Lesson 1

Embedded Sentence
Main Part + Question Part = Embedded Sentence
Main Part:
Can you tell me
I don’t know
I don’t understand
I have no idea
I wonder
I say
I can’t figure out
W/h + do/does/did + S + V + C + M?
W/h + S + V(s/es/ed) + C + M
I know. Why did you come?
I know why you came.
Main Part Question Part Embedded
Present Simple Present Present
Past Present Past
Present Past Past
Present Future Don’t change
Past Future Past
Future Past Past
Past Past Past Perfect

I was interested. When do you go there?

I was interested when you went there.
I didn’t notice. Why will you call me?
I didn’t notice why you would call me.
Am/is/are – was/were
Was/Were-been
Will-would
Can-Could
He asked. Were you there?
He asked whether you had been there.
Questions:
Special – W/h
General – Any auxiliary.

Main part + W/h + S + V + C + M

Main part + if/whether + S + V + C
I was curious. When did you come here?
I was curious when you had come here.
He asked. Were you there?
He asked whether you had been there.
If/Whether
Main Sentence + if/whether + S
He asks. Will she record the video.
He asks if she will record a video. Incorrect
He asks whether she will record. Correct
Have you ascertained whether she is coming or not?
 Lesson 2
Prepositions
At/In/On
AT
At + time
At 6 o’clock. At 5.30
We have a meeting at 7p.m.
At + night; midnight; lunchtime; the moment; the same time; down.
He always works at night.
At + age or at the age of…
Tom is at 18 = Tom is at the age of 18.
At + holidays/periods/weekends
At New Year; At Eid; At the weekends; At Christmas.
See you at New Year.
ON
On + day/date
On Monday. On Tuesday.
the morning
On + the afternoon + of + (certain date) Точная дата
the evening
On the evening of January we celebrate the event.
On + Monday/Tuesday……morning/evening
All the students came on Sunday morning.
IN
the morning
In + the afternoon Не точная дата
the evening
It’s very difficult for me to wake up in the morning.
 Month
Season
In + Year
Decade
Century
Millenium
It is very hot in Uzbekistan in summer.
A month’s time
in + a year’s time В течении месяца/года/недели
a week’s time
I’ll be back in a month’s time.
In 2 weeks’ time.
In + period of time В течении
Your lunch will be served in 10 minutes.
At/In/On + any/every/last/one/next/this
On Monday – On this Monday
In autumn – In every autumn
Next week – On next week
BEFORE
Before + noun Earlier than
I have to pay before her.
Before - до
You have to register before Monday.
Before – Союз (До того/Прежде чем/Перед тем как)
Turn of the lights before you leave.
BY
By + time/date/day
I will send a video by 9.
By the time = by then
Future
By the time she comes, I will prepare a dinner.

Lesson 3
From/to/till/until
 They are used to show the beginning and the end of the action.
From – beginning.
to/till/until – end.
I work from 12 to 6p.m.
 If we don’t know either the beginning or the end we use “from”, “till”,
“until”.
She works till night.
He works from morning.
 From……to can be used for distance too.
I traveled from Russia to Korea.
 From + till/until + distance. We can’t use till and until with distance.
I travelled from Russia till/until Korea.
Since/For/During
Since – when
For – how long
During – period
I started to work since 2017.
She studies math for 2years.
Don’t talk during the lesson.
Since = Because
He passed the exam since he studied hard.
Since – С тех пор (Всегда идёт в начале предложения)
Since they have removed from London.
After/Afterwards
After + noun/gerund После
After the work, after the lesson.
You will have to stay after the lesson.
Afterwards + Sentence После чего/Потом
They had tea in the garden afterwards they went to the park.
*Также afterwards можно использовать со следующими словами.
Soon, immediately, shortly + afterwards Вскоре после этого
not long, ……years(3 years)

