Chapter-14 Question BankFundamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB-1 North West Power Generation Company Limited (NWPGCL) Post: Assistant Engineer(Mechanical) Time 10.00AM to 11.30AM Date:04.12.2015 Exam Hall: ECE Building, BUET Non Departmental MCQ-60; Departmental MCQ-12; Written-12 Total Marks-40+12+48=100 Non Departmental: 1. Who was man of the series in the last (2015) Ban, ladesh Vs Zit series? a. Tamim Iqbal. Shakib Al Hasan ¢ Murhasee Rabine aaa ces 2. What is the name of present president of Nepal? a. Bidhya Devi Bhandari 3. What is the length of Padma River? a.24000ft = b. Notes: Length of Padma River = 120 Km, Length o ‘adi = 20180 ft. 4. What is the name of ruling party of Meee eae aUSSD b.NLD c.NDL 5. What is “Elysee Palace”? 2. president residence _b. prime minister residence c. king residence 6. The highest average salinity amongst the following seas is reported from a,DeadSea _b. Red Sea ¢. Black Sead. Mediterranean Sea 7. The Suez canal connects the a. Baltic sea and the Caspian sea_b. Mediterranean sea and the Red sea ¢. Red sea and the Caspian sea. Mediterranean sea and the North sea 8. Supersonic plane fly with the speed a, less than the speed of sound. of sound ¢. greater than the speed of sound d. of light 9. The inert gas which is substituted for nitrogen in the air used by deep sea divers for breathing, is a.Argon b. Xenon Helium d. Krypton 10. Siphon will fail to work if a. the densities of the liquid in the two vessels are equal b. the level of the liquid in the two vessels are at the same height Cc. both its limbs are of unequal length d. the temperature of the liquids in the two vessels are the same 11. Who is the writer of “Ignited Mind”? a. Arundhati Roy b. A.P.Z. Abul Kalam 12. Which of the following statement is false? a. boron acts both as metal and non-metal 13-15. 16. CH BPRS PHA VC AT (a) Baa (0) foe (0) wTa Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering 17. NIST ot Srp exeru fer (@) +B (6) H+ OT (C) FEST 183K COTM erat ior (a) BRAT (b) WAH (c) Rs faa. mae (©) RAE) HES . ORT CH ACATR @ TW o) wx (© 20.58 COTE enon a ® sam OR ES LRN. aT aT FS Ie BTS ARTY G)Bxxe (bse ORES Oe (a) (b) FRAG (c) HIRa Dee ax Rettere oe () SreFe (b) PTT () arena (a) aT 24. STFS CIR Fes? @) TORE (b) weTEY (c) TAT eee BUA St OH AT AAS ATET CH? ona a) SICTORE TRA (b) ABSA BHT AZ (c) PST 26.Ragcda Bi Br Cre? ee () sare Sea (b) HeaoE RAPA (Cy qAgDE (d) ARICA 27.91 BU UF AUG BU? ® SISMAA (b) TOMA (0) afta -30 31. Which sentence is correct? a. paper is made from wood. paper is made of wood. paper is made at wood d. 32. Choose the correct answer a. Why have you done this? b. why you have done this? c)........ 33. Choose the correct sentence a. I forbade him to go _b. I forbade him from going ¢. [forbade him going, I forbade him not to go 34. Our Head office ------ us for travelling? a. Pays, b. Gives, c. Remunerates d. both a and ¢ 35. Who is the writer of “Romeo Juliet”? a, William Shakespeare 36. What is the plural of “Hypothesis”, a. Hypotheses b. Hypothesies _c. Hypothesus 37.-46. 46. If we enter any text in cells of MS Excell then it is by default aligned to a.left b. right c, middle d. none 47. Which keyboard shortcut command is used for cut option? a. Ctrl+X 48. Which is the primary memory of a computer?Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB-3 a.RAM b. cache c. hard disk d, pen drive 49. A person buys something in 2000 ings in 25% a some in 25% loss. Which statement ae eee a. he made profit of more than 125 taka b. woo? 5 taka ¢. hes in loss of more than 125 taka dhe sin los of las han 129 aka N.B.: Data is insufficient to answer the question 30. al ‘riangle is inscribed in a square of unit side, then the length of the side of aY 6-42 (b)¥ 3/2 51. 3a=b and 3c=d then bd=? a.3atb (b) 3ab 52-60 Departmental: 1, A rotometer is used to measure (a) Velocity of fluids (b) viscosity of fluids (0) Density of fluids (d) discharge of fluids. 2. Which statement is correct?? (a) Bending moment at the top surface of a beam is compressive. (b) The neutral axis of a transverse section of a beam passes through the center. 3. Which stress is critical for transverse vibration of a shaft? (@) Torsional stress (b) 4, For diffuser which one is correct — (a) Kinetic energy converts into pressure energy (b) Pressure energy converts into mechanical energy (©) Pressure energy converts into kinetic energy 5. Kaplan turbine is used to produce- (a) Low head high discharge (b) Low head low discharge (c) High head low discharge (d) Low head high discharge 6. For separation which one is the cause? (a) Vapor pressure is greater than cylinder pressure (b) Vapor pressure is less than cylinder pressure 7. 200g water evaporates in 10min. find the evaporation rate. (a) 45.1Kj/min (b) 10.1 kj/min 8. Specific gravity of oil is 0.8. if the water head is 1m find the corresponding Oil head- (a)0.8 (1.2. (0) 9.81 9. The purpose of a surge tank is : se (a) to control the pressure variations due to rapid changes in the pipe line flow (b) to eliminate water hammer possibilities : (0) to regulate flow of water turbines by providing necessary retarding head of water (@) all of the above 10. Falling drops of water become spheres due to the property of (a) surface tension of water (b) compressibility of water (d) capillarity of water (d) viscosity 0 waterae Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering 11. Draw TOP view, FRONT view and RHS view of the figure below: Answer:Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering ae 12. What is boiler mountings and accessories? Give 2 examples each of them. Answer: Boiler Mountings: Mountings are required f eet is functioning of 1¢ boiler which is generally mounted over the boiler shell, PP Sd safe functioning Examples: Water Level Indicator, Press a cape iin off cock, Fusible plug, Feed Check valve." Safety valves, Steam stop valve, Water Level Indicator: + The water level indicator is needed to ase ertain the a + Two water level indicators sh Se ea level can be constantly seen, ‘ould be fitted for each boiler in such a place that the water Pressure Gauge: + A pressure gauge is an instr can be measured. + There are two types of is diaphragm type gauge. ment by means of which the pressure exerted inside a vessel Pressure gauges, one is Bourdon tube pressure gauge and the other Boiler Accessories: Accessories are used for mounted on the boiler shell. Boiler accessories + Superheater: super heater is a device temperature of the dry steam without combustion product, * Economizer: Economizer is a device used for heating feed water which is supplied to the boiler by utilizing heat in the exhaust flue gases before leaving through the chimney. 13. Calculate the refrigeration tonnage for 3000kg ice from 0°C to 30°C. Solution: efficient running of the boiler but they are not are- used for drying wet steam and then increasing increasing its pressure by utilizing the heat of Here, m = 3000kg; AO = (30° — 0° We get, amount of heat = = + sat > ee _ 987.29 = 957.29Kj/min = = ton = 4.55 ton + Refrigeration tonnage = 4.55 (Ans.)O25 Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering 14. Draw the block diagram of a vapor compression refrigeration system and corresponding p-h and T-S diagram. Answer: ia iis o . fine Recei Compressor tank Heer eae fy hy Entropy SEAT) (a) Ts diagram, (©) p-h diagram, 17. Draw indicator diagram for four stroke SI and CI engine in T-S graph. Answer: ° WY 3 Xe, e EVO 2 a | (nos, here Tessure BDC — Volume —> ——Volume —> Indicator Diagram For A Four Indicator diagram fora Four Stroke Stroke Cycle Petrol Engine. Cycle Diesel Engines.Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB7 18. For a material modulus of elastic fon’ aca etre modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus) © 200GP and Possion’s ratio is 0.3. Solution: We know that modulus of rigidity eran rl 2(m+1) Here, E200 GPa and + = 03 or, m=3,33, _ Esaxz0o So, C= gaasea = 7690 Gpa (Ans,) Again, Kee . 3.33x21 ESD or. K== 3033-2) = 166.91 Gpa (Ans.) 19. An air compressor compresses air of 15°C and 1 bar. After compression the pressure becomes 7 bar isentropic ally, Find the final temperature and work done for this process. Solution: Here, Initial pressure, P; = 1 bar Initial temperature, T; = 15 + 273 = 288 K; Final pressure, P)= 7 bar (Final temperature: ion, B= HF 7 Using the relation, 2 = @)7 ne or, oa Q 1 ay =288x (ie 507.24K = 234.24°C. (Ans.) The work done: (data missing for this portion, but it will be solved. by this formula) We know, W = BRC) — MEP inc, cr, — 1.) i = indicate every term. Is it an energy or,T, 1 20. Write Bernouli’s equation for real fluid and equation you think? If Yes, then explain. rary pai volume blo = Ena pec nt volar ar 2 R + Spv+ pgh, = P, +}pv,'+ pghy Energy | |Eneroy’ per unit volume Flow velocity aaeis Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering The Bemoulli Equation can be considered to be a statement of the eee of energy Principle appropriate for flowing fluids. The qualitative behavior that is usually ee with the term "Bernoulli effect" is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where the flow velocity is incyeséd. This lowering of pressure in a constriction of a flow path may seem CounterintuitWe, but seems less so when you consider pressure to be energy density. In the i Hy flow through the constriction, kinetic energy must increase at the expense of ri Boiler ® Turbine +@ y Condenser @ Pump o Figure: Simple steam power plant that operates on the Rankine cycle qT Wpump.io 3 Fig.: T-S diagram of Rankine cycle———+¢ 23. Draw a Wheatstone bridge circuit. How it measures the st Answer: A fundamental parameter of the strain gage is its sensitivity to strain, expressed quantitatively as the gage factor (GF). Gage factor is defined as the ratio of fractional change in electrical resistance to the fractional change in length (strain): AR/R _ AR/R aL/L- ec Figure 3. Wheatstone bridge The output voltage of the bridge, Vo, is equal to: Ry Re Vo = LigeRy — RatRal' VEX . : : | , Therefore, if Ry is replaced in Figure 3 with an active strain gage, any changes in the strain gage resistance will unbalance the bridge and produce a nonzero output voltage. If thei Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering . in-induced change in Pominal resistance of the strain gage is designated as RG, then the strain-in resistance, DR, can be expressed as DR = RG GF, from the previously as auation. Assuming that RI = R2 and R3 = RG, the bridge equation above c 1 : \f the — '0 express Vo/Vix as a function of strain (see Figure 4). Note the presence o! o* GHGFH ‘erm that indicates the nonlinearity of the quarter-bridge output with respect to strain. Figure 4, Quarter-Bridge Circuit 7 F Ideally, the resistance of the strain gage can be changed only in response to applied strain. However, strain gage material, as well as the specimen material to which the gage is applied, also responds to changes in temperature, Strain gage manufacturers attempt to minimize Sensitivity to temperature by processing the gage material to compensate for the thermal expansion of the specimen material for which the gage is intended, While compensated gages reduce the thermal sensitivity, they do not totally remove it 24. Write the significance of Froude Number, Reynolds Number and Nusselt number. Answer: Froude Number: The Froude number is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of a characteristic velocity to a gravitational wave velocity. The Froude number is defined as: Fr=z Where V is a characteristic velocity , and c is a characteristic water wave Propagation Velocity. The Froude number is thus analogous to the Mach number. The greater the Froude number, the greater the resistance. Reynolds Number: It is defined as the ratio ofthe inertia force to the viscous foree. i Re = Inertia Force/Viscous Force= pVD/= VD/9 Significance: > Reynolds number signifies the relative predominance of the inertia to the viscous forces occurring in the flow systems, > Higher the Reynolds number the greater will be the relative contribution of inertia effect. Smaller the value of Re, the greater will be the relative magnitude of the viscous stresses.QB-11 Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering : A ic and dynamic > Reynolds number is taken as an important criterion of kinematic and dyn Similarities in forced convection heat transfer, if Re <2000, the bale cece ia el A i ine ee See pipe flow i flow is laminar, if Re>4000, the flow is turbulent 1£.4000 >Re>2000 itis transition, ' a unit Nusselt Number (Nu): It isthe ratio of het flow rate by convection Eee temperature gradient to the heat flow Tate by conduction process under a unit gradient through a stationary thickness of L necters ie, Nu= hL/K Significance; id layer > The Nusselt number represents the enhancement of heat transfer through a fluid lay ‘on relative to conduction across the same fluid layer. ® The larger the Nusselt number, the more effective the oxmenton — > A Nusselt number of Nu =| for a fluid layer represents heat transfer across the lay. by pure conduction,=. Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering Ashuganj Power Station Company Ltd. (APSCL) Post: Assistant Engineer(Mechanical) Time-10.00AM to 11.30AM Date:06.05.2016 Exam Hall: ECE ae ‘Technical Question Only] : 11. Two gears A and B mesh with evel ather, The speed of gear A is 79Srpm. Number of teeth of the two gears A and B are respectively 0 and 20. Find speed of gear B. Solution: Given, Na = 795 rpm; Ty = 50; Tg = 20; Np We get, zs = + Ng = 2x 795 = 1987.5 rpm (Ans.) 12. Draw SED of this beam. Answer: 13. A boiler produces steam of enthalpy 2620KJ/Kg with the feed water of enthalpy 270KJ/Kg. If the steam rate 50Kg/hr then find the steam generation factor and the boiler power in KW. The latent heat of evaporation is 2257KJ/Kg. Solution: Given, h=2620 KJ/Kg; hy = 270KJ/Kg; m=50K g/hr; ly = 2257K]/Kg; We get, Steam Generation factor = 2! = 279-27 — 1.04 (Ans.) Boiler Power = m(h—h)= sm (2620 — 270) = 0.653 KW (Ans.) 14. A rectangular steel bar has width of 35mm and thickness is 10mm. Find the stress at the section AB, BC and CD. 12KN OF 9KNG 4KN D }-—>22KN KN KN Solution: For the section AB, we get, 12KN 8Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB-13 Here, Area, A= 35X10 = 350 mm? = 350 x 10-$m2 Pap = S Pre ‘4B = 12KN = 12 x 103N i Seocio-* = 34.28MPa (Ans,) For section AC, We get, 22KN 9KNq Pac = 12+9+9 = 30KN ‘i _ Pap _ _30x103 Onc = A = sepragrs = 85.71MPa (Ans) For section AD, We get, 12KN SKN) 4KN__D. 9KN KN Pap =12+94+9-4-4=22KN P, 22x103 Opp = a2 = Jsoxa0* = 62.85MPa (Ans.) 15. Draw Top view and Front view. "ron ES ‘Top View Mon, Frost Viewentals of Mechanical Engineer QB-14 Fundam ting the schematic diagram of a gas turbine with two compressors and intercooling Corresponding T-S diagram. swer: 17. Draw T-s diagram of Rankine cycle mentioning all processes and corresponding equipment. Solution: The T-S Diagram of Rankine cycle is shown below: r 1-2 Isentropic compression in a pump 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler 3-4 Isentropic expansion in a turbine 4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser 18. A sling hygrometer shows the dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature is same and that is 32°C. Find the i) Relative humidity, ii) Wet bulb depression and iii) dew point temperature. Solution: Since, the dry bulb and wet bulb temperature is same So, (i Relative Humidity, R =£ = 100% (Ans,) Gi) Wet bulb depression = Dry blub temperature — wet bulb temperature =0(Ans.) (iii) Dew point temperature = 32°C (Ans.)Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB-15 19. A refrigerator makes 300 Kg (aot exact value) water of 0°C into ice of 0°C by % hour. The latent heat is 335,33KJ/Kp. Find the ex } = * city of the refrigerator in ton. Answer: Here, m= 300 Kg, lr = 335.33K/Kg. Time Site ne Capacity = ome 5 x 60, _ 300 x 335.33 ~ 05x60 = 33533 KJ/min = 15.96 = 16TOR (Ans.) 20, A 3-phase connection has line voltage 400V and current is 35amp. The connected load is 20kW; determine the power factor of this line, Solution: . Here, ® = 3; V= 400V; I= 35A; P= 20KW=20000W; Cos@ =? We get, P= V3 VI Coso =? Oreos = 20000 V3 x 400 x 35 = 0.8247 (Ans.) 21. A generator’s rotor speed is 750rpm and frequency is 50Hz, Calculate the number of poles. Solution: a20f _ 120xs0 We get, P= <> = S""° = 8 (Ans.) 22. The graph shown the head, efficiency versus discharge curve of a centrifugal pump. Find the design head, discharge and efficiency; Find also the operating Head and discharge. (Similar image is attached)Fa Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering Solution: saaane, a5) From the Graph Point A is design point and B is the operating point, For Design Point A: Head = 90 m of water, discharge = 34 L/S, efficiency = 880.25 = 22%; For Operating Point B: Head = 33m of water, discharge = 95 L/S, efficiency = 620,25 = 15.5%; 1. Fillet and chamfering is done for- reduce stress concentration 2. Hydraulic system is based on- Pascal’s law 3. Which type of turbine used in kaptai- Kaplan 4. Ratio of longitudinal and hoop stress- ¥4 5. A simple truss is made by minimum members. Ans.: 3; if it says minimum force then ans.- 2. 6. The fluid state after throttling — liquid and vapor 7. Chiller is used in central air conditioning unit cools the water 8. Maximum normal stress theory and Maximum shear strese theory- For brittle and ductile respectively. Non-Departmental Correct spelling Empower, embolden, impound, blacken Chief justice of Nepal- shushila karki “Sobnom”- syed mujtoba ali Mustafizur in IPL - sunrisers hydrabad PFA award by player choice- riad mahrez Richshaw- Japanese Pawruti- portugiz Bangla goddya started- adhunik era Bonuful- bolai chadFundamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB-17 Ashuganj Power Station Company Limited (APSCL) Post: Assistant Engineer(Mechanical) Time: Date:2010 Exam Hall: BUET 1, Whatis boiler mountings and accessories? Name 3 mountings and accessories. Answer: Mountings: Mountings are required for proper and safe functioning of the boiler which are generally mounted over the boiler shell. Example: 1. Water level indicator, 2. Pressure Gauge and 3. Safety valves Accessories: These are the devices which are used as integral parts of boiler and help in running efficiently. Example: 1. Super heater, 2.Economiser and 3. Air Preheater 2. What is fouling factor? What is the importance of it at the design of boiler? Answer: During operation the heat and mass carrying tube surface gets covered by deposits of ash, soot, dirt and scale etc. This phenomenon of rust formation and deposition of fluid impurities is called fouling. It is difficult to ascertain the thickness and thermal conductivity of scale deposits, the effect of scale on heat flow is considered by specifying an equivalent scale heat transfer coefficient hy. The reciprocal of heat transfer coefficient h, is called the fouling factor, Re. Re Wh 1/Ugin—1/Uctean 3. Define Ton of refrigeration and COP? Answer: Ton of refrigeration: 1 tonne of refrigeration is the rate of heat removal required to freeze a metric ton (i.c., 1000 kg) of water at 0°C in 24 hours. Based on the heat of fusion being 333.55 ki/kg, 1 tonne of refrigeration = 13,898 kl/h = 3.861 kW Coefficient of Performance (COP) The Coeffipiént of Performance for a refrigerator is defined as the ratio of the refrigerating effect (opbling load, Qx) to the work added (compressor power input, W.) of the system,int Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineer QB-18 Reheating { f tra, pha al 4 fz fa a aa | : Soaking Camber t + 4. Draw P-V and T-S diagram of Carnot and Stirling Cycle. Answer: anche Carnot podem. 6. What is priming? How it is done? Answer: Priming of centrifugal pump: priming of a centrifugal pump is defined as the operation in which the suction Pipe, casing of the pump and a portion of the delivery pipe upto the delivery valve is completely filled up from outside source with the liquid to be raised by the pump before starting the pump. Thus the air from these parts of the pump is removed and these parts are filled with the liquid to be pumped. When the pump is running in air, the head generated is in terms of metre of ar, If the pump is primed with water, the head Senerated is same metre of water. But as the density of air is very low, the generated head of air in terms of equivalent metre of water head is negligible and hence the water may not be sucked from the pump. To avoid this difficulty, priming is necessary, 7. Draw the diagram for counter flow and parallel flow heat exchanger, Answer: (o) Fe Conterow heat exchangerfundamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB-19 ‘U(Temp.) hy . fe ty Cold td 'e ‘sy -——b L (Length) () Parallel-fow hoat exchanger, 8, Write the Bernoulli’s equation for real ; Give example! Teal and ideal fluid. What is Newtonian Fluid? Answer: Bernoulli’s equation for ideal fluid: HN 3 ce ee +2 = constant Where p= pressure vy = velocity of fluid z = datum energy 1 = specific weight = pg 2 = pressure energy 5 = kinetic energy For real fluid, Py + % Vs" pgh = Prt % Va"+ pgha+ hy A cylinder is of bore 80mm & 100mm stroke. If the clearance volume 70 x10°, what standard efficiency? 10. A plant capacity is 950MW and produced 567000KW-hr/month. Peak load is 1000MW. Find (i) Load factor (ji) Plant capacity factor. 11. A math relates with Bernoulli’s equation and pump power and efficiency. 12. Drawing. 13. Draw the P-V and T-S diagram for Steam Turbine.~ B20 Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering Power Development Board (PDB) 1. Draw the typical stress-strain diagram of mild steel! showing yield strength, ultimate Strength and breaking strength on it. 3G A- Proportional limit B- Elastic limit C- Upper yield point F D- lower yield point E- Ultimate stress/strength F- Breaking stress/strength G- Actual Rupture Strength Strain —— 2. A concentrated load P is applied at the midspan of a simply supported beam of length L. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagrams of the beam showingpeak values. Pp 22 P/2 Pi2 SFD [ PL4 eee eee eee 3. A steel rod of 1 cm’ in cross-sectional area and 100 cm long i i long is subjected to an axial pull of 2000 kgf. Find the elongation of the rod considering E= : P : lering E=200GPa. A= 1 * 104m? ; L= 0.1m; P = f= - Area, x 104m’ jz Om; P =2000Kgf 2000x 9.81= 19620N ; E = 200 x10° Pa PL_ We know, 6 45 = T339-+xz00xa00~ 9-81X10m= 0.00981cm (Ans.)rundamentals of Mechanical Engineering B21 4, Write down the Bernoulli's equation f EHO moore ae tre sn Fel Md ; it ole a B+ 20V;'+ pgh, Peo nN Pressure] [Kinetic = me Energy For real fluid, Py + % V,"+ pphy = P,+ Vi4+ pghrt hy 5. Draw the performance characteristics curves of a centrifugal pump. ——— Discharge (Q) ——> Power (P) ——> Head (Hm) 'Q (Hm = Constant) Main characteristics curves of a pump. 6. A centrifugal pump is used to raise water at a height of 100 ft with discharge of 2.0 cusec. The efficiency of the pump is 62%. Find the input horse power of the pump. Solution: Given, H=100f= 30.48 meter; Q= 2.0 cusec = 0.057 m3/sec; 17-62%; p= 1000 Kg/m? P= pgQH/ y = (1000 x9.81x 0.057% 30.48)/ 0.62 =27.5KW = 36.88 hp (Ans.)damentals of Mechanical Engineer, QB-22 Fun ring 7. Define “ton of refrigeration”. : rT ion/TR: is i t Nes Sea aT aeeE as the amount of tere ae th uniform melting of one tonne (1000kg) of ice from and at ” 1TR=210 kJ/min =3.5 kW in a boiler? 8. What are the functions of an economizer and safety valve Answer: Economizer: ‘lizi it ‘An economizer is a device used to heat feed water by utilizing the heat in the ine Bases before leaving through the chimney. As the name indicates, the economizer j the economy of the steam boiler. Safety Valve : i * The safety valve (pressure relief valve) is used in a boiler to relieve the pressure of steam when it is above the working pressure. A 9 * Its function is to a a portion of the steam from the boiler automatically a is ted on the top of the shell when the steam pressure exceeds the normal limit. It is mounted on fthe shel ; As per boiler regulation two safety valves are required to be fitted in each boiler. 9. Draw P-V and T-S diagram of Otto cycle and Diesel cycle. Otto Cycle: ; . , : Otto eycle consists of two isentropic and two isochoric processes. Heat is supplied and heat is ejected by the cycle during isochoric process. P| 3 7 s Pressure-volume and Temperature-entropy diagram for the air-standard Otto cycle Where, 1-2: Adiabatic compression 2.3; Isochoric/constant volume heat addition 3-4: Adiabatic expansion 4-1: Isochoric heat rejection Diesel Cycle:| Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB-23 P 4 | 1 v Pressure-volume and Temperature-entropy diagram for the air-standard Diesel cycle Basic processes in diesel cycle Reversible adiabatic compression Constant pressure heat addition Reversible adiabatic expansion 4-1: Constant volume heat rejection J 10. How do you identify a petrol engine and a diesel engine? Answer: Diesel engines are compression ignition and petrol engines are spark ignited one. If there is spark plug its petrol engine or else it would be diesel engine. The presence of fing in the engine compartment also differentiates them apart as Diesel engines have and petro does not.ical Engineering QB-24 Fundamentals of Mecham 10 1= 10 Encircle the most appropriate answer. stress is 11. Ina thin-walled pressure cylinder the ratio of longitudinal stress to the hoop 205 b20 clo ad, 12. A loaded column fails due to a. stress due to direct load b. stress due to bending load €-both (2) and) L none of the above i 13. Every cross-section ofa shaft, which is subjected to a twisting moment, is under a. compressive stress D.shear stress 6. tensile stress d. bending stress ' ° 14. Ifa member is subjected to an axial tensile load, the plane inclined at 45 loading carries to the axis of @. minimum shear stress b, maximum shear stress ©. minimum normal stress d.maximum normal stress 15. Continuity equation deals with the law of conservation of a.mass b. energy ¢. momentum d. none of the above 16. Which of the following pump is a positive displacement type? a. centrifugal pump b.reciprocating pump . axial flow pump d. mixed flow pump 17. Compression ratio of diesel engine varies from a. 6t010 b.10tolS c.15t025 —d. 25 to 30 18. Which is not the mounting in a boiler? a, safety valve b. superheater c. fusible plug d. water level indicator 19. What should be the relative humidity when the dry bulb and wet bulb temperature are same? a. 50% b. 15% ©.100% 40% 20. The objective of a flywheel in an engine is to a, perform balancing b. increase the power generation c. reduces energy fluctuation d. increase energy fluctuationFundamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB-25 Power Development Board (PDB)-2015 1, What is the deviation of Ideal Rankine cycle and actual Rankine cycle? Answer: As a result of irreversibility in various components such as fluid friction and heat loss to the surroundings, the actual cycle deviates from the ideal Rankine cycle. a TT IDEAL CYCLE Inreversibility in the pump, IN Pressure drop in the boiler 3 1 Irreversil the condenser (a) (b) siveAhe advantages and disadvantages of gas turbine over steam turbine. wer: dvantages: 1._It is smaller in size and weight as compared to an equivalent steam power plant. For smaller capacities the siz ine i iter than a high speed diesel engine plant but for larger capacities it is smaller in size than a comparable diesel engine plant. If size and weight are the main consideration such as in ships, eircraft engines and locomotives, gas turbines are more suitable. 2. The initial cost and operating cost of the plant is low: it powee plant, e onda beads. ¢ plant can be started uick wer plant whereas in aon ows Plantthes these losses occur because SaaS even when the turbine.is ‘not suj ‘any load. 6. The a of the plant is easier and maintenance cost is low. Disadvantages: 1. Major part of the work developed in the turbine is used to derive the compressor. Theref 2. Since the temperature of the products of combustion becomes too high so service conditions become complicated even at moderate pressures. yawFundamentals of Mechanical Eoginegng QB-26 er plant. 3. Write the name of main components of a thermal power P Answer: , Main parts of the plant are r sh 6. Air preheater 1. Coal conveyor 2, Stoker 3. Pulverizer 4. Boiler 5. cae Goatees 11.Transformers 7. Electrostatic precipitator 8. Smoke stack 9. pe n Coolingfowers 13. Generator 14. High - voltage po ower plant. 4. DyAw a schematic diagram of combined cycle p Exhaust 5. Draw T-S diagram of vapor compression refrigeration system. Answer: 6. A shaft is transmitted 50 hp, speed of the shaft is 400 rpm. What is the torqtie? Solution: Given that, P= 50 hp = 37.285 KW N= 400 rpm i _2nN | 2x 400 = op = gp = 41.88 rad/sec Weert P=Txw T=— 41.88 = 0.89 N.m (Ans)| Fundamental: i ‘undamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB.27 7. Find the resultant force, sm& 3m 450 Solution: A R45 5m. 3m 450 B Here, Area of the gate= 3x5 = 15 m2 h=25 sin45° = 177m + Resultant Force, F = pghA = 1000 x 9.8 x 1.77 x 15 = 260.19 KN(Ans.) 8. Draw the SFD. (Cannot recall) 9. Find the efficiency of actual Brayton cycle. (Cannot recall) 10. Write short note on pyrometer, anemometer, tachometer and dynamometer. 11. The graph showed the head, efficiency versus discharge curve of centrifugal Pump. Find the design head, discharge and efficiency; Find also the operating Head and discharge. (Similar image was attached)hhanical Engineer B28 Fundamentals of Mec sneering Solution: “ce From the Graph Point A is design point and B is the operating point. For Design Point A: Head = 90 m of water, discharge = 34 LS, efficiency = 88x0.25 = 22%; For Operating Point B: Head = 33m of water, discharge = 95 L/S, efficiency = 620.25 = 15.5%; Power Grid Company of Bangladesh (PGCB)-2013 1, Define homogeneous materials and isotropic materials; give an example each of them. . Answer: Homogeneous: A homogeneous material means a material which has uniform composition and uniform properties throughout. Plastics, ceramics, glass, metals, alloys, paper, board, resins, and coatings are examples of homogeneous materials. Air, salt solution, etc are examples of homogeneous mixtures. In addition, an alloy is a solid solution, which is a homogeneous solid mixture of two metals. Isotropic: Isotropic means that the properties of materials are the same in all directions. In Processes, the rate of process is the same in all directions. Glass and metals are examples of isotropic materials 2. What is boundary layer? Show different regimes of boundary layer for a flat plate. Answer: Boundary Layer: When a real fluid flows past a stationary solid boundary, a layer of fluid which comes in contact with the boundary surface adheres to it and condition of no slip occurs. Thus the layer of fluid which can’t slip away from the boundary surface undergoes retardation, this retarded layer further causes retardation for the adjacent layers of the fluid, there by developing a small region in the immediate vicinity of the boundary surface and approaches the velocity of main stream. The layer adjacent to the boundary is known as boundary layer.Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering 08-29 Boundary Layer Profile For Flat Plate: aaa Teanston Region a ‘Leadig edge" Lawninar "= 0990 ‘Tusbulent ‘Transition Point : ee ra of cross section A and length L is held fixed at both ends. The bar has for arial fore ict = and coefficient of thermal expansiona. Derive the expression Solution: Fe increase of AT. (Assume no buckling of the bar) fi geneous aa ifr ren ts Cri = gt Deformation due to temperature changes; Sr= aL AT Deformation due to equivalent axial stress; — op= ——~ = — AE £ Sr = dp at aT= SE o=EaAaT +. Axial Force, P= E @AT A Where g is the thermal stress in MPa and E is the modulus of elasticity of the bar in MPa. 4. Find the maximum torsional shear stress in a solid shaft of diameter 10mm and the applied torque is 30 Nm. Solution: Here, T= 30 Nm; D= 101 0.01m 16T __ 16x30 We get, Tmax = So5 = marpony = 152 MPa (Ans.)Fundamentals of Mechanical Engine g QB-30 ko =7x10-*m’ and Az = 4x 19-3 Kg/s, area At w 5. Ina diffuser water flow rate eee etween section 1 and section 2, Aswan: Determine the pre a pe flow is frictionless. water density is 1000Kg/m™ paul 3 en? Py — Py = seven, rh = 8 Kel; Ay = 7x 10~*ma? anda = 4% Lee Here, rt = AiVyp = A2V2P i 2Y, = Hea = 11.43 ms pee Kip 7x107#x1000 8 m fae 1 And, Vi = 3a5 7 sataao = 7S ‘Applying Bemoulli’s equation at (1) and (2), we get v Peta Pe 2g va +2, -2; 2% 1 2, 2: — 11.43°) +0 xo8? ) or, Py — Py = 6.46 x 9.8 2. P,—P; = 63.308 KPa (Ans.) 6. Draw the simple block diagram of open cycle gas turbine and the corresponding T'S diagram. Answer: ® C-Compressor ; B-Bumer or Combustion ie Chamber q T-Turbine L- Load zy Exhaust fo atmosphereFundamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB-31 7. Whatis cavitation? List two problems due to cavitation. Answer: Cavitation: Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapor bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapor pressure and the sudden collapsing of these vapor bubbles in a region of high pressure. When the vapor bubbles collapse, a very high pressure is created, The metallic surface, above which the liquid is flowing, is subjected to these high pressures, which cause pitting action on the surface, Thus cavities are formed on the metallic surface and also considerable noise and vibrations are produced. Problems due to cavitation: the following effects of cavitation: i) The metallic surfaces are damaged and cavities are formed on the surfaces. ii) Due to sudden collapse of vapor bubble, considerable noise and vibrations are produced. 