make sentences, 1 the premises; 2 uty:3 an island; 4 recession; 5 the name of, 6 leave (not at work); 7 jest; 8 strike 1112 ge Focus D idioms 18 Match A to B to make idiomatic phrases. Then use the phrases to complete the sentences that follow. a 8 mince my of mouth aman of non a secret paint a words by word small tae speak your few words let you of the town making cheap hold my pretty picture the talk mind takis ‘tongue 10 19 He ties to paint a prety picture of being an actor, but he's been unemployed for ix months. If you can promise to be discreet, I'm not going to =I think your behaviour was absolutely disgraceful Let me show you how the fax machine works rather than talk about it. Afterall, | was very angry with him, but | decided to because he's very old ‘The local boy who won the national lottery is (On the rare occasions Arnold speaks, he never says uch; he is We spent mast of our date talking about the weather, and generally . Feel free to about the proposal; | value your opinion, even ifyou disagree ‘This restaurant doesn't advertise; its reputation has grown alone, Choose a word to complete the following sentences and explain the idiomatic phrases in bold. The letter doesn't mention Bob's name, but when you (look/read) between the lines you can tell it's aout him, Its been such a long time since I saw Jo; fm dying 10 (cateh/reach) up with her news. ve really enjoyed my vist. If you ever come to New York, (send/drop) me a line 50 | can retum the hospitality, She had that man’s name on the tip of her (mouth/tongue), but she couldn't remember it Everyone in the office knew about her illness; bad ‘news (spreads/travels) fast b ‘Choose five idioms from Exs. 18 & 19 and write sentences of your own. ‘Hes nota man tomince his words he'ltellyouithe thinks the idea’ no good. D Phrasal verbs (Appendix 2) 200 fillin the gaps with an appropriate particle then ‘explain the meaning of the completed phrasal verbs. a ‘My computer has been acting lately. It keeps crashing, ‘The signal started to break ‘and then: the radio went dead. Negotiations between the two organisations ‘appear to have broken Communication often involves performance: that is, the acting of the roles of transmitter and receiver ‘A computer at the main telephone exchange has broken _ causing big problems, ‘The operator broke conversation to tell me I had an emergency call ‘She broke Jn mid-sentence wien she heard someone enter the room, Several leading members broke from the Party and set up an independent pariamentary bloc. The flu epidemic which has broken in ‘Asia and Europe is caused by a new type of virus D Fixed Phrases 21 Rewrite the following sentences using a fixed peace coating ta ver oc or ek: Use ‘the words in brackets. 1 Mary told her brother to stop behaving so chillishly. (age) Her sister took her aside to tell her what had happened. (news) Ifyou want to convince ther you really are a tough businessman, you'll have to behave lke one. (part) ‘Although it isnot yet making a profit, the company does not owe any money (even) We were told nat to communicate by radio except in an emergency (silence)D Telephone Conversations a. Inpairs, use language from the boxes and follow this outline to act out dialogues about 22.) listen to five extracts from telephone the situations described below. ‘conversations and match them to the situations. call leaving a message ‘eet Speaker tea makings booking Return gretin, introduce news call returning a call Ercoisage8 o conte calla taking a message Che nce ifemation calls ‘canceling an arrangement Exprass surprise fish then b. Match the sentences tothe phone calls (15). ead ‘A mutual acquaintance of yours is getting married to a ‘What can Ido for you? famous pop sta. Vm aftaid I can't make it 7 + A boy you haven't seen since primary school has Ibe at work for another couple of hours. announced that he is going to run for Parliament. Sorry I couldn't talk earlier. Fil be with you in a moment. ‘That's a pty, He should be back any minute now. pass that on for you Give me a ring when you get a chance. How may |help you? Act out the following telephone conversations, Using some of the phrases above, ‘+ make an appointment with your doctor ‘return a telephone call from your boss * cancel a lunch date with a fiend * leave a message on your home answering machine Stiri Medical Centre -how may ihelp you? Hello, would ke D cossip 23. Below are boxes which contain useful language for giving and reacting to surprising news. Iintroducing