K. E.

SOCIETY’S
RAJARAMBAPU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY’S (POLYTECNIC)
LOHEGAON, PUNE-47

A PROJECT REPORT
ON
REPORT ON BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL
SUBMITTED TO
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
IMPARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGNEERING
BY
PRATIKSHA KAKADE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

PROF. Y.DODMANI

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

RAJARAMBAPU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY’S POLYTECHNIC)
LOHEGAON PUNE-411047 (2023-24)
 RAJARAMBAPU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY’S (POLYTECHNIC)
LOHEGAON PUNE -411047

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, the project entitled “REPORT ON BORDER GATEWAY

PROTOCOL” has been successfully completed by Pratiksha Kakade, impartial fulfilment
of the Requirement of Engineering Diploma Program in Computer of Maharashtra State Board
of Technical Education during Academic Year 2023-2024.

Prof. Y.Dodmani Prof. V.B. Jadhav Dr. K.H. Munde

(Project Guide) (Head of Department) (Principal)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have an opportunity to express our deep sense of graduate to Prof.Y.Dodmani (project

guide), Department of Computer, for her valuable guidance and suggestions during the course
of this project work. Her encouragement at all stages has great contribution to complete this
project.
We thank you to Prof. V.B.Jadhav (Head of Department) for his continuous Support to
complete this project work.
We are also thankful to Dr. K.H.Munde (Principal of Rajarambapu Institute of Technology’s
(polytechnic) Lohegaon, Pune-411047), for allowing us to carry out this project.
 MICRO PROJECT GROUP DETAILS

Sr. Name of group members Roll No Enrollment No.

No.

1. Kakade Pratiksha Samadhan 19 2112270089

Name of Guide: Prof. Y.Dodmani

 INDEX

Sr.no Content Page.no

1 Abstract 06
2 Introduction 07-08
3 Concept 09
4 BGP Session 10
5 Comparison 11
6 Configuration 12
7 Conclusion 13
8 Evaluation Sheet 14
 ABSTRACT
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a crucial component of the
global Internet's infrastructure, responsible for the exchange of routing
information among autonomous systems (ASes) that make up the
internet's backbone. This abstract provides a concise overview of
BGP, its significance, and its core functionality.
BGP is designed to facilitate the exchange of routing information and
make routing decisions based on path attributes rather than hop
counts, enabling efficient, policy-driven routing. This protocol ensures
that data packets reach their intended destination by maintaining a
dynamic and adaptable network topology, which is critical for a
robust, fault-tolerant, and scalable internet.

Key aspects of BGP include its ability to:

1. Maintain a table of network reachability information: BGP

routers store a table of IP prefixes and their associated AS-path
attributes, enabling them to make informed routing decisions.
2. Exchange routing updates: BGP routers periodically
communicate updates about network reachability with
neighbouring routers. These updates are based on policy rules
and BGP's path attributes, such as AS-path length and prefix
origin.
3. Implement path selection: BGP routers evaluate multiple paths
to reach a destination and select the best path according to
configured policies and attributes. This allows network
administrators to define routing preferences based on factors like
cost, performance, and security.
4. Maintain network stability: BGP is highly fault-tolerant, and
routers employ mechanisms to prevent routing loops and ensure
a stable internet routing infrastructure.
5. Support multiple address families: BGP has evolved to
support various types of network layer protocols, including IPv4
and IPv6, making it adaptable to the changing landscape of the
Internet.
 INTRODUCTION
Border Gateway Protocol is used to Exchange routing information for
the internet and is the protocol used between ISP which are different
ASes.
The protocol can connect together any internetwork of autonomous
system using an arbitrary topology. The only requirement is that each
AS have at least one router that is able to run BGP and that is router
connect to at least one other AS’s BGP router. BGP’s main function is
to exchange network reach-ability information with other BGP
systems. Border Gateway Protocol constructs an autonomous systems’
graph based on the information exchanged between BGP routers.
Characteristics of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP):
 Inter-Autonomous System Configuration: The main role of BGP
is to provide communication between two autonomous systems.
 BGP supports Next-Hop Paradigm.
 Coordination among multiple BGP speakers within the AS
(Autonomous System).
 Path Information: BGP advertisement also include path
information, along with the reachable destination and next
destination pair.
 Policy Support: BGP can implement policies that can be
configured by the administrator. For ex:- a router running BGP
can be configured to distinguish between the routes that are
known within the AS and that which are known from outside the
AS.
 Runs Over TCP.
 BGP conserve network Bandwidth.
 BGP supports CIDR.
 BGP also supports Security.
  How does BGP work?
Each router maintains a routing table that controls how packets are directed. The
BGP process on the router generates routing table information, which is based
on the following factors:

 Incoming information from other routers.

