ICT

Input/Output –
• Inputting of data
for processing, and
Algorithm the printing out of [input/output
data]
processed data.
2nd Quarter
• “Action”
• Represents the
input of data by the user and the output data
Algorithm – produced by the program.
• Is a computer procedure that is a lot like a recipe
(called a procedure) and tells your computer Process –
precisely what steps to take to solve a problem or • Manipulation of data.
reach a goal. • “Steps”
(assignments and
2 Types of algorithms –
mathematical
• Flowchart Add variable X&Y
computations).
• Pseudocode • Represents a step
Pseudocode – or instruction such
as arithmetic
• A structural conventions of a normal programming
operations and comparisons.
language, but is intended for human reading rather
than machine reading. Decision –
• An algorithm in English statements in outline form to • Process conditions using relational operators.
conceptualize the flow of the program before coding • Involves 2 course of action that is answerable by
it in a programming language. “true/yes” or “false/no” (Boolean condition).
• It cannot be executed on a real computer. • The symbol represents the “If... Then” and the “For...
• Uses indentations and the statements: if, then, and Next” statements.
else to show the logical structure of the algorithm
steps. Example:

Flowchart –
• A visual representation of the sequence of steps and
decisions needed to perform a process. Yes No
Should it be
• Each step in the sequence is noted within a diagram
able to…
shape.
• Steps are linked by connecting lines and directional
arrows.
• Allows anyone to view the flowchart and logically
follow the process from beginning to end. Initialization or Preparation –
• The preparation initialization of memory for data
BASIC FLOW CHART SYMBOL processing.
• Represents the process that will change the
Terminal – direction of
• Defines the starting initialization
and ending point of of any value
the flowchart. BEGIN or the N=5
• Represent the start execution of
and the end of the variable.
program.
• Contains the word “begin” or “start’, and “end” or
“stop”
Arrow or Flow Direction Indicator – 5. Cannot use “and” on a process.
• Logical sequence of the program. 6. No more processes under “Stop/End” terminal
• Indicates the flow of direction or the next activity to 7. Output differs from input by putting “print” or a
be done. question mark (?) before the statement.

Advantages:
1. Flow of the program can be easily understood.
On-Page Connector – 2. Determines the validity of the processes involved in
• Connects to the flowchart to avoid spaghetti the program.
connection on the same 3. Debugging or correction of errors is less complicated.
page. 4. Produces effective program documentation.
• Indicates that the process
A
is continued where the
matching on-page is
placed.

Off-Page Connector –
• Connects flowchart on different page to avoid
spaghetti
connection.
B

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING A FLOWCHART

Guidelines:
1. Determine the following:
– Data to be entered
– Information to be produce.
– The way data will be entered.
– The point when information will be produced.
2. There should only be one “Start”/”Begin” and
“Stop”/”End” process.
3. Concentrate on the logic of the program.
4. Choose only the important steps. No need to
represent all the steps in the flowchart.

Remember:
1. Lines should be connected when making a flowchart.
2. Do not interchange symbols.
– Rounded Rectangle – Terminal (Begin/End,
Start/Stop)
– Parallelogram – Input/Output
– Rectangle – Steps/Process
– Rhombus – Decision (Conditional
Statement, yes/true, no/false)
– Hexagon – Initialization/Preparation
– Arrow – Flowchart Direction
– Circle – On-Page Connector
– “Bottom up” Pentagon – Off-page
Connector
3. Use start/stop and begin/end respectively. DO NOT
INTERCHANGE (begin/stop, start/end)
4. Always have an initialization after terminal