Overview of Wind Turbine Technology

S.ARULSELVAN C-WET

Wind Energy..
Wind turbines - a successful technology for clean and safe production of electricity. Fastest growing renewable energy source. Globally recognized as environment friendly and sustainable. Emerging as a economically competitive source of energy.

Technology is matured.
Wind energy will never run out, is freely

available and causes no pollution.

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WIND TURBINE CONSIST OF

Meteorology Aerodynamics Civil Mechanical Electrical Electronics Structural Hydraulics

Wind as a source of energy

Wind is air in motion.
It has a mass. A mass in motion has a momentum Momentum is a form of energy that can be harvested.

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Wind
Wind energy relies on sun. Wind is

created by uneven heating of the earths surface.

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Global creation of Winds

Uneven heating of the earth's surface. When sun hits one part of the earth more directly, it warms that part up. The warm air rises and cooler air rushes in, creating wind.

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Turbine Evolution
Used for

Pumping water
Grinding grain

Presently used for

Generating Electricity

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Is it new technology?
9th Century 13th Century 16th Century 17th Century 1890 1891 1910 1980 1986 Milling grain Post wind mill by Germans Dutch type wind mill by Holland Euler conducted aerodynamic experiments Poul La Cour came with aerodynamic blade design First electricity producing wind turbine Wind mill becomes popular in Europe Green energy decade for California First wind mill installed in India (Gujarat)

Wind Energy
A wind energy system transforms the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical or electrical energy that can be harnessed for practical use.

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Review of Power and Energy Relationships

Force = mass x acceleration F = ma

Typical Units Pounds, Newtons

Energy = Work (W) = Force (F) x Distance (d) Typical units - kilowatt hours, Joules, BTU Power = P = W / time (t) Typical units kilowatts, Watts , Horsepower Power = Torque (Q) x Rotational Speed ()
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Kinetic Energy in the Wind

Kinetic Energy = Work = mV2
Where: M= mass of moving object V = velocity of moving object

What is the mass of moving air?

= density () x volume (Area x distance) =xAxd = (kg/m3) (m2) (m) = kg

A V d

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Power in the Wind

Power = Work / t
= Kinetic Energy / t

= mV2 / t
= (Ad)V2/t = AV2(d/t) = AV3
d/t = V

Power in the Wind = AV3

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A couple things to remember

Power in the Wind = AV3

Swept Area A = R2 (m2) Area of the circle swept by the rotor. = air density in India its about 1.225-kg/m3

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Wind Turbine Power

Power from a Wind Turbine Rotor = CpAV3
Cp is called the power coefficient. Cp is the percentage of power in the wind that is converted into mechanical energy.

What is the maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from the wind?

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The Betz Limit

A maximum of 59.26% of the available wind power can be converted to mechanical power at ideal conditions

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Wind Energy Conversion

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Power Conversion

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Axis of orientation- Vertical Axis

Advantages
Omnidirectional Accepts wind from any angle Components can be mounted at ground level Ease of service Lighter weight towers Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind

Disadvantages
Rotors generally near ground where wind poorer Centrifugal force stresses blades Poor self-starting capabilities Requires support at top of turbine rotor Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings Overall poor performance and reliability Have never been commercially successful

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Axis of orientation- Horizontal Axis

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Rotor Position
UPWIND TURBINE DOWN WIND TURBINE

Wind

Wind

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Mechanical-electrical functional diagram

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COMPONENTS
Cooler Metrological instruments

1. ROTOR

Gearbox
Main shaft

2. DRIVE TRAIN
3. TOWER
Main bearing

4. CONTROL SYSTEM 5. YAW SYSTEM

Hub with spinner 6. MAIN

FRAME
Yaw system Coupling Brake Generator

7. NACELLE

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WIND TURBINE COMPONENTS

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Wind Turbine Components

Rotor, or blades, which convert the wind's energy into rotational shaft energy. Nacelle (enclosure) containing a drive train, usually including a gearbox (Some turbines operate without a gearbox) and a generator. Tower, to support the rotor and drive train; and Electronic equipment such as controls, electrical cables, ground support equipment, and interconnection equipment

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ROTOR
Rotor -Comprises of all turning parts of the unit outside the nacelle

