Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Review of the effects of low-velocity impact events on advanced

fiber-reinforced polymer composite structures
Megavannan Mani a,⇑, M. Thiyagu a, Pradeep Kumar Krishnan b
a
Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamilnadu 602105, India
b
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 2322, CPO Seeb 111, Al Hail, Oman

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Most typical polymer composite materials have the weakest impact characteristics observed in Low-
Available online xxxx Velocity Impact (LVI) events. As a result, typical polymer composite materials are reinforced to improve
their proper application attributes. The Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite (FRPC) materials must be
Keywords: converted to enhanced polymer composite structures, such as incorporating nanoparticles and selecting
Low-Velocity Impact appropriate lamination techniques to improve the composite structure impact strength of the polymer
Polymer composite materials. The matrix layer was created using a variety of lamination processes. The hybridization tech-
Nanoparticles
niques with the inclusion of filler material into polymer composite structures were used to produce bet-
Mechanical Characteristics
Functionalization
ter results in impact kinetics for the composite structures. The quasi-static mechanical sequence
approach was used to improve the LVI properties of FRPC. The inclusion of nano-filler particles in polymer
composites to reduce obvious low-velocity impact damage during low-velocity accidents or events is the
subject of this review. This investigation aims to explore if conventional fiber materials with obvious low-
velocity impact damage might be enhanced to overcome the effects of advanced FRPCs.
Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Advancements in Materials and Manufacturing.

1. Introduction tures [2]. Several publications state that [3,4], carbon/kevlar/basa

Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite (FRPC) materials are gen-
erally available in numerous industries because of their greater
strength, flexibility, greater corrosion resistance, and low density.
The laminations of composite layers are made up of a stacking
sequence approach and a quasi-static approach. Both techniques
are important for laminating the reinforced composites to optimize
the properties of advanced polymer composites (polymer-based
fiber/epoxy) to protect against low-velocity impact accidents dur-
ing low-velocity impact events. In advanced polymer composite
laminates (fiber/epoxy-based) different lamination layers were
formed based on their required applications in a laminate of the
polymer. The lamination structure, the intermediate layer,
improves the impact absorption strength, shear strength, flexural
strength and punch shear strength [1].
In general, conventional polymer composite lamination tech-
niques are not sufficient to maintain the viscoelastic properties
at low-velocity events. In such a case, hybrid lamination methods
are employed to enhance the qualities of polymer composite struc-
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: megavannanm4011.sse@saveetha.com (M. Mani).
lt/glass/epoxy hybrid polymer composites have the highest load-
bearing capability, and kevlar/epoxy composites have the highest
glass transition and viscoelastic properties when compared to
other hybrid polymer composites. The polymer composite lamina-
tion layer resin-rich area of the composite structure was enhanced
by the addition of a nano filler with suitable epoxy, and enhanced
polymer composite materials prevent the propagation of voids due
to their high lamination bonding properties [5,6].
The effects of lamination bonding properties depend upon the
different epoxy with the additional amount of nanoparticles, and
if the burden is suddenly used to enhance the lamination structure,
the structure exposes the high strain rate between the lamination
of layers of polymer composite structures [7], with the highest
stiffness property and strain energy rate in the laminate layers
occurring when the ply angles change between the lamination lay-
ers. In fiber-metal polymer composites, the fiber is placed between
the intermediate layer and the target layer to get higher energy
absorption owing to the LVI crisis [8,9], as well as the plateau
direction of the lamination layers of polymer composites, which
exhibits the stiffness rate concerning direction pitch angle. It
causes problems near the edge, and the edge lamination layer is
not easily affected compared to conventional composite materials
[10,11]. Based on the various process methodologies involved in

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.255
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Advancements in Materials and Manufacturing.

Please cite this article as: M. Mani, M. Thiyagu and P. Kumar Krishnan, Review of the effects of low-velocity impact events on advanced fiber-reinforced
polymer composite structures, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.255
M. Mani, M. Thiyagu and P. Kumar Krishnan Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Table 1 Lists the materials employed, the amount of energy used, and the impact [23].

