RK Beniwal

.
.

Botany .

Topic → B- .
c.
 L 2
Biological classification
- .

History of
taxonomy :-)

Father of Biology 2
1 .

Aristotle :-)

↳ Zoology
classified plants .

On the basis of Morphological

characters
3- Groups .
.

( Growth Habit ) .

t
.
I ±

Herbs Shrubs Tree

Classified Animals .

On the basis of
2-
Groups .

①
+
RBC ⊖nt

F- naima Anaima

→ with RBC → without RBL

→ Ex .
: -

Vertebrates ' → Ex : -

Invertebrates .
 2
Theophrastus Father of
Botany
:-) .

t!
Classified plants
on the basis of
4- Groups .

Morphological character .

( Growth habit
-
↓ I t
.

Herbs under shrubs Tree .

shrubs

③ Carolus Linnean :-) Father

of
Taxonomy
t .

Real name : -
Carl von linn .

Iwo Kingdom classification c. Linnea us .

↓ f-
Kingdom
-

Plantae kinqdom-Anim
-

→ Cell wall → +0Mt → cell wall → -0Mt

→ Locomotion → -0Mt Locomotion → ④+

→

→ mode of Nutrition → → Mode of Nutrition ≥

Autotrophic Heterotrophic
 4. classification
Three Kingdom
.
-

L↳E . Hackel

Living organisms .

"

t
. ↓ ↓
protista Plantae Animalia .

F- ✗ ! -

EI: -

→
Algae → E All plants All Animals
→
.

Fungi
exm.t-E.FI?i.e&#-I,Pp?:p?::a
→

→ protozoa
→
porifera

Kingdom Classification By Copeland

5.
Four
¥

Living organisms
.

4- Kingdom
☒
to ↓ t
-
t
.

Monera protists Plantae Animalia

or or

→ All
prokaryotes
.

→
Metaphytc metro

Red Algae
→
Bacteria → Brown algae
→
Remaining
→
Remaining
all Eukaryotic
→ BGA → Fungi all
eukaryotic Animals .

Mycoplasma protozoa
→ → Plants .

Archaebacteriq
.

→
 6.
Five Kingdom Classification :
By R.H. Whittaker
11 ,
in 1969 .

Living organisms .

5- Kingdom .

I,
t-
t.
I t .

Fungi Animalia
'

Monera protists Plantae

or
or or

metazoa
Mycota metaphyta
& Unicellular
Monera -

Kingdom : All the

prokaryotic
Organisms
-

Examples -1 Archaebactelig ,
Eubactelia ,
BGA ,

Mycoplasma Actinomycetes
.

protist 9- Kingdom :-) All the

Eukaryotic
& Unicellular

organisms
.

Examples Dinoflagellates Eueylenoids

chysoplyta
: -
.
. ,

Slime moulds
,
protozoa
Fungi / mycota Kingdom -

Ay ehe true fungi ⊕n+

.

↳ multicellular & Eukaryotic .

Exampled : 4- classes _→
phycomycetes
-
-

Ascomycetes
.

→ Basidiomycetes .

→ ① euteromycetes .
 plantae / metaPytel -

Kingdom -
→
multicellular
m, the
plants
Eukaryotic
2 .

Examples → multicellular→ Brown Algae

→ Red Algae
.

Bryophytes
→ .

pteridophytes
.

→
Gymnosperm .

>
Angiosperm
.

→ Animalia / metaeoq -

Kingdom
↳
All the multicellular
Eukaryotic
&

animals .

'

Criteria
of Five Kingdom classification :→
>
Prokaryotic .

"
Complexity of cell structure
→
Eukaryotic .

complexity of organisms cellularUnicellular

organisation
2.

organisms body multicellular → .

Autotrophic
3. Mode of Nutrition ( major criteria )-→ →
Heterotrophic

lifecycle _[?
sexual reproduction
4 .
Reproduction .

Asexual
reproduction .

phylogenetic Relationship
Evolutionary relationship
'

5. .

Virus viroids
Note : * In Five Kingdom classification : -
-

, ,

prions ,
& Lichens are not mention .

classification chlorella &

-

B-
According to fire
Kingdom
-

( unicellular green algae) placed in protists

Chlamydomonas
are

Kingdom .
⑤ Major )
Iecon-mbfoswefh.cn Consumer
s
¥ .( )
producer
Ecological
-

T T
role
Autotrophs Heterotrophs Heterotrophs
"
✗ ^

I. ^

¥;
%É?É § ② Mode 8 Nutrition
3¥
<
multicellular
, 6. s

'
⑤ organism * .
-

Dimm Autotrophs
Kingdom Parasite
Heterotrophs #
Eukaryotes protists >

saprophyte

(a)
6mHeYf cell
Photosynthesis

Wing
↑
✗
Autotrophs chemosynihesis
-

Prokaryotes Monera Heterotrophs ( Mostly)

7. 3- Domain six -

Kingdom classification :→

By Carl Woese

Living organisms .

