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Annie Dove Denmark

Annie Dove Denmark (September 29, 1887 – January 16,

1974) was an American music educator and academic Annie Dove Denmark
administrator who was the fifth president of Anderson College
(now Anderson University) in Anderson, South Carolina, from
1928 to 1953.

A talented musician in her youth, Denmark attended the

Baptist University for Women (now Meredith College) and
graduated with an artist's diploma in piano in 1908. She
began her teaching career later the same year. For a period of
eight years thereafter, she taught piano at Buies Creek
Academy, the Tennessee College for Women, and Shorter
College. She continued her studies as her career began; she
spent the summer of 1909 in New York City studying under
Denmark, c. 1942
Rafael Joseffy, the 1916–1917 academic year studying under
Alberto Jonás, and many successive summers during her time 5th President of Anderson College
at Anderson attending the Chautauqua Institute. She began In office
teaching at Anderson at the start of the 1917–1918 academic January 1, 1928 – May 22, 1953
year. After the resignation of Anderson president John E.
Preceded by John E. White
White in September 1927, her name was put forward as a
potential successor and she had gained the full support of the Succeeded by Elmer Francis
trustees by December of that year. Haight
Personal details
Denmark took office as Anderson's fifth president in January
1928; she is commonly cited as the first woman president of a Born September 29, 1887
college or university in South Carolina, though this claim is Goldsboro, North
incorrect. Taking on the school's substantial debt, she guided Carolina, U.S.
the school through the Great Depression and oversaw
Died January 16, 1974
Anderson's transition from a four-year college to a two-year
(aged 86)
junior college, the first of its kind in the state. The remainder
of the college's debt was paid off by the South Carolina Baptist Goldsboro, North
Convention in May 1938, and attendance increased as World Carolina, U.S.
War II ended and the school enrolled more men than it ever Resting place Willow Dale
had since becoming co-educational in 1931. She announced Cemetery
her resignation in April 1952 and ultimately left office in May Goldsboro, North
1953 following that year's commencement, concluding a 25- Carolina, U.S.
year presidency that remains the longest in Anderson's
history. She was promptly elected president emeritus by the Education Baptist University
trustees and given an apartment on campus, though she for Women
instead retired to her hometown of Goldsboro, North Anderson College
Carolina, where she lived until her death in 1974. (AB)
She was the recipient of multiple honors during her life and Signature
following her death: Furman University awarded her an
honorary degree in 1941, Anderson established the Denmark Society and the Annie Dove Denmark

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award in 1944 and 1976, respectively, she was made the namesake of a dormitory building on
campus in 1966, and was inducted into the Anderson County Museum Hall of Fame in 2004.

Early life and education

Annie Denmark was born in Goldsboro, North Carolina, on September
29, 1887, the fourth of five children[a] born to Sara Emma
(née Boyette) and Willis Arthur Denmark.[2] Her family had lived in
Goldsboro for some time before her birth; her father moved there
several years prior to the Civil War and was the Wayne County tax
collector for 33 years.[1] In addition to being an alderman in the town,
he was co-founder of a church where he was superintendent of the
Sunday school and a deacon.[3] Sara was Willis's second wife; his first
wife, Clarissa Boyette, was Sara's sister and had died about two years
after the birth of their first and only child.[4] Willis and Sara married
eleven months following Clarissa's death.[1] Annie was raised with
close ties to the church; she was later described by the Anderson
Denmark, c. 1908, as a
University historian Hubert Hester as a "gifted student" in music,[4]
senior at Baptist University
even playing organ at her church between 1897, at the age of ten,[5]
for Women
until 1908.[6] She received her high school diploma in 1904 from the
Goldsboro public schools[4] and enrolled at the Baptist University for
Women (BUW) in Raleigh, North Carolina, later the same year.[7]

While at BUW, which changed its name to Meredith College the year
after Denmark graduated,[8] she was the president of a literary society
for a year and was a member of the student council.[7] One of her
instructors there was Grace Louise Cronkhite,[7] who later became her
close friend and was dean of music at Anderson, in addition to
teaching piano, organ, and music theory, during her presidency.[9]
Denmark gave her graduating piano recital on April 22, 1908,[10] and
received an artist's diploma in piano a short time later.[7] She
continued to take instruction from Cronkhite for a year following her
graduation.[7] She also took graduate courses at Columbia
University.[11]

Career
Denmark in her 1908
yearbook photo as literary
Teaching career and start at Anderson, 1908–1927 society president

