Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Disclosures
Dr. Melton has never received any funding or
consulting fees from the American Psychiatric
Association or from any pharmaceutical company.
DSM and DSM-5 are registered trademarks of the
American Psychiatric Association. The American
Psychiatric Association is not affiliated with nor
endorses this seminar.
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“If the disorder does not
usefully inform that
person’s diagnosis,
treatment, or prognosis,
then the diagnosis is
considered inappropriate”
(Nussbaum, 2013, p. 10)
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3
Symptoms of psychosis do not imply
diagnosis of schizophrenia
Drugs Stress
Medical Illness
Trauma
ADHD
PSYCHOSIS Autism/Aspergers/P
DD
Depression
Schizophrenia
Facticious/Malingering
Personality
Mania ODD
Differential Diagnosis of
Psychotic Disorders
Psychosis vs. “psychotic-like experiences”
Challenging dynamic
Qualities of Psychosis include:
◦ Egosyntonic and yet role functioning impairment
◦ Bizarre
◦ Frequent (daily for hours)
◦ Described as outside of self (hallucinations) (3rd person-look at him)
◦ Objective findings (mental status changes: thought processes, emotional
expression)
◦ Disorganized speech & behavior
Qualities of “PLEs” include:
◦ Egodystonic and less role impairment
◦ Nonbizarre
◦ Episodic (once a day), brief
◦ Described as “inside” of self
◦ Visual hallucinations
◦ Lack of objective findings on MSE
◦ Alternative meaning or value
Differential Diagnosis of
Psychotic Disorders
Benign Psychosis
◦ Sleep and stress
DSM rules on Differentials (SUD/MED)
Medical symptoms to explore
◦ Fidgety
◦ Catatonia
◦ Tremor
◦ Protruding eyeballs
◦ Attention/Concentration problems
Psychosis associated with a medical condition
◦ Migraines
◦ Delirium
◦ Seizures
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Differential Diagnosis of
Psychotic Disorders
Must rule these out as primary Dx for EPP (Also
stressed in DSM)!
◦ 30 days!
Psychosis associated with medication
◦ Antibiotics
◦ Accutane
Psychosis associated with psychotropic medication
◦ Stimulants (RARE)
◦ Steroids
Substance Use
◦ Methamphetamine
◦ Cannabis
Differential Diagnosis of
Psychotic Disorders:
Drugs
◦ Most complicated and challenging
◦ Quite common
◦ Presence of active substance use
◦ Very similar to the quality of psychosis seen in
major thought and mood disorders
◦ Can be co-morbid
◦ Late adolescent to young adult
◦ Acute onset and speedy resolution
◦ Visual hallucinations, disorientation, labile mood
and affect
Cannabis
Increases the risk of schizophrenia by 6
times
Earlier age of onset (3 years earlier)
More psychotic symptoms
Poorer response to medications
Poorer functional outcome
Increased hospitalization rate
Patel (2016)
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Cannabis
Cannabis psychosis
◦ odd and bizarre behavior
◦ violence and panic
◦ less thought disorder
◦ better insight
People who use cannabis on a daily basis were 2.4
times more likely to report psychotic symptoms
than non-users
Up to half with CIP convert to Schizophrenia with
higher rate of conversion with younger use.
◦ Higher rate of conversion than meth and hallucinogens
Ghose (2018)
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine is Psychotic sxs. Occur
an addictive in about 40% of meth
stimulant drug depend. Persons
releases high levels
Psychotic sxs. Can
of dopamine
occur in response to
damages brain cells
stress
that contain
dopamine and
serotonin
Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine psychosis:
◦ Can look similar to schizophrenia or bipolar
◦ Extreme irritability
◦ Visual hallucinations
◦ Aggressive behavior
◦ Paranoia
◦ Post-episode depression and withdraw
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Psychosis in drugs
CAN YOU TELL THE DIFFERENCE?
1st episode differentials (premorbid):
◦ Family HX of SUD
◦ DX of SUD
◦ Antisocial personality traits or DX
◦ More likely to have friends
◦ Age
Psychosis in drugs
1st episode differential (current episode)
◦ Acute onset
◦ Positive UDS
◦ Visual Hallucinations
◦ Increased insight into psychosis
◦ If delusions present more likely to be
paranoid.
◦ Increased agitation and violence
◦ Less negative symptoms and disorganization
◦ More difficult to engage in MH tx.
By ManuelFD
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The SCID!!!
What it does and what it doesn’t do.
Who to use the SCID with and who not to
use it with.
Follows DSM 5 decision tree.
Although it is a structured interview but
it still requires clinical judgment and
competence.
Do’s and Don’ts
Practice Practice Practice!!!