3-Domain.n.IO#fequeneaf16sr-RN-I
Domain
t.
→
↓
Archaea Eubacteria Eucharia
Or

Bacteria
Kingdom
× → -1 t
. t . ↓
Archaea bacteria Monera protists Fungi plantae Animalia

Note : -

Domain is a super Kingdom category

_

Extra taxonomic category .

 characteristics of the Fire Kingdom classification .

£haract Five -

Kingdom
-
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia .

1. cell
type prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Non -

2 Cell Wall cellulosic present present present Absent

'

with
polysaccharide
+
in some
chitin
( cellulose)
min .
Acid .

Nuclear
③ Absent present present present present
Membrane

multi multi
4.
130¥ Uni Uni multi - -
-
-
-

cellular cellular cellular cellular cellular

organisation
.

-11
Loose
A-
tissue Tissue
.

t
t
tissue
,
.

i. system
.

to
organ
to
organ
organ
system .

5. Mode Autotrophic Autotrophic Hetero Autotrophic Heterotrophic

-

Of Nutrition Chimo trophic I ↓

.
( p.SI
& H°t%°I
.

2 2 Photosynthetic
Photosynthetic Heterotrophic
Saprophytic Promote

[
and or

parasitic
Heterotrophic
/ / *

parasitic

saprophytic f f
?⃝
 prokaryotes
Kingdom -
Monera :-, Monera &

-
Unicellular organism .

→
Bacteria are the foie member of Monera -

Kingdom .

→ Most abundant
micro-organisms
.

Habitat :-) Bacteria are the

everywhere
→ soil
→
iesen- %d
→ Hot spring
€→ plants
→
Extreme snow 2 deep oceans
habitats
parasite / in organisms
.

on
-
→
→ Animals .

→ cell wall In prokaryotes

: -

Eubacteria ( True bacteria :-) Rigid cell wall

peptidoglycan / Marcin / mucopeptide
→
made of e
.

'

Glycane
<
peptide
( Ami "ño acid)
piy¥A4
(
& NAM
)

Archea bacteria ÷ protein / Glycoprotein fseudomurein

→

cellulosic
polysaccharide
.

Non -

> In cell Wall -0Mt

Mycoplasma : .

Membrane :-) Made

> Cell
of Lipoprotein
[ S
→
( Lipid + protein )
Just like
Eukaryotic membrane .

→
Enfold cell membrane → mesosoma
*

Analogous to Eukaryotic mitochondria .

 wall & Cell Mcmb
periplasmic Space :> The space b/w cell
.

>
in Bacterial cell
prokaryotic cell
.

"

Analogous to
Eukaryotic Lysosome
.

> cell wall

Note : In
Mycoplasma Absent
-

>
Meso some

Lack membrane bounded

Cytoplasm → In
Cytoplasm cell
organelle
.

Like : - E. R .

,
G. B. mitochondria chloroplast ,
etc .

Nucleus :-) True Nucleus -0Mt

↳ primitive type lets developed Nucleus -0in ?

→ N M
. .

→ Nucleolus Absent .

→ Histone protein
→ DNA amount → Lets .

↳ Base ratio Att

1
Gtc

F- ✗ : -
in E. Coli :
-

Base ratio 0.92

>
Incipient nucleus Nucleoside Gonophore Hacked

t .

Hacked DNA t-N.HR

→ False chromosome pro chromosome .

→ Large -_ 505
→ Ribosome → sub-unit
70s type
→
→ small __ 30s

Note single RNA

prokaryotes gpolysome
: :
In m
-
_ -

+ or

several Ribosome
polgoibosome
→ membrane lets 2 Food storage particles Inclusion
body .
 Bacterial cell
structure of
structure
very simple
> → .

Bacteria >
very complex
Behaviour → .

>
Most metabolic diversity -0Mt

Mode of Nutrition .

✗
→ ×

Autotrophic Heterotrophic
@ Eme bacteria )
to

(Mostly )
bacteria
> photosynthetic
µ Sulphur bacteria mycobacterium
Green > parasite >

:-|
bacteria
→ purple sulphur
↳ tuberculosis
> Non -

oxygenic photosynthetic Mycobacterium leprosy .

Bacteria ,
saprophytic :
.
-

cnemogymetn.ba,+en, → B. ramosus .

in Ammoni
>
Nitroso monas .
→ B. vulgaris
→ Nitro coccus in Nitrite
fiction .

symbiotic :
-
→
→
- -

Nitrobaetor cation .

> Rhizobium
.

→
I.
Nhs > NO -2 > Nog → Frankie .

Recycling nutrients
N.pl?-r-e&s?M0tili+y:-0nthebatisaff1aqella+Ont-/-On?
→

x ×

Non -
Motile bacteria motile bacteria
ht
→ Flagella ⑦
→
Flagella -0
't , _.

Girdling movement
Swimming
Mycoplasma
Ex : - . → ,

Ex : 136A → Locomotor =
movement
-

Ex : - Most of
Bacteria

Note : -
Denitrificans bacteria :-) Thiobaeitlut , Pseudomonas .

s oil
cleaning bacteria :-) pseudomonas pautida .
 True sexual Reproduction
absent
Reproduction .

but short of sexual reproduction present

.

Émbition
.

Transduction
By→

→ By conjugation ]→se✗ pili

↳ Transformation
BY
Asexual reproduction : present (
mostly )
-

> Binary Fission ( mostly)

> Endospore ( Rare ) → In Unfavourable
Condition .

>
Fragmentation -5 .
in Filamentous
bacteria .

→ cell wall
Cell Membrane
☆
>

Hacked ds circular DNA -

v0 Division :
only Amitosis
-

Dia : Fission in Bacterial cell

Binary
.
-

Bacterial shape Variable variate -1

Different
typebacteria ;-)
1.
spherical shape : -
Cocci coccus .

Ex : -

Diplococcus pneumoni

pneumonia
! -

Streptococcus

Rod shape bacteria

Mostly
-
: -

we

☆
→ Baecili Bacillus .
→ E. coli .
 3. Coma -
shape ( s )
Ex
:→vibr
4. spiral - shape : -

spirilla

g→
Flagella ( sing Flagellum) -

A
Arehaebacteriq

*ɱ

Methanogens Halophits Thermo acidophils .

↓ "

pnethan producing Habitat : Hyper

→ -

→ Habitat : -

bacteria Saline area →

High temp
.
. .

Habitat : area → sea oceans )

Marshy (
.

→ -
,
Do -100C temp

herbivorous
salty
→ Lake
2 of some Hot spring
.

rumen → .

→ cow
animals like Halo bacterium High
.

-1 acidic
lo Ex
- .

→ . :-,
1- →
Halo coccus .
nature / pH=z)
Dung 40bar
→=
-

→vie : Ex : Thermoplasma
Gobarqas
-

Biogas
-
.

→ Main component :-) City (50-701)

→ Gram G) bacteria .

Ex :-) Methane bacterium

:-,
Methane coccus
BGA Blue green algae cyanobacteria ;-)
↳ photosynthetic bacteria
First oxygenic
.

> Unicellular : _

spiralling ( Sep )
BGA Colonial
are
; Anabeana
: -
.

Filamentous : -

Nostoc , oscillating .

→ Nostoc
→ Free living Nz -

Fixer BGA : → Anabeana

→ Oscillators's
→ Aulwtira .

" ° ""
→
symbiotic Ng -

Fixer BGA .

: [ > Ana bean

→ Cycas root
→ A-2019
→
> Aquatic freshwater Leaf .

→
Habitat : _
→
Marine .

> Terrestrial .

BGA Gram f) bacteria

Note : are
.

→ cell wall → Present ( peptidoglycan e)

↳ outer layered → sheath
mucilage nous gelatinous
-

sheath
→ Enfold cell membo → Lamella Some ( like mesosomed

→
phol-osynlhdi.at/oara-tus:- Thylakoid
& → Mem b. less .

Chromatophore
→ chl.at Like plants)
7 Photosynthetic pigments :-,

→
phycobilins
.

+. ±

Phycocyanin
1. phycoeoithrin
I.
( Blue) ( Red )
 ceuwaee Fixation .

Nz -

> Hetero cyst

→
>
Photosynthetic
cells
's
vegetative
mucilagenous
pigments -0in
sheath .

!
"
-

Dia : -

A filamentous blue -

green algae
:- Nostoc

Note ? -

Harmful effect of 136A : -

Water bloom Algal bloom oscillator'd

by
¥wate pollution )
→ Cell wall less prokaryotes
Mycoplasma :-)
.

Joker of the plant Kingdom

.

>

→ coat less bacteria .

→ Gram C- ) bacteria .

→ me some absent .

+
→ ds circular DNA
-
SS -
RNA ④

→ can survive without 02

smallest cell ( size -0.3km)

→
living
him)
→
mycoplasma-forryi-sp.pro ( size -_ 0-1

( NEET 2020 )
NOI ! pathogenic in plants and
Many Mycoplasma
-

are

s .

Some bacterial disease in plants

→
citrus canker →
Xanthomonas citri
 Some bacterial disease in Animals .

Disease pathogen
salmonela typI
Typhoid → .

→ fneumoni
stoaptococews .

or
② pneumonia Diplococcus fneumoni
.

② Tetanus tetani
'

→ clostridium
④ Tuberculosis ( T B)→ -

mycobacterium
tuberculosis .

⑤ kepIy →
mycobacterium leprae

Note : -

Some Important bacteria : -

Animal cell
→ F- coli → in
◦

⑦ Me in
genetic engineering in Plant
→ Agrobacterium
( tactic acid bacteria , cell .

① curd : -

LAB
> Lactobacillus
Milk > curd

② sweets cheese : _

propioni bacterium Sharman't .