Denmark accepted her first teaching position in 1908, shortly after her
graduation from college, and taught during the 1908–1909 academic year at Buies Creek Academy
—now Campbell University—in Buies Creek, North Carolina.[7] One student that she taught at
Buies Creek was Bessie Campbell, the daughter of J. A. Campbell, later made the namesake of the
school.[12] Denmark received a monthly salary of $45 (equivalent to $1,470 in 2022) in this
position and spent $9 monthly (equivalent to $290 in 2022) on board.[7] This salary was sufficient
to send her to New York City during the summer of 1909, where she studied under pianist and
teacher Rafael Joseffy.[7] She then moved to Murfreesboro, Tennessee, where she taught for one
year at the Tennessee College for Women as the piano instructor, and afterwards took the same
position at Shorter College—now Shorter University—in Rome, Georgia, where she stayed from
1910 to 1916.[7] In addition to teaching piano at Shorter, she taught a Sunday school class for young

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women at the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church in Rome.[6] During the 1916–1917 academic year, she
traveled back to New York to study at the Virgil Piano School under Alberto Jonás.[7] She joined
the faculty of Anderson College—now Anderson University—in Anderson, South Carolina, as the
instructor of piano and harmony in 1917.[7] For her first eight years at Anderson, she held a role as
director of religious activities in addition to teaching.[13] While teaching at Anderson, she
continued her own studies. For many summers she traveled to Chautauqua, New York, to attend
the Chautauqua Institute,[b] and she took classes outside of her teaching schedule at Anderson
during the school year.[14] She eventually earned her Bachelor of Arts degree from Anderson in
1925.[14][c] That same year, she was appointed dean of women by President John E. White, a
position she kept for three years.[7]

White resigned as president of Anderson effective September 1, 1927, leaving the position
vacant.[18] A committee formed from three members of the school's Board of Trustees was created
in order to name his successor.[18] R. H. Holliday, the business manager of the school, was named
acting president in the intervening three months[19] while the new permanent president was being
selected.[18] Denmark was not the first choice of the Board of Trustees: Charles E. Burts and R. C.
Burts, brothers who were both from Newberry, South Carolina, each refused the job, and A. J.
Barton, from Nashville, Tennessee, could not agree to terms with the board and therefore did not
take the job either.[18] Though little is known about the exact events that led to Denmark's election,
it is known that her name was put forward for consideration by college trustee J. Dexter Brown and
that the Board of Trustees were in unanimous support of her appointment to the presidency when
asked at their meeting on December 15, 1927.[20]

President of Anderson College, 1928–1953

Denmark took office and became Anderson's fifth president on

January 1, 1928.[21][22][d] In doing so, she became the school's second
lay president.[23] She is sometimes referred to as the first woman
college president in South Carolina,[24][25] though she was predated in
this distinction by Euphemia McClintock some 26 years earlier.[26][27]
Denmark was formally inaugurated as president just over a year later,
on February 14, 1929.[6] Her inauguration ceremony was well-
attended by leaders in higher education throughout the southeast.[11]
She marked the occasion of her inauguration by declaring that day to
be the inaugural observation of the college's annual Founders Day,
recognizing the anniversary of the granting of the college charter on
February 14, 1911.[6] The Founders Day ceremony was often
accompanied by a guest speaker, including people such as Clemson Denmark pictured in the
[6]
University President E. Walter Sikes and South Carolina First Lady 1930 edition of The
Gladys Atkinson Johnston, an Anderson graduate and the wife of Sororian, the final yearbook
Governor Olin D. Johnston. [28] Denmark inherited the college's debt published by Anderson as a
of $60,000 (equivalent to $1,023,000 in 2022) upon taking office, as women's college
well as the school's lack of an endowment. [24] She spoke three times to
the Board of Trustees at meetings between January and May 1928,
concluding one speech with the line, "What are you trustees willing to sacrifice for Anderson
College?", and then pledging a gift of $5,000 (equivalent to $85,200 in 2022) to the school, to be
paid over the next few years.[29]

As the school entered the 1930s and the Great Depression, it fought to maintain membership in the
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, which required members to have an endowment of
no less than $500,000 (equivalent to $8,759,000 in 2022), of which Anderson at this point had
built up not even one-fifth.[30] This, among other reasons, contributed to a decision by Denmark
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and the trustees to convert Anderson to a junior college.[31] The trustees voted in favor of this plan,
and it was brought before the Baptist State Convention on December 4, 1929, at their meeting in
Spartanburg. It was approved after much debate.[32] Anderson opened its doors as a junior college
for the first time at the start of the 1930–1931 academic year,[33] making it the first junior college
in the state.[15] The college became co-educational the following year, admitting its first male
students in 1931.[15] Two years following the switch, enrollment had increased by 27 percent. The
college reported a total of 199 enrolled students in 1931–1932.[34] Around this time she published
White Echoes, a collection of sermons preached by her predecessor, John E. White, during his time
in charge of Anderson's First Baptist Church.[35]