Rotor Blade

The hub
Blade pitch mechanism

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ROTOR AERODYNAMICS

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ROTOR BLADE SECTION

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Turbine Power

(source: Manwell et. al Wind Energy Explained)

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How does the Turbine Rotate

The pressure difference makes the turbine rotate

Low pressure

Opdrift p en flyvinge
High pressure Lift
Lift

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Airfoil Nomenclature wind turbines use the same aerodynamic principals as aircraft
R
V

r
V

VR = Relative Wind
= angle of attack = angle between the chord line and the direction of the relative wind, VR . VR = wind speed seen by the airfoil vector sum of V (free stream wind) and R (tip speed).
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Rotor Elemental Torque

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Lift & Drag Forces

The Lift Force is perpendicular to the direction of motion. We want to make this force BIG.

= low

= medium <10 degrees

The Drag Force is parallel to the direction of motion. We want to make this force small.

= High Stall!!

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POWER CONTROL

Power Control through Aerodynamic

(Angle of attack, Pitch angle, Lift & Drag)

Stall control Pitch control

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PITCH CONTROL

STALL CONTROL

Wind Turbines: Number of Blades

Most common design is the three-bladed turbine. The most important reason is the stability of the turbine. A rotor with an odd number of rotor blades (and at least three blades) can be considered to be similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic properties of the machine. A rotor with an even number of blades will give stability problems for a machine with a stiff structure. The reason is that at the very moment when the uppermost blade bends backwards, because it gets the maximum power from the wind, the lowermost blade passes into the wind shade in front of the tower.

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ROTOR BLADE-MATERIAL
Materials - Al, Titanium, Steel, Fiber reinforced composite material Fiber reinforced composite Material blades currently used in almost all WT structure Types: Glass fiber, Carbon fiber, Organic aramid fiber (Kevlar) Mostly use glass fiber -Strength properties are extraordinarily high Carbon fibers Has longest tearing strength High modules of elasticity The stiffness of carbon fiber components is comparable to that of steel

Fatigue properties are good

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THE HUB

Rigid hub all major parts fixed relative to the main shaft

in which blade pitch can be

varied no other blade motion is allowed The main body of the rigid

hub casting or weldment to

which the blades are attached
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Pitching the blades individually

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Drive Train

complete wind turbine drive train consist of all the rotating components

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Main shaft Coupling Gearbox Brake Generator

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SHAFT
cylindrical element designed to rotate transmit torque attached to the gear pulley and couplings wind turbine shafts are especially found in gearboxes, generators and linkages

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MAIN SHAFT / LOW SPEED SHAFT / ROTOR SHAFT

transfer torque from the
rotor drive train all other structure supports the weight of the rotor made of steel to the rest of the and transfer of loads to the nacelle

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HIGH SPEED SHAFT

Connecting shaft of the gearbox outlet to the

electric
1500 RPM

generator rotates with nominal speed of

fitted with flexible coupling at each end to cater for small misalignment between generator and gearbox

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GEARBOX
Increase the speed of the input shaft to the generator

Single heaviest and most

expensive component in a wind turbine

Types:
1) Parallel shaft gearboxes 2) Planetary gearboxes

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PARALLEL SHAFT GEARBOXES

Gears are carried on two or more parallel shafts shafts are supported by bearing

Limit to the speed up ratio

To achieve higher speed up ratio, multiple

stages are placed in series

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PLANETARY GEARBOXES
input and output shafts are co- axial There are multiple pairs of

gear teeth meshing at anytime

Loads on each gear reduced

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PLANETARY GEARBOXES

Planet carrier rotates with the rotational speed of the rotor blades Three planet wheel turn around circumference of the ring Increase the speed of the sun same
Ring wheel
carrier arm

sun wheel

inner wheel wheel

Planet wheel

Advantageous: Always three gear wheels supporting each other and that all gear wheels are engaged at the time in principle it only needs to about a 1/3 of the size
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Classification of Generators
According to the Principle of operation

ASYNCHRONOUS TYPE SYNCHRONOUS TYPE

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INDUCTION GENERATOR
Construction
i. ii. Stator Rotor slip ring Squirrel cage

Working Principle
Ns=120.f/P Ns-Synchronous speed % of slip = (Ns-N/Ns)*100 N-Rotor speed N= Ns (1+s) for generator
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Slip-Torque Characteristic of Induction Machine

