TIME/TERM - It is the amount of time in years

the money is borrowed or invested.

REPAYMENT / MATURITY DATE - It is the date
on which the total amount borrowed with
interest is to be completely repaid.
LENDER/CREDITOR It refers to the person or
institution that invests the money or makes the
funds available.
PRINCIPAL - amount of money borrowed or
invested on the origin date.
MATURITY/FUTURE VALUE - amount after t
years that the lender receives from the borrower
on the maturity date.
ORIGIN/LOAN - the date on which money is
received by the borrower
INTEREST - It is the amount paid or earned for
the use of money
BORROWER/DEBTOR - refers to the person or
institution who owes money
COMPOUND INTEREST - It is the interest
computed on the principal and also on the
accumulated past interest.
RATE - percentage of the principal that will be
charged for a specified period of time.
SIMPLE INTEREST the interest that is computed
on the principal and remains constant
throughout the term.
Formula for SIMPLE INTEREST: Formula for COMPOUND INTEREST:
Is = Prt (compute the maturity or future value first)
To find the following: F = P(1+r)t
Principal amount: Ic = P – F
P = Is / rt In finding the present value:
Rate:
R = Is / Pt
Time:
T= Is = Pr Compounding More than a year:
Frequency of conversion (m) – number of
To find the maturity value conversion in 1 year
F = IS + P Conversion or Interest period – time between
successive conversion of interest
Total number of conversion periods (n) –
(frequency)(time)
Nominal rate ( im ) – annual rate of interest
Rate (j) of interest of each conversion periods

In finding present value : In finding future value:

F = P (1 +j)n - F -- Maturity
P -- Principal
J --

n -- mt
ANNUITY - It is a sequence of payments made at CASH VALUE
equal (fixed intervals or periods of time.

PERIODIC PAYEMENT

PERIODIC PAYMENT - Payment in an annuity

PAYMENT INTERVAL - Time between the
successive payments dates of an annuity
TERM OF ANNUITY (t) - Time between the first
payment interval and last payment interval
Fair market value is the price an asset would sell
for on the open market when certain conditions
are met
The current price of a stock at which it can be
sold is called - MARKET VALUE
Cash flow is a term that refers to payments
received (cash inflows) or payments or deposits
made (cash outflows).
- It is also the amount of cash and cash-
equivalents being transferred into and out of the
business.
CASH INFLOWS
- Positive numbers
CASH OUTFLOWS
- Negative numbers
DEFFERED ANNUITY
It is an annuity that does not begin until a given
time interval has passed. It is a kind of annuity
whose payments (or deposits) starts in more
than one period from the present.
- can be a long-term investment in which you
invest a sum of money, then receive payments
several years
FORMULA:
Dividend per share = total divided /
total shares
Dividend = (dividend
percentage)(par value) (no. of shares)
STOCKS & BONDS
STOCKS: A form of equity instrument or
raising money by allowing investors to
be part owners of the company
- SHARES IN THE OWNERSHIP OF A
COMPANY
ISSUER: CORPORATES RETURN: DIVIDEND
NO RETURN GURANTEE
BENEFITS : Shareholders get the right to
vote.
Market Value: When interest rates fall
significantly, the market stock value
rises.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Dividend – share in the company’s profit
Divident per share – ratio of dividends
to the number of shares
Stock Market – place where stocks can
be sold
Market Value – current price of the stock
Stock Yield Ratio – ratio of the annual
dividend per share and the market value
per share (stock yield)
Par Value – the per share amount as
stated on company certificate
BONDS: A form of debt instrument with a
promise to pay back the money with
interest
Issuers: Government, financial
Institutions
RETURN: Through interest
It has return guarantee
BENEFITS: Bondholders get the
preference in terms of repayment
To calculate the total value of shares:
No. of shares X Selling Price =total
Stock Yield Ratio = dividend per share /
market value
BUSINESS LOAN & CONSUMER LOAN:
A BUSINESS LOAN is money lent
specifically for a business purpose. It
may be used to start a business or to
have a business expansion. Bank loans,
asset-based financing, cash flow loans,
as well as business cash advances

a CONSUMER LOAN, which is money,

lent to an individual for personal or
family purposes. Consumer loan
includes credit cards, mortgages, home
equity lines of credit, refinances, auto
loans, student loans, as well as personal
loans.
 FORMULAS:

SIMPLE INTEREST: Is = Prt DEFFERED ANNUITY

To find the following:

Principal amount: P = Is / rt
Rate: R = Is / Pt
Time: T= Is = Pr
MATURITY VALUE F = IS + P Dividend per share = total divided
COMPOUND INTEREST: / total shares
(compute the maturity or future value first) Dividend = (dividend
percentage)(par value) (no. of
F = P(1+r)t shares)
Ic = P – F Stock Yield Ratio = dividend per
present value: share / market value

SIMPLE ANNUITY : PRESENT

SIMPLE ANNUITY: FUTURE VALUE

GENERAL ANNUITY:

CASH VALUE

FAIR MARKET VALUE:

Reading Approach:
Teachers use reading approach as one
of the methods in teaching English.
This approach is one way of solving
students’ reading problems.
Skimming:
In skimming, the main idea of a text is
quickly identified. The goal is to read
shorter texts to extract accurate
detailed information. Skimming is
done at a speed three to four times
faster than regular reading. People
often skim when they have lots of
material to read in a limited amount
of time.
Scanning:
Scanning is quickly reading a text to
get the summary of it. It is a technique
wherein students search for keywords
or ideas. Scanning involves moving
eyes quickly down the page seeking
specific words and phrases.
Extensive reading:
Extensive Reading is an approach to
language learning, including foreign
language learning, by means of a large
amount of reading. The reader’s view
and review of unfamiliar words in a Differentiating 21st Century Literary
specific context will allow the reader to Genres
infer the word’s meaning, to learn
unknown words. Graphic fiction(graphic novel) is a
creative piece written in comic form.
- Extensive Reading is sometimes
called Free Voluntary Reading. - pictures are arranged in sequenced in
image panels and dialogues are written
- It is reading a longer text, usually for in speech bubbles.
pleasure
- illustrations allow the readers to
Intensive reading involves learners imagine/experience the characters and
reading in detail with specific learning events in the story.
aims and tasks.
Flash fiction is a short written creative
piece usually consisting of a few
hundred words
- imaginative literature of extreme
brevity. It could range from a word to a
thousand (Gacusan 2018). It is known
as micro stories, postcard fiction,
nanotales and short shorts.
According to Sustana (2020), most of
the flash fictions have these common
characteristics.
1. Brevity. Flash fiction presents the story
with fewest words as possible.
2. Complete plot. Flash fiction
emphasizes the development of plot. It
has a beginning, middle and ending of
the story.
3. Surprising ending. The successful
hallmark of a flash fiction is its twist at
the end of the story.
Creative Literary Adaptations
Multimedia is any electronic
application used to teach lessons. It is
a presentation of material that uses
both words and pictures in a
combination of text, voice, picture or
video. Using interactive digital tools to tell
a story(digital storytelling)
–Be presented in a more artistic, inspired
and engaging way.
Digital video is a primary component
in multimedia, especially those that
appear online and on television.
The different formats of these types of
multimedia include wmv, avi, mped
and flash.
MPEG- first popular video format on
web
AVI – plays well on windows
computers
MP3 – most popular for music players
Flash – used to deliver digital video
Animation a form of art for most
people, especially those that are in the
business of producing animated
movies. Animation become interactive,
allowing users to directly affect the
outcome of animated components and
events. Flash is the most common
platform for animation, and using this
component, the interactivity of
animation is enhanced.
Text most common types of
multimedia components in different
applications. Text in combination with
other media components can make any
application more user-friendly. By
using text, interactivity is increased.
- used to create a digital signature, such
as in passwords.
Digital image needed to create videos
and animation. A user would go to a
website filled with colorful
photographs than text elements. Image
formats include jpeg and png. These
formats permit editing. Images are
created by graphic designers using
various software.
AUDIO - Audio files include
background music and special effects.
- audio in an application is designed to
improve a user's experience.
FLASH FICTION: PLOT even decisions that build conflict, or
disturbance to the main character.
Characteristics of Flash Fiction:
b. Rising Action – Known as the plot
1. Story Structure: A flash fiction story is not
complication where the writer fully
the shortened version of a longer story; it
introduces the conflict or the obstacle that
follows the elements of plot, including a
will prevent the main character, the
beginning, middle and end,conflict and
protagonist, to achieve his goal
satisfying resolution.
c. Climax – most exciting part of a story.
2. Setting: Most flash fiction stories take
This part has the most compared to all
place in one setting. Allows the writer and
other events in the story. Also, this is where
reader to focus on the plot.
important decisions are made, or important
3. Characters and Backstory: Flash fiction things are discovered.
pieces are plot-driven and include no more
d. Falling Action – occurs after the climax as
than three or four characters.
the problems in the story start to work
4. Description: a strong piece can balance themselves out. The excitement becomes
vivid descriptions with a quick moving plot. less and less as the conflict is resolved.
Stories that lack description are not
e. Resolution/End – the solution to the
satisfying to read, and a flash fiction piece
problem in a story. When a writer brings
should feel complete.
resolution to end the story, he can end the
A unified plot has a story that is realistic story with either an open or closed ending.
with a central character and action and the
story happens in one place during a short
span of time
Episodic plot, story that happens in a much-
extended period of time. A writer who
employs the episodic plot frequently uses
the technique of ‘flashback’
PLOT – a movement in time a movement in
time such as an hour, a day, a week, a
month or even a year.
PLOT - movement in casualty established
on a series of casual events that happen one
after another.
PLOT - a movement in dramatic tension the
story has dialogue, action, details,
descriptions, and scenes that amplify the
tension and persuade the reader to
continue reading. The techniques of
foreshadowing, flashback and epiphany are
employed.
The following are the components of a plot.
a. Exposition – This is the beginning of the
story(inciting incident.) The author
introduces the characters, identifies where
the story is happening, and establishes the
main conflict. Includes events, actions or