S. References Composite Materials Energy Level Indender

No
1. (Wang et al., 2018) Carbon Polyphenylene 5, 15, 25, & 35 J Hemispherical
12.7 mm dia
2. (Ravandi et al., 2017) Flax/epoxy stitched composites 19.6 J – non perforation 44.6 J – full Hemispherical
perforation 12.7 mm dia
3. (Dogan and Glass/epoxy Glass/polypropylenePVCfoamsandwich 25, 50, 75, 100, & 125 J Hemispherical
Arikan, 2017) composites 12.7 mm dia
4. (Hung et al., 2018 Glass/carbon hybrid epoxy composite with different stacking 6, 8, & 10 J Hemispherical
sequence 16 mm dia
5. (Dhakal et al., 2018) lax unsaturated polyester composites 25, 27, & 29 J Hemispherical
19.8 mm dia
6. (Bandaru et al., 2017) Kevlar/basalt hybrid polypropylene composites 25, 50, & 75 J Hemispherical
12.7 mm dia
7. (Razali et al., 2014) Types of glass fiber epoxy composites 14, 28, 42, & 56 J Hemispherical
10 mm dia
8. (Dehkordi et al., Basalt/Nylon Woven Fabric Composites 15, 30, & 45 J Hemispherical
2010) 12.7 mm dia
9. (Sfarra et al., 2013) Basalt fiber composites Glass fiber composites 7.5, 15, & 22.5 J Hemispherical
12.7 mm dia
10. (Soliman et al., 2012) Carbon epoxy MWCNT composites 15, 24, 30, 60, & 120 J Hemispherical
12.7 mm dia

advanced composites and on their desired applications, to with-
stand the physical properties of polymer composites to decrease
penetration dominant damage and buckling damage [12], which
are reduced during LVI impact events, by selecting the correct
polymer material with epoxy, the contribution of toughness char-
acteristics is enhanced in low-velocity damaged particles to
improve the impact resistance factors of their internal properties
of toughness in polymer composite materials [13].
The various types of stacking methods are used to develop the
polymer composite structure. The following Fig. 1 (a, b, c, & d)
shows the stacking technique and direction of fiber orientation.
When a sudden impact occurs on a polymer composite structure,
matrix failure and fiber lamination breakdown occur [14]. Ther-
moplastic lamination resin particles can be used in advanced
polymer composites to improve properties such as high molecular
mass, outstanding impact strength, and excellent energy dissipa-
tion between the lamination layers with the insertion of nanopar-
ticles and resin-based composite structures’ integral compounds
[15].
Consider that the effect of the energy absorption capacity of
advanced composite materials is high at room temperature com-
pared to 600 °C, where the maximum temperature transition is
influenced by the impact strength. The impact characteristic
reaches a temperature scale of (-200 °C to 600 °C), and hybrid lam-
ination structures offer a higher rigidity attribute when compared
to other lamination structures [16,17]. The different stacking
sequence methods are also employed to improve the fiber lamina-
tion structure; carbon fiber lamination material is more efficient
than flax fiber lamination material by enriching the low velocity
affected zone; thermoset, and thermoplastic-based laminated
PVC core substances are used in sandwich laminates in the hybrid
composite technique. The thermoplastic lamination structure has a
lower bending thickness than the thermoset lamination structure
in the sandwich laminate composite [18].

Fig. 1. Different types of Polymer fabrics with integral compounds. (a) Represents the plain woven fabrics only, (b) Represents the plain woven fabrics with hybrid core
materials, (c) Represents the plain woven fabrics with different hybrid materials, (d) Represents the pure woven fabrics (Non hybrid) [14].

2
M. Mani, M. Thiyagu and P. Kumar Krishnan
The sandwich thermoset composite structure has a higher den-
sity and greater rigidity and stability in low-velocity impact
response than the thermoplastic sandwich structure, but its defor-
mation properties are inferior [19]. These responses are compli-
cated in dynamic conditions. The cross-ply orientation
lamination phenomenon technique aids in the improvement of
mechanical, delamination, and matrix expansion properties under
repeated low-velocity impact events [20]. Because of these bene-
fits, sandwich FRPCs are also used in combination with polymer
composite structures, and Kevlar fiber reinforced polymer struc-
tures are more efficient when combined with other polymer struc-
tures. Thermoplastic polymer reinforced structures with inter and
intralaminar properties outperform thermoset polymers [21,22].
2. Low-velocity impacts
During low-velocity impact testing, three sorts of reactions are
common: penetration, intrusion, and rebounding phenomena [23].
The impact’s energy is insufficient to damage the sample, causing
the impact to bounce and hit or, on the other hand, cause some
impact energy to be transferred to the specimen, causing it to be
damaged. The strike in this situation distributes all of its energy
to the sample. The energy of the impact is sufficient to penetrate
entirely through the specimen in the perforation phenomena,
and some energy is squandered owing to friction between the
specimen and the impact, which symbolizes the many types of fail-
ure that occurred during the LVI.
