INTRODUCTION

The concept of mutual solubility among the liquid constituents in a specific mixture

holds significant importance across diverse scientific disciplines such as petrology,

mineralogy, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, and various others. By combining predetermined

quantities of these liquids and observing whether they readily dissolve into each other, we

can determine whether a single phase forms as a result. In cases where mutual dissolution

does not occur, the mixture typically separates into two distinct layers or phases.

This experiment will focus on studying a three-component mixture or system

consisting of tertiary butanol, acetic acid, and water, utilizing a ternary phase diagram. A

phase diagram is a graphical representation that illustrates the boundaries of stability for

different phases within a system when it is in equilibrium. These boundaries are defined in

relation to variables like pressure, temperature, and composition. As per the Phase Rule, in

order to fully describe the state of a three-component system, we need to specify a

maximum of four intensive variables or properties.

THEORY AND PRINCIPLES

Information regarding phase equilibria can be predicted by the Gibbs Phase Rule;

F=2−π + N

where,

F = degrees of freedom

π = number of phases, and

N = number of chemical species,

According to Smith, et. al (2018) in the book Introduction to Chemical Engineering

Thermodynamics, degrees of freedom (F) give the number of independent variables, for a

multiple system at equilibrium, that must be arbitrarily fixed to establish its intensive state. The
intensive state of a system at equilibrium is established when its temperature, pressure, and

compositions of all phases are fixed.

Furthermore, these variables must be given to completely describe the system or to

describe the state of the system on the phase diagram (Alkins, et. al, 2006). The phase diagram

for ternary systems is represented using an equilateral triangle shown below.

(explanation regarding the equilateral triangle to be followed)

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this experiment is to gain insight into the notions of miscibility and

phase diagrams within a ternary system. Additionally, it seeks to utilize the solubility curve

derived from the triangular phase diagram of the system under investigation.

APPARATUS

125-mL Erlenmeyer Flask (13) basin

100-mL Graduated Cylinder (3) Analytical Balance

foil Press tare

CHEMICALS

100-mL Ethyl Acetate

100-mL Ethanol

100-mL Distilled Water

 PROCEDURE

A. Measurement of the Density of Ethyl Acetate, Ethanol, and Distilled Water at a

Temperature of 25°C

1. Thoroughly wash and remove moisture from three 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasks

and three 100-mL graduated cylinders.

2. Transfer 100 mL of ethyl acetate into Erlenmeyer flask number one, 100 mL

of ethanol into flask number 2, and 100 mL of distilled water into flask number 3.

Seal the flasks with foil.

3. Immerse flasks 1, 2, and 3 in a basin filled with water at a temperature of 25°C,

making sure they are submerged up to their necks, and leave them there for a

few minutes.

4. Position graduated cylinder number one atop the analytical balance and press

the "tare" button.

5. Transfer 10 mL of ethyl acetate into the graduated cylinder and note its weight.

6. Repeat the procedure outlined in steps 4 and 5 for ethanol and distilled water,

employing graduated cylinders numbers two and three, respectively.

7. Utilizing the recorded measurements, calculate the density of the three

liquids.

B. Performing a titration with a mixture of ethyl acetate and water using ethanol as

the titrant.

1. In a 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask that has been cleaned and dried thoroughly,

place a mixture of ethyl acetate and water in a ratio of 10 mL of ethyl acetate to 1

mL of water.
2. In nine additional 125-mL Erlenmeyer flasks, transfer ethyl acetate-water

mixtures in the following volume ratios: 9:2, 8:3, 7:4, 6:5, 5:6, 4:7, 3:8, 2:9, and

1:10, respectively.

3. Immerse the flasks up to their necks in a basin of water at a constant

temperature of 25°C and leave them there for a few minutes until they reach

thermal equilibrium.

4. Perform titrations on flasks 1 through 10 using ethanol as the titrant and

document the volume of ethanol required for the mixture to become clear.

5. Using the densities and volume measurements of the liquids, compute the

weight percentage (wt%) of each liquid in the mixture.

6. Create a triangular phase diagram illustrating the mass percentages of

ethanol, ethyl acetate, and water in the mixtures from number 1 to number 10.

DATA AND RESULTS