a Piece of News -—=lExpressing Surprise ‘+ You't never believe this Are you serious? ‘Did you hear about ..? = You'reiokingt ‘= You'l never quess who ‘© Are youheving me on? ‘+ Have youheaed thavabout 2 |* You've got to be kidding! A: HiJenny. B: Oh, hi, Bob. Listen, you'll never quess who Susan's getting marred to! B: Okay tell me more! ‘A: Well Helen tes me that she's getting maried to. B: Areyou serious?.. D Asking for / Promising Discretion 24 With a partner, act out dialogues based on the following situations. Use phrases from the boxes in x. 23, as well as from the boxes below to ask for and promise discretion ‘Asking for Discretion =! Promising Discretion Canyou keepasecret? | + Weneverhad this Keep it unde your hat. conversation Lets keep ths between | » {won't tel a soul courses. + Mylis are sale. Mums the word. 1 Lwon't breathe @ word [Encouraging Somebody to Continue *Go00 + tmallears + Okay, tllme more And then what? ‘Your supenisor has inherited @ milion pounds. He has asked you not t tll anyone, but you just have to share it with your doses colleague * You oveheard 2 comessation at school about your teacher reting. Tel your best fiend, but make sue he keeps ita secret. ‘+A pesson you both know is going to many someone without hisher parents knowing. Discuss it with your rneighbous, but make sure the news doesn't spread. ‘A neighbour has been arrested for tax evasion. Tell your frend in stictest confidence 13Listening & Speaking 25, a. You are applying forthe post of Executive b. Complete the phrases (1-4) about yourself. Use ‘Assistant ina large organisation. Which of the the words/phrases below if you wish. following would you choose to wear? Why? + gaze upward « wide-eyed « point accusingly * scruffy jeans © lounge suit © tie-dye Tshirt * frown + touch chin with hand « scratch head * pin-striped suit * trench coat * bomber jacket * baggy cords * tuxedo jacket * fashionable tie * sandals * matching skirt and jacket * low-cut dress * well-poished shoes Obvious, fl were applying forsuch an important position | wouldn't wear a bomber jacket as | would give the interviewer the impression that wos not taking the interview serious Cistening art _ When Fm feeling aeous, | (B) Now listen to the recording and match the On the rare occasions that Hlase my tempat “Sentences (1-6) to the speakers. Write (5) for When fm confused by someting Sandra, (H) for Harry or (8) for both f they agree Whenever Tm dep in thought, tend to 11 Although the candidates are quite different, they are both well qualified. Listening - Part 2 2. Allyson is probably a shy person. 3 Michele's mode des wes mare 27) You ae going to listen to part ofa radio Programme about ‘Impression Management’ Listen approprate : . 4 The difference in experience between and complete the following sentences with a word the candidates s negligible 0 short phase 5 The decision has to be made based on the ‘general impression each candidate gave, #6 Poviegeand geckanerens pamnough Impression management is the scence of to base a decision on. : ft appropriately to another person's body language. {An open posture involves a speaker standing What would be the accepted norm regarding dress in your country in the following ei a Teneic + attending an interven for ajo 2s Personal ope poe re Asta (4) + attending an ofa ceremony Crossed egsand [ET] arms Hr ele ore characte of Cael pane Aegis ‘A dosed posture suggests that the persons ata of * socialising with friends 5 4. Discuss the following sayings. hen listening indicates that the person is accepting what you are saying, and ‘Clothes don't make the man. that he s ready to [7 «First impressions last affirmatively ‘When someone stares atthe ceiling, it may be a good 26 2 What impression do you get from someone ideato[6] ______] fraltveorend during a conversation if they are: ‘the discussion. + laring forward towards you? Cbsarvatons of people unde [BT] + leaning aay fom ou? have shown that mos fv donot undtand the + staring atthe ceiling? basics of impression management. 1428 2. Read the following sentences and say how they are related. Then try to explain the underlined phrases. Growing up ina multilingual society must be interesting Latin and Ancient Greek ate considered to be dead languages Esperanto is a constructediplanned language. English has become the lingua franca of the ‘modern world. ‘Asa native sgeaker of French, she has an advantage (over non-native speakers Naot STRATEGY POINT Read through the queston stems and underline the key words before you stat listening, Listen to the piece once and make your choices. Lsten again to check your answers. Part3 You are going to listen to an interview with @ “Tinguist about a language called Esperanto, Listen and answer questions (1-5). 