P = (2NT / 60)

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CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM TORQUE

R2=sX2

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Direct grid connected SCIG

SCIG

Soft starter

Gearbox

Capacitor Transformer Grid

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CONVENTIONAL METHOD
Directly Grid connected SGIG

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 Various wind turbine concepts using asynchronous (induction) generators

Induction generator (WRIG) with slip control

NOV 20 2010
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Directly Grid Connected

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Main advantages Simple and low cost Cheap, low maintenance Main Drawbacks Low wind energy conversion efficiency Poor power factor Power fluctuation output High mechanical stress on turbine components
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Doubly fed induction generator

DFIG

Gearbox

Reduced-capacity Transformer Grid converter

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Doubly FED Induction generator-Sub synchronous Operation

50 Hz

Stator field = 1000 rpm

6-poled stator

Rotational speed

rpm =

60 x frequency number of pole pairs

Synchronizing with frequency

50 Hz
Stator field = 1000 rpm Rotor mechanically = 900 rpm

Rotor field = +100 rpm

DC AC

AC

DC

Doubly FED Induction generator-Super synchronous Operation

50 Hz

Stator field = 1000 rpm

6-poled stator

Rotational speed

rpm =

60 x frequency number of pole pairs

Synchronizing with frequency

50 Hz
Stator field = 1000 rpm Rotor mechanically = 1100 rpm

Rotor field = -100 rpm

DC AC

AC

DC

Doubly fed induction generator

The configuration known as DFIG (Double fed induction generator) correspond to the WRIG (Wound rotor induction generator) with partial scale frequency converter The partial scale frequency converter performs the reactive power compensation and ensures smoother grid connection The generator has a wider range of speed control, e.g., (-40% to +30%) around the synchronous speed (wider than OptiSlip) The use of slip rings and protection in case of grid faults is a major drawback Variable speed operation is obtained by injecting a controllable voltage into the rotor at the desired frequency

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Doubly fed I.G

Advantages and disadvantages Advantages Reduced-capacity converter (cost, efficiency) Decoupled control of active/reactive power Smooth grid connection Disadvantages Regular maintenance of slip ring and gearbox Limited fault ride-through capability
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Synchronous GeneratorConstruction

Rotor
Salient Cylindrical

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Types of Synchronous Generator

Electrically excited synchronous generator Permanent magnet synchronous generator

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DIRECT DRIVE GENERATOR

GEARBOXLESS WIND

TURBINE WITH
MULTIPOLE RING GENERATOR 1.MACHINE FRAME 2.AZIMUTH DRIVE

3.GENERATOR STATOR
4.ROTOR BLADE ADOPTER

DIRECT DRIVE GENERATOR low speed shaft arrangement is different low speed shaft connects the

5.AXLE PIVOT 6.ROTOR BLADE

rotor hub to the generator

rotor
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 Variable Speed Generator

Direct Rotor Driven Generators

Gearbox

Full power converter

Transformer Grid

Variable Speed Turbines with Full Converter Parallel VSC converters

High power applications with low voltage (e.g. 690V) Redundancy Loss optimized (slave converter disabled at low wind speeds
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COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT WIND GENERATOR CONCEPTS

World share of yearly installed wind power for different wind turbine concepts.
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Control and Protection systems

Increasing use of advanced electronics for

Generator, converter and power control Pitch system Start, stop and sequencing Surveillance

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Why do we need a control!

the primary energy source is non linear and unpredictable. Increase in wind speed develops an enormous power in rotor To be optimized To transfer the electrical power to the grid at an imposed level, for wide range of wind velocities. To meet power quality requirements To detect the abnormal conditions and preventing the wind turbine from possible dangerous situations Achieve desired function and Safe Operation
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Control system

Control system consists of Various sensors, Transducers and Limit switches (input) PLC (Process) Circuit breakers, Converters, contactors and relays (output) Set point list

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Control system
Important functions of Control system
Alignment to the wind by Yawing Start-up and shutdown procedure Connection of the electrical load Rotor speed Control Power limitation Cable twist limits Temperature control
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General Sequence
Transition states
SYSTEM CHECK