Much of the administration's attention was focused on the school's financial troubles and the
establishment of a college radio broadcasting station for the next several years.[36] The debt grew
larger as the middle of the decade neared and in 1935–1936 the college was paying $3,600
(equivalent to $76,800 in 2022) yearly in interest alone to the Hibernia Trust Company.[37]
Denmark and the trustees planned a large dinner to spur the fundraising campaign on April 6,
1936, though the dinner was canceled after an F2 tornado—one that was part of a larger outbreak
over the course of that and the previous day—struck the city of Anderson that afternoon resulting
in thirty injuries[38][39] in addition to the loss of two mills and several homes and farms in
town.[38] The college did, however, collect $20,000 (equivalent to $422,000 in 2022) as a result of
their storm insurance policy, which went towards restoring the heating plant and other general
refurbishments.[40] The school administration won a significant victory two years later when, on
May 23, 1938, the South Carolina Baptist Convention assisted in paying the remainder of
Anderson's debt, bringing many of the school's financial woes to a close.[41]

Enrollment climbed over the next few years and spiked noticeably after World War II; 42 of 53
men that enrolled at Anderson in 1946–1947 were veterans, largely a result of the G.I. Bill, and the
school enrolled a record 409 students that academic year in total.[42] Denmark helped to increase
pay for Anderson faculty on multiple occasions: in May 1944, she recommended a "slight increase"
in their salaries and introduced a salary bonus in March 1946.[43] The college, still in some need of
funds and a stable endowment, received $60,000 (equivalent to $900,000 in 2022) from the
Baptist State Convention sometime between 1946 and 1947, which was used to modernize some of
the campus's buildings.[44] In 1944, she worked with school administration to implement an honor
code for the college under which students would be tried by their classmates,[45] though some
infractions (such as alcohol possession) meant a student would be subject to expulsion with no
debate.[46] Throughout her presidency, she kept close the college's ties with the church, as chapel
attendance remained a requirement for all students, five days a week, up to and through her
resignation.[47]

At a meeting of the Board of Trustees on April 23, 1952, Denmark announced her resignation as
president of the college, saying,

I am herewith tendering to you as representing the Baptist State Convention of South

Carolina, my resignation to take effect on January 1, 1953, or as soon thereafter as my
successor can be found.[48]

This date represented the 25th anniversary, to the day, of the beginning of her term, though her
successor was ultimately not found until several months later.[49] In her letter, she referenced the
school's freedom from debt and good prospects for future financial support as well as her desire to
allow the new president enough time to prepare for the next academic year.[48] The trustees were
quite surprised by this request and did not accept her resignation until the conclusion of the
meeting, when she insisted that they do so.[49] She gave her final president's report on January 22,
1953; at the same meeting, president-elect Elmer Francis Haight was introduced to the
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trustees.[50] "Denmark Day" was celebrated on Founders Day of that year—February 14, 1953—
during which the retiring president was honored by many former students and other guests of the
college.[51] Her official duties as president came to a close following the commencement exercises
of May 22, 1953.[52] President Haight began his duties as Anderson's sixth president the following
month.[52]

During her presidency, Denmark held a number of other positions within higher education: she led
the Southern Association of Colleges for Women as its president from 1934 to 1935,[53] was a
member of the Board of Trustees of the Southern Baptist Women's Missionary Union Training
School in Louisville, Kentucky, and was the first woman to hold an office in the Baptist State
Convention when she was its vice president in 1950.[15]

Later life and death

On Denmark's final day as president, the college's trustees elected her president emeritus and
extended her an invitation to remain living on campus for the rest of her life.[54] While she
accepted the position, she opted to return to her hometown of Goldsboro.[15] She assumed several
hobbies in her retirement, including collecting Madonnas and watching baseball.[55] After
suffering declining health for several months, she died on the morning of January 16, 1974, at
Wayne Memorial Hospital in Goldsboro,[15] at the age of 86.[56] She never married and left no
immediate family.[55] Memorial services were held the following day at First Baptist Church in
Goldsboro and in Anderson's auditorium.[15] She was buried in Goldsboro's Willow Dale
Cemetery.[15]