1. Zamenhof invented his language because he felt ‘A. there was too much linguistic rivalry, B familiar languages hed been rejected it would promote world understanding so many languages were dying out 2 The first book written on Esperanto A. was of an academic nature B_ was writen very quickly. C was published by a student. D concerned medical matters, 3. The name of the language, Esperanto, A canbe translated as inspiration’ B_ was orginally a book tile was Zamenhots pen name. changed several times. 4 Bahasa Indonesian A is widely spoken in Holland B_ was created by a language specialist Chas been used in fl. was intended to be an international language. 5 Compared with other planned languages, Esperanto is A more effective B inferior. better known, D_ more personal Speaking - Part 2 D speculating 29 @ With 2 partner, look at pictures A and D. How do the people in the pictures feel, and what might have made ther feel this way? Useful language: Speculating #1 can't say for certain, but | believe * Its dificult to say for sure, butt looks as though ‘can't be postive, but he might have ‘It hard to tell from the picture, but they could be SD vatuating GD 'b. Now look at all the pictures. Imagine they come {rom a photographic exhibition entitled ‘Talk is Good for the Sout’. Together, decide on the two pictures which best exemplify the importance of being able to talk to loved ones. Say why the ‘other pictures don't do their job very well Useful langua + alto see the point of picture * icture dows nat show... quite as dearly as * Picture .s by far the best to show All the pictures ae interesting, but -valuating esastronger ea of D suggesting alternatives ‘Suggest two other photographs which you ‘would like to have seen in the exhibition. What ‘would their themes be, and what would they have added to the exhibition as a whole? Useful language: Suggesting Alternatives ‘Perhaps if there were a picture shonang + Acute showing .. would ilustrate the aspect of Ii suprised theres no picture showing A picture of .. would gt the message across more efficient, @ Usten to two students doing the speaking tasks ** above. How simiar were their ideas to yours?” 4Reading Reading - Part 3 16 BO What does the ttle of the article refer to? How do you think the Internet evolved? Read the article to check. Seven ‘paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose, from paragraphs A-H on the opposite page, the one which fits each gap (1-7) The first one has been done for you. There is one paragraph which you do not need to use, In the summer of 1968, experts at the RAND Corporation, America’s foremost Cold War think tank, were considering a strange strategic problem. How could the US authorities successfully communicate after a nuclear war? No matter how thoroughly a network was armoured or protected, its switches and wiring would always be vulnerable to bombs, An attack could reduce any conceivable network to tatters. 7 o The principles were simple, All the nodes in the network ‘would be equal in status, each with its own authority to te, pass and receive messages. ‘The messages themselves would be divided into packets. Each packet would begin at some specified source node, and end at some other specified destination node. It would wind its way through the network on an individual bass 2 This excited and intrigued many, because it did sound like a theory for an indestructible network. In the autumn of 1969, the first node was installed in UCLA. By December 1969, there were four nodes on the infant network, which was named ARPANET, after its Pentagon sponsor (the Advanced Research Projects Agency). An added bonus was that scientists and researchers could share one another's computer facilities from a great distance away. This was a very handy service, for computer time was precious in the early "70s. In. 1971 there were fifteen nodes in ARPANET; by 1972, thirty- seven nodes. And it was good. 3 ‘The invention of the mailing list followed naturally. This was an ARPANET broadeasting technique in which an identical message could be sent automatically to large ‘numbers of network subscribers. Interestingly, one of the first really big. mailing lists was S," for science fiction fans. Discussing science