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All content following this page was uploaded by Hisham Abusalma on 06 February 2023.
Submitted: 18 December 2020 / Revised: 20 May 2021 / Accepted: 2 July 2021 / Published online: 19 July 2021
Fused deposition modeling (FDM), one of various additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, has revolu-
tionized the manufacturing industry, from the development of concept models to the creation of functional
parts. FDM uses a wide variety of materials to create 3D-printed parts. However, most FDM printers in the
market use polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) thermoplastic materials for
their good mechanical properties and low cost. Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) has recently
gained considerable attention due to its enhanced properties. Despite the potential attraction of PETG in
the 3D printing industry, very few studies have investigated its mechanical properties, such as toughness,
tensile strength, elongation at break, yield strength, and tensile modulus, which would then lead to the
development of more reliable standards for testing and inspection. In this paper, the mechanical properties
of PETG, as well as the mechanical properties of two popular FDM materials, PLA and ABS, are inves-
tigated and compared. A total of 75 tensile tests were carried out in order to investigate the effect of five
different raster angle directions on mechanical properties. Adequate strength and high ductility were
observed in PETG. Despite the ductility enhancement, PETG materials exhibited slight brittleness in tensile
test results and scanning electron microscope analysis, which could be attributed to raster angle. According
to the outcome of this investigation, recommendations for 3D printing of PETG material to fit the design
and application will be provided. This can result in more accurate reference data for potential applications
of these manufacturing technologies, as well as improved part and product quality.
ensure that the sample detached from the plate. Rafts and brims
are extra material printed around the base of the sample to
ensure adhesion to the surface. However, they were not used
because the printed sample had enough surface area to adhere
to the base plate. All three materials were printed in five distinct
angles: 0°, 90°, 0/90°, 45° and 45/135°, as depicted in Figure 2.
To assure repeatability of this study, five samples of each raster
angle were printed, resulting in a total of 75 samples. Figure 3
illustrates the build direction relative to specimen and build
platform. A summary of process parameters is shown in
Table 1, indicating 100 percent of infill density for all
specimens.
Table 2 Summary of tensile tests break for various print orientations of ABS, PETG and PLA materials
strength Std Yield Std Average strain Std Ultimate Std Tensile Std
Sample MPa deviation strength deviation at break deviation toughness deviation modulus deviation
CPE 0 49,37 0,38 5,31 0,27 122,46 16,58 4251,56 402,44 1468,26 31,44
CPE 90 35,86 6,34 4,96 0,11 3,03 0,71 77,10 12,71 1387,23 33,93
CPE 45 37,37 5,94 4,92 0,13 3,62 0,21 116,54 16,68 1381,90 68,97
CPE 0/ 46,47 3,67 5,46 0,22 4,29 0,66 152,18 11,00 1452,67 74,72
90
CPE 40,95 1,04 4,44 0,50 4,39 0,27 125,32 12,26 1354,82 32,47
45/-
45
ABS 0 38,75 1,91 4,87 0,12 4,16 1,47 202,68 12,24 1527,29 43,15
ABS 90 32,27 1,23 4,56 0,15 2,44 0,30 44,60 7,61 1479,40 28,45
ABS 45 36,68 0,90 4,71 0,13 3,05 0,17 70,26 4,16 1479,97 22,96
ABS 0/ 33,65 1,13 3,90 0,11 2,90 0,14 59,12 5,60 1462,99 12,28
90
ABS 37,09 0,90 4,46 0,19 3,37 0,21 109,24 6,76 1475,83 30,24
45/-
45
PLA 0 59,98 5,16 8,16 0,33 3,04 0,27 123,80 16,16 2462,27 163,8
PLA 90 51,57 1,02 6,40 0,28 2,77 0,09 93,76 7,26 2510,50 39,73
PLA 45 59,02 1,43 6,34 0,18 3,24 0,11 221,79 15,21 2487,24 61,82
PLA 0/ 57,22 0,84 7,01 0,19 2,93 0,10 108,41 13,22 2567,41 112,18
90
PLA 60,81 0,31 7,01 0,22 3,28 0,13 291,84 64,54 2514,88 55,47
45-45
of elongation relative to the other raster angles. The 45/135° 3.3 Ultimate Toughness
raster angle has the second highest elongation at break for the
Ultimate toughness, or total energy, is defined as the amount
PETG and ABS specimens. In addition, this angle can provide
of absorbed energy prior to fracture (Ref 28). Ultimate
a high amount of elongation, in some cases, compared to other
toughness was derived by calculating the area under the
raster angles (e.g., PLA 45/135°).
stress–strain curve. Figure 10b shows an overview of the
Fig. 11. (a) Weak interlayer transition, (b) weak interlayer in the middle part of ABS 90°
Fig. 14. SEM micrographs of PETG 45° specimen, a. lack of adhesion between deposited layers, b. example of crack
Fig. 16. Voids in FDM specimens (a) PLA 45°, (b) PLA 45/135°
Figure 18 shows weak interlayer adhesions even when the deposited layers that can be another cause of the failure in the
materials were printed at the manufacturer’s recommended PETG samples.
temperatures. The small inter-bead voids in the Figure 18b In most cases, PETG is superior to ABS in terms of tensile
suggests that the recommended deposition temperature is not strength, yield strength, strain at break, and toughness.
high enough to melt materials. This effect was not observed in However, ABS samples produced a higher elastic modulus in
PLA and PETG, which stresses the poor printing capability of a consistent manner. Additionally, PETG has competitive
ABS compared with PETG and PLA. properties to those of PLA, especially in terms of strength
Figure 19a and b exhibits the thin bonding areas of PETG and elongation. The mechanical advantages of PETG are
samples, and subsequently weak interlayer adhesion, which apparent when the material is stressed in the same direction of
results in lower mechanical properties for PETG 90° and PETG the rasters. On the other hand, these advantages are not as
45° samples. In general, weak interlayer adhesion causes inter- apparent due to the weak raster-to-raster adhesion. Nonetheless,
raster fusion bond failure mode, which lowers the strength of increasing the print temperature may improve its raster bonding
specimens. Figure 19c shows a huge gap in a group of strength. Furthermore, introducing additives to PETG, such as
carbon fiber, glass fiber, and alumina particles may also