29/4/2020 What is Percentage Impedance & Calculate Percentage Impedance?

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What is Percentage Impedance & Calculate

Percentage Impedance?

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1 What is Percentage Impedance & Calculate Percentage Impedance?

2 You May Like:

3 Percentage Impedance Calculation:

4 Percentage Impedance Formula:

5 Significance of percentage impedance:

6 Also see:

What is Percentage Impedance & Calculate Percentage Impedance?

“The percentage impedance is nothing but a measure of the volt drops when the
transformer in on full load due to the winding resistance and leakage reactance expressed
as a percentage of the rated voltage.” Also in other words it is a percentage of the ratio
between the full load short circuit terminal voltage to nominal voltage of the transformer. It is
denoted by %Z. Z is called Impedance.

Secondly, it defines the voltage regulation of the transformer because of maximum voltage
regulation is directly proportional to the p.u impedance of the transformer. So a high p.u
impedance will reduce the short circuit level and on the other it will result in poor voltage
regulation. And a low p.u impedance will result in higher short circuit level and good voltage
regulation.

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Percentage Impedance Calculation:

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Percentage Impedance

Take a single transformer. The primary of the transformer will be connected with the variable
AC voltage source (variac) and the secondary terminal of the transformer will be shorted as
shown in the figure. The primary of the transformer will be energized from low voltage level.
Upon increasing the voltage across the primary, the secondary current starts increasing.
Rise the voltage in primary until to reach rated secondary current in secondary winding.
Now measure the voltage across the secondary terminal. This is the voltage drop due to the
internal resistance and reactance of the transformer.

Percentage Impedance Formula:

Significance of percentage impedance:

Increasing % Z or percentage impedance reduces the short circuit current and

High Value of %Z percentage impedance causes more voltage drop and poor voltage
regulation. Finally, transformer delivers less efficiency.
The %Z is used to design a protection switchgear. Typically, it is used to calculate
maximum level of fault current. So that, we can design a switch gear to withstand that
maximum level of fault current.

Also Know About: Current Transformer

Let see an example.

The short circuit current can be calculated from the ratio of full load current to the
percentage impedance value. Thus, the formula of short circuit current using percentage
impedance,

Transformer rating

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29/4/2020 What is Percentage Impedance & Calculate Percentage Impedance? | Electrical4u

75 kVA
240 V secondary
5% impedance

Calculate the full load secondary current

Therefore, the short circuit current Isc is

Therefore, the maximum short circuit current is almost 20 times of its full load current.

So that you can design or choose your switchgear to withstand at 20 times of its full load
current for the transformer of 5% percentage Impedance. The rating is called kAIC. i.e if you
have less than 5% i.e 2.5 % means the short circuit current still increase and again you
have to go for high rating of kAIC i.e 40 times for 2.5 %Z.

Also see:

Distribution Transformer & Power Transformer

Droop CT – Droop Current Transformer
Equipotential shielding of current transformer
How Induction Motor as a rotating Transformer
Merz Price Differential Protection for Transformer
Reason For Transformer Core Saturation
Significance of Leakage Reactance of Transformer
Three Phase Transformer Vector Grouping Significance of Vector Grouping
Transformer Bushing Operating Principle
Transformer Core Construction Details
Transformer Name Plate Details Fully Explained

Also Know About: Transformer Bushing Operating Principle

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