Steady State
Ready To start

START

Grid Connection

Power Production Freewheeling

Grid Disconnection

Shutdown

Emergency Shutdown

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PROTECTION SYSTEM
What is a protection system Priority Fail safe Single failure and non-safe-life components Two or more failure interdependent

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PROTECTION SYSTEM The protection system shall be activated in such cases as,
Over-speed Generator overload or fault Excessive vibration Abnormal cable Twist

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BRAKING SYSTEM The braking system shall be classified into

Aerodynamic braking Mechanical braking

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BRAKE
minimum requirement to act as a parking brake

Used for parking the rotor for maintenance purpose

during high wind it bring the rotor to stand still calipers gripping a brake

brake pads are generally made from sintered metal or

resin based material

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BRAKE
AERODYNAMIC BRAKING SYSTEM
PARTIAL SPAN PITCH CONTROL Inner part of the blade is fixed relative to the hub

outer part is mounted on bearings,and

can Advantageous; Pitching mechanism need not be as passive as it must be full span pitch control be rotated about the radial axis of the blade

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BRAKE
TIP BRAKE: function as air brakes blade tip is fixed on a carbon fiber shaft mounted on a bearing inside the main body of the blade during operation the tip is held fast against the main blade by a hydraulic cylinder. effectively stop the diving force of the blades

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BRAKE
SPOILERS:

Intentionally deployed to create a

carefully controlled stall over part of a blade in order to lift it generate.

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NACELLE
NACELLE
The nacelle cover is the wind turbine housing Protects turbine components from weather

Reduces emitted mechanical sound

Material G-FRC glass-fiber reinforced composite materials On larger Machines it has a hole that it can be entered personal for inspector (or) maintains the internal components.
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MAIN FRAME
Transfer the rotor loading to the yaw bearing and to

provide mountings for the gearbox and generator

either welded beam or casted

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Yaw Control
Rotate the nacelle with respect to the tower on its slew bearing

keep the turbine facing in the wind

unwind the power and other cables Wind Vane on nacelle tells controller which way to point rotor into the wind Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor into wind

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YAW DRIVE
Rotate the nacelle with respect to the tower on its slew bearing keep the turbine facing in the wind unwind the power and other cables

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TOWER

One of the main components of

the HAWT
Raises turbine up in the air Ensures blade clearance Types Free standing lattice (truss)

Cantilever pipe (tubular

tower) Guyed lattice or pole

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TOWER
STEEL LATTICE TOWERS: Usually assembled from angle section facilitating the attachment of the bracing members Advantageous: Material saving can be obtained CONCRETE TOWERS: In the thirties steel reinforced concrete

towers are square in plan with tower legs

towers were used Aerometers

concrete towers are built either conventional re-inforced concrete towers or pre stressed concrete towers
Tower should have
Maximum strength ,fatigue strength,stiffness,buckling criterion 11.02.2011

TOWER
Material: Steel reinforced concrete Cor-Ten steel which is inherently corrosion resistant

TUBULAR TOWER or CANTILEVER STEEL TUBE TOWERS

Waisted conical shell,with semi angle of 45 deg below the conical zone for tip clearance most efficient structure for transferring a horizontal rotor thrust acting in any direction vibration alleviated

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FOUNDATION

TOWER FOUNDATION: The foundation of a Wind turbine must be sufficient to keep the turbine upright and stable under the most extreme design conditions at most sites ,the foundation is constructed as a reinforced concrete pad

Installation on rock: rods grouted into holes drilled deep in to the rock

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Types of Foundations Gravity Based raft foundations

Square / Rectangle Hexagonal

Gravity type pile foundations

Inclined pile foundation Vertical pile foundation

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RCC for Raft

Part CuM

Foundation Mounting Part Mix Ratio Bags of (FMP)cement

Poured

PCC
Raft Pedestal

16
258 40

1:2:4
1 : 1.483 : 2.285

91
2080 320

Total Bags of cement 2491 Bags

Top dia. of Tower

Total wt. of Nacelle Total wt of Tower

2.968 mtrs
65 Tons 132 Tons
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Qty. of Steel 34.7 Tons

Volume of Raft 258.67 CuM

Volume of

40 CuM

OFFSHORE FOUNDATION
Monopile Tripod Gravity base Advantages:
Fast and automated installation highly
Monopile

Consist of three basic parts: Bare pile

Conical transition the the Tower that it supports

Boat landing Plan to the pile and provides a basis for the J-tube that carries the power cable to the sea bed of the wind turbine.
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No prior preparation of sea bed is required

Simple fabrication

OFFSHORE FOUNDATION
Tripod
Tripod foundation legged steel jacket light in efficient weight and three cost

3 piles are driven 10 to 20 Mt. in to the sea bed depending on soil conditions and ice loads.