fiction on the network was not work-related and was frowned upon by many ARPANET computer administrators, but this didn't stop it from happening, How the Internet Became a Big Boy a As early as 1977, TCPAP was being used by other networks to link to ARPANET. ARPANET itself remained faisly tightly controlled, at least until 1983, ‘when its military segment broke off and became MILNET, But TCP/IP linked everyone to everyone else, And ARPANET itself, though it was growing, became a smaller and smaller neighbourhood amid the vastly growing constellation of other linked machines 3 In 1984 the National Science Foundation got into the act. The new NSFNET set a blistering pace for technical advancement, linking newer, faster, shinier supercomputers through thicker, faster links, upgraded and expanded, again and again, in 1986, 1988 and 1990. And other ‘government agencies leapt in: NASA, the National Institures of Health, the Department of Energy, each of them maintaining their own digital kingdom in the Internet confederation. A mere twenty years had passed since the invention of the ARPANET, but few people remembered it now. 6 ‘The Internet's pace of growth in the early 19905 was spectacularly ferocious, at some point achieving a monthly growth of 20%%. The number of host’ machines with direct connection to TCP/IP doubled every year from 1988 to 1997. The Internet moved out ofits original base in military and research institutions, into elementary and high schools, as well as into public libraries and the ‘commercial sector and, of course, into millions of homes. 7 ‘And so the story goes. The real Internet ofthe future ma bear very little resemblance to today’s, or even today’s predictions, Predictions have never seemed to have much to do with the seething, fungal development of the Internet. After all, today’s Internet bears little resemblance 10 those original grim plans for RAND's post-holocaust command grid. I's fine and happy irony.STRATEGY POINT Read through the whole ofthe gapped text. Get a general idea ofthe tet. ‘+ Read again and focus on one gap at a time. Look ‘carefull atthe paragraphs before and after the gap, * Go through the jumbled paragraphs and try to find ‘the one that fits the gap. Discourse markers (a9 reference words, tine words and linking words) may help, but text organisation, cohesion and coherence are more important ‘+ Once you have inserted a paragraph in a gap, read ‘the three paragraphs (before and after to see ithe text flows. + IF you cannot find the answer fora gap, move on and return to ilater. *+ Be flexble: be prepared to change your answers later if necessary, By the second year of operation, however, an odd fact became clear. ARPANET's users had warped the computer-sharing network into a dedicated, igh-speed, federally subsidised electronic postal service. The main traffic was not long-distance computing, but news and personal messages. All these sourees of conflict remain in a stumbling balance today, and the Internet, so far, remains in a thrivingly anarchical condition. Once upon a time, the NSFNET's high-speed, high-capacity lines were known as the ‘Internet Backbone’, and their owners ‘could rather lord it over the rest ofthe Internet; but today there are ‘backbones’ in Canada, Japan, and, Europe. As the "70s and 80s advanced, other entire networks fell into the digital embrace of this ever-growing web of computers. Since TCP/IP was public domain, and the basic technology was decentralised and rather anarchic by its very nature, it was difficult to stop people from barging in and linking up. In fact, nobody really wanted to stop them from joining this branching complex of networks, which came to be known as the Internet’. ‘And how would the network itself be commanded and controlled? Any central authority would be an ‘obvious and immediate target for an enemy mise RAND mulled over this grim puzzle in deep military secrecy, and arrived at a daring solution. In the first place, they would design a network with no central authority. Furthermore, they would design it ‘operate while in tatiers. ‘The ARPA’s original software for communication ‘was known as NCP, ‘Network Control Protocol, but as time passed and the technique advanced, NCP was superceded by a higher-level, more sophisticated standard known as TCP/IP. This software converted messages into streams of packets at the source, then reassembled them back into messages atthe destination. Why did so many people want to be on the Internet? One