 Information in the BGP routing information base (RIB), which is a
data table stored on a server on the BGP router.

The RIB contains information both from directly connected external peers and
internal peers. The RIB contains policies for what routes should be used and
what information should be published, and it continually updates the routing
table as changes occur.

What is BGP used for?

BGP helps provide redundancy by enabling routers to quickly adapt and send
packets through another connection if one internet path goes down. It is often
used in large networks, such as internet service provider networks, wide area
networks and infrastructure-as-a-service environments.

BGP is an exterior gateway protocol, which means it is designed to share

routing information between different ASes. Alternatively, an interior gateway
protocol sends information within a single AS. However, Internal BGP (iBGP)
is available to send reachability information within an organization's network.

Each BGP router maintains a standard routing table used to direct packets in
transit. BGP uses client-server topology to communicate routing information,
with the client initiating a BGP session by sending a request to the server.
 CONCEPT

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol

used for routing and exchanging routing information between different
autonomous systems (ASes) on the internet. It is an essential component of the
global internet routing infrastructure. BGP plays a crucial role in determining
the paths that network traffic takes between different ASes. Here are some key
concepts related to BGP:

1. Autonomous System (AS): An AS is a collection of IP networks and

routers under the control of a single organization. BGP operates between
different ASes and is used to exchange routing information between them.

2. BGP Sessions: BGP routers establish BGP sessions with their peers in
other ASes. These sessions are used to exchange routing information and
to maintain connectivity between the ASes.

3. BGP Routes: BGP routers use BGP to advertise and receive routing
information in the form of network prefixes and associated attributes.
BGP routes include information such as the path, prefix length, and AS
path.

4. AS Path: The AS path is a sequence of AS numbers that a BGP route has

traversed. It helps in preventing routing loops and making path selection
decisions.

5. eBGP and iBGP: BGP routers can be classified into two types based on
their relationship:

 External BGP (eBGP): These routers establish BGP sessions with

routers in different ASes.

 Internal BGP (iBGP): These routers establish BGP sessions

within the same AS. iBGP is used to propagate BGP routes within
an AS.
 6. BGP Peering: BGP routers establish peering relationships with other
BGP routers. BGP peering can be categorized as:

 Internal Peering: This involves routers within the same AS.

 External Peering: This involves routers in different ASes.

BGP Sessions (Internal and External)

BGP supports these session types between neighbors:

 Internal (iBGP) - Runs between routers in the same autonomous system.

 External (eBGP) - Runs between routers in different autonomous
systems.

When you send routes to an external peer, the local AS number is prepended to
the AS path. Routes received from an internal neighbor have the same AS path
that the route had when it was received from an external peer.

BGP sessions might include a single metric (Multi-Exit Discriminator or MED)

in the path attributes. Smaller values are preferred. These values are used to
break ties between routes with equal preference from the same neighbor AS.

Internal BGP sessions carry at least one metric in the path attributes that BGP
calls the local preference. The size of the metric is identical to the MED. Use of
these metrics depends on the type of internal protocol processing.

For BGP implementation, external peers are directly attached to a shared subnet
and advertise next hops that are host addresses on the subnet. If you enable the
multi hop option in the BGP peer template during configuration, this constraint
is relaxed.
COMPARISON BETWEEN eBGP AND iBGP -
 MICROPROJECT EVALUATION SHEET
Academic Year: 2023-24 Name of the Faculty: Prof.Y.Dodmani
Course: Advanced Computer Networking Course code:22520 Semester:5th
Title of the project: - REPORT ON BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL
COs addressed by Micro Project:

A:
B:
Major learning outcomes achieved by students by doing the
project
(a) Practical outcome:
1)
2)
(b)Unit outcomes in Cognitive domain:
1)
2)
(c)Outcomes in Affective domain:
1)

2)

Comments/suggestions about team work /leadership/inter-personal communication

(if any)

Roll no. Student Name Marks out of 6 Marks out of Total out of 10
For performance 4 for performance
activity in oral/
Presentation

3319 Kakade Pratiksha

Samadhan

(Sign of Project Guide):

CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, Border Gateway Protocol is a fundamental and
indispensable component of the modern internet, allowing for the
autonomous and policy-based routing of data packets. However, it
also faces challenges in terms of security and scalability. Ongoing
efforts in the networking community aim to address these challenges
and improve the reliability and security of BGP in the ever-evolving
landscape of global networking.

CONFIGURATION OF BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL:

CONFIGURATION OF BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL:

RESULT STATUS: