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La violencia en Guanajuato se recrudece: al clima de
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y Santa Rosa de Lima, que luchan por la plaza, se suma
un nuevo componente: los coches-bomba. El Gobierno
Estatal asegura que los ataques contra las corporaciones
de seguridad pública se deben a “buenos resultados”. Sin
embargo, este clima de atentados y ejecuciones de agentes
–suman 369 en los últimos cinco años– desnudan la falta
de coordinación entre los tres niveles de Gobierno.

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Hay siete mujeres entre las 14 víctimas mortales de


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