of the main reasons was simply freedom. The Internet is a rare example of a truly, modern, functional anarchy. There is no “Internet Ine." There are no official censors, no bosses, no board of directors, no stockholders. This virtual freedom, many hold, was the major reason why this form of ‘communication attracted so many users so quickly. G For it had become a happy vietim of its own ‘overwhelming success. Its users scarcely noticed, for ARPANET’S functions not only continued “but steadily improved. The use of TCP/IP standards for computer networking is now global, In 1971, there were only @ handful of nodes in the ARPANET network, Today there are hundreds of thousands of nodes, seattered over virtually every country in the ‘world. Five hundred million people use this gigantic ‘mother of all computer networks, H_ The route that the packet took would be ‘unimportant. Only reaching its final destination would count, Basically, the packet would be tossed like a hot potato from node to node to node, until it ended up in the proper place. If big pieces of the nctwork had been blown away, that simply wouldn't mater Follow-up ‘Answer the following questions. 1 i nt eb uta b rir saan? Dain tong wnpoe norm se 2 Wotennty oe sry neon reo tte Ge 3 ado pahee mentndu i crosses « Berm vy oe - ea wf " 5 Aco othe at axeaanh, what re xs fom the internet of tomorrow?Modal Verbs SS Grammar Reference 31 fillin the gaps with suitable modal verbs. 18 1 Mary has trained 2s private pilot and so she can fy small planes. (ability) 2 Ie looks lke it | rain. We'd better take our umbels: (possibility) 3 When I was litle, |. .- stand on my head. (ability in the past) 4 1 1 borrow some sugar? (asking permission) 5 You pay the rent on the fist working day of each month. (obligation) 6 You 1 see a doctor about those headaches. (advice) 7 You / 1 et or drink in this room. (prohibition) 8 She be only 15 ~ she's a University student. (impossibility) 9 We have started eather ~ we're running very late. (criticism for past actions) 10 1 sive you a lift, if you want. (offer) D key Word Transformations 32_ Rewrite the following sentences using the words in bold type. Do not change the meaning of the original sentence. Use between 3 and 8 words. 1. Becoming a member ofthe library requires you to fill inthis form, must You ‘armember ofthe library. 2 It was his duty to tellus about her resignation, ought = He about her resignation 3 We must reduce the company's outgoings. choice Our reduce the company's outgoings. 4 Anyone can attend the conference. open The conference ssn AYO 5. We must start spending more on advertising alternative We more on advertising, 6 Alan was unfit, and that’s why he didn't finish the couldn't Alan rot fit enough 7 They would have been unable to succeed without Mark's help. been fit not have succeeded. 8 Will Bary be able to play tonight even though he hhas a cold? ability Will Bary's cold affect : play tonight? 9 | found it impossible to accept that Janice and Graham had broken up. couldn't Janice and Graham's terms with 10 You don’t need to water the plants today. necessary it. water the plants today. 33 Look atthe pictures and make as many logical assumptions about each one as possible. Use could, can't might, may and must. Theman inpicture Amusthave... D Word Formation 34. Form adjectives from the following verbs using -able,-ing or ive. You may have to change the form of some words ‘ desie + relax + deanse * respond + die «intrigue ‘invade « strike + conclude + dismiss + commend + avoid » support assert « electri + please 35, Form adjectives from the following nouns using -al,-icor -ous. You may have to change the form ‘of some of the words. * finance » problem «torture * drama «trauma * critics religion «at poson «adventure « surgery + system * dogma « mischet «livery diplomacy + advantage # margin + monster «coast3G Fillin the gaps with words from the ones in capitals. STRONG Both scientific and sociological research D indicate that, although the Internet has ae the way people work, at a more personal level the more olde fashioned ways of communication are not being 3) by the new technologies. 