Lesson 4
Prepositions of Place
At/In/On
 At – Используется когда мы говорим что мы находимся либо снаружи
либо внутри (главное на территории места)
 В основном с местами без определённых границ
the bridge the bus stop
the window the cross roads
At + the entrance the bottom
the top the door
the front the back
 Home school
At + work university
the office address
We can get together at home.
I live at 36, Navoyi Street
 In can be used with any place when we are inside of it.
В основном с местами имеющие определённые границы
a country street
town room
In + city forest
village wood
square field
 In + an armchair; the sky; bed; hospital; prison; a row; a queue.
She has fallen asleep in my armchair.
 In + a building Внутри
At + a building Снаружи
 Sea/River/Lake
In + the sea/river/lake Inside
They were swimming in the river.
At + sea/river/lake Around
We had a rest at the sea.
At sea – On a voyage
After weeks at sea it was a pleasure to stand on the land.

In the corner – В углу помещения

I saw my cat in the corner of my room.
At the corner – В углу улицы
There is a good shop at the corner of my street.
 On – используется в значении «На поверхности чего-то»
the floor the desk
On + the door the table
the page the wall
There are keys on the table.
 The coast a plane an island
the beach the left/right
On + the shore the floor
a river a farm
a train a ship
There were huge oil refineries on the coast.
We built a fire on the beach.
She stood on the shore and let the water wash her completely.
The Aswan High Dam is on the river Nile in Egypt.
London is on the river Thames.
Conditions on the ship were often very bad.
I bought a magazine to amuse myself while I was on the train.
On the plane, the flight attendant brings you a towelette after your meal.
 Lesson 5
Above/Over/Under/Below/Beneath
 Above - is used when we say that something is higher for 1 step.
 Over – is used to say that something is higher without limitations.
Boss
Manager
Worker
Boss is over for worker.
Manager is above for worker.
 Below is used to say that something is lower for 1 step.
 Under is used to say that something is lower when there is no further step.
Boss
Manager
Worker
Worker is under for boss.
Manager is below for boss.
 Over can also be used with meals, dinner, lunch, breakfast and drinks. (За)
Let’s discuss over the lunch.
 Above and below can be used for temperatures and other measurements.
It is 35 degrees above 0.
In winter it is below 0.
 Beneath is also “under” but it is used abstractly.
Beside/Between/Behind/Opposite/In front of
Beside – near.
Between – in the middle of two.
Behind – at the back.
In front of – front side.
Opposite – face to face.
Besides – кроме того/более того
She knows English, besides she speaks a little Korean.
Between is used for 2 things or people only. (Между)
There is cafe between Tegen and Uzsavdo.
Among is used for more than 2 people or things. (Среди)
There is café among Tegen, Fayz, Uzsavdo.
Between can be used for more than 2 people or things when we know the exact
number.
I won the 1st place between 23people.
At the beginning of + noun В начале
At the beginning of January.
In the beginning + S + V По началу
In the beginning you have to study hard and then ask a new phone.
At the end of + noun В конце
At the end of the story.
In the end + S + V К концу
In the end she kissed me.
But/Except
Nobody but he knows the answer.
Nobody except him knew the answer.
Transportation
Get in – For private cars.
Get in the car.
Get on – For public cars.
Get on the bus.
Get on – Horses, Camels.
Get on the horse.
Get off – Public, private (Small transports)
Get off the car!
Get out off – Private (Big transports)
Get out of the bus!
Get out off the room/party!
 Lesson 6
Articles
Using A/An
1) Before certain numerals: a hundred / a thousand / a million / a billion,
HERE: a = one
I am not a hundred per cent sure about his coming on time.
I have tried the IELTS test not less than a hundred times.
He earns about a thousand Euros every month on the average).
This piece of jewelry must be at least a million dollars
2) HALF - (with measures: a mile / pound / kilo / hour / minute / dozen /
thousand / million / billion etc)
½ kg = half a kilo
1 ½ kilos = one and a half kilos / one kilo and a half
2 ½ kilos = two and a half kilos / two kilos and a half
Half a dozen members have already here.
They have already waited half an hour.
You should walk half a mile to reach the store.
A half + noun
a half-holiday a half-portion a half-share
1/3, 1/4, 1/5,… - a third, a quarter, a fifth …
We have already spent a third of the money.
Road accident victims make up almost a quarter of the hospital's patients.
The community has dwindled to a tenth of its former size in the last two years.
A + measures – in the meaning PER:
5 pounds a kilo (5pounds per one kilo)
10 pounds a dozen (10 pounds per one dozen)
$ 1 a meter ($ 1per one meter)
four times a day
60 kilometers an hour
A\an = per, which means that we can use per instead of a\an.
Grapes are 75 cents per kilo (= a kilo).
We paid more per dozen (= a dozen) here.
My car uses more fuel per kilometer (= a kilometer).
They have English classes 3 times per week (= a week)
Mr. / Mrs. / Miss. + Surname
a is used before surnames in this structure to show that we are unfamiliar with
that person(какой-то).
There is a Mr. Peter Givens waiting for you.
A/An is NOT USED
1) Before names of meals, if there is no adjective before the name.
We have breakfast at eight.
What shall we have for supper today, mom?
I usually have palov for lunch.
But:
He gave a good breakfast.
If there is a describing word or phrase before or after the name of the meal, we
have to use a/an
Before the name of the meal:
I was invited to dinner. (usual dinner)
I was invited to a dinner to welcome the new ambassador.
They invited us to a working lunch. (When you discuss business and eat)
 Lesson 7
Articles
Using THE
The is used: The is not used:
*Before oceans, rivers, seas, channels;
lakes and gulfs in singular:
the Pacific /the Indian /the Atlantic / the
Arctic (the Antarctic) Ocean - oceans;
the Mediterranean (Sea) / the Caribbean
*Lakes in singular:
(Sea) / the Red Sea / the Aral (Sea) – seas;
Lake Erie, Lake Geneva, Lake Baikal
the Nile /the Sirdarya /the Amazon – rivers;
the English Channel / the Suez Canal –
canals;
the Great Lakes
the Persian Gulf
*Peaks:
* Before mountain chains:
Mount Rushmore / Mount McKinley /
the Alps / the Andes / the Rocky Mountains
Everest
*Group of islands;
*Islands in singular:
the British Isles / the Azores / the Marshal
Greenland / Madagascar / Malta
Islands / the Philippines / the Bahamas
*Deserts:
the Sahara
*Countries in plural:
* Countries in singular:
the Philippines / the Netherlands
Germany / Italy / Austria / Uzbekistan /
Names of countries including words
Japan/UKRAINE
Kingdom / Republic / Union :
More,
the United Kingdom
New Zealand / Great Britain
the Irish Republic
Exceptions:
the Czech Republic
the Sudan, the Yemen, the Congo
the Central African Republic
*Continents:
Australia / Antarctica / America / Africa /
*Names of regions: Europe / Asia
the Crimea / the Baltic / the Balkans *Names of cities in singular:
the European Union Rome / London /Athens / Namangan
Exceptions:
the Hague / the City (in London)
 *Name + School, College, University:
* Noun + of + noun :
Namangan Engineering Economic Institute
the Bay of Biscay
the Cape of Good Hope Namangan Engineering Pedagogical
the Gulf of Mexico Institute / Namangan State University /
the United States America Cambridge University / Waseda University
the Republic of Ireland / Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University
*School, College, University+ of / for
nouns: *Holidays:
the College for gifted youngsters / Navruz / Valentine’s Day / Christmas /
the School of Business / Thanksgiving
the University of Connecticut
*Historical documents: *Before cardinal numerals:
the Constitution World War One
the Bill of Rights Section two
the Resolution
the United Nations Charter
*Before names of wars(except World
Wars):
the Civil war / the Great War
 Lesson 8
Articles
Using THE
1) NO the before east/ west / south / north (adjectives) + noun:
South Africa North America West Germany
South Korea South America
Exceptions:
the East / the West End
the East / the West Indies
2) East /west /south /north – the is used if these words come as a noun:
the north of Spain
the Middle East
the west
3) East /west /south /north – we don’t use the if these word come as adverbs,
describing direction:
Go north. (adverb)
He lives in the north. (noun)
We will drive east for a few more miles, and then turn south. (adverb)
4) The is not used before names of streets, squares and avenues:
Fleet Street / Harley Street / Mill Road / North Avenue.
Eaton Square / Trafalgar Square
Diane’s house is on Cherry wood Street.
The Prime Minister lives at 10 Downing Street
5)
Gatwick Airport Paddington Station Nam
Namangan Airport Edinburgh e of
Westminster Abbey
Castle plac
e + Airport / Station / Castle / Abbey/Zoo – the is not used:
6) The is not used + television, BUT the + radio
I heard a good programme on the radio
I don’t listen to the radio much
Is there anything interesting on television tonight?
7) The + hotels/ restaurants/ bars/ pubs/ cinemas/ theatres/ museums/ galleries:
the Claredon Hotel the National Gallery
the Hilton hotel the Tate Gallery
the Beanery (Restaurant)
the National Theatre
the Bahor (cinema)
the Navoiy theatre the British Museum
the Natural History Museum
The + choirs/ orchestras/ pop groups
the Bach Choir
the Philadelphia Orchestra
the Beatles