3. Low-velocity impacts on FRPCs structures
In light of the fact that reinforcement only offers load-carrying
processes, the use of composites has a significant advantage for
identifying failures in composites. Carbon fiber is one of the
high-strength fibers used in ballistic applications. The low-
velocity impacts of basalt and glass fiber polymer composites
are contrasted, as well as composites made by a layering pro-
cess as shown in Fig. 2. Basalt and carbon fiber reinforced polymer
composites outperform LVI performance due to their increased
Fig. 2. Experimental set-up for LVI impact test setup [27].
3
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
rigidity [24]. Carbon fiber composites made from recycled materi-
als were also compared to processed-recycled reused carbon fiber
composites and pure carbon fiber composites. During impact, vir-
gin carbon fiber composites demonstrated improved damage pre-
vention, better residual strength, and a lower failure angle of
shear. An ultrasonic C scan, photography, and SEM were once uti-
lized to analyze the damaged material. The orientation of the fibers
is chosen to optimize the composite characteristics [25].(See
Figs. 3-9).
The fiber orientation influences the parameters of polymer
composites, as well as basalt-fiber polyester composites with three
distinct fiber orientations were created, and among them, three 0°
laminated composites outperformed the laminates, both plain-
woven and laminates with cross-ply in terms of LVI. Investigators
have concentrated on fiber metal laminates as a substitute for
improving their properties [26], and the effects of fiber metal lam-
inate composites using glass fiber made by the manual laminate
method with different layer thicknesses and various orientations
were examined in the polymer composites. Based on the results
of fiber orientation, 90 orientation layers are very efficient. The
results of interlaced glass fiber composites plus reinforcements
made with different fraction volumes using VBT revealed It was
found that a fraction volume of 43–44 percent provided higher
impact resistance than that investigated by Sharma et al. [27].
The combination of polymer structures with varied mass pro-
portions on the LVI characteristics of the resulting polymer struc-
ture was investigated. The combination of polymer composites
with 25% kenaf fiber and 25% glass fiber has the maximum tensile
strength, and these polymer materials are assessed in LVI impact
reactions. The glass-kenaf fiber combination was evaluated at var-
ious energy levels, including 10 J, 20 J, 30 J, and 40 J. Based on the
combination of various polymer architectures, the impact energy
of 40 J was shown to have the maximum energy absorption capa-
bility [28].
4. Effects of nano particles in FRPCs on LVI
Due to their lightweight, rigidity, and toughness, nanoparticles
play a significant role in advanced FRPC, as high fracture toughness
enhances the composite by adding the appropriate percentage of
nanoparticles to reinforce the application structures during LVI,
and the use of nanofillers is based on morphological, micro struc-
tural, and mechanical properties.
These nanoparticles are available in organic and inorganic nat-
ure, such as nanoparticles, nano clay, and nano emulsions. The use
of different micro particles as reinforcing materials in polymers
increases their properties. The nanoparticles were added to the
composite material in various percentages, and the polymer matrix
hybrid composites, jute, carbon, kevlar, and others were mixed in
the sheet shape into several layers, as necessary to manufacture
hybrid polymer matrix composites. Reinforced hybrid polymer
matrix composites can be made via hand lay-up, compression
molding, spray lay-up, and other procedures [29]. The schematic
representation of making a nano-reinforced composite process is
shown in Fig. 3.
Abu-Okail et al. [30] investigated the effects of alumina nano
particle dispersion techniques used to improve material strength
and also discussed the high-frequency sonication technique used
to improve the qualities of the carbon with glass fiber and a com-
bination of FRPC lamination layers with the filler materials being
Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) and Graphene Nano Platelet (GNP)
respectively, by adding 1.5% and 3% weight fractions. With except
for-glass fiber, carbon fiber, and hybrid, FRPs achieved exceptional
hardness and flexural strength to overcome low-velocity impact
damage, and M. Hassani Niaki et al. [31] investigated the experi-
M. Mani, M. Thiyagu and P. Kumar Krishnan
Fig. 3. Steps involved in making a nano-reinforced composite [34].
Fig. 4. The schematic Environmental chamber setup for Low-velocity impact test
[38].
mental behavior made with basalt fibers with nano clay reinforced
structures, Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (BFRP), with epoxy
resin is used to reinforce clay particles, and poly amine is used to
harden them.
