Perspective on

Teaching & Learning

HANNAH MAE B. PLATEROS, RN, MAN
Clinical Instructor
 1
Overview of
Education in Health
Care
Historical Foundation

• Patient Education
• major component in the
repertoire of standard care-giving
by the nurse.
• Responsibility for teaching has
been recognized as an important
healthcare initiative assumed by
nurses.
Historical Foundation

• Florence Nightingale
• founder of modern nursing
• ultimate educator
• educating the people involved in the
delicery of health care
• By the early 1900s, public health
nurses in this country clearly
understood the significance of
education in the prevention of
disease and in the maintenance of
health (Chachkes & Christ, 1996).
Historical Foundation

• Patient teaching has been

recognized as an independent
nursing function. Nurses have
always educated others—
patients, families, and
colleagues—and it is from these
roots that nurses have expanded
their practice to include the
broader concepts of health and
illness (Glanville, 2000).
 2
Concepts of
Learning, Teaching
and Education
Concepts of Learning & Teaching

• Learning is defined as a change

in behavior (knowledge, skills,
and attitudes) that can occur at
any time or in any place as a
result of exposure to
environmental stimuli.
Concepts of Education

• Education Process
• is a systematic, sequential,
planned course of action
consisting of two major
interdependent operations,
teaching and learning.
Education Process

• Teaching
• is a deliberate intervention that
involves the planning and
implementation of instructional
activities and experiences to meet
intended learner outcomes
according to a teaching plan.
Education Process

• Instruction
• is Instruction, a term often used
interchangeably with teaching, is
one aspect of teaching. It is a
component of teaching that
involves the communicating of
information about a specific skill in
the cognitive, psychomotor, or
affective domain.
Patient vs. Staff education

• Patient education is a process of • Staff education, by contrast, is

assisting people to learn health- the process of influencing the
related behaviors (knowledge, behavior of nurses by producing
skills, attitudes, and values) changes in their knowledge,
attitudes, values, and skills.
 3
Role of Nurses as
Health Educator
Role of the Nurse as Educator

• Audience • For nurses to fulfill the role of

• patients
• family members
• nursing students
• nursing staff
• other agency personnel
educator, they must have a solid
foundation in the principles of
teaching and learning.
Role of the Nurse as Educator

• The role of educator is not

primarily to teach, but to
promote learning and provide
for an environment conducive to
learning—to create the
teachable moment rather than
just waiting for it to happen
(Wagner & Ash, 1998).
 4
Hallmarks of Effective
Teaching in Nursing
Effective Teaching in
Nursing
• HALLMARKS OF GOOD TEACHING:
➢ Margaret Davis Jacobson (1966)
delineated six major categories of
effective teaching in nursing:
1) Professional Competence
2) Interpersonal Relationship to Students
3) Personal Characteristics
4) Teaching Practices
5) Evaluation Practices
6) Availability of Students
 5
Principles of Good
Teaching Practice
7 Principles of Good practice

1. Encourage student-facility contact

2. Encourage cooperation among
students
3. Encourage active learning
4. Give prompt feedback
5. Emphasize time on task
6. Communicate high expectations
7. Respect diverse talents and ways of
learning
 6
Barrier to Education
and Obstacles to
Learning
• Barriers to education are those
factors impeding the nurse’s
ability to deliver educational
services.
• Obstacles to learning are those
factors that negatively affect the
ability of the learner to attend to
and process information.
Barriers to Education

1. Lack of time to teach 2. Many nurses and other

healthcare personnel are
traditionally ill prepared to teach.
Barriers to Education

3. Personal characteristics of the 4. Patient and staff education is

nurse educator low priority by the administration
- Motivation to teach is a prime factor in and supervisory personnel.
determining the success of any educational
endeavor
Barriers to Education

5. The lack of space and privacy in 6. An absence of third-party

the various environmental settings reimbursement to support
patient education programs
relegates teaching and learning to
less than high-priority status.
Barriers to Education
7. Some nurses and physicians
question whether patient
education is effective as a means
to improve health outcomes.
8. “malfunction” of the healthcare
team as a result of inadequate
coordination and delegation of
responsibility so that health
teaching can proceed in a timely,
smooth, organized, and thorough
fashion.
Barriers to Education

9. The type of documentation

system used by healthcare
agencies has an effect on the
quality and quantity of patient
teaching recorded.
Obstacles to Learning

1. The stress of acute and chronic 2. Negative influence of the

illness, anxiety, sensory deficits, hospital environment , resulting in
and low literacy in patients
loss of control, lack of privacy, and
social isolation
Obstacles to Learning

3. Lack of time to learn 4. Personal characteristics of the

learner
Obstacles to Learning

5. Extent of behavioral changes 6. Lack of support and ongoing

needed positive reinforcement from the
nurse and significant others
Obstacles to Learning

7. Denial of learning needs, 8. inconvenience, complexity,

resentment of authority, and lack inaccessibility, fragmentation, and
of willingness to take
responsibility dehumanization of the healthcare
system
Thank you for listening!