4) to statistics, a person who uses the Net at home to send and receive e-mails talks on the phone for 19 minutes on a Sunday ~ a mere one and a half minutes less than someone who does not use the IMEEM 5) snr Keele University Faychology Professor Tim Baxter says its all to do with how 6) the Internet is, as opposed to the much agreater 7) of the human voice to convey a person's emotions, “Only the greatest writers ‘ean actually put their feelings on paper! he says, “and when people talk to friends or 8). they ‘want them to know how they feel” ‘Things are very different at the workplace. It is estimated that corporate telephone usage in the UK has Faller 9 ninemsn (by more than 40%) since 1995, indicating that the Internet is seen asa more 10).. way to communicate with colleagues. CLEAR FORM ‘THREAT ACCORD DOMESTIC PERSON ABLE ® open cloze “TT 37 Fillin the gaps in the following passage. Use only ‘one word in each gap. \ STRATEGY POINT The tile is thereto give you a general idea ofthe passage Read for gt fst, ignoring the gaps Both grammatical and lexical tems ae tested inthis part. Grammatical items tested include auliany verbs, modals, standard pars of easy recognisable structures (such as ifn conditional sentences) etc. Lescl items tested include parts of fixed phrases (eq. once in a whi), paral structures (eg. onthe cone hand. buranthe eter et. Don't look for dificult words; vocabulary is nt tested here ‘Trying to understand what part of speech a missing word is can sometimes helo, When rshed, read the passage again to check your How Mobile Phones Turn us into Fugitives 1 remember it wel, 0) There was a time in the past when 1 » 0 to lunch without having to answer calls 2) oe MY HOSS, my Wife, my children and my bank manager. There 3). tobe atime when notions 4) as ‘peace’, and ‘privacy’ actully tha aliteral meaning, And when there was someone that you didn't want to speak to, never mind the reasons, you had the freedom B0t 10 §) nnn nn-nn- Excuses were eas: I vas ‘ut, I was sleeping, the phone was of the hook, and so on. Its all changed. now. 6) ‘of those old defences work. The callers simply come back at you with something like “but didn't you see my unanswered call on your mobile?” 7) out the very phrase for 2 moment: to see one's unanswered call. No running Bn ve from i, fos; you'd have to be deaf and blind tobe able to sit on that old park bench. And even then, if you've got one of those mobile phones 9) have vibration alert, you could stil be infor some trouble. Tm not a technophiobe, F'n really not. Is just that Te 10) svn Shown to be tragically wrong about this 008. T 006 11) ermensnnmnn “US just a fad ~ itll go away.” That was eight years and the seh let pel eel esosoeh Me ern ion Tone bette ee ee eee tad they looked eieou fo crtoue eb. Now i io Oe may ro 1 you cont have a mobile phone, gram Youre he 1S) ne Sev out ed ts oka pps teen ete ‘yehcg eo ie ton oer Re nceD Words with Multiple Meanings i. Select one word which is appropriate forall three gaps in each of the following sentences. BG a. Select the best answer- A,B, Cor D- whichis appropriate for al three gaps in each ofthe 16 Under nosmat «your cellar following sets of sentences. phone wil recharge in ess than tity minutes. e There Were SEH ne AN NRE 1» This medication could affect your fathers wil, one of which stated that she you must ony take it before you go to bed ‘would only get the money after she mared + Success motivating your staff eques siting «The schoo! was an old, run-down buiing, a delicate between asserting your ware teachers and cidren had to werk nthe authority and ging praise ros appaling . i it In her bank ‘he could nat emile-she doc In tat be 2+ The easiest way to get from Glasgow to Ayr is by train, but there's also a bus ‘decision Balance Cstatement D abiity east ot bis in the Ministy of Technology has been as an. administrative 2.» Karen and Brad got married last week, in a office. ceremony in London. + Restaurant prices include VAT and i + She never really got along with her cousin, but but most people leave tips for the walters they had aways managed to be to anyway. each other * He objected to the company’s no-smoking rule, 3 * A serious injury during practice aiming that it was an encroachment on his 2 severe blow to his chances of retaining the Hbertes. championship forthe thie yearn succession. Apersonal Bdignified Civ formal eibendaettan ‘eth Sanam businessmen when she worked for Microsoft, so 4: -< Tronlormenesscedia new on Tuestiy, {think she would be useful inthe meeting with the stock market tumbling by 5.4%, oitant mc REC ST + Mark admitted that he had spoken out of... ent aye + the of the century found Europe ina 2 ATlexeongmoten the baby in state of turmoil her arms until he was fast asleep ‘place Bend Cshape tum +A huge explosion Waverley station this moming, and several