⑦ Scp : -

single protein
cell

=↳
methylophietut methylotoopw .
?⃝
 Kingdom protist a
unicellular Eukaryotic
organism
Boundary of defined
→ not well
this
Kingdom are
.

→ Connective link b/w Monera & Other 3-

Kingdom like
Fungi , Plantae & Animalia . ( Ac to .
Fire Kingdom Claes
:)
> Freshwater .

→ Habitat :-,
primary aquatic J Marine .

Mode of Nutrition .

X
t . ±.

Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Holophytic Holozoic
Diatom protozoa
[
→

→ Dinoflagellate →
saprophytic : - Slime mould

( False Fungi]
→
Euglena
→ parasitic : -

protozoa
Milo trophic
→ :-
Euglena
' N' M '

→
14 ell developed Nucleus ⊕nt > Nucleolus →⊕t
>
Histone protein
→ Bale ratio Att
> 1
Gtc

→ membrane bound cell

organelle ⊕n+
nt → Diatoms
→ In some protista cell wall ⑦ like
→ Dinoflagellates .

→ other protist a cell wall -0Mt

→ in some protist photosynthetic apparatus ⊕n+

Chlowtplast
→ in protists cities & flagella ⊕n+
H,

Arrangement of microtubule
-_
[91-2] .
 Reproduction .

€1
→ ~,

Asexual reproduction -

sexual reproduction .

↳
Under Favourable condition ↳ Unfavourable condition

→
Most common
type Reproduction Fusion
979mFof two :
→
.

/ progeny morphologically
Progeny
→ :
-

clone are
&

genetically gdenticdto Haploid gamete

'
.

parent cell Formation of

.

→
-

2N Zygote
.
-

→
Fast Reproduction .

Types of syngamy : _

Method : -

→ Diatoms .

similar
By Binary fission g- Dinoflagellates ①
Isogamy .( gamete
: →
→
-
.

→ Euglena .

⑤ ( dissimilar
Anisoqamy gamete )
By multiple fission :
eg→ protozoa ④
Ouyang
→
_

→ ① gamete -Pˢⁿʰ
Motile →

spore formation eq→ slime mined

:
By
-

→
.

→
qam
By cyst formation
fslarqe
→ : -

t Motile
Non
.
.
→
-

Under unfavourable condition .

Ex : -

Euglena .

Not:→ sexual Reproduction first time seen in

pootista Kingdom
.
-
 → meiosis
:-) 2- stage
Pattern of lifecycle Fertilization
-
.

meiosis
ltaplontic lifecycle :
Zygotic
.
-

Adult
# mitosis
Gametogenesis
+

Haplontil L s

gamete
.

→
life cycle
- .

µ µ

meiosis
Fertilization .

2N <
→ Dinoflagellates
cellular shine mould
"

Ex : -

Zygote
.

- →

B '

Diplontie lifecycle :-)

→ Adult
> 2N

meiosis
"

Diplontic <
>
gametogenesis
N N →
gamete
.

lifecycle .

mitosis
1

2N #ertilization .

Zygote

EI Diatom 2 Acellular slime mould

.

: -
?⃝
 member of pootista Kingdom :-)

3 Diatoms
:
chrysoptytg Desmids ( Golden algae)
→
s

d9I
.

Golden brown
→
Dinoflagellates :-)
→
Euglenoids e. →
Euglena
→ slime moulds . :-) False fungi
→
protozoans .
I →→ Amoeboid
→ Flagellated
→ ciliated
→ Sporozoant .
.

> Diatoms
# Golden
1-
Chrysophytes Main member Desmids
-

> algae

→ Habitat : -

Found in freshwater & as well as marine .

→
photosynthetic Nutrition : -

Autotrophic
Halophyte
→
photosynthetic pigments : -
Chl . a. chl.CI ✗ anlhophils .

( Fue anthem )
→ starch
Food
polysaccharide
→ store :-)
oil / glycogen
.

+ silica
s cell wall :
-

Made up of cellulose .

t .

→
(outer side cover )
.

multiplication : -

wall Shape in Diatom : -

soapbox
death decompose
→ After of diatom → wall are not
f-
After billions year .

t,

stone in bottom of seq

↓
Formation of diatomaceous earth .
we :→
soundproofing .

→
filtration of oil I
syrup .

→
policing of Stone .

Diatoms aquatic
phytoplankton microplants
→ are :-) in
habit
.

→ Diatoms are
chief producer of oceans
.

indicator of water pollution

very good
→ Diatoms are .

Dinoflagellates Golden brown algae

↳ Flagella with protist

Habitat : marine environment 2 Some freshwater

mostly
-

→ Found in surface of water .

→ photosynthetic .

→ Nutrition : Autotrophic
-

Green brown , blue 2 Red

They
→
appear
yellow
depend
, ,

font
colour on pigment group .

photosynthetic pigments
→ :-,
.
Chia ,
Chloe ,
✗ -

carotene,

2- ✗ anthophils "

→ cell wall :-) Cellulose + pectin or

pecto cellulose

→ Food store :-)

Carbohydrate
A.
& oil

polysaccharide lstarch ) .

→
flagella are present →
Biflagellate
\
+

Longitudinally
.

one other
transversely
-

-
→ Red dinoflagellate :
Gonyaulax :
Rapid multiplication
-
-

1
Red tides
Ltoxict material release
'

Release in atquatic habit water pollute <

# marine ) paralysis disease ←

Harmful effect in Human .

or

kill of other
aquatic animals like fishes .

Dia :
¥*$±Éi_ *F_÷¥÷ ÷:r

Longitudinally flagella
Dinoflagellates
→

③ Euqlenoids connective link

b/w planted animal
-

↳ Unicellular
Eukaryotic 2
organism .

parted
Habitat :-) Some
→
Mostly Fresh Water 2 moist soil -

→
Cell wall 8- absent
→
outer covering layer ;-) protein out layer
pÉiaew) Flexible
body
→ Nutrition :-) Milo trophic
 Mix otrophic

Autotrophic ( Daytime) Heterotrophic / Night)

↓ -.

Food store Food store

Glycogen
:-)
:-) starch

Biflagellate :-) Hetero flagella

→
* t
.

one -→ long other → short

→
photosynthetic pigment : -

Chta ,
chlb ,
carotenoids 2
✗ anthophils .

Short <

flagellum long flagellum

.

"
contractile Felice -1 Flexible boys
vacuole
-1
chloroplast

iii.÷!!
)
""
' Nucleus
Excretion
.

man . .

+
Asexual
photosynthetic-0Mt Reproduction
pigment
↑ .

.
Binary
>
#
Faron able condition :- Fission .

/
Dia : -

Euglena

unfavmrablec-on-ditimi-cyst-Frmation.li
>

slime mould False fungi :- unicellular

2
Eukaryotic organisms
.

Habitat :-) Decaying twigs ( stem )& Leaves

Decaying
organic
→ cell wall are absent -

material .

→ chloroplast >
-
n
?
→ cell Membrane : -

Lipoprotein .

→ Nutrition :
saprophyte Absorptive
-
'
-

→
under suitable condition under favourable condition .

#
Formation of plasmodium ( Grow & spread over several feet

*coenocyte structure .

→ Under unfavourable condition plasmodium are differentiate

→
'

Formation of fruiting
> wall qne Cellulosic
body
spore # -

→
spore are dispersed by Air current

¥¥¥÷ETEÉ7¥
**÷E⇐Édk .
- siimemoua .

5.
protozoa
primitive relative animals .

Unicellular &
Eukaryotes
→ .

> parasite
→
Nutrition :-) Heterotrophic
→ predator .

→
Habitat Mostly aquatic .

④ Amoeboid protozoa :S

Habitat : -

Freshwater ( Mostly)
I
Somemarine
→
Locomotor movement
by pseudopodia .

Ex : -
Amoeba ,
Entamoeba .
2.
Flagellate protozoa: Free
2
living ( aquatic)
parasite
→ Flagellum present .

Trypanosoma
Ex : : cause for sickness disease
sleeping
-
-
.

ciliate protozoa
3.
Free living 2 parasite .

→ cilia present
¥111 Binucleate
É
.

,
=
•
•
••••
Ex :
paramecium =
.
-

% ,
cilia .

4. sporozoanb . Endoparasite →
plasmodium protozoa
±
absent
cilia & Flagella are

Ex : -

plasmodium cause
for malaria disease
in human .

Kingdom ÷ Fungi True fungi .

↳
study of fungi mycology
.

→
Fungi : a
unique Kingdom of Heterotrophic organisms
-
.

are show great diversity in morphology &

→ a

Habitat .

Habitat :_

Fungi are
cosmopolitan : -

Air ,
water soil ,
,

plants , animals . Human

body .

*
parasite fungi .
.
 Humid place
Mostly grow in warm and
→
Rich Humus
in soil
(Moisture ) .

→
Grow in leather , wood , picket ,
vegetable ,

Bread .
Rotten fruit ( Orange rot disease) ,
dung .

plant animal 2 Human

body
.

Is

parasite Fungi .

→ white spot on mustard leaves -

It,

parasite fungi C. Mash room ) , [ Toadstool ) .

→ In wheat : white rust disease

by puccinia
-

→
fungi multicellular
Eukaryotic
2
Most of are .

BIT except .
:-

yeast ( Saccharomyces) unicellular

2

'2
Eukaryote
of fungi Thread and filamentous
Body
÷ like
*
← Structure
Hythe
The network Mycelium
of
hyphae
:-)
.

µ
→
Branched unbranched

septate aseptate .

absent
→ In Fungi chloroplast are .

→
Fungi are Heterotrophic .

→ cell wall ; -
chitin and
t.
'

polysaccharide
I

= Fungal cellulose polymer of MFI .

 • ^
• •

Filaments .

Hyphae
→

É
m¥celium The network
of hyphae .

Food storage & oil

Glycogen
:
-
.