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Definition of a Mental Disorder
“A syndrome characterized by clinically
significant disturbances in an individual’s
cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that
reflects a dysfunction in the psychological
Genetics
biological, or developmental processes underlying
distress or disability in social,
occupational, or other important activities.
Common
An expectable or culturally approved response
to a common stressor or loss…is not a
mental disorder.
Neurocircuitry Environmental
Socially deviant behavior…and conflicts that
Exposure are primarily between the individual and
society are not mental disorders unless the
deviance or conflict results from a
dysfunction in the individual, as described
above” (APA, 2013, p. 20).
MODULE A: MOOD
EPISODES AND
PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE
DISORDER
Differential Diagnosis of
Psychotic and Affective
Disorders
Prevalence in clinical populations:
◦ Adolescence 8%
◦ Children 4%
Children and adolescents with psychosis had the following
conditions:
◦ Major Depressive Disorder 41%
◦ Bipolar Disorder 24%
◦ Depression NOS 21%
◦ Schizophreniform 14%
Findling & Schultz, 2005. Juvenile Onset Schizophrenia
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Differential Diagnosis of
Psychotic Disorders
Affective psychosis:
◦ Most common psychotic conditions of
childhood
◦ Higher rate of psychosis than their adult
counterparts
◦ Psychosis often related to the mood disorder
◦ Hallucinations are more common in children
Observed in one-third to one-half of depressed
children
◦ Delusions are more common in adolescents
◦ Mania is rare in children.
Findling & Schultz, 2005. Juvenile Onset Schizophrenia
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Grief vs. a Major Depressive Episode in
DSM-5
Grief Major Depression
Bipolar I Disorder
Essential Feature: History of a
manic episode which is usually
accompanied by other types of mood
episodes
Common rule outs: Disorders in the
schizophrenia spectrum, substance
use (stimulants especially),
medication or medical condition
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Bipolar II Disorder
Essential Feature: History of a major
depressive episode and a hypomanic episode
but never has had a manic episode
Common rule outs: Schizophrenia spectrum
disorders, substance use, medication or
medical condition
Note by current mood:
- Bipolar II Disorder, current episode
depressed
- Bipolar II Disorder, current episode
hypomanic
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MODULE B: PSYCHOTIC
AND ASSOCIATED
SYMPTOMS
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Schizophrenia
Essential features:
◦ Active phase that lasts at least a month. Two or more of the
following are present, with at least one being 1, 2 or 3:
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. Negative symptoms
◦ Impairment: Functioning in one or more life areas has markedly
declined since onset
◦ Duration: Symptoms persist for at least 6 months (active phase
plus prodromal or residual symptoms)
◦ Common rule outs: Schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder,
depressive disorder, substance use, medication or medical
disorder
Symptoms of schizophrenia
Hallucinations
◦ 75% auditory hallucinations
Delusions
◦ 1/5 delusions
Thought Disorder
Negative symptoms
Cognitive and Behavioral Changes
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Negative symptoms
Cognitive impairments
schizophrenia
Occurs in late adolescence/early
adulthood
Socioeconomic status may have
impact
Stress-Vulnerability Model
Insidious course with wide range of
variability in prognosis.
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Genetics
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Structural
Biochemical
Functional
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Thought Content
Perception
Hallucination
Attenuated hallucination
On an almost daily basis a 22
About 2 or 3 times a week a 22 year old cashier hears voices
year old cashier sees colors on the speaking to him. They speak to
wall seeming to be distorted, him outside of his head. They
textures and waves on the wall. refer to him in the third-
He has started hearing beeping person. and sometimes
sounds that can last for minutes, criticize him or tell him to do
and last week he heard a something silly, like “pat the
momentary (a second or two), cat”. He believes these voices
faint, unintelligible voice. He is are real and he is very
frightened of them.
not sure, but thinks it is most
likely his mind playing tricks on
him.
Differential Dx
Schizoaffective D/O: Presence of symptoms
that meet criteria for MDE or manic episode
and those symptoms are present the majority
of the time that active or residual psychotic
symptoms are present. 6 months not required.
Schizophrenia: No mood episodes or if mood
episodes present they are present minority of
time
Bipolar or MDD with Psychosis: Psychosis
occurs exclusively during manic or MDE
Other Specific Schizophrenia Spectrum and
other Psychotic Disorder (APS): Symptoms
below threshold and insight intact.
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Differential Dx
Schizophreniform: Same as
schizophrenia but duration is at
least month but less than 6.
Delusional Disorder: Primary
delusions for at least one month, no
criteria for schizophrenia can be
bizarre or non-bizarre.
Brief Psychotic Disorder: At least
one day but less than a month.
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MODULE E:
SUBSTANCE USE
DISORDERS
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DSM 5: The Diagnosis
Endgame!
“I'm not (bipolar)...
