Conclusion/Guidelines for the Future

This volume highlighted the interplay between artificial intelligence and higher
education and scientific research, taking into account all the opportunities and
challenges that could sometimes be scaled up in risks.
In addition, contributors suggested several recommendations that could guide all
future actions associated with AI and its trends.
In a sense, artificial intelligence implies rethinking legislation and public poli-
cies, particularly higher education policy, considering the gap between countries and
within countries in terms of AI and the importance of social cohesion.
To achieve this, a bridge between legislation and AI ethics is needed. This calls for
a rethinking of the relationship between universities and the political environment
and creates a connection between AI researchers and parliaments.
A multidisciplinary approach and the inclusion of multiple stakeholders in the
development, implementation, and evaluation of such policy actions are crucial
issues. However, the governance of AI should be state-led since guaranteeing human
rights is the responsibility of a state and its ultimate goal according to the theory of
the social contract.
Current global trends related to the digital transformation of higher education
and hybrid universities call for stronger international cooperation than ever before.
Bilateral and multilateral cooperation between the north and the south is a way to
reconcile existing institutions and virtual universities. The race for technological and
innovation sovereignty will enhance competition and cooperation among universi-
ties. This means that new strategies aimed at balancing competition and cooperation
are more of an obligation than a choice.
In a sense, the scientific community should anticipate future challenges and risks
and suggest solutions based on scientific reasoning as a cornerstone of a global
strategic vision of higher education based on strong communication which could
facilitate the inclusion of all stakeholders in the AI governance. That requires the

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license 145
to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023
F. Roumate (ed.), Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education and Scientific Research,
Bridging Human and Machine: Future Education with Intelligence,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8641-3
146 Conclusion/Guidelines for the Future

best knowledge of AI and the enhancement of ethical principles in everyday actions

as a fundamental element to ensure technological sovereignty based on educational
sovereignty.
Technological, innovation, and educational sovereignty should be a culmination
point in all debates about AI governance. This requires a particular focus on how
to reduce the neurohacking of AI and ensure a high level of protection against the
malicious use of sophisticated machine learning that decodes brain waves.
For that, new strategies on the ethics of AI and higher education and scientific
research are needed to develop human intelligence on a global scale based on ethical
values since research on the ethics of AI could save human creativity and protect
universal human values and principles.