Fungi

✗ ×

Homothallic Heterothallic
Is
self sterile
sexually
→ .

→
sexually self Fertile .

fungi
→ Ex : -
Maximum .

Candida
Ex : Albuqo
[
-
.

Mucor .

→ Rhizopus .

puccinia
→
.

Nutrition → Heterotrophic .

IF

parasite symbiotic
saprophyte
I
→
parasite on living →
Decaying material Lichens : _

-1 !
organisms .

( on dead organic matter)

→ plants → vegetables .
( Algae + fungi)
(t) (t)
→ Animals → Rotten fruit
mycorrhiza
.

: -

Human
body Dung +1
→ . → .
,

→ Bread . ( Roti ) Fungi + Higher plant

→ +
?⃝
?⃝
 >
vegetative reproduction .

Reproduction } Asexual reproductions

sexual reproduction .

I. Vegetative Reproduction : -

A.LY#-dionJ:--- Ex : -
Mucor , Rhizopus etc .

Hyphae
→ By Fragmentation .

→
Fragment
• • • • • • • • •

→
~ \ ^

Germination
¥*
New progeny produced
.

B.
By fission .÷→ Ex : -

yeast .

§
•

→
Fission
• > D. c. ( offspring)
→ •

Parent cell

C-
By Budding .

EI yeast
*

(Mos+#
Bad
A¥ →
.

⑨
•
> → •

parented
parented
2-
Asex#RepndueHon:-)
f-
→ Zoospore ( Motile) : Flagellate
-

Spore
By → Aplanospore (Non-motile)
↳
conidia

A.
sporangiospore spore are
1-
produced .

Endogenously
.

>
mycelium .

Germination
^ sporangium .

Mucor .
sporangiospore.tn
F- ✗ ?
Albergo
-

sP#( Endogenous)
.

Rhizopus .

::→
>
sporangiospore
1- .

::::)
Endogenous
sporangium + Spore .

:
•

y.F.fi?,-....Porangi0Ph0M
M
no

.
.
Spore
•

4mygeuium.ee
^

Network

Hyphae=
of Gemination
° £
*

/
^
• 1
.

Hyphae
 Note : -

zoosporangiophore
f-

Zoosporangium .

t
,

zoospore → motile spoof

B. conidia : non-Motile
By Aplanospore E-
.

>
Mycelium :

Germination Conidiophore .

8
Conidia <
§

> Conidia Exogenous -1

>
Brand . .

Conidia
conidiophore
1.1¥
→ . .

→
Mycelium
•

Germination s

Note : -

Conidia are non -

motile
↳
Flagella - nt

→
Origin ; -

Exogenous .
?⃝
3. sexual reproduction ÷ -
> 3- stage :-)
Reduction
A.
plasmogamy B.
Karyogamy c.
Meiosis Division .

> n n → Haploid
71
nrrnnrn → spore A.
plasmogamy : -

Fusion of two haploid

a * protoplasm b/w motile

non - motile gamete

.

ntnsrikaryon Stage

c. meiosis ↳
single cell with two nuelicscprate)
T B.

Karyogamy :-) Fusion of two haploid

→ nuclei .

27
→ synkaryon Zygote .

Note : Sexual spore .org produced : -

→
Oospore :-) In
Oomycete .

→
→
Zygospore
:-) In
zygomycetes
.

Phycomycetes .

: → In
→
Ascospore ascomycetes
.

→
Basidiospore : → In
Basidiomycetes .

classification of fungi :-)

→ " Morphology of mycelium .

On the basis of
of spore Formation
→ ii.
Mode .

iii.
Fruiting body .
 4- Classes

A.
phycomycetet
. B.
Ascomycetes c.
Basidiomycetes D. Dente ro -

sub -
class .
Mycetes .

t
t .
@↑ d) .

pin molds
I Oomycete ii. Zyqomycetes →
Candida
→
Rhizopus
Ex
→
Albuqo .
.

Mucor
.

→
.

→
Phytophthora .
S Lower Fungi .

phycomycetes
A-
> A1# fungi

Habitat :-)
Aquatic habitat .

wood
→
Decaying
.

Moist & damp place .

obligate parasite on plants .

m A septate
→ Branched
→ coemote ( multinucleated

→ Asexual reproduction :-)

By Spore
L S

By Zoospore By Aplanospore .

( motile) ( non-motile)

→
spore formation :-)
Endogenous in sporangium .

0Eiqin_
→ sexual reproduction : .
-

are morphological similar

Isoqamous Gamete
: -

→ .

Anisoqamon : Gamete morphological dissimilar

are -
.

gamete ? small @ motile

-1-3
.
-

→ Ooga Mons → gamete : -

Large & Non - Motile .

 Note: -

→ A
zygote spore formed
by haploid Cm qametefussion
Examples :
-

Albuqo Candida : _

parasite on mustard
plants .

→
Rust Fungi

FE:
•
•

:
Rhizopus Bread mould
¥
2 "
: - .

3. Mucor mould Dia : -

Mucor
:
Dung
- .
.

④ Phytophthora
: -
Late blight of potato disease
.

B.
Ascomycetes
. → sac -
Fungi
Mostly multicellular g.→ penicillium
e. .

unicellular
→
Rarely eq -
s
yeast .

Habitat ÷→
nln

saprophytes .

( Saccharomyces ) .

→
Decomposer .

→ parasitic .

→ coprophilous :-)
Growing on
dung .

→ Branched
Mycelium : -

→
septate

Asexual Reproduction : -

By spore ( aplanospore)
t

By conidia .

Ex : -

penicillium aspergillus ,
.

→ conidiophore conidia Formation :-)

Exogenous
iginj
?⃝
→
Sexual Reproduction :→ Ascospore
:→se¥ual_ Spore
origin : Endogenous
-
.

¥¥¥¥¥¥?÷:
¥÷¥÷÷÷¥¥÷ :*
sac
x

-
like → Ascus ( Asci)
→
piasmogamy
→
karyogamy
Dia : -

Aspergillus .

→ meiosis .

→
Fruiting bodies :-) Ascocarp :

Example ( unicellular fungi)

: 1.
yeast
-

/
→

→
Baker 's yeast
Breaverisyeast .

2.
penicillium -

penicillin
^
p notation
→ →
→
First discover
conidia
.

FÑon .
¥biñc medicine
→ p .

roquitorti -3 Roquitortcheesfoomed
3
'

AÑpergillus .

4. claviceps .

5 '

Neurospora :-) Drosophila of plant Kingdom

↳ in biochemical &
use
genetic work .

→ morels .
Considered
→
in Edible
Many fungi
6. are we
-

→
truffles .

delicacies .
 club Fungi
Basidiomycetes →
-

c.

→
Most advanced & Most common type fungi .

F- × : -

Mash room ,
Toadstools ,
bracket fungi & puffballs .

Habitat :
-

→ Grow in soil .

→ on logs .

→ Smuts :→ Ustilaqo
→ tree stumps
.

→
parasites
in
living plant
→ Rusts? Puccinia
→ Branched
Mycelium
.

→
septate .

→ Asexual spore are not found .

→ Motile structure cell are absent .

Vegetative Reproduction :>

By fragmentation Very
. : -

common

type .

sex absent
→
organ are .

→ sexual spore :- Basidiospore

plasmoganhf
→

→
se×ual_ process : -
3- stage >→
karyogamy

_¥%%Ye=
meiosis
.

→
fruiting body : Basidiocarp Basilio
-
.

Spore
g.
-

•
.
£
r•
] G. y Germination <
<
• •
[ • •

spore
T 3. meiosis
^

vegetative somatic cell of different

→

F-
genotype .

Basidium
①
7
plasmogamy :-,

/
✗

☆ •
☆ ) ÷
2.
Kargo
( Binucleate
• • • -

↑ Dikaryon clamp
•-← gang
connection
÷
.

, ,
?⃝
 Examples ? -41 ]
Agaricus : Masurium : Edible Fungi
- -

wstilago smutfungi

(
.
:
-
.

(iii. puccinia : -

Rust fungi .

Toadstools
IT
.

Dia : -

Agaricus .

D. pewteromycetes : Imperfect fungi

-

Sexual reproduction are not found .

→
is a artificial class of fungi .

Habitat .
:-) Some member are
saprophyte or parasites .

Mostly member Decomposer of

→ are
litter .

Help in mineral ( Nutrient Cycling

.
.

Complex organic matter eq . -

cellulose , starch ,

Glycogencutin ,

suberin ,
lignin ,
chitin ,
.

→
Decomposer
simple organic matter .

eg : -
Glucose , Fructose .
( Sugar )

✗ 1. → "20

Inorganic substrate >

→
CO2
minerals .

T
' Branched .

Mycelium ↳
.

septate .

→ Asexual reproduction : -

By
Conidia ( Asexual spores
simpletype
→ vegetative reproduction :-.
 → Examples :-)

Alternaria solani :
Early blight of potato
- .

ii. Colletotrichum :
-

Red rot of sugarcane .

iii. Biocontrol agents of several Plant

Trichoderma : - .

&

pathogens
.

Difference between various

type of Fungi classes .
?⃝
Lichens :>
Symbiotic association between
algae 2 fungi
.

Habitat
or "

)
Absorption
of water 2
mineral .
Dominant
☒
partner
Algae Fungi
to 1-

phgcobiant mycobiant
.

→ Green algae .
I
→ BGA .
Heterotrophic .

Autotrophic
Food Formation
.

Photosynthetic > -1

starch ( stored

Lichens is pollution
verynotgood
→ indicators .

→ Lichens are found in pollute area .

→ Indicator . → Air pollution ( Sog )

.

Note : Lichens is a
pioneer species on Rock
-
.

Virus :# Connective link between tiring and non-living

organisms :

Living organism material

:[
Genetic

→ protoplasm → present .