The result of this fiber composite is a structure that improves
the characteristics of reinforced polymer materials during low-
velocity impact events, with astonishing findings of 10% improved
compressive strength, 4.8 percent increased flexural strength, and
41.5 times greater tremendous impact strength and increased ther-
mal stability. The process methodologies of the nano-particles pro-
cedures were plotted.
Jogendra Kumara et al. [32] examined the delamination nano-
composite of carbon fiber composites to improve the machinability
index and thrust force of advanced polymer composites by incor-
porating GO (Graphene Oxide) nanoparticles into the matrix form
of carbon fiber polymer composites to enrich the carbon fiber lam-
inates by increasing the percentage of GO (% wt). By annealing the
4
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 5. Schematic diagram represents the C-scan results at various temperature
regions [38].
carbon fiber with GO laminates, better values of 10.10 and
30.028 N of thrust force were discovered. Smaranika Nayaka
et al. [33] examined the comparison of carbon fibers and found that
the stiffness of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites is not
particularly high, and to improve the stiffness properties of glass
fibers, nano clay is included in the epoxy matrix. To better under-
stand the behavior of the hybrid composites, the weight percent-
ages of nano clay were 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. It was discovered that
a 5% loading of nano clay is the best quantity for increasing all
attributes such as hardness, impact strength, flexural strength,
and specific wear rate. However, when the concentration of nan-
oclays increased, all of the above-mentioned attributes worsened.
Hardness rose by 33.8% at 5% nano clay concentration, impact
strength by 74.8%, flexural strength by 37.6%, and modulus by
37.5% and 37.67%, respectively.
M. Mani, M. Thiyagu and P. Kumar Krishnan
Fig. 6. Experimental test setup for sandwich composite materials. (a)- Represent
flat-wise tensile test & (b)- Represent shear tension test [40].
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram (a & b) results represent the Thermo graphic images at
the delamination region in different samples [42].
Fig. 8. Schematic diagram represents the Finite Element model of the impact point
[1].
5
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Mourad et al. [34] studied the damage assessment of polymer
lamination layers with nanoparticles. Different types of nanoparti-
cles were investigated in this study, and nanofillers were dissemi-
nated in epoxy and a high-frequency ultrasonic process to
strengthen it with the help of the kevlar fabric. The 0.5 wt% carbon
nanotube laminated composite structure had the greatest energy
absorbing capacity, and the use of three distinct nanofillers
improved the damage resistance and energy absorption capabili-
ties of the kevlar/Epoxy structure, and the addition of a small num-
ber of nanoparticles to the Kevlar/epoxy composites successfully
increased the strain rates. Based on the results of the damage
assessment of these polymer composite structures to increase
the nano filler content, the composite output capability was
increased. As a result of these studies, we learn that adding
nanoparticles to polymer composite structures improves their
strength.
5. Effects of temperature in FRPCs structures on LVI
Aviation components are generally made of FRPCs and are sub-
jected to cyclic loads and exposed to variable temperatures over
their useful life. For that purpose, Kakur Naresh et al. [35] studied
the mechanical dynamic characteristics of plain epoxy resin with
the following lamination structures: (0°), (45°), and (90°) carbon/
epoxy composite panels were formed. Carbon fiber sheets with
an asymmetrical orientation of the polymer structure were inves-
tigated. In comparison to the composite laminates, the plain
epoxy samples have lower activation energies, glass transition
temperatures, and higher loss tangents. In comparison to other
laminate designs, CFRP laminates have high storage modulus val-
ues, while other laminates have lower activation energy values.
Khashaba et al. [36] investigated the woven CFRP epoxy com-
posite’s resistance to deterioration over various temperatures,
including ambient temperature ranges. As a result of the weaken-
ing of the polymer matrix structure at higher temperatures (75 °C),
the compressive impact is taken into account with residual
strength, and there is no open iteration. The outcome enhanced
the tension of the composite constructions and demonstrated the
debonding behaviour of the fibre and lamination interfaces. The
findings of the filament-wound carbon/epoxy nanoparticles with
multi-walled carbon nano tubes were compared by utilizing these
structures with a low-velocity impact energy of 15 J and tempera-
ture changes by Kara et al. [37].
According to the results of two distinct carbon-epoxy polymer
composite structures, the multi-walled CNT had the highest con-
tact force values at ambient temperatures, and the efficient inves-
tigation on 15 J and 25 J, the LVI behaviour of woven-carbon
laminates at ambient temperature levels was investigated. The
findings of the temperature indentation increase at the 15 J energy
version only apply to other energy levels. The impact of the tem-
perature of FRPC on various temperature scale responses in LVI
events, as well as these, was investigated by Wang et al. [38].