I'm not f**kin'
depressed or manic.
I've been told I was
an axis 2.94 disorder,
but the guy I was
seeing didn't know I
was smokin' crack in
his bathroom. You
can't make a diagnosis
until somebody's
f**kin' sober." (RDJ,
About Health)
Substance-Related and
Addictive Disorders
Criteria
No more Substance Abuse and Substance Dependence
Threshold = 2 of 11 symptoms
Impaired control (criteria 1-4)
Social impairment (criteria 5-7)
Risky use (criteria 8-9)
Pharmacological criteria (criteria 10-11)
Removed: recurrent legal problems criterion
Added: craving or a strong desire or urge to use a substance
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Substance-Related and
Addictive Disorders
Substance Use Disorders Substance Use Disorders
Remission specifiers Removed Polysubstance
No more partial and full Abuse/Dependence, Amphetamine &
Cocaine and specifier for a
Early remission = at least 3 but physiological subtype & On agonist
less than 12 months without therapy
substance use disorder criteria
(except craving) Added
Sustained remission = at least Caffeine Withdrawal
12 months without criteria (except Cannabis Withdrawal
craving)
Tobacco-Related Disorder
Stimulant Related Disorder
Severity ratings On maintenance therapy
2–3 criteria indicate = a mild disorder
4–5 criteria = moderate disorder
6 or more = a severe disorder
Substance/Medication-Induced
Psychotic
DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association
A. Hallucinations or delusions
B. Evidence of both:
1. onset during or soon after
intoxication, withdrawal
2. substances capable of inducing
C. Not better accounted for by
another psychotic disorder
D. Not exclusively during delirium
E. Significant distress or functional
impairment
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Differential Dx
Substance Induced Psychotic DO:
Psychosis present while on or shortly
after use of substance (THC, other
hallucinogens, stimulants, synthetics,
prescribed medications). DSM
recommends 30 days.
Schizophrenia: No substances
required, and if substances are used,
the sx predated use or does not fit
SUD pattern.
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MODULE F: ANXIETY
DISORDERS
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Substance/Medication Induced Anxiety
Disorder
Anxiety Disorder Due to a Medical
Condition
MODULE G: OBSESSIVE
COMPULSIVE DISORDER
AND POSTTRAUMATIC
STRESS DISORDER
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
◦ Less response to medications
◦ Improved with sensitive psychosocial
interventions
◦ Hallucinations in 75-95% of clients
Often in 2nd person (you are a whore)
◦ psychosis is “trauma” related
◦ Impulsive, aggressive, and self-abusive
behaviors are present
◦ Blames self
◦ Overlap with BPD
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Differential Diagnosis of
Psychotic Disorders: Anxiety/Trauma
◦ Quite common
◦ NOT similar to the quality of “psychosis” seen in
major thought and mood disorders
Fully-formed visual hallucinations
Transient
Auditory experiences or intrusive thoughts
◦ Middle to late childhood to early adolescence
◦ Acute onset and speedy resolution
◦ Intact or understandable social behavior
◦ Minimal objective findings on MSE
Clinical Summary/Treatment
◦ Often misdiagnosed as schizophrenia
Role function changes
Degree of stress it causes the clinician
◦ The psychosis is less responsive to
neuroleptics
Multiple medication trials
Polypharmacy
Over-medicated
◦ Improved with sensitive psychosocial
interventions-DBT, supportive therapy, time
Differential Dx
OCD D/O: Presence of symptoms,
obsessions (thoughts, urges images)
that decrease with compulsions.
Trauma Related D/O: Avoidance not
due to paranoia, dissociative
experiences, para-hallucinations
Schizophrenia: Delusions not
improved with compulsive behavior,
meets criteria for psychosis.
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MODULE H: ADULT
ATTENTION-
DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY
DISORDER
Attention-
Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD)
Essential features:
◦ Symptom threshold: At least 5 symptoms of
inattention and/or 5 symptoms of
hyperactivity/impulsivity that have lasted at least
6 months (6or more in either area for those 17 and
younger)
◦ Age of onset: Several symptoms prior to age 12
◦ Impairment: Several symptoms in two or more
settings that interfere with functioning
◦ Common rule-outs: Mood disorder, anxiety
disorder, substance use or psychotic disorder (age
of onset, areas of disruption, disorganization vs.
inattention, insight).
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Organization of SCID 5
Screening for Other Current
Disorers
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (new)
Specific Phobia
Separation Anxiety Disorder (can now dx in adults)
Hoarding Disorder (new)
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Trichotillomania
Excoriation Disorder
Insomnia Disorder
Hypersomnolence Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge-Eating Disorder (new)
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Gambling Disorder
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SCIDERS ASSEMBLE!
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rymelton@pdx.edu
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