people are 4 + There is an) invitation for the trade reported to have been injured unions to take part in the negotiations, but they * The shocking revelations about the actress have chosen to ignore it. the Brith showbusiness + Most universities have daysin May 0 world that prospective students and their families can Visit and find out more about the institution eee oe a world attended Or MeBean's seminar ‘Never leave children under 14 alone in a room with af) fire. exposed Bextended Ccommon Dopen * The diver attempted to turn into Brick Lane, bbut he was going too fast to negotiate the safely and smashed into a lamp post * The young politician was inexperienced, but he had several senior party members in his 5S © Under pressure from the opposition, the ‘government decided to calla ‘lection * Not only will keeping fit help you control your weight, but it will aso give you 3 sense of well-being * Latest figures confirm increase in Unemployment despite recent govesrment Ageneral Bmajor — Cround —D full 20D summary writing synonymous phrases and different structures. eto). work 39 Read the texts and the summary question below. The parts of the texts that you need to paraphrase and include in ‘your answer have been underlined and numbered. However, four underlined parts ae irelevant. Find the relevant ‘ones and use them to complete the summary. Letter-writng in France, it seems, s not what it was Feced with an e-generation of youths rendered incapable of penning a decent missive themselves, the ancient profession of public scribe is making a ‘comeback, ‘The Sorbonne University. citing the bad influence ‘on the nation’s epistolatory skills of ungrammatical ‘ils and "txt msgs’ sad yesterday 1) it was launching ‘degree course for professional letter writers ‘After 350 hours of tuition and 400 hours of work experience, twenty-five professional writing graduates. will eave France’s most prestigious university in two yeas" time armed with all the skills necessary for the French 10 communicate with one another by non- clectronic means But teaching people how to waite pretty letersi not the only current linguistic concern in France. Even France's better-educated citizens sometimes need help communicating with the country’s legendary bureaueracy. 2) The civil service minister, Michel Sapin, recently ordered a full overhaul of some 1,600 famously. incomprehensible state forms. 3) He also created the Committee for the Simplification of ‘Adiministrative Language (whose name could itself do With some simplification), which is the fist serious attempt to make French paperwork more user-friendly since 4) Francois the First dropped Latin as the country’s official language in 1539 STRATEGY POINT: Introduction to Summary Writing + Before doing anything, read the summary question careful * Next read the two terts and underine any information which relevant to the summary question. + When werting your summary, avod using exact words from the texts. Always try to paraphrase the infomation, using + Make your summary easy to comprehend by using sequence words (fst finaly et) and linking devices (moreover in addton ao, ‘+ Remember that spling and grammatical mistakes which interfere with communication wil ]ase you pins, so always check your ‘The Phin English Campaign is an independent ‘organisation fighting for crystal-clear language and against jargon and other confusing language. Based in Derbyshire, England its workers define “plain English” as something. that the intended audience can read, Understand and ac upon the fist ie they read it They ‘ake into account design and layout as wall a language. 5) The premise chat people have the right to ‘understand language which affects thelr Inet pivotal in she Bin English Campaign, Because people need to be able co make informed decsions about money and the law, the Campaign tries to make sure that the government. as wel as large commercial organisations Use Pain Engish in ll kind of public information, such as forms, leafs agreements 2nd contracts. ‘The Campaign does more than 6) critics he use of ‘confusing language: 7) taining courses for writers of ‘fia forms are avalale (ranging from one-dy events hel in hotels all over England to Pain English Diploma courses which take about a year to complete), and 4) they also act. a a pressure group forthe enforcement f_she_statement_in_the_FirTerms_in_Consumer = Jations which says that carme in publ In between 50 and 70 words, and using your own words as far as possible, summarise