The schematic representation of the environmental chamber and
C-scan techniques is shown in Figs. 4 & 5.
6. Effect of sandwich composites on LVI
The most common material is foam, and it’s used as a core
material in fibre-reinforced polymer structures because it has
excellent mechanical qualities, both dynamic and static, and sev-
eral polymers are used to make foam. Kaoa et al. [39] built bi-
material structures consisting of a lattice framework and polyur-
ethane (PU) foam. This paper explores the foam volume, density,
and plate thickness employed to determine the LVI of foam com-
posites. The core density and thickness are more important criteria
M. Mani, M. Thiyagu and P. Kumar Krishnan
Fig. 9. E-glass/epoxy comparison with various hybrid composites: a) tensile stress–strain curves, b) flexural stress–strain curves, and c) puncher load–displacement curves
are shown [3].
for making composite sandwich structures. Based on these criteria,
the system exhibited strength, deflection, and energy-absorbing
capacity in LVI events. Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding
formed three different sandwich composites with a VC foam-
based hybrid polymer composite structure with the most excellent
mechanical properties discussed [40].
The flexural strength findings were displayed, and the basalt/
epoxy hybrid sandwich lamination layer had the maximum
strength compared to other sandwich laminations. The sandwich
composite with the best mechanical qualities underwent rapid
artificial ageing following ASTM C-481 specifications. The study’s
findings will aid in developing the most incredible sandwich com-
posite material used in aviation applications.The sandwich com-
posite test arrangement is shown in Fig. 6.
Hybrid polymer composites are made up of at least two ele-
ments to get the benefits of each ingredient in the final material.
Making hybrid composites reduces material costs while increasing
strength and creating environmentally acceptable products. Fibre
hybridization is a method of toughening polymer composite mate-
rials, which enhances impact resistance. Low-velocity impact poses
a danger to composites since it generates a variety of internal dam-
ages and complicated failure processes, resulting in a significant
loss in the composite structural qualities. It is vital in the aerospace
sector to learn more about low-velocity impacts to forecast the
onset and progression of such damage [41].
A glass/carbon fiber-enhanced composite was developed to
improve the properties of fibers. Polymer composite E-glass and
plain carbon fiber layers are layered in various sequences. The
hybrid composites were looked into for multiple degrees of energy,
and the usage of upper and lower layers of the composites was
made of carbon fiber, contributing to minimizing the dimensions
of the impact and the material deflection. Thermo graphic imaging
6
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
is a non-destructive assessment technique to detect composite
deteriorationand the thermo-graphical techniques is shown in
Fig. 7 [42]. Bandaru et al. [1] developed three-dimensional
Kevlar/basalt-reinforced polypropylene hybrids with angle inter-
locking with the help of vacuum-assisted compression moulding
technology.
The three types of composites with kevlar, Basalt, and hybrid
three-dimensional structures were examined with the energy level
set at 120 J for all composites. The basalt/kevlar hybrid composite
with thread weft exhibited the highest strength of the pure basalt/
para-aramid structure and the finite element model is shown in
Fig. 7.
Hybridization methods are an effective lamination technique
for enhancing polymer composite structures in many aviation
applications. Diverse stacking sequence techniques with nanopar-
ticles in advanced materials were used because different polymer
materials were used simultaneously. The hybridization of quasi-
stacking sequence analysis of three distinct stacking composites
was researched and compared with E-glass/Epoxy lamination by
A. Vasudevan et al. [3]. Kevlar and carbon laminates outperform
E-glass and epoxy laminates among these three hybridizations.
The E-glass/epoxy comparison with various hybrid composites
are illustrated in FIg. 9 (a-c)
The results of the different stacking sequence concept layers are
plotted in a graphical curve representation. These values are com-
pared to E Glass/epoxy values in terms of the tensile strength
(Mpa) vs. tensile strain rate (Mpa), flexural strain (percent) vs flex-
ural strength (Mpa), and deformation (mm) versus force (N). Hung,
P. et al. [41] studied the LVI effect response of carbon/glass fiber
reinforced polymer composite structures. Here, the hybrid com-
posite with carbon/glass fiber damage and impact responses was
assessed for impact load owing to LVI events. The findings of the
M. Mani, M. Thiyagu and P. Kumar Krishnan
carbon/glass fiber top and bottom layers were studied using
Thermo graphic techniques, and the results showed that the bot-
tom layers influence the top and bottom layers’ strengths..