Legacy
On June 2, 1941, Furman University conferred upon Denmark
the honorary Doctor of Letters degree at their commencement
exercises.[57] In 1944, during her presidency, the Denmark
Society was established, which honored "outstanding
graduates" of the college.[25] Similarly, the Annie Dove
Denmark Award bears her name; it is bestowed as Anderson's
highest honor to non-alumni[58] and was established in
1976.[59] She received a certificate of service at Anderson’s
Denmark is the namesake of
commencement in May 1961, along with her successor Elmer
Denmark Hall (pictured in 2016), a
Francis Haight, as part of the school's fiftieth anniversary
dormitory on Anderson's campus.
celebrations.[60] West Dormitory, a dormitory building on
Anderson's campus originally built in 1911[61] and in which
Denmark resided during her tenure,[25] was renamed Denmark Hall in her honor in 1966.[62] She
was the subject of an original biographical play produced by Anderson entitled The Denmark
Story. It was supported by a grant given by South Carolina Humanities in 2010 and showed in
September 2010 at Anderson's Daniel Recital Hall,[63][64] after which it toured around the state
during winter 2011.[65] She was honored as an inductee into the Anderson County Museum's Hall
of Fame in 2004,[5] alongside five others.[66] Due to her contributions to the life of the college and

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the city as a whole, she was sometimes referred to as "the first citizen of Anderson";[67] many
letters written to her were addressed to "Dr. Anderson".[68] As of 2024, her 25-year presidency
remains the longest in the college's history.[25]

Notes
a. Denmark had an older sister who died in infancy. She had two older brothers and one younger
brother who survived to adulthood, so in some sources she is noted as being the third of four
children.[1]
b. Hester (1969) says that Denmark "attended Chatauqua Institute at Chatauqua, New York, [sic]
for 12 summers altogether",[14] though her obituary from The State says that she attended only
from 1921–1927 and then again in 1933[15] and Copeland (2011) says that she attended for
twenty years.[16]
c. Most sources agree that she earned her degree from Anderson in 1925, though Copeland
(2011) says "The 1926 graduating class of Anderson College lists the name of Annie Dove
Denmark."[17]
d. There is some slight disagreement among sources regarding the year that Denmark
relinquished her position as dean of women; Hester (1969) and her obituary published by The
State say that she was not in the role when she accepted the presidency (the former says she
left the position in 1928 and the latter in 1926),[7][15] though a story by The News & Observer
published in 1929 states that she kept the position upon becoming president.[13]

References
1. Copeland 2011, p. 23.
2. Howes 1935, p. 141.
3. Hester 1969, pp. 57–58.
4. Hester 1969, p. 58.
5. "Annie Dove Denmark: 2004 Hall of Fame" (https://andersoncountymuseum.sc.gov/annie-dove
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0210922121257/https://andersoncountymuseum.sc.gov/annie-dove-denmark-2004-hall-fame)
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6. "Chronological Table of the Life of Dr. Annie Dove Denmark" (https://andersonuniversity.libguid
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Argus. April 23, 1908. p. 1. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220830192210/https://ww
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p/108286875/the-charlotte-observer/). The Charlotte Observer. February 15, 1929. p. 12.
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newspapers.com/clip/108283201/the-news-and-observer/). The News & Observer. Vol. CXXX,
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ttps://www.scicu.org/womens-history-month-dr-annie-dove-denmark-was-a-pioneering-preside
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27. "Miss McClintock made president" (https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108969673/the-newberry
-herald-and-news/). Newberry Herald and News. March 25, 1902. p. 2. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20220905130815/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/108969673/the-newberry-he
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28. Wood 2011, p. 24.
29. Hester 1969, p. 69.
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31. Hester 1969, pp. 74–79.
32. Hester 1969, p. 80.
33. Hester 1969, p. 81.
34. Hester 1969, p. 86.
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37. Hester 1969, p. 93.

38. Grazulis 1990, p. 260.
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n-sc.html) The New York Times. April 7, 1936. p. 10. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202
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41. Hester 1969, p. 95.
42. Hester 1969, p. 99.
43. Hester 1969, p. 100.
44. Hester 1969, p. 102.
45. Copeland 2011, p. 56.
46. Copeland 2011, p. 57.
47. Copeland 2011, p. 54.
48. Hester 1969, p. 104.
49. Hester 1969, p. 105.
50. Hester 1969, p. 108.
51. Hester 1969, p. 107.
52. Hester 1969, p. 109.
53. Wood 2011, p. 20.
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s.com/clip/108285878/obituary-for-annie-dove-denmark-aged/). The Greenville News. January
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ps://www.newspapers.com/clip/108286245/anderson-independent-mail/). Anderson
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pers.com/clip/108286634/obituary-for-annie-dove-denmark-aged/). The Herald-Sun. January
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