what, according to the texts, isbeing done about the simplification of offial forms and documents in France and England. In France, the government In adaition, i In England, the Pain Englsh Campaign offers .. a5 well as trying to make sure that public documents 21Writing: Expressing your opinion / COPINION-BASED WRITIN Many writing tasks ask you to express your opinion on one ‘or more issues. In particular, pinion-based writing can be found in artides, reviews, essays and letters to the pressfauthoites. When veiting, the folowing factors shouldbe remembered Relevance ~ it is esenial that you address all the main points inthe rubric + Target reader and style — the style of writing used should ways be appropriate to the readers) + Organisation ~ usually you start a new paragraph wth each new opinion. Each opinion should be stated early using a topic sentence. Supporting sentences Should then be added to explain andr give exapes. I believe thot mobile phones are 0 tremendously uefa inven ese Norn do they enable yout tay in tuch wherever ou are but they ae ako ndspensablein emergencies = If er example, your car recs down ina rete plac, you coulduse your able tocar hep. ="! + Linking ~ you should make use of inking words and phrases, such as frthermore, however contest inthis way, in oder to cannect your ideas D Understanding the Rubric Read the rubric below, paying careful attention to ‘the underlined words and phrases. Then answer the questions that follow, © A magazine for students of English has ited readers @ 0 send in articles for a feature entitled ‘Are-e-mais ‘and text messages destroying the language?’ Wirte your ate fo the feature, giving yout opinion, Your ‘article should make reference tothe effect that emails have on such thin i a. What do you have to write? What kind of publication are you writing for? Who are the target readers? What style is appropriate? «. Tick the boxes below to show which of the points are relevant to the question. Try to suggest other points of your own. When sending text messages and e-mails, people do not always use correct grammar. Writing correctly isnot so important as getting the message across, Text messages and emails are more fun than 22. letters D Analysing the Model Linking Words & Phrases 41 @ Read the model and fillin the gaps with the appropriate liking word or phrase. Then suggest your own alternatives. * for instance «first ofall «finally «to sum up + secondly « particularly by this | mean ARE E-MAILS AND WA NESSES Technology has undoubtedly brought about a revolution in communication. Most people would agree that this has been a positive development. Recently, hhowever, there has been concem over the negative effect that modern methods of communication are having on the English language. 1) ce von » the increasing use of e-mails and text messages is changing the way We use grammar. 2) verwnnnwmnnenen hat certain words are dropped in forder to keep messages short. In my view, this cannot be avoided, Ina text message, 3) there is neither the time nor the space to write complete sentences. The same applies to e-mails, which are supposed to be a shorter, more direct form of communication. In both cases, the need to be brief often means that the grammar is changed in some way. 4) . it is fashionable nowadays to shorten the spelling of words, 5) text messages. One example of this is when people write *CU later instead of ‘See you later’. To purists or to people who are not used to sich abbreviations, this might be seen as a threat 10 the language. To my mind, it simply shows that the language is changing in much the same way as it has done for centuries. 6 1 in my opinion, writing English correctly is not so important as getting the message across. If, for example, you send someone an e-mail or a text message telling them to meet you in a specified place ata certain time, making yourself understood is much more important than your grammar and spelling. As far ‘as I am concemed, we should allow a certain amount of flexibility. Not everyone has a perfect command of the language but that should not stop them from being able tocommunicate. 1) vnsnsnn renee y the effect that e-mails and text messages are having on written English is a significant fone. This may, in the future, result in major changes 10 the language. However, we should not let rules get in the way of communication. After all isn’t that the reason language was developed in the first place ~ so that we ‘could communicate?