Hybrid composites have the maximum toughening strength
based on hybrid polymer lamination structures, the numerous pro-
cesses engaged in polymer composite processes, and the outcomes
of diverse fibers.
7. Conclusions
The LVI properties of fiber composites, a combination of com-
posites, and metal laminate composites were the focus of this
review research. The advancement of novel structural materials
used in the vehicle and aircraft sectors was the focus of the low-
velocity impact analysis. Based on the findings of this review
paper, investigate the various types of polymer composite fibers.
The effects of polymer composites in different temperature
regions, the effects of nanoparticles, sandwich composite effects,
the effects of hybrid polymer composites, and the improvement
of LVI were studied.
The following are the conclusions of this review:
 LVI enrichment may be achieved by proper fiber selection. For
applications with a ballistic character, high-strength synthetic
fiber is always a preferable choice. Fiber breakage, delamina-
tion, and matrix fracture all contribute to the failure of single-
fiber composites.
 Metal laminate composites have the potential to be a viable
replacement for high-strength fiber. Inter-facial bonding is the
most important problem in metal laminate composites, which
means the most prevalent failure mode is delamination.
 Nano particle reinforcement enhances low-velocity impact
strength in polymer composites.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Reference
[1] E. Mohan, G. Anbuchezhiyan, R. Pugazhenthi, F.P. Prakash, Wear Behavior of
Brass Based Composite Reinforced with SiC and Produced by Stir Casting
Process, Materials Research 26 (2023) e20220196.
[2] A. Vasudevan, S. Senthil Kumaran, K. Naresh, R. Velmurugan, K. Shankar,
Advanced 3D and 2D damage assessment of low-velocity impact response of
glass and Kevlar fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites, Adv. Mater. Process.
Technol. 4 (3) (2018) 493–510, https://doi.org/10.1080/
2374068x.2018.1465310.
[3] A. Vasudevan, S. Senthil Kumaran, K. Naresh, R. Velmurugan, Experimental and
analytical investigation of the thermo-mechanical responses of pure epoxy and
carbon/Kevlar/S-glass/E-glass/epoxy interply hybrid laminated composites for
aerospace applications, Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact. 23 (7) (2018) 591–605,
https://doi.org/10.1080/1023666x.2018.1468599.
[4] V. Alagumalai, V. Shanmugam, N.K. Balasubramanian, Y. Krishnamoorthy, V.
Ganesan, M. Försth, O. Das, Impact response and damage tolerance of hybrid
glass/Kevlar-fiber epoxy structural composites, Polymers 13 (16) (2021) 2591,
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13162591.
[5] G. Anbuchezhiyan, N.M. Mubarak, R.R. Karri, M. Khalid, A synergistic effect on
enriching the Mg–Al–Zn alloy-based hybrid composite properties, Sci. Rep. 12
(1) (2022) 20053.
[6] Saravanan, R., Anbuchezhiyan, G., Mamidi, V. K., & Kumaran, P. (2022).
Optimizing WEDM parameters on nano-SiC-Gr reinforced aluminum
composites using RSM. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2022.
[7] Anbuchezhiyan, G., Saravanan, R., Pugazhenthi, R., Palani, K., & Mamidi, V. K.
(2022). Influence of Coated Electrode in Nanopowder Mixed EDM of Al–Zn–
Mg–Si 3 N 4 Composite. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2022.
7
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
[8] S. Karthikeyan, B. Mohan, S. Kathiresan, G. Anbuchezhiyan, A study on in-vitro
behaviour of stainless steel 316L subjected to rotational magnetorheological
abrasive flow finishing process, Surf. Topogr. Metrol. Prop. 10 (3) (2022)
035037.
[9] L. Tharanikumar, B. Mohan, G. Anbuchezhiyan, Enhancing the microstructure
and mechanical properties of Si3N4–BN strengthened Al–Zn–Mg alloy hybrid
nano composites using vacuum assisted stir casting method, J. Mater. Res.
Technol. 20 (2022) 3646–3655.
[10] S.S. Babu, C. Dhanasekaran, G. Anbuchezhiyan, K. Palani, Parametric analysis
on drilling of aluminium alloy hybrid composites reinforced with SIC/WC, Eng.
Res. Express 4 (2) (2022) 025036.