Advantages:
3 legged model is suitable for larger water depths

Minimum preparations are required at site before installation. 11.02.2011

OFFSHORE FOUNDATION
Tripod with Suction Buckets
As an alternative to use three piles to support the tripod structure and transfer loads to the soil suction buckets can be used. One suction bucket then support each of three tripod legs.

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CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CHENNAI

OFFSHORE FOUNDATION
Floating Foundation

Typical view of the buoyant floating foundation of wind turbine

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The worlds largest wind turbine 7.5 MW

Now Enercon E-126. rotor diameter - 126 meters (413 feet) 135 m hub height 20 million kilowatt hours per year Sway and Enova, Norway Going to build a 10MW wind-turbine blade diameter at 145m (476ft) Hub height 162.5m (533ft).

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Grid Parameters

VOLTAGE
FREQUENCY

:+10%
:-3HZ +1HZ

ASYMMETRY CURRENT :+12.5%

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Indian Power Scenario

India's total installed capacity
as on July 31, 2010

1,63,669.80 MW

Thermal power - 105646.98 MW Hydro power plants - 37,033.40 MW Renewable energy - 16,429.42 MW Nuclear energy - 4,560.00 MW Wind Energy 12000 MW

Source : CEA 11.02.2011

Total Installed Capacity in India

Fuel Total Thermal Coal Gas Oil Hydro (Renewable) Nuclear RES** (MNRE) Total MW 1,05,646.98 87,093.38 17,353.85 1,199.75 37,033.40 4,560.00 16,429.42 1,63,669.80 Percentage 64.6 % 53.3 % 10.5 % 0.9 % 24.7 % 2.9 % 7.7 % Oil, 1199.75 Gas, 17353.85 Hydro (Renewable), 37033.40 Nuclear, 4560.00 RES** (MNRE), 16429.42

Coal, 87093.38

Total 163669.80
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Wind Installed capacity - Top 5

U.S.A China Germany Spain India 36220 MW 25805 MW 25704 MW 19450 MW 11807 MW

Total 162,545 as on 31.07.2010

India, 11807

Spain, 19450

U.S.A, 36220

Germany, 25704

China, 25805

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Wind Power Installed Capacity in India

Sl.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 State Tamil Nadu Karnataka Maharashtra Rajasthan Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Kerala Gujarat West Bengal Others Total Capacity in MW 4906.74 1472.75 2077.7 1088.37 136.05 229.39 27.75 1863.64 1.1 3.2 11806.69
5000

Total 11806.69 as on 31.03.2010

4500
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

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2187 MW

Hydro

Thermal

2970 MW

214 MW

CPP
IPP Gas

1180 MW

517 MW TNEB Wind 17 MW

CGS

3130 MW
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Size revolution
7.5 MW 20-40 MW ?

4-5 MW

600 kW
55 kW

?
2011 2020

1985

1995

2005

Essential requirements
- High Wind Resources at particular site - Adequate land availability - Suitable terrain conditions and good soil

- Proper approach to site - Suitable power grid nearby

- Techno-economic selection of WEG

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Advantages of Wind Energy

No fuel cost Environment friendly and pollution free Potential exists to harness wind energy Lowest gestation period and capacity addition can be in modular form Cost of generation reduces over a period of time Low of O&M Costs Limited use of land Accommodation of other land uses Employment New market Local Infrastructure development

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Social Benefits
Increase in land price Roads in rural areas Better employment potential More number of schools, colleges hospitals Improvement in standard of living

and

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Limitations of Wind Energy

Located only where strong and dependable winds are available. Wind is intermittent and hence infirm power. Wind towers and blades subject to damage from very high wind and lightning. Environmental disadvantages on a local or neighborhood level, include: Visual impact on landscape Noise emission Moving shadows Impact on birds Interference with electromagnetic communication Personal safety
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