8. A composite wall of two 0.5m thick layers has a temperature 150°C on one side and 10°C on another side. Thermal conductivity of two layers are 0.05 W/mK and 0.5 W/mK respectively. Area of each side is 2m’. Find the overall thermal resistance of the wall and heat transfer per unit surface area. Solution: Given, x, = Xz = 0.5m, Ty = 150°C, T; = 10°C, K, = 0.05w / mk, K) = 0.5w/mk , Ay = Ag = 2m? Overall Thermal resistance, a a R= Tala~ Fundamentals of Mechanical Eadie, QB-32 os, 05 _ x2 0.5x2 as 4082 55k/w(Ans.) . . the Mohr’s circle 9. For the plane stress shown in the stress element, a peer eae to fing the maximum in plane shearing stress and correspon! 6 MPa 10 MPa Solution: a sll Given, 6, = 10MPa, oy =6MPa, ty =0 We get, Oc= S22 = 2048 — gpa 2 Re [SY +55? = |CE5240= toma +Maximum shear stress= +2 and minimum shear stress=—2, Maximum Normal Stress, ‘Ox — Dy? 2 =8+42=10MPa(Ans.) 0, =0C+R= xt +7, Minimum Normal Stress, Ox+6, (Ox-Gy\2 6, = OC~R= Sr _ (=) +%y? = 8~2 = 6MPa (Ans,)Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering Ee teel pipe with 10. Ce te ast ‘ompute the pressure drop when water flows at 3 L/s through See 1000 diameter and length 50mm and 40 m respectively. Assume density of Kg/m’ and friction factor 0.02. Solution: ' Here, Q=3 L/s= 3 x 10-3m3/s,_ d=50mm =0.05m ; L= 40m, p = 1000 Kg/m*; f= 0.02; We get, Q=AV, «. Ve $= BAT = 1.507 ms! a he 9 From the two end of the pipe, PL _P, + , + hy or, = hy u or, Py - Pp = hy xy = 1,903 x 9.8 = 18.653 KPa (Ans.) 11. Construct shear and bending moment diagrams showing peak values for the simply supported beam loaded with the forces shown in figure. yoFundamentals of Mechanical Engine, QB-34 Multiple Choice Questions: transfer. 1. The physical mechanism of viscosity is one of a. Heat b. Momentum ©. Velocity d. Particle 2. Identify the correct statement. sel and air during suction stroke a. Petrol engine draws a mixture of diesel at ine. b. Diesel an has lower compression ratio than a et _— ¢. Thermal efficiency of a diesel gure is higher 4. A diesel engine runs on Otto cycle 3. When connected ae engine, the tachometer measures a. Engine torque b. Engine speed c. Engine compression d, Engine temperature 4. Reynolds number is inertia force "thermal diffusivity pp, Sttic pressure orces * “thermal diffsivit inertia force "viscous force Static Pressue force 6S , 5. Which quantity is not listed in a typical psychometric chart? a. Entropy b. Enthalpy c. Relative humidity d. Wet-bulb temperature 6. The power required to drive a centrifugal pump is a, wHe Hm = manometric head Ge specific weight , == ischarge rate of pump @ 7 No = overall efficiency of pump Wolly Le 7. Ina refrigeration system the expansion device is connected between the a. Compressor and condenser b. Condenser and evaporator c. Compression and evaporator d. None of the aboveFundamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB-35 8. The number of workin 2 speed of the engine in par AS Pet minute a, Equal to b. One-half ©. Twice for a four stroke cycle engine are__ the Aucoin] aoe is generally used to highly viscous fluid? ». Reciprocating pump ¢. Diaphragm pump d. Screw pump 10. The primary function of, €conomizers in boiler is to a. Increase the temperature of the standard steam without raising its pressure b. Recover heat from the boiler flue gas to heat air for combustion d. All of the above 11. Octane number of iso-octane is a 0 b. 50 e100 d. 128 12. The desirable property of a refrigerant is a. Low boiling point b. Low critical temperature c. Low latent heat of vaporization d. Low COP 13. The design of a thin walled pressure vessel is based on a. Longitudinal stress b. Hoop stress c. Botha&b d. Radial stress 14. Which fuel has the highest heating value in weight basis? a. Kerosene b. Natural gas c. Diesel d. Gasoline 15. The difference between higher heating value and lower heating value is a. Heat lost to atmosphere b. Latent heat of steam produced in combustion c. Difference of heat between solid and liquid fuel d. Heat absorbed by cooling water of calorimeterFundamentals of Mechanical Enginegrn, two halves, the stifiness ofthe cu sing QB-36 16. A helical coil spring of stiffness K is cut into will be a. Same b. Half ©. Double 4. One fourth 17. Rotameter is used to measure a. Viscosity b. Specific gravity ©. Rotation or vortex d. Flow rate 18. Brake power of an IC engine is a. Power available at the flywheel b. Power actually developed by the engine ©. Frictional power overcome by the engine d. Energy supplied by the fuel 19. Which is not a function of lubricants a. Prevent knocking b. reduce friction ©. carry away contaminants d._ seal for gases 20. The Kaplan turbine is a a, Impulse — reaction turbine b. Impulse turbine ¢. Reaction turbine d. None of the above Power Grid Company of Bangladesh (PGCB)-2015 1, Write some names of gears. Mention the applications of worm gear. Answer: Name of gears: 1.Spur gear, 2. Worm gear, 3. Bevel gear, 4.Helical gear etc. Applications of worm gear: Worm gearing finds wide application in material handling and transportation machinery, machine tools, automobiles etc. 2. What is ton of refrigeration? Convert 1KW into ton. Ton of refrigeration: A ton of refrigeration is defined as the amount of refrigeration effec produced by the uniform melting of one ton (1000 kg) of ice formed and at 0 degree Celsius in 24 hours. Since the latent heat of ice is 335 kI/kg therefore, one ton of refrigeration 1 TR= 1000%335 KJ in 24 hours = (1000 *335)/ (24%60) = 232.6 KJ/ min = 2326/60 =3.87 KW. In actual practice one ton of refrigeration is taken as equivalent to 210 KJ/min or 3.5 KW3-37 Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering cE 3._ Write the name of S systems of an engine, Answer: 1. Air intake systems 2. Exhaust systems 3. Cooling systems 4. Lubrication systems 5. Fuel systems ; 4. Difference between evaporation and boiling. In which surface it works? Answer: Difference between Boiling and evaportion, _ the 1. A process in which a Substance changes its state from the liquid eee ee Sascous state is called boiling and a process in which a substance chenees from the liquid state to the aseous state without boiling is called evo na ce is less Fae Vaporation may occur when the partial pressure of vapor Gaeta ler than the equilibrium vapor pressure. Boiling is phase transition from Phase to gaseous phase that ‘Occurs at or above the boiling temperature. wir fam 3. Boiling occurs throughout the liquid whereas; evaporation takes place only the exposed surface of the liquid, i . 4. In oiling bubbles are formed but no bubbles are formed in evaporation. & Bailing isa rapid process while Evaporation isa slow process. : 6. Boiling requires an external source of heat while evaporation can occur using the internal energy of the system. 5. What is air conditioner? Write difference between air conditioner and ae Answer: An air conditioner is system designed to change the air temperature and hui within an area, It can either be cold or hot, , Difference between air conditioner and cooler: , ma AGE Tera system designed to change the air temperature and jumidity within an area. It can either be cold or hot whereas a cooler cools by evaporating the air. a De neti eer refrigerant-filled coils, which absorbs heat and changes it ftom liquid to a gascous state. The air is then converted bac cto liquid state and evacuated outside while in air cooler the ar is pulled through the back of the unit and processed through wet absorptive pads and cooled. 3. Air conditioner is less efficient compared to coolers, 4. Conditioner is less environmental friendly. 6. Write the function of economizer and baffles. eens izer is a device used for heating feed water which is tion of Economizer: Economizer is a iceman cunied to the boiler by utilizing heat in the exhaust flue gases before leaving through chimney, in Boilers to reduce turbulence in the flow of the hot : Baffles are used in Boilers ce tr ; Saal ‘over the bolle tubes, The baffles maintain proper velocity of the gases 5 ent energy transfer. en ith ETO pu dpm tn paavti i he bofles we damaged, it will result in overheating at certain places and poor heating in others.Advantages: ae wae 6. Write the applications of gas turbine. engine and steam turbine? Applications of gas turbine: . The initial cost and operating cost o! . The plant requires less water as compared to a con' |. The plant can be started quickly, and can be put on load Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering What are the advantages with respect to lectric power plants, “ ants for the hydro-el plants, 2 Ga es Ca os aa peak loads plant and standby plants for smaller power units. 3. Gas turbines are used in jet used in locomotive. aircrafts and ships. Pulverized fuel fired plants ae Tres ullr in size and weight as compared to an equivalent ATE ay smaller capacities the size of gas turbine power Plat eee tod ea ea high speed diesel engine plant but for larger capac’ ee emiieran ae comparable diesel engine plant. If size and weight are the moe Se mn such ag in she, aircraft engines and locomotives, gos turbines are MOTT STM f the plant is lower than an equivalent steam Theplate densing steam power plant. ina very short time, ‘There are no standby losses in the gas turbine power plant whereas in steam power plant these losses occur because boiler is kept in operation even when the turbine is not supplying any load. | ‘The maintenance of the plant is easier and maintenance cost is low. 8. Draw the Rankine cycle and mention the function in every stage. Answer: The T-S Diagram of Rankine cycle is shown below: Tf 1-2 isentropic compression in a pump 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler 3-4 isentropic expansion in a turbine 4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenserFundamentals of Mechanical Engineering B39 9, Problems from Solid mechanies 10. A centrifugal pump having capacity 0, . efficiency is 62%, Find HP. (Similay) 02 cusec can lift water at helght of 100ft. if the Solution: Here, Q= 0.02 cusee = 0.02 £°/ Sec = 0.02% 0,0283 2 5.66% 10™*m/sec ; H= 1008 = 30.48m, n= 0.62 We know, Power, P = 20H _ 281x1000%5.6610~4xan48 1 =272.966w _27. 746 0-36 HP (Ans.) 11. The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank is 5/6 inch. Calculate the Howable internal a een a Pressure ifthe stress is limited to 8000 psi. (Similar) o=PD/4t 8000=P (4%12)/4(5/6) p=208.33psi (Ans.) 12. Drawing West Zone Power Distribution Company Ltd. (WZPDCL)-2016 Venue- MIST, Departmental- 70. GK 30. 1, Write the of Kelvin-Plank and Clausius statements of second law of thermodynamic. Answer: According to Kelvin-Planck- “It is impossible to construct an engine working in a cyclic process whose sole purpose is to convert heat energy into an equivalent amount of work. Clausius Statement: It is impossible for a self-acting machine working in a cyclic process to transfer heat from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without the aid of an external agency. 2. Write notes on -a) Reversible process., b) Irreversible process, c) Adiabatic system 4) Entropy Answer: a) Reversible process: A reversible process (also sometimes known as quasi-static process) is one which can be stopped at any stage and reversed so that the system and surroundings are exactly restored to their initial states. This process has the following characteristics: : 1. It must pass through the same states on the reversed path as were initially visited on the forward path. i ; 2. This process when undone will leave no history of events in the surroundings. 3. It must pass through a continuous series of equilibrium states. No real process is truely reversible but some processes may approach reversibility, to close approximation.QB-40 2 ible processes b) Irreversible process: Irreversil surroundings cannot be simultaneously return been completed. Examples. ae (@) Relative motion with friction (ii) Com! ‘Throttling (vi) Electricity flow through cess is one that occurs without transfer of he vm and its surroundings. In an adi deformation. : ©) Adiabatic system: An adiabatic pro matter between a thermodynamic syste is rOCcess Ci : energy is tanfeed ony ter f order in a closed bot changing sytem, .d in one direction from an ordered state to a disor d) Entropy: The measure of the in which energy can only be transferre i i disorde : Siordeed lower the ave Pee Re energy to do useful work. ie, disordered lower the availability of ds = “2 Where, ds = change of entropy. the processes in which the sy $4 to their initial states after the process ie ~ Fundamentals of Mechanical Enginee:, Sting stem and ig ibustion (iii) Diffusion (iv) Free expansion ‘a resistance (vii) Heat transfer (viii) Pa iabatic prose ‘an be reversible or irreversible, , red state. Higher the entropy, higher the 3. Whatis the difference between fire tube and water tube boiler? Answer: Water Tube Boiler Fire Tube Boiler a) The water circulates inside the tubes which are surrounded by hot gases from the furnace. . b) It generates steam at a highest pressure upto 