[11] A. Jaswanth, G. Anbuchezhiyan, Analyzing the surface roughness of WC
particulate hardened MMCs with Al-Mg-Cr alloys, J. Pharma. Neg. Results
(2022) 310–318.
[12] G. Anbuchezhiyan, R. Saravanan, R. Pugazhenthi, V. Rathinam, M. Nagireddy,
Reconnoitering the influence of nanofluid of Nano-alumina particles enriched
waste coconut oil in machining SAE 1045 shaft on modification surface finish,
Mater. Today:. Proc. 64 (2022) 661–666.
[13] A. Jaswanth, G. Anbuchezhiyan, Interrelating the breaking strength of novel
nano tungsten carbide reinforced aluminium alloy composites with Al-Mg-Cr
alloy, J. Pharma. Neg. Results (2022) 113–122.
[14] P. Balamurali, S. Karthikeyan, G. Anbuchezhiyan, R. Pugazhenthi, in:
Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Cryogenically Treated
Titanium Grade-2 Alloy in Electrical Discharge Machining, Springer Nature
Singapore, Singapore, 2022, pp. 107–119.
[15] R.S. Kumar, G. Anbuchezhiyan, Comparative investigation of tensile strength
and hardness of coir powder blended GFRP and aluminium oxide powder
blended GFRP against GFRP–A novel approach, Mater. Today:. Proc. (2022).
[16] B. Srihari, G. Anbuchezhiyan, Comparative investigation of impact strength
and water absorption characteristics of novel grass powder blended GFRP and
jute fibre blended GFRP with plain GFRP, Mater. Today:. Proc. 69 (2022) 1061–
1065.
[17] M.R. Kumar, G. Anbuchezhiyan, Comparative study of flexural strength and fire
resistance of novel eggshell powder blended GFRP and jute fibre blended GFRP
with GFRP, Mater. Today:. Proc. 69 (2022) 1055–1060.
[18] I.M. Saleem, K. Shanmuganandam, G. Anbuchezhiyan, Comparative
investigation on drilling characteristics (Material Removal Rate) of novel
kitchen waste blended GFRP and bagasse blended GFRP with plain GFRP, Int. J.
Mech. Eng. 7 (March 22) (2022) 1251–1260.
[19] G. Anbuchezhiyan, R. Saravanan, R. Pugazhenthi, E.A. Kumar, K. Arun Kumar,
Experimental analysis on Feed force reduction performance by nano fluid of
nano-alumina particles enriched waste coconut oil in wet machining of SAE
1045 steel shaft, Mater. Today:. Proc. 64 (2022) 793–798.
[20] G. Anbuchezhiyan, R. Saravanan, R. Pugazhenthi, K. Karunakaran, M.V. Reddy,
Experimentally investigating cutting force reduction performance by nano-
alumina particles enriched waste coconut oil Nano fluid in electric motor shaft
manufacturing, Mater. Today:. Proc. 64 (2022) 765–770.
[21] R. Saravanan, G. Anbuchezhiyan, R. Pugazhenthi, S. Sura, Experimental
investigation on tool wear reduction by nano-alumina particles enriched
waste coconut oil nano-fluid for machining SAE 1045 shaft, Mater. Today:.
Proc. 64 (2022) 781–786.
[22] E.A. Kumar, R. Pugazhenhi, M. Chandrasekaran, G. Anbuchezhiyan, Effect of
preheating on machinability of titanium alloy, Mater. Today:. Proc. 64 (2022)
799–803.
[23] K. Karunakaran, R. Pugazhenthi, G. Anbuchezhiyan, R. Saravanan, M.V. Reddy,
Experimental investigations on synthesis and characterization of tamarind
seed powder reinforced Bio-composites, Mater. Today:. Proc. 64 (2022) 760–
764.
[24] D. Sreeram, R. Pugazhenthi, G. Anbuchezhiyan, R. Saravanan, K.
Veeranjaneyulu, An investigation of the effects of hot rolling on the
microstructure and mechanical behavior of nano-sized SiC particulates
reinforced Al6063 alloy composites, Mater. Today:. Proc. 64 (2022) 731–736.
[25] G. Anbuchezhiyan, R. Saravanan, R. Pugazhenthi, V. Rathinam, M. Nagireddy,
Experimentally exploring nano-fluid of alumina nano-particles enriched waste
coconut oil effects in cutting zone temperature reduction in motor shaft
manufacturing process, Mater. Today:. Proc. 64 (2022) 744–748.
[26] J.J. Jayakanth, V.K. Mamidi, R. Pugazhenthi, G. Anbuchezhiyan, A.