→ Respiratory enzymes

Non-living organism :_ '→

Respiratory Engine → Absent
→ EEN .
virus term
/ named given by : -

Pasteur ( 188g
→

Latin term : -
Venom
i
**
poisonous fluid → Toxic fluid
.

time plant virus discover

First Ivanowasky ( 1892)
→
by D. J .

→ T.MN .
→
(tobacco mosaic virus .
) in Tobacco plant .

→ virus are non -

cellular
organism Acellular
organism
.

→ virus are
smaller than bacteria .

→
M W
Beijerinek ( ) :
1898 infected plant of disease
-
.
.
.

or

Tobacco .

fluid Responsible for plantdisease

Infections
living
→ .

→
shape of virus : -

→ spherical shape :-) Influenza virus .

Retrovirus
: HIV →
group
- .

→
Rod shape :-) Tmr .

→ Tz -

Bacteriophage
like
Tadpole :
Bacteriophage
-
→ →

Ty Bacteriophage
.

→ -

→ protein coat : -

cqpsid
subunit Capsomere
→

Made of small
.

up

central core : Infection part

→
Nucleocapsid :-)
_
.

→
Genetic Material : -

either DNA RNA .

. Organisms .

Genetic Material .

① plant virus ( TMK) s SS -

RNA

② Other plant virus > 5s DNA

-

ds -

DNA .

⑤ Animal virus >

ds -

DNA .

Some animal rind ' ds

④ SS RNA RNA
- or -
.

Like retrovirus > SS -

RNA
>
Influenza virus SS -

RNA
Reo virus 3 ds -

RNA

⑤ Bacteriophage -

II. ¥ ] > ds -
circular DNA

( bacteriophage
01×174 ( circular)
→ SS
⑥ smallest -
DNA .

⑦ OB -

Bacteriophage → SS -
DNA .

Viral disease in human : s common cold ( Reorirus )

→ Influenza vial .

→ AIDS → HIU ( Retrovirus

→ Rabies .

→
Mumps .

→ Small POX "

It RNA
.

→
plant disease
symptoms .
:-)
www.pooxein-t 95%PY¥ >

→
Mosaic formation .

ceittref.qq-ss-p.FI#
cores

0000*000
→
Leaf rotting and curling .

vein clearing

.ca#.id-s-(0000000000
and
→
yellowing
→
Dwarfing
→ stunted growth

0000000000
protein ˢM%subm→
coat
captomere Dia : -
TMU .
 Bacteriophage : _

-
tadpole like shape
↳ virus
Infected bacterial .

> Head
•

☆ s ds - circularDNA
-

> Collar .

→ sheath .

→
tail fibre .

viroids .

Free infections RNA .

→ Discover by T 0 .
.
Diner in 1971 .

some infectious
→ new
agent
.

→ viroids are smaller than virus -

RNA low
→ 9¥
.
Material : -
Ss -

molecular weight very

→
protein coat → absent .

→ Disease →
PSTD : -

potato spindle tuber disease .

↳
only in plants .

Prions ÷> .

slow virus smallest proteinaceous infectious

agent .

it is Modern medicine in feting disease

→ a
neurological
transmitted by folded protein .

→
Genetic material : -
absent .

→
prions size are similar to virus
.

→ Disease BS F- ( Bovine spongiform Encephalopathy ) is

called Mad in cattle
commonly
cow disease .
 to CJD in
→ Mad cow disease variant are
analogous
Human .

CJD = .
Cr . Jacob disease .

→ KOM disease in Human .

→ prions disease -

disease in sheep
→ Scarapei .

Note : -
Virus ,
viroids , prions ,
2 Lichens are not include
in 5-
Kingdom classification
.

Extra bites : -

Arrangement of flagella in bacteria .

t . ↓
No flagella with Flagella .

t
, ↓
Atrichous Frictions

eg Mycoplasma
-

↓ ↓ t 7
-

Bitoichous Lophotoiehout
Mono
~,

trichoid or
n-mpwhilot-oi.hn
Amphibians cephalothorax
→
single flagellum
s 1 Er
eq : _

pseudo podium .

I
egi vibrio
.
-

eg : Nitrosomonas
-
. XD
g. spirilla

pen'tn¥hms
I _

et E. Coli
/
, [ ( Non -

Motile
Kingdom :-) Plantae →
multicellular and Eukaryotes .

Autotrophic
Mostly
→

*
Holophytic
+
photosynthetic pigments .

→ some plant are heterotrophic .

f)
→
Insectivorous plant F-✗ →
veiny
flytrap .

parasite plant Ex : -
Cuscuta .

Lifecycle Alternation of generation .

Gametophyte st-CNH-ap.gg?sporopytecstage- ⇐xD .

Diploid
Kingdom :-. Animalia :-b Multicellular and Eukaryotes .

I
↳ cell wall are absent .

↳ Heterotrophic 2 Holozoic .

→ Food ingestion .

↳ Fat :
storage of Food : .

Glycogen &