the+ newspapers/ ships

the Times / the Guardian
the Great Britain / the Titanic
8) The+ plural Surname” = “someones family”
the Smiths = Smith family
the Peters = Peter family
The Jacksons are coming to lunch on Saturday.
The Scots have porridge for breakfast
9) The + singular name”- in order to show exact person:
A: We have two Mr. Smiths. Which do you want?
B: I want the Mr. Smith who signed this letter.
You don’t mean the Richard Gere you met the day before yesterday, do you?
10) The + title + name
Lord Oliver / Captain Cook / Lord Langford / Admiral Nelson
In other cases we should use the:
the Duke of York Praise the Lord!
the Duchess of Kent
The earl expected………….
The captain ordered……….
11) The + musical instruments
the piano the violin the guitar the drum
12) The same …… as.
Your score is the same as mine.
Those engineers built the same towers as in your city.
13) The + sport clubs
Barcelona Real Madrid
Dynamo Navbahor
 Lesson 9
THE WITH UNCOUNTABLE AND PLURAL NOUNS
The can be both used or not used before uncountable or plural nouns: the is used
before uncountable or plural nouns when we want to express specific or a certain
idea about something, the is not used when we want to show the general idea about
something:
the + UN / Pl.N – to show the specific idea about something;
the + UN/Pl.N – to show the general idea, not specific
* Bed, church, court, hospital, prison, school/ college /university
If these words are used in their own meaning in the phrases below, we do not use
article the.
Go:
to hospital – as patients
to bed – to sleep or as invalids
to prison – as prisoners
to church – to pray
to school/ college/ university – to
to court – as litigants
study
Be:
in bed – sleeping or resting
in hospital – as patients
at church – as worshippers
at school - as students
in court – as witnesses
The children usually go to bed at 10 p.m.
They go to church every Sunday.
In Britain, judges wear white wigs in court.
She has to go to hospital to have an operation.
She has spent more than a month in hospital.
* If the places above are not used in their own meaning we must use article the:
Bob left the book on the bed.
I went to the church to see the stained glass.
He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.
We were in the hospital to visit our friend.
They climbed onto the prison.
* Work and office
The + work (= place of work)
He is on his way to work. He is at work.
He isn’t back from work yet. When does she leave for work?
Do you have far to travel to work each day
The + office (= place of work)
He is at/in the office.
I didn’t leave the office until 8 last night.
Where is the director’s office?
* TOWN
The + town – place of living.
We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.
We were in town last Monday.
I am living town for a few days.
Barbara is out of town on business this week.
The + town – for other meanings:
The whole town is hoping that their team will win the final.
We stopped in the next town on our way.
The + decades
It became fashionable in the thirties.
The family fled Germany in the thirties.
Rock and Roll first became popular in the 50s