165bar. c) The rate of generation of steam is high i.e. upto 450 tonnes per hour. 4) For a given power, the floor area required for the generation steam is less, i.e. about 5 sm’ per tonne per hour of steam generation. e) Overall efficiency will economizer is upto 90%. f) It can be transported and erected easily as its various parts can be separated, g) It is preferred for widely fluctuating loads. h) The direction of water circulation is well defined. ~ i) The operating cost is very high. §) The bursting changes are more, k) The bursting does not produce any destruction to the whole boiler, 1) _Itis used for large power plants, The hot gases from the fumace pass through the tubes which are Surrounded by water. b) Itcan generate steam only upto 24.5 bar, ©) The rate of generation of steam is high ie, upto 9 tonnes per hour. 4) For a given power, the floor area required for the generation steam is less, ie. about8| m?per tonne per hour of steam generation, Overall efficiency will economizer is upto 15%. f) The transportation and erection is difficult. g) It can also cope reasonably with sudden increase in load but for a shorter period. h) The water does not circulate in a defiit direction. i) The operating cost is less. J) The bursting changes are less. k) The bursting produces greater risk to te damage of the property. Itis not suitable for large power plants. °)Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering oa 4 What are CRC, HCFC and HEC? Give example of them with the effect on environmental pollution, cnet hlorine and C (chloroftuorocarbons): They are molecules composed of carbon, cl luorine. They are stable, iowa, them to reach the stratosphere without too. many problems. At this stage, by transforming it contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer. HCFC (hydro chlerofimorocarton): They are molecules composed of carbon, chlorine, fluorine and hydrogen, They are less stable than CFCs destroy ozone and to a lesser extent. These are called transitional substances, BEC (hydroftuorocarbons); “Ts are molecules composed of carbon, fluorine and hydrogen. ‘They do not contain chlorine and then do not participate in ie ree © ozone layer. This is known ituti ictions on this family of ae caren Timnitea a8 substitution substance, Restriction: rite the difference bh pats ce between pump, ERD) A\Gcvicelwhichlcomrentseetee en Ee ase og eCestte) vice ergy from a shaft into hydraulic (pr energy of a liquid. A pump is a device used to mve fluids, such as liquids or slurries. A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action, Pumps fall into two major SToUups: positive displacement puns and roto dynamic pumps. For example, reciprocating Pumps and gear pumps are Positive displacement pumps whereas centrifugal pumps and P lynamic pumps, Fan; A fan is a gas pump with relatively low pressure rise Window fans, ceiling fans, fans in compi Cars, etc, Pressure Ratio (the ratio of the discharge pressure over the suction pressure): upto 1.1 1. Blowers: A blower is a gas pump ain relatively moderate to high pressure rise and moderate to high flow rate. a Examples: leaf blowers, hair dryers, air blowers in furnaces and automobile ventilation systems, Pressure ratio: 1.11 to 1.20, Compressor: A compyessor is a gas pump designed to deliver a very high pressure rise, compressor, blower and fan. and high flow rate. Examples: ters and other electronics equipment, radiator fans in typically at low to moderate flow rates, Examples: tire pyrfips, refrigerator and air conditioner compressors. Pressure Ratio; \bove 1.20, 6 Draw thé schematic diagram and T-S diagram of regenerative gas turbine powerFundamentals of Mechanical Engineering QB-42 ed and whirling speed? 7 Peet Lee nace in the field of rotor dynamics, the trig object, a & ite thee agua eos which exes he hese oben natural egtaey he As the speed of rot ts i ey Sata nat he speed ernatically creases system vibration. The resulting ‘onance occurs regardless of orientation. : . Whirling Speed is dee to the unbalanced forces acting on a rotating shaft. a. "Why superchargers and turbochargers is used in engine? or additional air » Supercharger/Turbocharger: It is a device that helps in comp I ainted forthe cfficient pebteeeh a of the fuel air mixture. The advantage of compressing i is ir it i i ed and at high ir is that it lets the engine stuff more air into a cylinder. At high spe z attade there is a shortage of the intake air. At such times there is incomplete eomburion which may lead to the loss of power. To avoid this loss, a device is installed in an au Which increases the compression of ait thus ensuring sufficient supply of air. Difference between a supercharger and turbocharger: ‘ The key difference oo a ‘Supercharger and a turbocharger is the source of power for their operation, A supercharger consumes that is generated from the engine of the vehicle. It runs through a belt that is connected to engine shaft. Thus it is less efficient. i On the other hand, Turbocharger operates on the exhaust gas energy that would otherwise go waste. Thus it is an efficient device as compared to supercharger. But there is a uncertainty involved with the turbocharger. For example the exhaust gas energy varies with speed and thus there is a certain lag when turbocharger is in operation. A supercharger has constant supply of energy and thus lag is negligible. But a supercharger is constant supply of energy and thus lag is negligible. 13. What is heat treatment? Why it is done? Peete . ‘Answer: Heat treatment: The process of heat treatment is carried out first by heating the ‘metal and ther cooling it in the caustic soda solution, brine, water, oil or air. . The purpose of heat treatment is to soften the metal, to change the grain size, to modify the fof the material and to relieve the stresses sct up in the material after hot or cold ‘pase load power plant has the capacity of 18000KW and a standby power plant he capacity of 20000KW and Peak load of peak load unit 12000kW. The standby éwer plant runs 2910Hrs per year where the base load is year round. Peak load of Standby station unit is 12000kW. The annual generation of base load power plant is 101,350,000KWh and of standby power plant is 77,350,000KWh. Find the load factor, plant capacity factor and the use factor of these two power plants. Solution: Standby Power Plant Capacity of Plant, C=20000 kW Energy generated per year, E= 77,350,000kWh Hours of working per year,t= 2910 hrs Hours in year, T=8760 Maximum demand, M = 12000Kw a) Annual load factor = = = 77350000 _ yee tor Hot ~ i2000%0760 0.736 = 73.6% ant use =s+>= ——= fae re 20000 0.6 = 60% ©) Capacity factor = 2 — 77350000 _ ST iant Zo000x2910 = 1.33 = 133%