Ponshanmugakumar, An investigation on wear properties of SiC/WC
strengthened aluminium alloy hybrid composites, Mater. Today:. Proc. 46
(2021) 3542–3545.
[27] G. Anbuchezhiyan, B. Mohan, D. Sathianarayanan, T. Muthuramalingam,
Synthesis and characterization of hollow glass microspheres reinforced
magnesium alloy matrix syntactic foam, J. Alloy. Compd. 719 (2017) 125–132.
[28] G. Anbuchezhiyan, T. Muthuramalingam, B. Mohan, Effect of process
parameters on mechanical properties of hollow glass microsphere reinforced
magnesium alloy syntactic foams under vacuum die casting, Arch. Civ. Mech.
Eng. 18 (2018) 1645–1650.
[29] Anbuchezhiyan, G., Mohan, B., & Karthikeyan, R. V. (2015). Development of
magnesium matrix syntactic foams processed through powder metallurgy
techniques. In Applied Mechanics and Materials (Vol. 766, pp. 281-286). Trans
Tech Publications Ltd
[30] A. Jaswanth, G. Anbuchezhiyan, Al-Mg-Cr alloy composites with WC
reinforcement and cast alloy: comparison of ultimate tensile strength, J.
Surv. Fish. Sci. 10 (1S) (2023) 1854–1865.
M. Mani, M. Thiyagu and P. Kumar Krishnan
[31] G. Anbuchezhiyan, B. Mohan, S. Kathiresan, R. Pugazenthi, Influence of
microstructure and mechanical properties of TiC reinforced magnesium
nano composites, Mater. Today:. Proc. 27 (2020) 1530–1534.
[32] A. Jaswanth, G. Anbuchezhiyan, Monolithic alloy-based tungsten carbide
reinforced aluminum composites: flexural analysis, J. Surv. Fish. Sci. 10 (1S)
(2023) 1728–1735.
[33] J. Thiyagaraj, G. Anbuchezhiyan, V.K. Mamidi, R. Barathiraja, S. Sura, Dynamic
characteristic studies of novel flexible flip-type Savonius hydrokinetic turbine,
Mater. Today:. Proc. (2023).
[34] K. Naresh, K.A. Khan, R. Umer, A. Vasudevan, Temperature-frequency–
dependent viscoelastic properties of neat epoxy and fiber reinforced
polymer composites: experimental characterization and theoretical
predictions, Polymers 12 (8) (2020) 1700, https://doi.org/10.3390/
polym12081700.
[35] U.A. Khashaba, R. Othman, Low-velocity impact of woven CFRE composites
under different temperature levels, Int. J. Impact Eng. 108 (2017) 191–204,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.04.023.
[36] Kara, M., Krc,, Tatar, A. C., & Avcı, , (2018). Impact behavior of carbon fiber/
epoxy composite tubes reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the
cryogenic environment. Composites Part B: Engineering, 145, 145–15454
doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.03.027
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
[37] Y. Wang, J. Zhang, G. Fang, J. Zhang, Z. Zhou, S. Wang, Influence of temperature
on the impact behavior of woven-ply carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic
composites, Compos. Struct. 185 (2018) 435–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.compstruct.2017.11.056.
[38] Kao, Y.-T., Amin, A. R., Payne, N., Wang, J., and Tai, B. L. (2018). Low-velocity
impact response of a 3D-printed lattice structure with foam reinforcement.
192, pp. 93–100, doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.02.042
[39] S, K., S, S. K., & R, P. (2020). Experimental investigation of the basalt/s-glass/
epoxy/PVC H-130 hybrid sandwich composite. Journal of the Chinese
Institute of Engineers, 43(8), 725–733. doi: 10.1080/
02533839.2020.1771211
[40] Y. Pai, K.D. Pai, M.V. Kini, A review of low-velocity impact studies of hybrid
polymer composites, Mater. Today:. Proc. 46 (2021) 9073–9078, https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.390.
[41] Hung, P., Lau, K., Cheng, L., Leng, J., & Hui, D. (2018). impact response of hybrid
carbon/glass fiber reinforced polymer composites designed for engineering
applications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.09.026.
[42] A.K. Bandaru, S. Patel, S. Ahmad, N. Bhatnagar, An experimental and numerical
investigation into the low-velocity impact response of thermoplastic hybrid
composites, J. Compos. Mater. 52 (7) (2017) 877–889, https://doi.org/10.1177/
0021998317714043.